Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exploitation et exploration des documents'
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Cordeil, Maxime. "Exploration et exploitation de l’espace de conception des transitions animées en visualisation d’information." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0044/document.
Full textData visualizations allow information to be transmitted to users. In order to explore and understand the data, it is often necessary for users to manipulate the display of this data. When manipulating the visualization, visual transitions are necessary to avoid abrupt changes in this visualization, and to allow the user to focus on the graphical object of interest. These visual transitions can be coded as an animation, or techniques that link the data across several displays. The first aim of this thesis was to examine the benefits and properties of animated transitions used to explore and understand large quantities of multidimensional data. In order to do so, we created a taxonomy of existing animated transitions. This taxonomy allowed us to identify that no animated transition currently exists that allows the user to control the direction of objects during the transition. We therefore proposed an animated transition that allows the user to have this control during the animation. In addition, we studied an animated transition technique that uses 3D rotation to transition between visualizations. We identified the advantages of this technique and propose an improvement to the current design. The second objective was to study the visual transitions used in the Air Traffic Control domain. Air Traffic Controllers use a number of visualizations to view vast information which is duplicated in several places: the Radar screen, the strip board, airplane lists (departures/arrivals) etc. Air traffic controllers perform visual transitions as they search between these different displays of information. We studied the way animations can be used in the Air Traffic Control domain by implementing a radar image prototype which combines three visualizations typically used by Air Traffic Controllers
Le, Glatin Mario. "Innover pour décider : Modéliser et expérimenter l'ambidextrie décisionnelle pour gérer les métabolismes de l'organisation innovante." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM039/document.
Full textIt is now common knowledge to develop an ambidextrous organization in a firm to guarantee a competitive advantage in its environment. Such perspective is rooted in James March’s model (1991) whose purpose is to sustain organizational learning through adaptive mechanisms between agents. This model anchored in the tradition of problem-solving offers a behavioural approach coping with biases and heuristics of bounded rationality. In contrast, with literature models studying the balance between exploration and exploitation activities (ambidexterity), we demonstrate how exploration can be more generative if it uses exploitation constraints as prior knowledge to generate concepts. These rely on positively conditioning them by decision-making parameters contributing to exploitation. New decision situations are designed instead of traditionally selecting explorations. This model - decisional ambidexterity-allows building up projects capable of exploring conditions overcoming limitations and performances of exploitation. A collaborative research conducted at Zodiac Aerospace allowed revealing such new model. It extends organizational ambidexterity into the unknown, more adapted to innovation management & governance, whilst precising how to drive organization metabolisms inducing change among participating organizations in a conglomerate of SMEs
Lepers, Thomas. "Identification et structuration des champs d'innovation dans une business unit." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CNAM1068/document.
Full textOur case study based on an exploratory entity evolving from a small team to a business unit raise questions related to the identification and structuration of an innovation field. The literature gives few elements with regards to the choice of such a field, and the mechanisms to set priorities within a chosen field. Our results related to innovation processes show that exploratory activities leads to a renewal of exploitation, and also that the difficulties encountered by NCA in exploration activities are less related to the existing processes than to the choice of an innovation field. Our results related to organization show that NCA works in a mode of simultaneous ambidexterity, being able at the same time to launch new product categories and to explore new product categories. This also leads to the renewal of existing routines. The structure of NCA has also some original features, being at the same time a business unit and an exploratory entity. This exploratory business unit seems to be able to launch more easily new products categories, because there is no need to look for a landing zone, as it is the case of organisations solely responsible for exploration
Letessier, Pierre. "Découverte et exploitation d'objets visuels fréquents dans des collections multimédia." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0014/document.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to discover frequent visual objects in large multimedia collections. As in many areas (finance, genetics, . . .), it consists in extracting a knowledge, using the occurence frequency of an object in a collection as a relevance criterion. A first contribution is to provide a formalism to the problems of mining and discovery of frequent visual objects. The second contribution is a generic method to solve these two problems, based on an iterative sampling process, and on an efficient and scalable rigid objects matching. The third contribution of this work focuses on building a likelihood function close to the perfect distribution. Experiments show that contrary to state-of-the-art methods, our approach allows to discover efficiently very small objects in several millions images. Finally, several applications are presented, including trademark logos discovery, transmedia events detection or visual-based query suggestion
Jeon, Eui Ju. "Antecedents and Consequences of Exploration and Exploitation Decisions : Evidence from Corporate Venture Capital Investing." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLH001/document.
Full textThis dissertation addresses unexplored issues on the antecedents, management, and outcomes of corporate venture capital (CVC). More specifically, I examine how negative performance feedback and corporate governance influence the direction of organizational change ˗ in terms of exploration and exploitation ˗ and how balancing such change over time influences firm performance in the CVC context. I first review the extant literature on CVC and lay out the unique contributions of my research. Then, in the first essay, I theorize on how poor firm performance influences the resource allocation decisions on exploration and exploitation and how such decisions are affected by the concentration of dedicated and transient shareholders and by the board of directors' monitoring and advising intensities. In the second essay, I empirically examine how the resource allocation decisions on exploration and exploitation are influenced by dedicated and transient shareholders in the context of CVC investing. In the third essay, I examine how balancing exploration and exploitation over time and the characteristics of oscillation impact firm performance. The empirical analysis in the latter two essays is based on CVC investments made by 286 U.S. companies during 1993-2013. This dissertation contributes to the Behavioral Theory of the Firm and Corporate Governance research by introducing how shareholders and boards influence managerial decision-making in search and change, Ambidexterity research by studying how continuous change and organizational inertia impact temporal spillover between exploration and exploitation, and CVC research by examining the antecedents and consequences of explorative and exploitative initiatives in CVC investing
Toussaint, Maxime. "Exploitation et exploration de la diversité génétique d’une population naturelle de Streptomyces issue d’un micro-habitat sol." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0027/document.
Full textStreptomyces are known to possess a large enzymatic arsenal which can have important roles in the soil. During this thesis, we explored their genetic, functional and ecological diversity using collections from forest soils. Thus, the exploration of their cellulolytic potential and their ability to detect complex sugars released by wood during lignivorous fungi attacks has led to the creation of a biosensor whose exploitation could constitute a new normative tool for the detection of the degradation of wood. Subsequent to comparative genomic approach carried out between sympatric isolates, our results also demonstrated that phylogenetically highly related strains exhibited large differences in the presence / absence of genes, suggesting a rapid rate of evolution of the population accessory genome. These genes, often associated with potentially transferable elements, underlined important role of horizontal transfer for population diversification. Using a reverse ecology approach, the predicted function of some of these genes could also be correlated with a potential ecological role. Thus, one of the variable gene clusters identified by genome analysis was involved in the production of secondary metabolites and would constitute a common good for the population. All of our results confirm the wide metabolic diversity of Streptomyces (and their utility for applied purposes), but also indicates that this diversification would be rapid between nearby strains and would have an important ecological role in the natural populations of Streptomyces
Kacioui-Maurin, Elodie. "Exploration et exploitation, les formes d'ambidextrie organisationnelle dans l'innovation de services : le cas des prestataires de services logistiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24013/document.
Full textThe research that we carry out examines the organization of incremental and radical innovations, both intra- and inter-enterprise, in the light of organizational ambidextry works (Tushman and O’Reilly, 1996, 1999; O’Reilly and Tushman, 2004; Birkinshaw and Gibson, 2004).Taking the case of logistics service provision, an industry concerned by the extensive innovation dilemma (Le Masson, Weil and Hatchuel, 2006), our research aims to study the organizational modalities implemented to innovate, but also to identify and understand the explanatory factors of the recourse to organizational ambidextry forms. Moreover, to our knowledge, no study has been performed on organizational ambidextry in the service industry. It is therefore, also about the identification of the specificities bound to the organization of innovation on service companies.To successfully achieve our research, case studies were performed with 8 Logistics Service Providers (LSP) companies. 49 interviews were carried out with the actors participating in the innovation process in each company. Secondary data (internal documentation, professional press, etc.) was also collected.The results enlighten the organizational modalities implemented to innovate in service companies and within interconnected companies for both researchers and practitioners. Our study also identifies the explanatory factors of the recourse to, and the combination of, organizational ambidextry forms. These factors are bound to the company’s characteristics as well as the characteristics of the innovation, but also to the inter-organizational relationship between the provider and its costumer
Laquitaine, Steeve. "Les bases neuronales de l’apprentissage décisionnel au sein des ganglions de la base : étude électrophysiologique et comportementale chez le primate non humain." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21743/document.
Full textA fundamental question in neuroscience, as well as in various fields such as economics, psychology and sociology, concerns the decision making processes by which animals and humans select actions based on reward and punishment. Both decision making processes and their neural basis are still poorly understood. Also, both human and animals often make suboptimal decisions in many tasks studied. Our first aim is to improve the understanding of why such sub-optimal decisions are made. Also, the alteration of decision making processes causes diseases, the understanding of whose mechanisms is essential in developing better treatment strategies. In this report, we propose a new approach which consists in extracting the neural substrates of choice behavior heterogeneity in between sessions. Our results show that although primates learn on average to identify the best option and converge to an optimal policy in a consequent number of sessions, they fail on average to optimize their behavior. We revealed that this suboptimal behavior was characterized by an unexpected high behavioral heterogeneity during the task that was due to the creation of irrelevant preferences by the monkeys. We finally show that although a few neurons of the putamen encode the action value, their contribution to the overall population activity is weak. Putamen activity rather reflects the futures performances and predicts the creation of rational and irrational behaviors
Aklil, Nassim. "Apprentissage actif sous contrainte de budget en robotique et en neurosciences computationnelles. Localisation robotique et modélisation comportementale en environnement non stationnaire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066225/document.
Full textDecision-making is a highly researched field in science, be it in neuroscience to understand the processes underlying animal decision-making, or in robotics to model efficient and rapid decision-making processes in real environments. In neuroscience, this problem is resolved online with sequential decision-making models based on reinforcement learning. In robotics, the primary objective is efficiency, in order to be deployed in real environments. However, in robotics what can be called the budget and which concerns the limitations inherent to the hardware, such as computation times, limited actions available to the robot or the lifetime of the robot battery, are often not taken into account at the present time. We propose in this thesis to introduce the notion of budget as an explicit constraint in the robotic learning processes applied to a localization task by implementing a model based on work developed in statistical learning that processes data under explicit constraints, limiting the input of data or imposing a more explicit time constraint. In order to discuss an online functioning of this type of budgeted learning algorithms, we also discuss some possible inspirations that could be taken on the side of computational neuroscience. In this context, the alternation between information retrieval for location and the decision to move for a robot may be indirectly linked to the notion of exploration-exploitation compromise. We present our contribution to the modeling of this compromise in animals in a non-stationary task involving different levels of uncertainty, and we make the link with the methods of multi-armed bandits
Gutehrlé, Nicolas. "Information extraction from unstructured documents for the valorisation of historical periodicals : application to the heritage of the Bourgogne Franche-Comté Region in France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCC006.
Full textIn recent years, libraries and archives have undertaken numerous digitisation campaigns to widen public access to their archival collections. However, the challenge of promoting the content of collections and making these resources discoverable remains. Digitisation often produces unstructured content that is difficult to navigate, while interfaces that rely on keyword-based queries to access archival materials can provide users with irrelevant results. In order to exploit the potential of the "Big Data of the Past", notion introduced by Kaplan and di Lenardo in 2017, it is essential to develop methods and frameworks for structuring the textual content of documents, with the aim of improving their exploration and discoverability. In this context, the present Ph.D. thesis addresses the problem of processing digitised historical documents, focusing on the extraction of Named Entities and Relations in order to create interfaces for the efficient exploitation of historical textual data. Firstly, we propose a new method for determining the logical structure of historical newspapers using a rule-based approach. Secondly, we present a method for extracting entities and relations about people and places mentioned in texts. Our approach is called Extensible, Lightweight and Interpretable Joint Extraction of Relations and Entities (ELIJERE). It is based on linguistic resources obtained through distant supervision. Finally, we propose a general framework for studying the expression of spatial information in documents, and another framework for applying TimeLine Summarisation methods to document collections. We show how these methods can be applied to produce semantically rich interfaces, such as timelines and maps, that allow the general public a close and a distant reading of these collections
Galichet, Nicolas. "Contributions to Multi-Armed Bandits : Risk-Awareness and Sub-Sampling for Linear Contextual Bandits." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112242/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on sequential decision making in unknown environment, and more particularly on the Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) setting, defined by Lai and Robbins in the 50s. During the last decade, many theoretical and algorithmic studies have been aimed at cthe exploration vs exploitation tradeoff at the core of MABs, where Exploitation is biased toward the best options visited so far while Exploration is biased toward options rarely visited, to enforce the discovery of the the true best choices. MAB applications range from medicine (the elicitation of the best prescriptions) to e-commerce (recommendations, advertisements) and optimal policies (e.g., in the energy domain). The contributions presented in this dissertation tackle the exploration vs exploitation dilemma under two angles. The first contribution is centered on risk avoidance. Exploration in unknown environments often has adverse effects: for instance exploratory trajectories of a robot can entail physical damages for the robot or its environment. We thus define the exploration vs exploitation vs safety (EES) tradeoff, and propose three new algorithms addressing the EES dilemma. Firstly and under strong assumptions, the MIN algorithm provides a robust behavior with guarantees of logarithmic regret, matching the state of the art with a high robustness w.r.t. hyper-parameter setting (as opposed to, e.g. UCB (Auer 2002)). Secondly, the MARAB algorithm aims at optimizing the cumulative 'Conditional Value at Risk' (CVar) rewards, originated from the economics domain, with excellent empirical performances compared to (Sani et al. 2012), though without any theoretical guarantees. Finally, the MARABOUT algorithm modifies the CVar estimation and yields both theoretical guarantees and a good empirical behavior. The second contribution concerns the contextual bandit setting, where additional informations are provided to support the decision making, such as the user details in the ontent recommendation domain, or the patient history in the medical domain. The study focuses on how to make a choice between two arms with different numbers of samples. Traditionally, a confidence region is derived for each arm based on the associated samples, and the 'Optimism in front of the unknown' principle implements the choice of the arm with maximal upper confidence bound. An alternative, pioneered by (Baransi et al. 2014), and called BESA, proceeds instead by subsampling without replacement the larger sample set. In this framework, we designed a contextual bandit algorithm based on sub-sampling without replacement, relaxing the (unrealistic) assumption that all arm reward distributions rely on the same parameter. The CL-BESA algorithm yields both theoretical guarantees of logarithmic regret and good empirical behavior
Debarbieux, Denis. "Modélisation et requêtes des documents semi-structurés : exploitation de la structure de graphe." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619303.
Full textEshtiwi, Suaad. "Analyse de la langue et exploitation pédagogique des documents authentiques en classe de langue." Thesis, Artois, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ARTO0004.
Full textIn Lybia, French as a foreign language intervenes as a optional language, and only at the university level. Therefore, the training undertaken in Lybian universities - especially at Zawyia University- doesn’t allow students to acquire the main skills to face any kind of communication situations, especially the ones that have to do with daily life, because the university’s French department suffers from the lack of material and resources, also because teachers frequently didn’t received continuous training in French as a foreign language’s didactic, and finally because the methods concerned with the transmission of information don’t arouse leaners’ motivation. While thinking how to improve its teaching, how to teach differently a foreign language, how to make a foreign language alive in the classroom and lead to a more efficient learning, we decided to choose the use of authentic documents, which – to our opinion – can contribute to the modernization of French teaching methods in Lybia and develop language capabilities of learners. Consequently, we have been piloting the dependability of the introduction of this methodology in the French as a foreign language department of the University of Zawyia and testing its effectiveness. This experiment took place throughout the year 2017 with learners in second year of study of French as a foreign language with A2+/B1 level. In our mind, and based on the learners’ results, the integration turned out to be convincing because it arouses interest and motivation, allows to vary teaching aids of this foreign language, to break with the standard practices of teaching and because it develops language, communicative, and intercultural skills for learners
Martin, Philippe. "Exploitation de graphes conceptuels et de documents structurés et hypertextes pour l'acquisition de connaissances et la recherche d'informations." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE4992.
Full textBoukacem, Boucif. "Segmentation d'articles mathématiques en vue d'une navigation et d'une meilleure exploitation du document mathématique." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0017/these.pdf.
Full textAs in every scientific field, the editorial production of researchers in Mathematics is written through relatively rigid and standardized forms. Mathematical documents follow classical norms, some of which are common to various disciplines (presence of parts such as summary, conclusion, bibliography…), and others specific to mathematics (lemmas, theorems, demonstration…). Furthermore, this discipline uses a symbolical language made up of signs, which are used through the document in different ways: either within the text itself, or in the formulas. Through this thesis, our work intends to contribute to the analysis and the understanding of the mathematical document body. This work operates more precisely at the logical structure level of documents in order to improve the processing phase. To segment mathematical documents in autonomous units (only the texts of documents are concerned by segmentation, not their images), we propose two methods that aim at easing the search of information and browsing, through direct access to the most relevant parts of the document. We hence constitute a corpus of mathematical documents that we analyse through different perspectives. To segment these articles in autonomous units, we carefully study the specific language of mathematics. Finally, we propose different paths for browsing through this corpus so as to ease information retrieval
Boukacem, Boucif Emptoz Hubert Lafouge Thierry. "Segmentation d'articles mathématiques en vue d'une navigation et d'une meilleure exploitation du document mathématique." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=boukacem.
Full textBell, Alexander. "Studies on exploration and exploitation : concepts, roles and dynamics." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED077.
Full textCompetition and technological change have never been as intense as they are today. To survive, companies must increasingly carry out current activities at the same time that they explore future ones. It is no easy task to operate on both of these fronts, and doing so is a potential source of tension and contradiction. Although management research has provided insight into the exploration and exploitation tension, there are still contradictions and unexplored areas. In particular, there is no consensus on the definition of the concepts of exploration and exploitation, which means the research lacks a certain level of consistency. In addition, there has been very little attention paid to the Exploration/Exploitation tension in the context of young, growing “scale-up” companies, which are particularly exposed to threats to their survival. To obtain a better understanding of the situations this tension causes in these companies, we have adopted a multi-paper dissertation consisting of three complementary studies.In the first study, to create a conceptual framework for the thesis, we answer researchers’ call for a clarification of the concepts of exploration and exploitation by proposing a typology of exploration. Then, based on a longitudinal, multi-case approach focused on eight scale-up companies, we first explore, in a second study, the factors influencing firms’ strategic orientations vis-à-vis exploration and exploitation activities. Finally, in the third study, we seek to understand how management teams define their individual roles with respect to exploration and exploitation activities
Mokhtari, Noureddine. "Extraction et exploitation d'annotations sémantiques contextuelles à partir de texte." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4045.
Full textThis thesis falls within the framework of the European project SevenPro (Semantic Virtual Engineering Environment for Product Design) whose aim is to improve the engineering process of production in manufacturing companies, through acquisition, formalization and exploitation of knowledge. We propose a methodological approach and software for generating contextual semantic annotations from text. Our approach is based on ontologies and Semantic Web technologies. In the first part, we propose a model of the concept of "context" for the text. This modeling can be seen as a projection of various aspects of "context" covered by the definitions in literature. We also propose a model of contextual semantic annotations, with the definition of different types of contextual relationships that may exist in the text. Then, we propose a generic methodology for the generation of contextual semantic annotations based on domain ontology that operates at best with the knowledge contained in texts. The novelty in the methodology is that it uses language automatic processing techniques and grammar extraction (automatically generated) field relations, concepts and values of property in order to produce semantic annotations associated with contextual relations. In addition, we take into account the context of occurrence of semantic annotations for their generation. A system that supports this methodology has been implemented and evaluated
El, Khelifi Aymen. "Approche générique d’extraction automatique des événements et leur exploitation." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040189.
Full textIn the framework of our thesis, we proposed a generic approach for the automatic extraction of events and their exploitation. This approach is divided into four independent and reusable components. The first component of pretreatment, in which texts are cleaned and segmented. During the second stage, events are extracted based on our algorithm AnnotEC which has polynomial complexity. AnnotEC is associated with semantic maps and dedicated linguistic resources. We have proposed two new similarity measures SimCatégoreille and SimEvent to group similar events using clustering algorithms.Annotations, added throughout the first three steps, are used at the last component by summarizing files configurable by users. The approach was evaluated on a corpus of Web 2.0, we compared the obtained results with machine learning methods and linguistic compiling methods and we got good results
Majid, Rajaa. "Modélisation articulatoire du conduit vocal : exploration et exploitation : fonctions de macro-sensibilité paramétriques et voyelles du français." Grenoble INPG, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPG0131.
Full textMajid, Shihab Rajaa. "Modélisation articulatoire du conduit vocal exploration et exploitation, fonctions de macro-sensibilité paramétriques et voyelles du français." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599371k.
Full textFarizy, Anne-Sophie Darmont Jérôme. "L'entreposage et la fouille de données complexes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dessid/rrbfarizy.pdf.
Full textElasri, Karim. "L'arbitrage dans les stratégies d'innovation entre exploration et exploitation : application aux activités de haute technologie." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24010.
Full textThe questions surrounding the dynamic competition in the high-tech sectors require the understanding of the innovation strategies used to develop a competitive advantage. The firms in a complex environment elaborate explorative and exploitative strategies and they make a trade-off between them on the innovation profitability and the resulting performance, and on the competition generated by the other firms on the market. The optimal hybrid strategy achieved by the most dynamic companies, the “knowledge markers”, is the ambidexterity that they sustain thanks to alliances and acquisitions that improve their performances and their competitiveness. The mathematical model which includes the ambidexterity innovation strategy, the involvement in exploration and in exploitation, indicates how to enhance the innovation profitability with a judicious balance between exploration and exploitation
Atanassova, Iana. "Exploitation informatique des annotations sémantiques automatiques d'Excom pour la recherche d'informations et la navigation." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040252.
Full textUsing the Excom engine for semantic annotation, we have constructed an InformationRetrieval System based on semantic categories from automatic language analyses in order topropose a new approach to text search. e annotations are obtained by the Contextual Explorationmethod which is a knowledge based linguistic approach using markers and disambiguationrules. e queries are formulated according to search viewpoints which are at the heart of theInformation Retrieval strategy. Our approach uses the annotation categories which are organisedin linguistic ontologies structured as graphs. In order to provide relevant results to the user,we have designed algorithms for ranking and paraphrase identification. ese algorithms exploitprincipally the structure of the linguistic ontologies for the annotation. We have carriedout an evaluation of the relevance of the system results taking into account the specificity ofour approach. We have developed user interfaces allowing the construction of new informationproducts such as structured text syntheses using information extraction according to semanticcriteria. is approach also aims to offer tools in the field of economic intelligence
Jouve, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Apprentissage non supervisé et extraction de connaissances à partir de données." Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/jouve_pe.
Full textSaad, Motaz. "Fouille de documents et d'opinions multilingue." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0003.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study sentiments in comparable documents. First, we collect English, French and Arabic comparable corpora from Wikipedia and Euronews, and we align each corpus at the document level. We further gather English-Arabic news documents from local and foreign news agencies. The English documents are collected from BBC website and the Arabic documents are collected from Al-jazeera website. Second, we present a cross-lingual document similarity measure to automatically retrieve and align comparable documents. Then, we propose a cross-lingual sentiment annotation method to label source and target documents with sentiments. Finally, we use statistical measures to compare the agreement of sentiments in the source and the target pair of the comparable documents. The methods presented in this thesis are language independent and they can be applied on any language pair
Letessier, Pierre. "Découverte et exploitation d'objets visuels fréquents dans des collections multimédia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0014.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to discover frequent visual objects in large multimedia collections. As in many areas (finance, genetics, . . .), it consists in extracting a knowledge, using the occurence frequency of an object in a collection as a relevance criterion. A first contribution is to provide a formalism to the problems of mining and discovery of frequent visual objects. The second contribution is a generic method to solve these two problems, based on an iterative sampling process, and on an efficient and scalable rigid objects matching. The third contribution of this work focuses on building a likelihood function close to the perfect distribution. Experiments show that contrary to state-of-the-art methods, our approach allows to discover efficiently very small objects in several millions images. Finally, several applications are presented, including trademark logos discovery, transmedia events detection or visual-based query suggestion
ROBERT, Laurent. "Annotation et visualisation interactives de documents hypermédias." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005631.
Full textA cette problématique de l'utilisation des documents en milieu informatique, nous proposons deux approches complémentaires issues des domaines de l'interaction homme-machine et de la visualisation d'information.
La première approche repose sur le concept de lecture active qui vise à transformer le " lecteur " en " acteur " en lui permettant d'enrichir interactivement les documents qu'il est en train de lire par un ensemble de signes graphiques (surlignages, cerclages, etc.) et d'informations textuelles (notes, commentaires, etc.). L'idée consiste à permettre aux utilisateurs de construire leur propre système de repérage afin de faciliter la compréhension et la réutilisation des documents. Une attention particulière est portée à la manière d'associer ces méta-données " ajoutées " (que nous nommons, d'une manière générique, " annotations ") aux documents sources au moyen de liens hypertextes, ainsi qu'à leur codage informatique dans un format normalisé (dérivé de XML).
La seconde approche consiste à faciliter l'exploration d'espaces documentaires en exploitant les capacités perceptives et mémorielles humaines au moyen de techniques interactives de visualisation. Nous proposons tout d'abord un système de navigation qui repose sur un fort couplage entre vues globales et vues locales pour aider à trouver les documents. Les vues globales montrent l'organisation de l'espace d'information et en permettent un survol rapide. Elles sont utilisées pour atteindre des zones d'intérêts. Les vues locales présentent le contenu de plusieurs documents en contexte afin d'aider l'utilisateur à les comparer et à choisir celui qu'il va consulter. Nous proposons ensuite un environnement visuel de gestion de bookmarks dans le but de pouvoir retrouver le plus simplement possible les documents préalablement consultés. Les utilisateurs organisent leurs bookmarks de la même manière qu'ils le feraient avec un ensemble de documents papiers sur un bureau. Ils définissent interactivement leur propre organisation conceptuelle de l'espace documentaire en se basant sur des propriétés visuelles et spatiales. Ces propriétés aideront les utilisateurs à retrouver plus efficacement les documents sauvegardés par une stimulation de leurs capacités mémorielles.
Bernard, Guillaume. "Détection et suivi d’événements dans des documents historiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS032.
Full textCurrent campaigns to digitise historical documents from all over the world are opening up new avenues for historians and social science researchers. The understanding of past events is renewed by the analysis of these large volumes of historical data: unravelling the thread of events, tracing false information are, among other things, possibilities offered by the digital sciences. This thesis focuses on these historical press articles and suggests, through two opposing strategies, two analysis processes that address the problem of tracking events in the press. A simple use case is for instance a digital humanities researcher or an amateur historian who is interested in an event of the past and seeks to discover all the press documents related to it. Manual analysis of articles is not feasible in a limited time. By publishing algorithms, datasets and analyses, this thesis is a first step towards the publication of more sophisticated tools allowing any individual to search old press collections for events, and why not, renew some of our historical knowledge
Bettinger, Alexandre. "Influence indépendante et explicabilité de l’exploration et de l’exploitation dans les métaheuristiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0190.
Full textRecommendation is the act of filtering information to target items (resources) that may be of interest to one or more users. In the context of digital textbooks, items are educational resources (lesson, exercise, chapter, video and others). This task can be seen as processing a large search space that represents the set of possible recommendations. Depending on the context of the recommendation, a recommendation can take different forms such as items, itemsets or item sequences.Note that recommender environments can be subject to a number of randomness and recommendation constraints.In this thesis, we are interested in the recommendation of itemsets (also called vectors or solutions) by metaheuristics.The issues of this thesis are interested in the influence of exploration and exploitation, in data reduction and in the explicability of exploration and exploitation
Ben, Ali Boutheina. "Méthode automatique d’annotations sémantiques et indexation de documents textuels pour l’extraction d’objets pédagogiques." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040008.
Full textContent analysis is a need for access and use of information especially in the field of didactics. We propose a system SRIDOP of semantic annotations and indexing of learning objects from these annotations, based on the Contextual Exploration method, that associate annotation of a segment to a linguistic identifier of a concept, taking into account contextual clues managed by rules. SRIDOP is composed of four consecutive modules: (1) Automatic segmentation of documents into paragraphs and sentences; (2) annotation from different points of view of search (eg identification of definitions, examples, exercises, etc..) based on a linguistic ontology of concepts associated with a point of view of search (semantic map) and linguistic resources (indicators of concepts, linguistic clues and contextual exploration rules); (3) extraction of learning objects, (4) establishment of learning sheets exploitable by users. SRIDOP is evaluated and compared to other systems
Saad, Motaz. "Fouille de documents et d'opinions multilingue." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0003/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study sentiments in comparable documents. First, we collect English, French and Arabic comparable corpora from Wikipedia and Euronews, and we align each corpus at the document level. We further gather English-Arabic news documents from local and foreign news agencies. The English documents are collected from BBC website and the Arabic documents are collected from Al-jazeera website. Second, we present a cross-lingual document similarity measure to automatically retrieve and align comparable documents. Then, we propose a cross-lingual sentiment annotation method to label source and target documents with sentiments. Finally, we use statistical measures to compare the agreement of sentiments in the source and the target pair of the comparable documents. The methods presented in this thesis are language independent and they can be applied on any language pair
Ben, Messaoud Riadh. "Couplage de l'analyse en ligne et de la fouille de données pour l'exploration, l'agrégation et l'explication des données complexes." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/benmessaoud_r.
Full textData warehouses provide efficient solutions for the management of huge amounts of data. Online analytical processing (OLAP) is a key feature in data warehouses which enables users with visual tools to explore data cubes. Therefore, users are capable to extract relevant information for their decision-making. On the other hand, data mining offers automatic learning techniques in order to come out with comprehensive knowledge covering descriptions, clusterings and explanations. The idea of combining online analytical processing and data mining is a promising solution to improve the decision-making process, especially in the case of complex data. In fact, OLAP and data mining could be two complementary fields that interact together within a unique analysis process. The aim of this thesis is to propose new approaches for decision support based on coupling online analytical processing and data mining. In order to do so, we have established three main proposals. The first one concerns the visualization of sparse data. According to the multiple correspondence analysis, we have reduced the negative effect of sparsity by reorganizing the cells of a data cube. Our second proposal provides a new aggregation of facts in a data cube by using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. The obtained aggregates are semantically richer than those provided by traditional multidimensional structures. Our third proposal tries to explain possible relationships within multidimensional data by using association rules. We have designed a new algorithm for a guided-mining of association rules in data cubes. We have also developed a software platform which includes our theoretical contributions. In addition, we provided a case study on complex data in order to validate our approaches. Finally, based on an OLAP algebra, we have designed the first principles toward a general formal framework which models the problem of coupling online analytical processing and data mining
Jalam, Radwan. "Apprentissage automatique et catégorisation de textes multilingues." Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/jalam_r.
Full textMEULEAU, NICOLAS. "Le dilemme entre exploration et exploitation dans l'apprentissage par renforcement : optimisation adaptative des modeles de decision multi-etats." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN2038.
Full textKhrouf, Kaïs. "Entrepôts de documents : de l'alimentation à l'exploitation." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30109.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose the concept of document warehouse which consists in the storage of heterogeneous, selected and filtered documents, and their classification according to generic logical structures (common structures to a set of documents). Such warehouses organization facilitates the exploitation of the integrated documentary information through several complementary techniques : the information retrieval which consists in the restitution document granules in response to a query formulated with keywords (free language), the data interrogation which consists in the restitution factual data (structure or content) by using a declarative language, the multidimensional analysis which consists in the manipulation of warehouse information according to not-predefined dimensions. To validate our propositions, we developed an aid tool DOCWARE (DOCument WAREhouse) for the integration and the analysis of documents
Fangseu, Badjio Edwige P. "Evaluation qualitative et guidage des utilisateurs en fouille visuelle de données." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/fangseubadjio_ep.
Full textThe research context of these works is the visual data mining domain and more precisely supervised data classification. Other related fields are: knowledge extraction in the data, machine learning, quality of interface, software ergonomic, software engineering and human machine interaction. The result provided by a visual data mining tool is a data model. Generally, in order to access the quality of visual data mining tools, there is an estimation of the rate of bad classification. We believe that, this estimation is necessary but not sufficient for the evaluation of visual data mining tools. In fact, this type of tools use interfaces, graphical representations, data sets and require the participation of the end-users. On the basis of a state of the art on visualization, visual data mining and software quality, we propose two analysis and evaluation methods: an inspection method for experts and a diagnosis method which can be used by end-users for analysis and quality evaluation that takes account of the specificities of the treated domain. We developed guidelines and quality criteria (measures and metrics) for the analysis and the diagnosis of the visual data mining tools. From the users' point of view, in order to use information relating to their profiles and their preferences throughout the mining process, we also proposed a user model of visual data mining tools. Case studies performed with the proposed diagnosis method enable us to raise other problems than those resulting from the estimation of the rate of bad classification. This work presents also solutions brought to two problems listed during the analysis and the diagnosis of some existing visual data mining tools: the choice of the best algorithm to perform for a supervised classification task and the pre-treatment of very large data sets. We considered the problem of the choice of the best classification algorithm as a multi criteria decision problem. Artificial intelligence allows bringing solutions to the multi criteria analysis. We use the results coming from this domain through the multi-agents paradigm and the case based reasoning to propose a list of algorithms of decreasing effectiveness for the resolution of a given problem and to evolve knowledge of the case base. For the treatment of very large data sets, the limits of visual approaches concerning the number of records and the number of attributes are known. To be able to treat these data sets, a solution is to perform a pre-treatment of the data set before applying the interactive algorithm. The reduction of the number of records is performed by the application of a clustering algorithm, the reduction of the number of attributes is done by the combination of the results of feature selection algorithms by applying the consensus theory (with a visual weight assignment tool). We evaluate the performances of our new approaches on data sets of the UCI and the Kent Ridge Bio Medical Dataset Repository
Safarova, Gunel. "Innovation management and ambidexterity in the US context : the case of family-owned companies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV055.
Full textOur research work deals with the subjects of innovation and ambidexterity in the management. Our goal is to conduct a comparative study of managerial practices with several U.S. SMEs in order to identify the determinants of the balance between new and common or traditional practices. Throughout the research period we keep following our two main purposes. On the one hand, our research work focuses on the case of U.S. companies specifically proactive with regard to innovation and change management. This allows us to widen our knowledge concerning certain forms of management in the United States. On the other hand, we will draw on large number of studies dealing with both innovation management in general and particularly qualitative factors in the in the conceptions and practices of ambidexterity, especially in relation to “leadership” styles.Concerning the methodological choices, we keep up with abductive approach, because there is back and forth between literature and research field. Indeed, our research is based on a qualitative approach with case studies (Yin, Glaser et Strauss, Eisenhardt...), while our research question and problem have been refined according to the obtained results.This research work helps us to better understand business operation and management of U.S. companies, especially when they are family-owned and to highlight the specificities of their methods in terms of innovation management and ambidexterity. It helps to put the concept of innovation in perspective to show the potential contributions of certain measured approaches, aiming both the exploitation of existing and the exploration of new ways. In addition, our results provide managerial recommendations for U.S. companies, but also for other organizations or managers related to the U.S. context
Legrand, Gaëlle. "Approche méthodologique de sélection et construction de variables pour l'amélioration du processus d'extraction des connaissances à partir de grandes bases de données." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/legrand_g.
Full textNowadays, because of the presence of great data bases, the improvement of the data representation quality is very important. Two types of feature transformation make it possible to extract relevant knowledge starting from data. The feature selection is a process which chooses an optimal feature subset according to a particular criterion and which reduces the feature space by removing nonrelevant feature. This transformation allows the reduction of representation space, the elimination of noise and the elimination of redundancy. We propose a method of feature selection between wrapper and filter approach which uses a method of preferences aggregation. The method of aggregation enables us to obtain a feature subset list sorted by order of relevance thanks to the aggregation of results of a set of short-sighted criterion. The feature construction is a process which discovers missing information in a relation between feature and which increases the feature space by creating additional feature. At the time of the process of feature construction, a set of operators is applied to an existing feature set, leading to the construction of one or more new feature. We propose to build new feature thanks to the discovery of the subjacent structure of data. Indeed, It appears more relevant to us to concentrate on the relations existing between modalities of feature rather than on the relations between feature themselves
Gamra, Miloud. "Innovation, ambidextrie et jeune entreprise technologique." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2063.
Full textThis research focuses on the development process of the young technology-based firm (YTBF). It aims to understand the key actions that facilitate the transition from invention to innovation and to determine if ambidexterity (i.e., the balance between exploration and exploitation) is associated with greater performance. To begin with, we establish the definitions of the young technology-based firm, innovation, exploration, exploitation and ambidexterity which are used in this research. A first empirical study, based on group concept mapping, identifies three actions that are particularly important and feasible for moving from prototyping to commercialization: listening to team members; communicate about the product by highlighting the features that will please the customer; understand what market needs the product will fill. Anticipating the financing of growth from the inception of the company is identified as particularly important but difficult to achieve. A second empirical study focuses on ambidexterity. We use literature to determine the key variables necessary for the conceptual modeling of ambidexterity: ambidexterity is potentially influenced by a set of organizational and contextual variables (composition of the entrepreneurial team, features of the economic and institutional environment, financial resources); ambidexterity is likely to influence performance; performance may depend directly on some antecedents of ambidexterity. These hypotheses are tested. We use 94 answers obtained from a questionnaire sent to 350 JET. The results are as follows: (i) cohesion and to a lesser extent the complementarity of the entrepreneurial team, the dynamism of the environment and the quality of the technological business incubators are the main antecedents of ambidexterity; (ii) ambidexterity is positively associated with economic performance and (iii) financial resources have no impact on ambidexterity
MEISSONIER, Régis. "Organisations virtuelles : Conceptualisation, Ingéniérie et pratiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002516.
Full textNguyen, Dang Tuan. "Extraction d'information à partir de documents Web multilingues : une approche d'analyses structurelles." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2023.
Full textMultilingual Web Document (MWD) processing has become one of the major interests of research and development in the area of information retrieval. Therefore, we observed that the structure of the multilingual resources has not been enough explored in most of the research works in this area. We consider that links structure embed crucial information for both hyperdocument retrieving and mining process. Discarding the multilingual information structures could affect the processing performance and generate various problems : i)°Redundancy : if the site proposes simultaneously translations in several languages, ii)° Noisy information: by using labels to shift from language to another, iii)° Loosing information: if the process does not consider the structure specificity of each language. In this context, we wonder to remind that each Web site is considered as a hyper-document that contains a set of Web documents (pages, screen, messages) which can be explored through the links paths. Therefore, detecting the dominant languages, in a Web Site, could be done in a different ways. The framework of this experimental research thesis is structures analysis for information extraction from a great number of heterogeneous structured or semi-structured electronic documents (essentially the Web document). It covers the following aspects : Enumerating the dominants languages, Setting-up (virtual) frontiers between those languages, enabling further processing, Recognizing the dominants languages. To experiment and validate our aim we have developed Hyperling which is a formal, language independent, system dealing with Web Documents. Hyperling proposes a Multilingual Structural Analysis approach to cluster and retrieve Web Document. Hyperling’s fundamental hypothesis is based on the notion of relation-density : The Monolingual relation density: i. E. Links between Web Documents written in the same language, The Interlingual relation density: i. E. Links between Web Documents written in different languages. In a Web document representation we can encounter a high level of monolingual relation density and low level of inter-lingual relation density. Therefore, we can consider a MWD to be represented by a set of clusters. Regarding the density level of each cluster, it may represent a dominant language. This hypothesis has been the core of Hyperling and has been experimented and approved on a real multilingual web documents (IMF, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, WTO)
Huynh, Cong-Phap. "Des suites de test pour la TA à un système d'exploitation de corpus alignés de documents et métadocuments multilingues, multiannotés et multimédia." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM024.
Full textThe thesis focuses on three major challenges posed by the conception and implementation of an "operating system of translation corpora", abbreviated as "sectra". A sectra aims to supply a unified software environment to support the exploitation of translation corpora done by both human and machine. The first challenge aims to the aspect of software environment to support the MT evaluation. The second challenge relates to the aspect of collaborative and contributive support for human work on various corpora in multilingual contexts. Finally, the third challenge aims at software environment to enable the exploitation of translation corpora within innovative applications (like the iMAG Gateways, Notepad++, etc. ). Several new notions (such as a multilingualized and contextualized segment, a corpus ofmulti-file documents, etc. ), general principles (pro-activity, delegation of services, etc. ), and problems at the conceptuallevel (for example, the extended definition of a "context" of segment), algorithmic level (for example, programmability of corpora processing), and programmatic level (for example, handling masses of data) have been addressed and dealt with for conceiving and implementing such system. A system called SECTra - w has been built and experimented successfully in the framework of sever real Dfojects of MT evaluation, post-edition, and multilimmalization of websites and applications
Huynh, Cong-Phap. "Des suites de test pour la TA à un système d'exploitation de corpus alignés de documents et métadocuments multilingues, multiannotés et multimédia." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548196.
Full textMbarki, Mohamed. "Gestion de l'hétérogénéité documentaire : le cas d'un entrepôt de documents multimédia." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/185/.
Full textThe knowledge society is based on three axes: the diffusion and use of information via new technologies, the deduction of knowledge induced by this information and the economic impacts which can result from this information. To offer to the actors and more particularly to the "decision makers" of this society some tools which enable them to produce and manage "knowledge" or at least "elements of knowledge" seem to be rather difficult to ensure. This difficulty is due to the dynamism of the environment and the diversity of factors influencing the information production, extraction and communication. Indeed, this information is included in documents which are collected from disseminated sources (Internet, Workflow, numerical libraries, etc. ). These documents are thus heterogeneous on the content and on the form (they can be related to various fields, they can be more or less structured, they can have various structures, they contain several type of media, are stored in several type of supports, etc). The current challenges are to conceive new applications to exploit this document heterogeneity. Having in mind these needs, the work presented in my thesis, aims to face these challenges and in particular at proposing solutions in order "to manage and create knowledge" starting from the integration of all information available on the heterogeneous documents. The handling of multimedia documents repositories constitutes the applicative framework of our proposals. Our approach is articulated around three complementary axes: (1) the representation, (2) storage (or integration) and (3) exploitation of the heterogeneous documents. Documents representation is related to the determination of information that must be preserved and the way according to which they must be organized to offer better apprehending and envisaging of their uses. The solution that we chose to meet these needs bases on the proposal for a documents model which integrates several overlapping and complementary levels of description (a generic layer and a specific one, a logical description and a semantic one). .
Soulerot, Marion. "Planification et ambidextérité : le cas des programmes d'amélioration de la performance." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472392.
Full textOmri, Mohamed Ali. "Fiscalité pétrolière : impact sur l'activité exploration-production des hydrocarbures : cas de la Tunisie." Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE0020.
Full textFollowing the decrease of hydrocarbon production of the country, the tunisian government had taken fiscal measures in order to encourage companies for developping hydrocarbon activities. It is appear, by using an econometric model that the taxation has no significant effect on exploration activity. Otherwise, the taxation effects on production activity is clear by reducing the partition gap between state and company and allowin g the development of marginal discoveries
Atanasov, Petko. "Exploration, exploitation et management de projet - Ground theory : approche pour une nouvelle conceptualisation de l'analyse et de la gestion de projet : deux études de cas dans l'administration publique." Limoges, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIMO1006.
Full textAccording to Standish Group (“Chronicles CHAOS” – 2004) the rate of failure of the projects in various industries varies between 61 and 92%. Why a project can fail? … The historical approach of the project management based on a normative approach showed its limits. From the questions of effectiveness of the current normative approach of the project management, we carried out a review of literature which led us to conclude that the discipline needs a handing-over on epistemological and methodological level. The routine way of the interpretation of the current normative approach tends to darken the deontology of the discipline. Thus, through our first tudy, mobilizing the “grounded theory”, we wished to exceed this instrumentalist vision. Started from an observation on the limits of the current project management, we were brought to analyze a true project (the mission of tramway of Bordeaux) and discovered the importance of the duality for a project, built on dimensions of the structural theory. The research undertaken near the mission of the tram indeed allowed us to highlight the importance of an approach based on the process of the structuring. We thus saw emerging two poles evolving jointly: the structure and the actor. Thus we could, by the means of the grounded theory approach, distinguish some theories which potentially can bring additional options in the exploration, the exploitation and the project management: the theory of conventions; the neo-institutional theory and the structuration theory. The neo-institutional theory refers mainly to the structure, the conventions’ theory refers to the actor. However, the project management represents the management of a particular structure which is subjected to the contextual constraints (time and space). Our final choice was thus made on the structuration theory which we consider as more adapted for investigating the project management with its constraining and habilitating consequences. We then focused ourselves on the applicability of the theory of the structuring in a concrete situation of the management of the project. Our objective was to propose a structuralist approach while veloping the use of an abductive reasoning. Thus we went back again on the ground (Service “Payroll” of the accounting department - University Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2) to create (and observe) a new service in the accounting department, following the passage of the universities to the responsibilities and widened competences (RCE). This ction-research approach fell under a scientific expedition dissimulated for reasons of objectivity in which our role was that of not-declared observer. By this work, we consolidate our idea that the classical approach (normative) of the project management restricts the analysis with parameters which do not take account of the context in which the project evolves. We lean towards a management of good sense which it calls upon the concept of reflexivity of the actors as evoked by Anthony Giddens in the structuration theory. That corresponds to faculties of the actors to position in a context and to act according to their knowledge and competences, and not necessarily according to the decided objectives. In the case of the project management this becomes a crucial factor
Sy, Mohameth François. "Utilisation d'ontologies comme support à la recherche et à la navigation dans une collection de documents." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20211/document.
Full textDomain ontologies provide a knowledge model where the main concepts of a domain are organized through hierarchical relationships. In conceptual Information Retrieval Systems (IRS), where they are used to index documents as well as to formulate a query, their use allows to overcome some ambiguities of classical IRSs based on natural language processes.One of the contributions of this study consists in the use of ontologies within IRSs, in particular to assess the relevance of documents with respect to a given query. For this matching process, a simple and intuitive aggregation approach is proposed, that incorporates user dependent preferences model on one hand, and semantic similarity measures attached to a domain ontology on the other hand. This matching strategy allows justifying the relevance of the results to the user. To complete this explanation, semantic maps are built, to help the user to grasp the results at a glance. Documents are displayed as icons that detail their elementary scores. They are organized so that their graphical distance on the map reflects their relevance to a query represented as a probe. As Information Retrieval is an iterative process, it is necessary to involve the users in the control loop of the results relevancy in order to better specify their information needs. Inspired by experienced strategies in vector models, we propose, in the context of conceptual IRS, to formalize ontology based relevance feedback. This strategy consists in searching a conceptual query that optimizes a tradeoff between relevant documents closeness and irrelevant documents remoteness, modeled through an objective function. From a set of concepts of interest, a heuristic is proposed that efficiently builds a near optimal query. This heuristic relies on two simple properties of semantic similarities that are proved to ensure semantic neighborhood connectivity. Hence, only an excerpt of the ontology dag structure is explored during query reformulation.These approaches have been implemented in OBIRS, our ontological based IRS and validated in two ways: automatic assessment based on standard collections of tests, and case studies involving experts from biomedical domain
Pham, Nguyen-Khang. "Analyse factorielle des correspondances pour l'indexation et la recherche d'information dans une grande base de données d'images." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S067.
Full textWith the development of the digital world, the number of images stored in databases has significantly increased. Image indexing and information retrieval in image databases are more complicated than in the case of textual documents. Indexing methods already used in textual data analysis are proposed to process images. To transfer the results of the textual data analysis to images, new features are required: visual words and images are considered as documents. We are interested in the problem of indexing and information retrieval in a large database of images using data analysis methods and, more specifically, using Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA). First, we propose to use relevant indicators of FCA to speed up the retrieval step after adapting it to images. Next, we study the large scale retrieval with FCA. To this end, we propose an incremental FCA algorithm to deal with large contingency tables, and its parallelization on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). We also develop a parallel version of our search algorithm using relevant indicators of FCA on GPUs. After that, we combine the use of FCA with other methods such as the Contextual Dissimilarity Measure and random forests in order to improve the retrieval quality. Finally, we present a visualization environment, CAViz, which allows us to display the results