Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exploitation forestière – Doubs (France)'
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Avocat, Helene. "Approche géographique des approvissionnements en plaquettes foréstières des chaufferies du secteur collectif/tertiaire : application au Pays Loue-Lison et à la Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Besançon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1048.
Full textIn a context of strong increase of fuelwood demand in the collective sector, the supply issue becomes central to all stakeholders, raising many issues relating to land and forestry planning, local development, environment ... Meanwhile, questions emerge: how much energy can be mobilized sustainably? Does the spatial and structural configuration of forests influence the supply process? Do we seek to minimize transport distances? Can we observe spatial competition between the boilers ? To understand the current organization of supplies, we analyzed two sets of data traceability of wood chips. Then, we have developed a model of local supply basins, considering constraints of renewability of the resource, and conflicts of use, by combining various information sources: vegetation index derived from satellite imagery, forest mapping and production tables. The objective of this approach was dual : to determine the quantity of forest chips workable on a territory, and to highlight the spatial competition between the different basins supply, and the contribution of different tree species. This has enabled to show the importance of the energy potential of isolated trees, to our knowledge not previously evaluated in a sub-regional scale
Carry, Renaud Elisabeth. "L'homme et la forêt dans la Haute-Vallée du Doubs à la fin du Moyen âge : modalités et paradoxes d'une anthropisation tardive." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839115.
Full textAvocat, Helene. "Approche géographique des approvisionnements en plaquettes forestières des chaufferies du secteur collectif/tertiaire : application au pays Loue-Lison et à la communauté d'agglomération du grand Besançon." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1048/document.
Full textIn a context of strong increase of fuelwood demand in the collective sector, the supply issue becomes central to all stakeholders, raising many issues relating to land and forestry planning, local development, environment ... Meanwhile, questions emerge: how much energy can be mobilized sustainably? Does the spatial and structural configuration of forests influence the supply process? Do we seek to minimize transport distances? Can we observe spatial competition between the boilers ? To understand the current organization of supplies, we analyzed two sets of data traceability of wood chips. Then, we have developed a model of local supply basins, considering constraints of renewability of the resource, and conflicts of use, by combining various information sources: vegetation index derived from satellite imagery, forest mapping and production tables. The objective of this approach was dual : to determine the quantity of forest chips workable on a territory, and to highlight the spatial competition between the different basins supply, and the contribution of different tree species. This has enabled to show the importance of the energy potential of isolated trees, to our knowledge not previously evaluated in a sub-regional scale
Lalanne, Arnault. "Système sylvicole, exploitation forestière : impacts respectifs sur l'état de conservation d'habitats forestiers planitiaires atlantiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0009.
Full textThe European “Habitats” directive urges EU state members to evaluate the state of conservation of their habitats listed in the Annex I, which form in France the so-called “Natura 2000” network. In France, the “Office National des Forets” is in a leader position, being in charge of 20% of all Natura 2000 sites. However, there is a concern about the compatibility of forest management practices commonly performed by this institution and the protective rules edicted by EU. In particular the maintenance of a good state of conservation of forest habitats can be questioned. The purpose of the present thesis was first to define a good state of conservation for forests of the Paris Basin, then to see, through several examples, whether their state of conservation was impacted by forest management. Herbs and humus/soil dwelling mosses were used as indicators, according to the phytosociological approach, as well as humus forms, using Humus Index and depth of holorganic horizons. Sampling was done in different management units, describing the forest cycle (synchronic approach) in homogeneous site conditions. For the habitat “Acidophilic atlantic beech-oak forest” (DH 9120), we showed an example of conversion of coppices-with-standards to full-grown stands, with sessile oak as a target timber species, and an example of an acidophilic beech forest where sylviculture was made more dynamic. For the habitat “Beech forest of the Asperulo-Fagion type” (DH 9130), our study was performed in three forests belonging to the same phytosociological syntaxon but located in three different climatic regions. In this case, too, we measured the effects of a more dynamic sylviculture. As a general rule, species richness increases under the influence of new sylvicultural practices. However, such an increase was not shown by mosses as well as by higher plants typically living in woodland. One explanation is the surface state of forest soils, which is strongly affected by exploitation traffic, mainly through soil compaction. Soil compaction disfavours geophytes, which are the main component of typical forest vegetation. Another explanation lies in the more dynamic sylviculture. The decreasing standing crop imposes a change in climate conditions, with more light and less humidity. This disfavours typical forest species, which commonly live in a shady and moist environment. Another important result concerns changes in humus forms under the new sylviculture. The Humus Index indicates a more rapid humification and mineralisation of topsoil organic matter. We hypothesize that soil biological processes are activated by more light arriving at the ground surface. At last, we want to highlight the importance of the geograhical range over which our results can be considered valid. The example of neutrocline beech forests shows that the appropriate scale for extrapolating our results is that of the natural (climatic) region
Bonhôte, Jérôme. "Forges à la catalane et évolution forestière dans les Pyrénées de la Haute-Ariège." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20075.
Full textLaurens, Lucette. "Utiliser l'Aubrac, comment ?" Montpellier 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON30030.
Full textAubrac, the most meridional volcanic massif of the massif central distinguishes itself within the aveyron, cantal and lozere subdivisions. For thirty years, the local economy has overgone complete changes. However the agricultural prevails, the appearance of agricultural syndicalism promoted alterations and "vertical integration" of local agriculture. The improving of production components is the feature of the last twenty years. Those efforts to increase the productive capacity led to a specialization of local agriculture now concentrated on breeding of bovins for butchery. This evolution also involved important investments and considerable debts. In spite of this economical development, aubrac has been suffering during several decades a demographic falling-off. In 1982, only 14308 inhabitants were recorded for an average density of 10 inhabitants per square kilometre. This rural depopulation unbalances the communal structure. Thereby the valorization of the lands was abandonned in some communes. This is the occasion for the settlement of a diversification of the use of the space. Two possible guidances : forest and tourism. Those two channels have to be considered. They will have economical repercussions as a consequence but they will not affect the whole massif. So one can wonder whether we don't tend towards the emergence of poles while large green spaces would become marginal. This kind of evolution seems to come into operation in aubrac. Notwithstanding the fact that aubrac is economically handicapped, it benefits by the great advantage of the valued potential of people who will precisely decide its future
Paradis-Grenouillet, Sandrine. "Etudier les forêts métallurgiques : analyses dendro-anthracologiques et approches géohistoriques : exemple des forêts du mont Lozère et du Périgord-Limousin." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4f2bc86e-9753-4e50-931c-80a03b1f2677/blobholder:0/2012LIMO2001.pdf.
Full textForests have always been at the heart of societal stakes, such as metallurgical activities, which consume a great quantity of wood. The latter have played an important role in the evolution of forests. Generally considered as “predators” of wooded areas, metallurgical activities can also be considered as “protectors” of forests, as a means of valorizing abandoned spaces. The relationships between metallurgical activities and forests are extremely complex and implicate numerous disciplines, with each discipline using specific documents and methods. Historical, geographical, archaeological or archaeobotanical, and paleo-environmental approaches enable us to evoke the question of « metallurgical forests ». This thesis addresses the question of “metallurgical forests” across these different disciplines and themes. By combining methodological and theoretical approaches, experimental initiatives and applications on privileged regional and historical contexts, new approaches are proposed to speak about the question of « metallurgical forests » in a transversal manner. Based on the study of historical documents coming from steel establishments of the Périgord-Limousin area and on the anthracological analysis of medieval charcoal platforms of Mont Lozère, this work offered the occasion to develop new approaches. The putting into place of ratios to evaluate the surfaces of coppices consumed based on the quantity of metal produced and the study of the Napoleonic cadastres enables us to evaluate the hold exerted by the steel activities on the forest cover. The experimental approach conducted on three charcoal burning sites enabled us to fine-tune and develop new methods for recreating the diameter of wood which permitted us to envisage better the study of charcoal sylvofacies. This thesis, which takes a highly methodological approach, proposes today a new conception of the study of « metallurgical forests »
Angelats, Robin. "L'action de l'administration forestière dans les Pyrénées-Orientales (1827-1914), de la protection des ressources forestières à la protection des richesses naturelles." Perpignan, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PERP0308.
Full textGondard, Hélène. "Un facteur de la diversité végétale sous climat méditerranéen, l'exploitation forestière : cas des peuplements de pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis) du Sud de la France." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30008.
Full textForest certification, which guarantees that commercial wood comes from forests submitted to sustainable practices, represents an important economical stake. This is why foresters seek research results that will help them improve forest management from environmental and conservation perspectives. In this general context, the objective of this thesis was to analyze the consequences on plant diversity of different cutting methods (clear-cutting, heavy or light thinning), of different machinery (skidder, machine of cutting-lopping-sawing, forwarder) and of environmental modifications (forest gaps, modifications of the soil surface). Temporal changes in these environmental factors, which influence biodiversity, were analyzed in order to identify techniques managing, as much as possible, towards good functioning, stability and durability of the ecosystem. We worked on the specific case of Aleppo pine forest in the central Var region, a wood which is used by the paper industry. .
Dahome, Di Ruggiero Michelle. "Evolution, exploitation et amenagement des zones humides littorales dans les petites Antilles Françaises." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0240.
Full textThe humid coastal zones (mangroves swamps, marshy forest, marsh meadow) of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Subjects to anthropic pressures, are they ln danger? The traditionals activities detremine a phytologic spatio-temporal dynamic of environment ensuring a newbalance to the system. With the analysis of aerial photographies, field-cheeking, a bibliographie synthesis permitted a typography based on the nature of the back mangrove swamp and a cartography of the spatial evolution of these zones of 1950 to 2004. Ali the diminishedprocesses are seen near urbaniazed areas. The counting ob of biological and physical indicators of the anthropisation convey thecharacteristics of traditionals uses differently applied in the 2 islands. The estimate of the anthropic pressure show the vulnerability of the forests near urbanized zones or roads and meadows and marshes. Surveys conducted in the field define the population of users and the social determinism of the uses. The study of popular regional events 'crab feast, shooting) gives the resources value of these habitats anexplains the economic of humid littoral of uses. These 2 determinisms pose the problem of the Iimiting utllizations of zhl. If the protectionsystem ot these 2 islands is identical (national or intemationallaws) but the management implemented in each of them is different. In Guadeloupe, it's necessary to propose concerted actions between ail actors of zhl for an better integrated
Li, Ting-Xian. "Phyto-écologie et potentialités agro-pastorales et forestières du mont Lozère (France)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20199.
Full textDenardou-Tisserand, Anaïs. "Changements du stock de bois sur pied des forêts françaises : description, analyse et simulation sur des horizons temporels pluri-décennal (1975 - 2015) et séculaire à partir des données de l'inventaire forestier national et de statistiques anciennes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0009.
Full textContext. After centuries of decrease, the forest area of most developed countries increase, a phenomenon termed “forest transition”. While current increase in growing stock (GS) is greater than that in area, it remains far less studied. These changes are linked to major current issues. It is essential to assess these changes, to decipher their underlying causes, and to quantify them over the longer term in order to locate current forest resources on a broad trajectory and to anticipate their future dynamics. This thesis is dedicated to French metropolitan forests, which exhibit the most intensive changes in the growing stock in Europe, and relies on data from the French NFI program. Objectives. (1) Analyse forest areal, GS and GS density (GSD) changes and their spatio-temporal variations over 40 years (1975-2015). They were related to factors hypothesized to feature forest changes (geographical contexts, ownership and species composition). We screened for changes in the rate of expansion. The relationships between GS changes and some forest attributes (initial GS and GSD, recent forest area increase) were investigated. (2) Uncover the processes of GS changes and to split the GS expansion magnitude across dynamically-homogeneous forest ensembles. The study was based on GS flux estimation (growth, ingrowth, mortality and harvest). (3) Locate the actual GS expansion in a secular perspective. This analysis consisted in reconstructing the GS chronology since 1850. Levels of GS in 1892, 1908 and 1929 (associated to area of ancient statistics) were estimated using a conditional imputation approach for GSD estimation. Then, a holistic growing stock densification model was implemented to inquire the conditions required on densification patterns and magnitude to simulate the reconstituted GS chronology. Results. (1) Over 40 years, GS increases were three times faster than the areal ones, underlining the intensity of forest densification. No sign of saturation was found. Private forests, and mainly broadleaved ones, presented the greatest GS and GSD increases, suggesting the essential role of natural expansion and agricultural land abandonment. Regression models revealed the positive effect of initial GS and of recent areal increases on GS expansion. (2) The analysis of GS expansion processes evidenced the low level of harvests in comparison to forest growth, and the contribution of recent forests to wood resource development. It led to identify 4 synthetic forest ensembles contributing to the expansion and of distinct dynamics, mainly composed of private forests. (3) GS suggested a very low mean GSD at the beginning of the period (25 m3/ha) and a GS increase by almost +300% between 1892 and 2010, underlying the importance of this expansion. A convex growth model was required to simulate historical forest densification, attesting of a significant inertia in wood resource reconstitution after the forest transition, interpreted based on a gradual decrease in harvest rates for which indices were collected, or to a gradual recovery of site fertility. The analysis also suggested a distinct kinetics for GS densification in plantation forests. Conclusions. These researches reveal the magnitude of GS expansion and the importance of its analysis across forest contexts. This ancient expansion does not present any current sign of saturation and constitute a persistent carbon sink which should not decrease in the next decades assuming similar contextual conditions. According to the process analysis of GS expansion, a significant fraction of the GS increases does not constitute readily available additional wood resources. Thus, future harvest intensification policies must be contextualized and evolving in time
Heshmatol, Vaezin Seyed Mahdi. "Modèles économiques de gestion des peuplements réguliers, irréguliers ou en transition : illustrations dans le cas du hêtre dans le nord-est de la France." Paris, ENGREF, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENGR0006.
Full textThe forest economic analysis is based on the models of biologic, economic and social nature, and in particular, on three basic models which are the stand dynamic model, the price model and decision model. Theses models are often calibrated for only one stand structure (even-aged or uneven-aged). The coupling of these models makes it possible to bring answers to the various economic questions on the management of forest stands. This thesis aims to develop multiple models to optimize the management of even-aged, uneven-aged and in conversion stands, in the presence of catastrophic risk or not. This thesis studies successively the stand dynamic model, the price model and the decision model in risky situation and even or uneven-aged stand structure. It then articulates these models to constitute an overall theoretic model, suitable for applying, with the help of an adapted calibration, for various species on diverse sites. An example comes to illustrate the theoretical analyses in the case of the beech in the North-East of France and to give an idea of the potential results on the scales of the stand and tree. The illustrations on the stand scale consist in studying the case of the even-aged and uneven-aged stands, and the case of conversion, in presence or absence of risk. In order to show the interest of these combined models at the tree scale, an illustration relates to the economy of the tree, placed in various environments : different productivities, presence or absence of risk and different price-size curves
Dupin, Aurore. "Caractérisation du charbonnage moderne et contemporain bisontin (Franche-Comté, France) et de son impact sur les peuplements forestiers : le cas de la forêt de Chailluz." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC033/document.
Full textThe Franche-Comté forest, in particular the forest of Besançon, suffered heavily from its exploitation during the 18th and 19th centuries, causing a wood shortage in the territory. In many historiographical sources and research, the reasons of this shortage appear to be complex and manifold. The discovery of nearly a thousand charcoal platforms in the Chailluz forest has led to a series of questions concerning the function of this forest and the role of charcoal production in the wood shortage. The first fruits of an archival study made it possible to identify and characterize the major consumers of wood in the territory of Besançon during the 18th and 19th centuries other than the charcoal production, because rarely mentioned in the literature. The archaeometric study of the Chailluz charcoal platforms made it possible to characterize the charcoal production at the end of the modern age, providing the image of the 18th century forest stands and the impact of this practice on Chailluz
Ramanakoto, Miora Falimiarana. "Optimisation et qualification des surfaces usinées : application au matériau bois." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30051.
Full textThe Pyrenees forest has significant old-growth but non-valued timber resources. One of the current challenges consists in using those forest resources to generate better added-value and enhance the benefits for the regional wood industry. It was in this context, that this thesis started to discover the potentiality of local resources, and to compare their performance (Pyrenees beech, Douglas fir and Oak). Most wood industries impose an over-quality to improve the surface due to a lack of knowledge on the surface characteristics that would optimize bonding and finishing. To date, no previous scientific research has examined what surfaces characteristics give an acceptable bonding and finishing performance. This study mainly aims to identify quantitative criteria which characterize wood machined surface to evaluate the performance for a given application. Two areas of application were studied: wood bonding for structural and non-structural uses, wood finishing for interior joinery. Several tests were performed to reach the goal: (i) Wood machining processes were carried out using industry machines. The levels of planning and sanding parameters were varied to obtain all possible ranges of surface quality and performances; (ii) Wood machined surfaces were characterized (measurement of 3D topographic surface parameters, physico-chemical parameters and anatomical defects); (iii) Bonding and finishing application were performed in industry; (iv) Bonding performance (adhesion performance, durability), and finishing performance (esthetical performance by analyzing the raised fibers due to the application of waterborne varnish, adhesion performance and durability) were assessed. The essential geometric characteristics required for a machined surface to ensure acceptable bonding and finishing performance were identified. Models that link surface parameters and performance criteria for each application were established. This study represents an essential reference for future research works on the functionality of machined wood surfaces. Indeed, the established models are of paramount importance, on one hand to optimize the cutting of woods in industry, and on the other hand to simulate the performance of a given surface depending on its characteristics. In addition, this study assessed how performant local resources (Pyrenees beech) are relative to other commonly used wood species (Oak and Douglas). Therefore, this PhD thesis has multiple interests in the advancement of scientific knowledge and the development of regional economy
Bontemps, Jean-Daniel. "Evolution de la productivité des peuplements réguliers et monospécifiques de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L. ) et de chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Liebl. ) dans la moitié Nord de la France au cours du XXe siècle." Paris, ENGREF, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENGR0007.
Full textHistorical evolution of forest productivity is investigated for the French main two social broadleaved species – common beech (Fagus sylvatica L. ) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl. ) – in pure even-aged stands from State forests, with an aim of description and quantification at stand scale. The analysis therefore focuses on dominant height growth, a classical proxy for forest productivity. Using a retrospective approach (stem analysis), increments were sampled from two generations of stands associated in couples to ensure control of site conditions. The evolution of growth rate is estimated by statistical modelling of increments, accounting for the effect of stand developmental stage and site differences between couples. Growth trends were assessed at a regional scale, leading to the constitution of 2 samples for beech (Normandie/Picardie, Lorraine/Alsace) and 4 samples for oak (Normandie, val de Loire, plaine d’Allier, Lorraine/Alsace). The increase in dominant height growth rate is widespread on the territory, although its intensity varies along a longitudinal gradient. Whereas it appears to be more pronounced in the Northeastern area for both species, it remains weak or recent in the Northwestern area. Most of the evolution formed in the second half of the century. The secular increase in dominant height growth rate varies between +20% and +100% in extreme situations and reaches an approximate +50-60% common to both species in Northeastern France when eluding the effect of recent years. A multi-causal determinism is suggested. Faster growth rate evolution in recent decades, together with its organisation in space and the sensitivity of species to trophic conditions, emphasize the possible key role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the response to environmental changes