Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Expiratory muscle strength training'
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Kim, Jaeock. "Physiological effects of expiratory muscle strength training with the sedentary healthy elderly pulmonary, cough, swallow, and speech functions /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013643.
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Wilkins, Lisa Jacqueline. "The effect of graded and short-term, high-intensity exercise on expiratory muscle performance." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040735/.
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Tanaka, Hirofumi. "Dry-land strength training for competitive swimming : interaction between strength training and swim training." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834620.
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In an attempt to determine the value of dry-land weight training on swimming performance, two groups of twenty four intercollegiate male swimmers were equated based upon pre-swimming performance, swim power values, stroke specialities, and collegiate swimming experience. At the start of a swimming season there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the swim training group (SWIM, N=12) and the combined weight and swim training group (COMBO, N=12). Throughout the 13 weeks of their competitive swimming season, both SWIM and COMBO swam together six days a week. In addition, the COMBO engaged in a weight training program three days a week between the third and eleventh weeks (for eight weeks) of the season. The weight training program, using free weights, was intended to simulate arm actions and muscle actions similar to those used during front crawl swimming. Both COMBO and SWIM groups had significant but similar power gains (p<0.05) as measured on the biokinetic swim bench and during a tethered swim. Swimmers in both groups experienced a significant (p<0.05) increase in competitive swim performance from 1991 to 1992 (0.89 ± 0.60% in COMBO and 0.87 ± 0.4Q% in SWIM) whereas no change in distance per stroke (p>0.05) was observed throughout the course of this investigation. Mean total testosterone levels were not altered during the weight training period in either group. No significant (p>0.05) differences were found between the groups in any of the swim power and swimming performance tests. In this investigation, dry-land weight training did not improve swimming performance despite the fact that the COMBO was able to increase the weights used during strength training by 25 to 35%. The lack of positive transfer between dry-land strength gains and swimming propulsive force may be due to the specificity of training.Human Performance Laboratory
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Siekemeyer, Leah C. "Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training in Upper Airway Obstruction." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1306417918.
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O'Hagen, Sean F. "The self-control "muscle" : can training increase strength? /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Gee, Thomas. "Recovery of muscle function following strength training in rowers." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/8099/.
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Strength training using free weights is performed by athletes in many sports as a means of enhancing performance. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the acute impact of bouts of this form of strength training on muscle function, which closely mimics the athletes’ sport or event. High forces are produced during a rowing race and subsequently strength training forms an integral part of the overall training programme for rowers. However, there is little documented evidence regarding the strength and conditioning practices occurring in rowing. Therefore the aims of this thesis were to investigate and draw conclusions regarding the strength and conditioning practices occurring within British rowing and to evaluate the impact of typical bouts of strength training on muscle function in rowers. To investigate the strength and conditioning practices within British rowing a questionnaire was completed by 32 coaches and semi-structured interviews were undertaken with two coaches of elite rowers (study 1). Information from both sources indicated that rowers performed two to three strength training sessions per week, involving Olympic lifting and multi-joint free weight strength exercises, performed across multiple sets with low to moderate repetition ranges. Physical testing most commonly involved assessment of cardiovascular endurance, muscular power and strength. Twenty four hours of recovery were generally afforded between strength training and intensive rowing training while longer periods were permitted before rowing races (> 48 h). Prior to the intervention studies, the reproducibility of subsequently assessed measures was assessed using trained rowers (study 2). Typical error (%) was low for 2000 m mean power (2.4 %), and low to moderate for the assessments of strength and power (3.0-5.9 %). Measures of peak blood lactate (11.5 %), creatine kinase (21.0 %) and surface electromyography (11.1-44.8 %, across various sites) demonstrated greater variability similar to previous studies. For studies 3 and 4, trained rowers performed 250 m and 2000 m rowing tests respectively, alongside various measures of muscle function before and after an acute bout of free weight multi-joint strength training (ST). For both studies, increases in perceived muscle soreness and CK indicated that muscle damage was present after ST for 24-48 h. Maximal power generating ability was decreased in both studies as evidenced by decrements in the 250 m test, power strokes, and jump height. However, in study 4, 2000 m rowing time was unaffected, leading to the conclusion that the specific muscle function required for the power tests was affected through damage to type II muscle fibres. Findings from study 1 indicated that rowers commonly perform strength training three times per week; therefore study 5 investigated the impact of this weekly frequency of strength training on muscle function. Twenty four hours after three bouts of ST within a five day period, trained rowers experienced significant decreases in maximal voluntary contraction, jump height and power stroke tests as well as increases in CK and soreness; however as with study 4, 2000m performance was unaffected. Trends for decreases in peak lactate and anaerobic energy liberation (p < 0.10, Effect Size = 0.40-0.56) were present alongside significant increases in EMG at three sites during the post-ST 2000 m test. These findings suggest a decreased utilisation of the anaerobic capacity coupled with increased central motor drive suggesting a change in muscular recruitment patterns during the follow up 2000 m rowing test. It would appear that following extensive strength training, physiological processes were adapted during subsequent rowing exercise, to compensate for the loss in higher threshold muscle fibre function, in order to affect the same level of rowing performance achieved in the rested state. These findings might suggest that participants operated within a physiological reserve and/or that multiple-exercise-regulation-algorithms exist with which a similar exercise performance can be achieved.
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Williams, Alun Gwyn. "Studies of muscle strength : with special reference to military training." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369339.
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Initially, this research programme investigated training methods to improve strengthrelated material handling performance in the British Army. A widely used training programme was evaluated for its effectiveness in improving material handling, and found to provide some significant but small improvements. Modifications to the training programme, including the use of a large strength-training element, were devised based on prior research evidence. The modified training programme was evaluated and compared with the original programme, and shown to be significantly more effective at improving material handling. Any means to improve the effectiveness of strength training per se would further improve the effectiveness of the modified training programme. Consequently, a potential means to improve the effectiveness of strength training via postexercise nutritional supplementation was investigated. The encouraging but not statistically significant results suggested further research to evaluate the potential of the supplementation regimen and also to better illuminate the possible mechanisms. An evaluation of the hormonal and metabolic responses to varying combinations of resistance exercise and supplementation provided little additional evidence to support the effectiveness of the supplementation regimen. However, the likely mechanism of the effect that may exist was better identified as a direct effect of insulin or amino acid availability on muscle cell growth, rather than a reduction in circulating cortisol concentration.
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Ngambi, Onambele Gladys Leopoldine. "Muscle strength control in women : oestrogen, ACE and training effects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271429.
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Ray, Christin. "Effects of Respiratory Muscle Strength Training in Classically Trained Singers." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405505205.
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Urell, Charlotte. "Lung Function, Respiratory Muscle Strength and Effects of Breathing Exercises in Cardiac Surgery Patients." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192208.
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Background: Breathing exercises are widely used after cardiac surgery. The duration of exercises in the immediate postoperative period is not fully evaluated and only limited data regarding the effects of home-based breathing exercises after discharge from hospital have been published. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of deep breathing exercises with positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and describe lung function and respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Participants and settings: Adult participants (n=131) were randomised to perform either 30 or 10 deep breaths with PEP per hour during the first postoperative days (Study I): the main outcome was oxygenation, assessed by arterial blood gases, on the second postoperative day. In Study III, 313 adult participants were randomly assigned to perform home-based deep breathing exercises with PEP for two months after surgery or not to perform breathing exercises with PEP after the fourth to fifth postoperative day. The main outcome was lung function, assessed by spirometry, two months after surgery. Studies II and IV were descriptive and correlative and investigated pre and postoperative lung function, assessed by spirometry, and respiratory muscle strength, assessed by maximal inspiratory pressure, and maximal expiratory pressure. Results: On the second postoperative day, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was higher in the group randomised to 30 deep breaths with PEP hourly. There was no improved recovery of lung function in participants performing home-based deep breathing exercises two months after cardiac surgery, compared to a control group. Subjective experience of breathing or improvement in patient perceived quality of recovery or health-related quality of life did not differ between the groups at two months. Lung function and respiratory muscle strength were in accordance with predicted values before surgery. A 50% reduction in lung function was shown on the second postoperative day. High body mass index, male gender and sternal pain were associated with decreased lung function on the second postoperative day. Two months postoperatively, there was decreased lung function, but respiratory muscle strength had almost recovered to preoperative values.
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Kalenius, Richard. "Muscular hypertrophic adaptations in high and low load training regimes : Eight weeks training intervention." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4919.
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Aim The purpose of this study was to assess muscle hypertrophy outcomes from high and low load strength training routines performed to muscular fatiguein a unilateral design. Method 14 well-trained men and women (age 26.4 ±4.4 years, weight 79.9 ±10.7 kg, height 179.4 ±76 cm) volunteered to participate in eight weeks of fully supervised training two times per week. Subjects had their legs randomized to a HL protocol performing 3-5reps and LL protocol performing 20-25 reps. Training was performed in leg press and leg extension and all sets were performed until volitional failure. Subjects were measured for muscle thickness by ultrasound at mid and distal portion of vastus lateralis before and after the study. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test was used to establish differences in pre and post and between leg differences. Results Muscle thickness increased inHL: MID 8% p=0,002 and DIST 14% p=0.009, in LL: MID 7% p=0.004 and was unchanged at DIST 4% p=0.512. Total muscle thickness for both measurement sites combined increases significantly in both legs, HL: 9% p=0.001 and LL: 5% p=0.045. There were no between leg differences at MID (p=0.404) or DIST (p=0.989) after eight weeks. Conclusion We conclude that high and low load strength training performed unilaterally to volitional failure yields equal increases in muscle thickness after eight weeks for well-trained men and women.Kursen Projektarbete.
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McMahon, Callie Griggs. "Muscle Strength and Body Cell Mass in Postmenopausal Women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42296.
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It has been observed that the normal process of aging is associated with a decline in muscle strength and mass. It has also been observed that total body potassium and intracellular water (ICW) decrease with age, reflecting a loss of body cell mass (BCM), 60% of which is the skeletal muscle. It is generally accepted that traditional high-intensity strength training (ST) regimens can not only attenuate, but in some cases, reverse some of these aging-related changes. Periodization, a nontraditional approach to strength training, has been demonstrated to stimulate more rapid increases in muscle strength than traditional approaches in young adults; however, it has not been comprehensively evaluated in postmenopausal women. Investigators have consistently reported an increase in muscle strength in older adults undergoing both short- and long-term traditional ST programs. It is fairly well accepted that early increases in muscle strength are attributable to neurologic adaptations. There has been less consistency in the literature regarding the timing and nature of changes in muscle quality and mass with ST. Although several investigators have reported increased muscle protein synthesis rates as early as 2 weeks after ST initiation in older adults, the majority of published reports support the notion that significant NET gains in intracellular protein, and thus, gains in muscle mass/volume/hypertrophy do not occur before 9-10 weeks. Changes in intracellular water, which would be expected to occur with changes in intracellular protein, have not been studied during short-term ST interventions in older adults. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has been validated as a field technique to accurately measure ICW (and BCM) changes in HIV infected individuals. The primary aim of the current study was to determine if muscle strength would increase in postmenopausal women undergoing a novel (periodized) ST intervention of 10 weeks duration. A secondary aim was to determine if BIS would detect a change in ICW in the study subjects from baseline to study conclusion.
Study participants were eleven, healthy postmenopausal women between the ages of 60 and 74 (mean age: 65 ± 4.4 y) who had not engaged in ST in the six months preceding the study. ICW and muscle strength were assessed at baseline and at study conclusion. The ST program was conducted twice a week for 10 weeks at the Senior Center in Blacksburg, VA. Participants performed seven different exercises incorporating upper body and lower body muscle groups. The women performed one set of 8-12 repetitions at an intensity of 80% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) the first week, progressing to 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions at the same intensity during the second week. The remaining weeks consisted of three sets of 8-12 repetitions, performed at an intensity of 80%, 75%, and 70% of their current 1 RM, respectively. One RM was reassessed every other week. The major result from this study was that muscle strength of all trained muscle groups increased in postmenopausal women undergoing 10 weeks of pyramid ST (P<0.05). In addition, the pyramid ST protocol utilized in this study was well-tolerated and resulted in no injuries in any of the older women in the study, indicating that this approach may be used safely in this population. Mean ICW measured by the field method BIS did not change over the course of the study. This result was consistent with other published data reporting no changes in lean body mass or muscle volume/area by more sophisticated techniques.Master of Science
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Kim, Jeong-Su. "The relationship of growth factor and muscle soreness to muscle hypertrophy." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1101585.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between exercise induced muscle damage and growth factors during two different modes of exercise. Nine healthy untrained male subjects participated in this study and performed two separate single bouts of isokinetic concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) leg extension exercise on the CYBEX NORMT°". The workload was maintained at 75% of 1 RM for each trial, respectively. The maximum sets of 10 repetitions were performed during the Con trial, and the number was also duplicated during the Ecc trial, with 40 seconds of rest between sets. Serum levels of hGH, creatine kinase (CK), and lactic acid were measured, and the CK level was used to determine the degree of muscle tissue damage. A muscle soreness questionnaire was provided to the subjects to assess the degree of quadriceps muscle soreness following each trial. The EMG activity of the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles was recorded during each trial. The results of the present study demonstrated no significant differences in hGH output and CK activity between the exercise trials, although there was a significant different lactic acid response (P < 0.05). However, the Con trial produced significant increases (P < 0.05) in hGH and CK levels above the resting value at the post-exercise times. In fact, the 75% Con trial conducted in this study induced an increase in hGH release (peak: 8.23 ± 3.21 ng/ml) that was 2 X higher than a 120% Ecc trial (peak: 3.8 ± 1.2 ng/mI) of the prior study. The results of the present study demonstrate that a single bout of Con resistance exercise at the same intensity (75% of 1 RM), angular velocity, and ROM as a single bout of Ecc exercise can produce greater increases in hGH output and CK response than its Ecc counterpart. This finding does not support the previous results from this laboratory, showing that Ecc exercise is a stronger promoter of hGH output. However, it suggests that the amount of work performed is an important factor for hGH release because the exercise volume applied in the present study was greater than that of the prior study. The CK response of the subjects in this study, as well as the previous work indicate that hGH output is also dependent on exercise that elicits muscle damage. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that the mode of exercise, Con vs. Ecc, is not as important as the stress placed on the exercising muscle in order to induce optimal muscle hypertrophy.School of Physical Education
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Wu, Cheng Kam-chee Polina. "The effect of mental training in delaying muscle fatigue /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294991.
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Kostek, Matt. "Insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype influences muscle strength response to strength training in older adults." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1974.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Massey, Garry J. "Muscle-tendon unit morphology, architecture and stiffness in relation to strength and responses to strength training." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24712.
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This thesis examined the change in skeletal muscle architecture with contractile force production, the relationship of architecture with muscle strength parameters and if muscle tendinous tissue stiffness determines in vivo explosive strength (i.e. rate of torque development, RTD). Muscle and tendinous tissue adaptations to contrasting strength training regimes, and the potential capacity of these tissues to adapt following chronic strength training were also explored. Quadriceps femoris fascicle length (FL) decreased, while the pennation angle (PA) increased in a curvi-linearly manner from rest to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. Consequently, effective physiological cross-sectional area (effPCSA) during MVC was 27% greater than at rest, although effPCSA measured at rest and during MVC had similar correlations to maximal strength. In the earliest phase of contraction, FL, but not PA, was negatively related (R2=0.187) to voluntary RTD. Neither FL nor PA was related to maximal isometric or dynamic strength. Muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and patellar tendon (PT) stiffness were unrelated to voluntary and evoked RTD. Relative PT stiffness was also unrelated to relative RTD, although relative MTU stiffness was related to voluntary RTD (25-55%MVT, R2≤0.188) and evoked RTD (5-50%MVT, R2≤0.194). MTU stiffness increased after sustained-contraction (SCT, +21%), though not explosive-contraction strength training (ECT). PT stiffness increased similarly after ECT (+20%) and SCT (+16%), yet neither induced tendon hypertrophy. SCT produced modest muscle (+8%) and aponeurosis (+7%) hypertrophy. Chronic strength trained (CST: >3 years) males had substantially greater muscle and aponeurosis size, but similar tendon size as untrained controls (UNT) and short-term (12 weeks) strength trained (STT) individuals. Between these groups, at the highest common force, MTU stiffness was indifferent, while PT stiffness was similarly greater in STT and CST than UNT. These results suggest FL and PA have little influence on muscle strength and tendon stiffness has no influence on RTD. Maximum strength negated any qualitative influence of MTU stiffness on in vivo RTD. Component MTU tissues (muscle-aponeurosis vs. external tendon) adapt differentially depending on the strength training regime. Specifically, free tendon appeared to adapt to high magnitude loading, while loading duration is also an important stimulus for the muscle-aponeurosis. However, chronic strength training was not concordant with greater higher force MTU stiffness, and does not further increase higher force PT stiffness beyond the adaptations that occur after 12 weeks of strength training. Finally, no evidence was found for tendon hypertrophy in response to strength training.
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Balshaw, Thomas G. "Acute neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic responses to accentuated eccentric load resistance exercise." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17174.
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Neurological and morphological adaptations are responsible for the increases in strength that occur following the completion of resistance exercise training interventions. There are a number of benefits that can occur as a result of completing resistance exercise training interventions, these include: (i) reduced risk of developing metabolic health issues; (ii) decreased risk and incidence of falling; (iii) improved cardiovascular health; (iv) elevated mobility; (v) enhanced athletic performance; and (vi) injury prevention. Traditional resistance exercise (constant load resistance exercise (CL)) involves equally loaded eccentric and concentric phases, performed in an alternating manner. However, eccentric muscle actions have unique physiological characteristics, namely greater force production capacity and lower energy requirements, compared to concentric actions. These characteristics have led to the exploration of eccentric-focused resistance exercise for the purposes of injury prevention, rehabilitation, and enhancement of functional capacity. Accentuated eccentric load resistance exercise (AEL) is one form of eccentric-focused resistance exercise. This type of resistance exercise involves a heavier absolute external eccentric phase load than during the subsequent concentric portion of a repetition. Existing training study interventions comparing AEL to CL have demonstrated enhancements in concentric, eccentric, and isometric strength with AEL. However, no differences in strength adaptations have been reported in other AEL vs. CL training studies. Only 7 d intensified AEL training interventions have measured neuromuscular variables, providing evidence that enhanced neuromuscular adaptations may occur when AEL is compared to CL. Therefore, a lack of information is currently available regarding how AEL may differentially affect neuromuscular control when compared to CL. Furthermore, the equivocal findings regarding the efficacy of AEL make it difficult for exercise professionals to decide if they should employ AEL with their athletes or patients and during which training phase this type of resistance exercise could be implemented. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were: (i) to examine differences in acute neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic responses between AEL and CL during both lower-body single-joint resistance exercise and multiple-joint free weight resistance exercise; (ii) to assess acute force production and contractile characteristics following AEL and CL conditions; (iii) to investigate the influence of eccentric phase velocity (and time under tension) on acute force production and contractile characteristics following AEL and CL conditions; and (iv) to compare common drive and motor unit firing rate responses after single- and multiple-joint AEL and CL. Before investigating neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic responses to AEL it was deemed necessary to evaluate normalisation methods for a multiple-joint free weight resistance exercise that would permit the implementation of AEL. Therefore, the aim of the first study of the thesis was to evaluate voluntary maximal (dynamometer- and isometric squat-based) isometric and submaximal dynamic (60%, 70%, and 80% of three repetition maximum) electromyography (EMG) normalisation methods for the back squat resistance exercise. The absolute reliability (limits of agreement and coefficient of variation), relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient), and sensitivity of each method was assessed. Strength-trained males completed four testing sessions on separate days, the final three test days were used to evaluate the different normalisation methods. Overall, dynamic normalisation methods demonstrated better absolute reliability and sensitivity for reporting vastus lateralis and biceps femoris EMG compared to maximal isometric methods. Following the methodological study conducted in Chapter 2, the next study began to address the main aims of the thesis. The purpose of the third chapter of the thesis was to compare acute neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic responses between single-joint AEL and CL knee extension efforts that included two different eccentric phase velocities. Ten males who were completing recreational resistance exercise attended four experimental test day sessions where knee extension repetitions (AEL or CL) were performed at two different eccentric phase velocities (2 or 4 s). Elevated vastus lateralis eccentric neuromuscular activation was observed in both AEL conditions (p= 0.004, f= 5.73). No differences between conditions were detected for concentric neuromuscular or concentric kinematic variables during knee extension efforts. Similarly, no differences in after-intervention rate of torque development or contractile charactersitics were observed between conditions. To extend the findings of the third chapter of the thesis and provide mechanistic information regarding how AEL may differentially effect acute neuromuscular variables that have been reported to be undergo chronic adaptations, additional measures that were taken before and after the intervention described in the previous chapter were analysed. Therefore, the purpose of the fourth chapter of the thesis was to compare motor unit firing rate and common drive responses following single-joint AEL and CL knee extension efforts during a submaximal isometric knee extension trapezoid force trace effort. In addition, motor unit firing rate reliability during the before-intervention trapezoid force trace efforts was assessed. No differences in the maximum number of detected motor units were observed between conditions. A condition-time-point interaction effect (p= 0.025, f= 3.65) for firing rate in later-recruited motor units occurred, with a decrease in firing rate observed in after-intervention measures in the AEL condition that was completed with a shorter duration eccentric phase. However, no differences in common drive were detected from before- to after-intervention measures in any of the conditions. The time period toward the end of the plateau phase of before-intervention trapezoid force trace efforts displayed the greatest absolute and relative reliability and was therefore used for motor unit firing rate and common drive analysis. The purpose of the fifth chapter was to compare acute neuromuscular and kinetic responses between multiple-joint AEL and CL back squats. Strength-trained males completed two experimental test day sessions where back squat repetitions (AEL or CL) were performed. Neuromuscular and kinetic responses were measured during each condition. No differences in concentric neuromuscular or concentric kinetic variables during back squat repetitions were detected between conditions. Elevated eccentric phase neuromuscular activation was observed during the AEL compared to the CL condition in two to three of the four sets performed for the following lower-body muscles: (i) vastus lateralis (p< 0.001, f= 15.58); (ii) vastus medialis (p< 0.001, f= 10.77); (iii) biceps femoris (p= 0.003, f= 6.10); and (iv) gluteus maximus (p= 0.001, f= 7.98). There were no clear differences in terms of the neuromuscular activation contributions between muscles within AEL or CL conditions during eccentric or concentric muscle actions. Following the investigation of acute motor unit firing rate and common drive responses to lower limb single-joint AEL and CL in the fourth chapter of the thesis, the question arose as to whether or not similar responses would occur in a more complex model, such as a multiple-joint resistance exercise. Multiple-joint resistance exercise poses different neuromuscular activation, coordination, and stabilisation demands. Therefore, the purpose of the sixth chapter of the thesis was to compare acute motor unit firing rate and common drive responses following multiple-joint lower-body free weight AEL and CL.
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Kotarsky, Christopher Joseph. "Effect of Progressive Calisthenic Push-up Training on Muscle Strength and Thickness." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28060.
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Calisthenics, a form of resistance training, continue to increase in popularity; however,
few studies have examined their effectiveness for muscle strength improvement. The purpose of
this study was to compare progressive calisthenic push-up training (PUSH) to free weight bench
press training (BENCH) as techniques to develop muscle strength and thickness. Twenty-three
healthy, moderately trained males (mean ? SD: age 23 ? 6.8 years) were randomly assigned to
PUSH (n=14) and BENCH (n=9), and trained three days per week for four weeks. Muscle
thickness, seated medicine ball put, one repetition max bench press (1RM), and push-up
progression (PUP) were measured pre- and post-training. Results revealed significant increases
in 1RM (p<0.001) and PUP (p<0.05) for both groups post-training. The increase in PUP,
however, was significantly greater for PUSH (p<0.001). This study is the first to demonstrate
that calisthenics, using different progressive variations to maintain training principles, can
improve upper body muscle strength.College of Human Development and Education and the Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences at North Dakota State University
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Stone, Michael H. "Training Programs and Periodization to Optimize Gains in Muscle Strength and Power." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4583.
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Sweeny, Matt Brilla Lorraine R. "Comparison of linear and daily undulating periodization in resistance training using simple measures of overreaching /." Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=356&CISOBOX=1&REC=13.
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Reid, Siobhan Louise. "Outcomes of an upper limb eccentric strength-training programme for adolescents with cerebral palsy." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0016.
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[Truncated abstract] Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability in childhood (Reddihough & Collins, 2003). The most characteristic features of those with cerebral palsy are the physical disabilities that arise as a result of the brain lesion, including; spasticity, muscle weakness and atrophy, soft-tissue contracture and joint deformity. Strength training for young people with cerebral palsy aims to negate the debilitating effects of muscle weakness and improve function. Research need now be dedicated to investigating the mechanisms of strength-training, in an effort to optimise training routines and the prescription of strengthening protocols. The principal goal of the present research was to investigate the impact of eccentric strength training. A novel eccentrically based exercise intervention for the upper limb was implemented to ascertain the benefits on: (i) isokinetic torque development, (ii) the length-tension relationship of muscle (iii) EMG activity, (iv) 3D movement kinematics and (v) psychosocial benefits for children and their families. The analysis of changes in movement kinematics required the development of a reliable and repeatable upper limb 3D biomechanical model for clinical use, constituting chapter three of this thesis. ... This paper advocates the inclusion of measures of work/bodymass and width of the torque-angle relationship as important determinates of the functional integrity of muscle, and the use of EMG activation patterns to characterise neuromuscular mechanisms of training induced changes. The sixth paper aims to determine the effects of the eccentric training programme on upper limb 3D kinematics during functional tasks and to determine if these improvements were also evident on the Melbourne Assessment. Little change was evident in upper arm kinematics following the short-term eccentric training programme, however there was evidence in support of a decrease in compensatory movements at the thorax. The Melbourne Assessment failed to detect any significant changes in performance of functional upper limb tasks following the training programme. The results suggest that 3D kinematic analysis of upper body movement is a sensitive tool for the assessment of interventions for pathological populations. The aim of the seventh paper presented within this body of work was to ascertain the psychosocial outcomes for children with cerebral palsy and their families following the eccentric training programme. This study identified four main themes in the parent and participant responses to the programme; changes in physical health, psychosocial health, changes in activity and participation, and the impact of the psychosocial health of the child on the family were important to participants and their families. This paper reinforces the multi-dimensional nature of the benefits of strength-training, and advocates the assessment of interventions from perspective of the ICF (WHO, 2001). This work has established the reliability of an upper limb 3D biomechanical model for clinical use, and determined the neuromuscular, kinematic, functional and psychosocial outcomes of an upper limb eccentric training programme for adolescents with cerebral palsy and their families.
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Wu, Cheng Kam-chee Polina, and 胡鄭金枝. "The effect of mental training in delaying muscle fatigue." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29768585.
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Creager, Leah C. "Effect of trunk endurance training on low back endurance & injury in collegiate gymnasts /." Connect to online version, 2009. http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/45122.
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Cortobius, Daniel, and Niklas Westblad. "Optimizing strength training for hypertrophy : A periodization of classic resistance training and blood-flow restriction training." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4373.
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Aim The main aim of this study was to investigate if a combination of classic resistance training and blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRE) training would result in greater increases in quadriceps muscle growth compared with other strength training studies. The second aim was to investigate if there would be any difference in muscle hypertrophy between men and women after the training intervention. Method Twenty untrained subjects (10 males and 10 female) were recruited to participate in a 10-week unilateral resistance training intervention. Sixteen subjects completed the training intervention. After two familiarization sessions subjects performed three sessions per week in leg press and leg extension, except for week 4 and 8 were subjects performed five BFRE training sessions Monday to Friday. All subjects performed a one repetition maximum test in leg press and leg extension pre and post the training intervention. Ultrasound screening was performed pre and post training intervention to measure muscle thickness in m. vastus lateralis (VL). Results The 10-week intervention resulted in a significant increase of VL muscle thickness by 15,1 % ± 7,6 (p ≤ 0,01). Both men and women increased in VL muscle thickness, men (n=7) by 15,4 % ± 9,3 (p ≤ 0,01) and women (n=9) by 14,8 % ± 6,0 (p ≤ 0,01), with no difference between genders. Maximal strength increased for the entire group in the leg press by 59,1 % ± 27,4 (p ≤ 0,01) and in the leg extension by 19,8 % ± 13,1 (p ≤ 0,01). Men had an increase of 58,1 % ± 18,0 (p ≤ 0,01) and women with 60,3 % ± 32,8 (p ≤ 0,01) in the leg press. In the leg extension women and men increased their maximal strength by 23,3 % ± 7,4 (p ≤ 0,01) respectively 17,0 % ± 14,4 (p = 0,051). Conclusions Our unique training protocol resulted in a superior increase in muscle growth in comparison with most other strength training studies. Our result can be converted to an increase of 17,3 % (0,25 % per day) in VL muscle CSA, which is much greater than the mean increase of 0,11 % per day reported in a large meta-analysis (Wernbom, Augustsson & Thomeé 2007).
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Kaleth, Anthony Scott. "Effects of volume of resistance training on muscular strength and endurance." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074543.
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The American College of Sports Medicine recommends a resistance exercise routine that consists of a minimum of 1 set of 8-12 repetitions on 8-10 exercises, 2 times per week. These guidelines are less than traditional programs and are based on the premises that longer programs are associated with lower adherence and that additional sets and repetitions produce little, if any, additional increases in strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if greater gains in strength and endurance could be attained by doubling the recommended dose. Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to one of two training groups that performed 1 or 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 10 weeks on 7 exercises (chest press, lat pull-down, leg ext., leg curl, shoulder press, triceps ext., biceps curl) and 8 subjects were assigned to a non-training group. Pre- and post-training 1repetition maximum (RM) and muscular endurance were measured. To assess endurance, subjects completed as many repetitions as possible at 75% of their pre-training 1-RM on all exercises except the shoulder press (60% of 1-RM). Both training groups showed a significant increase in 1-RM strength and endurance compared to controls (P < 0.05). Only the biceps curl exercise showed a significant difference in strength between the two training groups (P < 0.05). The 2 sets group increased post-training endurance to a greater degree than the 1 set group, but only the lat pull-down exercise was significant (P < 0.05).. Contrary to previous studies, these findings pertain to 8-10 exercises that use larger muscle groups. It was concluded that 1 set of 8-12 repetitions was as effective as 2 sets in increasing muscular strength and endurance.School of Physical Education
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Drew, Sean. "Effects of Resistance Training with Heat Stress on Muscle Mass, Strength and Performance." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39705.
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Background: Recent research has demonstrated the presence of heat being an effective stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle and strength. The exposure of increased environmental temperature combined with resistance training has been shown to amplify muscle adaptation for hypertrophy and strength. However, research into the potential effects of using heat stress combined with resistance training to increase performance criteria, such as speed and agility, are minimal. Utilizing a hot environment coupled with an intense exercise regime has been considered as a potential aid for sport preparation given the evidence that heat stress has on promoting hypertrophy and strength. The desired result is to enhance athletic performance. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine if (a) performing resistance training in a hot environment for 10 weeks induces greater increases in muscle mass and (b) whether this combination improves performance in speed, agility and strength compared to resistance training in a standard temperate environment. Methods: 17 healthy male adults, who have undergone a consistent regime of resistance training in the six months leading up to the study, were distributed at random into two groups; (1) Intervention group (Heat n=8) training in 40°C and (2) control group (Con, n=9) training in 23°C. Each group would follow a 10-week resistance exercise protocol. To monitor time-course adaptations, lean body mass, speed, agility and strength were measured at baseline, week 5 and week 10. Results: Over the selected training period, there was no statistically significant difference observed between the two groups or time x group interaction, over the 10-week exercise duration with respect to lean body mass, speed, agility or strength. Conclusion: Compared to the resistance training regime in the standard temperature condition of 23°C (group two), training results suggest heat stress in the hot environment at 40°C (group one) had no effective stimulus in amplifying hypertrophic adaptations in skeletal muscle nor in increasing performance in speed, agility or strength. Certain hypothetical factors were implicated for heat stress being ineffective such as potential counter-productive aspects from heat exposure or flawed methodology.Heat Effects on Adaptations to Resistance Training, Victoria University
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Po, Chi-keung Philip. "The effect of massage and weight training on muscular performance /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25336253.
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Kauranen, K. (Kari). "Human motor performance and physiotherapy:effect of strapping, hot and cold pack treatments and strength training." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514251431.
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Abstract
Human motor performance and motor skills are essential aspects of various daily activities, and their importance is especially great in traffic, sports and unexpected situations. There is evidence that physically active subjects have better performance in some motor tasks (e.g. reaction time) than less active ones, and a few longitudinal intervention studies have shown that training improves certain aspects of motor performance, but there are also contradictory results. Despite the difficulty of improving motor performance, many physiotherapy programs and treatments are expected to do precisely that. However, the previous literature contains little information on these issues.
The aim of the present doctoral project was to examine human motor performance (reaction time, speed of movement, tapping speed and coordination) and the effects of some of the most commonly used physiotherapy treatments on it in normal healthy volunteers. In addition, the reliability of the motor performance measurements performed with the HPM/BEP system is presented.
Study I was a cross-sectional study of the population of Oulu, where 200 healthy randomly selected subjects (100 men and 100 women aged 21–70 years) were stratified by gender and by ten-year age group into ten groups. The test battery consisted of six motor performance tests for both hands and feet.
The studies II, III and V were non-controlled intervention studies, and study IV was a cross-over intervention study. The participants in the studies were healthy, voluntary staff members (n = 14–30) of the Oulu University Hospital, and the interventions between the measurements consisted of strapping of the ankle and wrist joints (study II), hot and cold pack treatments of the hand (study III), one-hour hand strength training session (study IV) and a ten -week hand strength training program (study V).
The results showed that motor performance was poorer in the older age groups in both genders. The average speed of movement and tapping speed values were higher for men than for women, but there were no gender differences in the coordination tests or the hand reaction time tests. All values (except the hand reaction times) were better for the dominant than the nondominant side.
The strapping of the ankle and wrist joints decreased some aspects of the motor performance and muscle strength of these joints in healthy subjects. The hot pack treatment of healthy subjects caused only minor changes in the motor performance of the treated area, while the cold pack treatment decreased almost all of the measured aspects, and these changes were especially notable in fine motor movements.
A one-hour hand strength training session decreased acutely muscle strength and EMG activity, but muscle fatigue had no effects on the motor performance functions of the hand. It seems that the feeling of incompetence to perform speed and accurate movements with fatigued muscles is mainly a subjective feeling, and that the real effect of muscle fatigue on motor performance is less than generally expected. A ten-week hand strength training period increased muscle strength and EMG activity in the trained muscles. There was also a suggestion that even non-task-specific training may improve some aspects of the motor performance of the hand, and an increase in the activation of motor units during muscle contraction may improve motor performance in some motor tasks.
In addition, the results indicated that the HPM / BEP system is a potentially useful tool for studying motor performance, and the reliability of the system is acceptable.
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Charbonneau, David. "Association between ACE genotype and skeletal muscle strength and volume, and their response to strength training in older adults." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7218.
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Thesis (M. A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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White, Jason B. "Effects of Supersets Versus Traditional Strength Training Methods on Muscle Adaptations, Recovery, and Selected Anthropometric Measures." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1305138820.
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Macaluso, Andrea. "Loss of muscle strength and power in older women and adaptation to resistance training." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21208.
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The studies described in this thesis aimed to examine some of the mechanisms underlying the lower levels of muscle strength and power in older women, who are at higher risk than men for age-related disability, and some of the adaptations in response to resistance training. The initial study showed that it is not only a smaller contractile muscle volume, estimated separately from the intramuscular non-contractile tissue, which accounts for differences in quadriceps muscle strength, expressed as torque, between young and older women, but also a higher level of coactivation of the antagonist muscles. Lower limb explosive power, which depends on both strength and speed of movement, and is more predictive of functional difficulties than strength per se, was then compared between young and older women during a single leg-press action after optimisation of load. The older women could not even move the resistance at which the young women achieved maximum power. Their lower levels of power, which appear to be more affected by ageing than isometric strength, were due to lower levels of both force and velocity at which maximum power was measured. In the third study, the neural adaptations to a short-term resistance-training programme were investigated by analysing the time and frequency-domain characteristics of the surface electromyogram measuredo n the biceps-brachii muscle during constant-force sustained-isometric contractions. Older women responded to the same training programme with a lower increase in strength than the young women. This was accompanied by a different electromyographic response in the two groups. Finally, three modalities of resistance-training, which were carried out for 16 weeks on a cycle-ergometer at either high-resistance and low-speed, low-resistance and high-speed, or a combination of both, were shown to be equally effective in improving power, strength and selected functional abilities in a healthy population of 65-74 year-old women. The findings of these studies are discussed in relation to the current knowledge on mechanisms and adaptations of muscle strength and power in the older woman.
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Cook, Gary. "The Effects of Chronic Arginine Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy Following Resistance Training." Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1430843819.
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Pickett, Craig. "Factors determining 200-m kayak performance: Muscle strength, aerobic capacity, stroke kinematics and training." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2325.
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200-m sprint kayaking requires repeated cyclic force production, and athletes typically incorporate resistance training programs aimed at improving muscular strength and power and the ability to produce high forces over the course of the race (i.e. 31-40 s). Whilst upper body strength and whole-body maximal oxygen uptake have been associated with faster race times in sub-elite athletes, it is not known whether strength and aerobic capacity, or changes in them, influence performances in high-level kayak athletes.
In Study 1 of the present thesis, relationships between isoinertial strength (i.e., bench press, bench row, chin-up and deadlift), VO2max, and 200-m race times were quantified in 22 national- and elite-level kayak athletes, including three Olympic finalists. Strong relationships were found between race time and both upper body strength (r = -0.81 to -0.73) and VO2max (r = -0.70), but not deadlift strength. However, isometric force testing might be of greater diagnostic value as it allows for the quantification of time-specific force production (i.e. matching the time available for force production within the stroke) at joint angles similar to those of the limbs during the kayak stroke.
Therefore, Study 2 examined relationships between lower-body isometric force and 200- m race times. Relationships between the mid-thigh pull force and 200-m race time were found to be poor-to-moderate (r = -0.49 to 0.07), suggesting (along with the results of Study 1) that maximal lower body force production might not be as closely associated with 200-m kayak time as upper body strength.
Whether performances in isometric bench press and bench row tests might be more associated with 200-m race time than isoinertial tests was then examined in Study 3. Despite limited test familiarisation, isometric force produced to time points >0.2 s after force onset were both reliable (ICCs > 0.91 to 0.97 for bench press measured to different time points) and strongly-to-very strongly related (r > -0.51 to -0.80) to both race times and performances in the corresponding isoinertial strength tests. However, relationships with race time for the isometric tests were of a similar magnitude to those of the isoinertial tests, and they thus provided no additional information than those tests.
In Study 4, pacing patterns and stroke kinetics were quantified during 200-m kayak races in 19 high- and elite-level athletes. The athletes executed “fast-start” pacing plans in which the acceleration rate to maximal velocity was a key determinant in race times (r=-0.95 ± 0.04). Further, better-performed athletes used higher stroke rates, although stroke rate did not discriminate between those better athletes. Within the cohort of faster athletes, stroke length (r=-0.48 to -0.85) and the effective work produced within each stroke (r = -0.81 to -0.95) were determining factors in final race times. Athletes who displayed lower fatigue-induced decrements in stroke length and effective work per stroke had faster race times.
In the final study, the effects of altering muscular strength on 200-m race time as well as changes in aerobic capacity and kayak technique were examined through the use of an 8-week eccentric-biased strength training (ECC-b) block as compared to their standard concentric-eccentric (CON-ECC) strength training. ECC-b led to greater improvements than CON-ECC in race time (adjusted mean difference: 1.86 s), stroke length (0.19 to 0.43 m), and effective work per stroke (14.7 to 19.1), total isoinertial strength (the sum of all lifts =15.3 kg), isometric strength (232 to 293 N) and absolute (0.18 Lmin-1) and relative VO2max (3.74 mL kg∙min-1). CON-ECC resulted in a reduced performance in the race time (? s) and some tests, perhaps due to training-induced fatigue.
When viewed collectively, the studies of the current thesis indicate that upper body muscular contractile force capacity and wholebody maximal oxygen uptake are key factors influencing 200-m kayak race time. These factors, as well as 200-m time and stroke effectiveness, were positively influenced by the completion of a block of heavy, eccentric-biased strength training even though the contraction mode and movement pattern of exercises was dissimilar to that of the kayak stroke. Future research might examine the effects of eccentric-biased strength training on performance in other sports such as cycling, swimming and rowing, which require the repeated performance of concentric muscular contractions
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蒲志強 and Chi-keung Philip Po. "The effect of massage and weight training on muscular performance." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31257318.
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Qamar, Muhammad Mustafa. "Long-term strength training reverses the effects of aging on skeletal muscle of health elderly men." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-27486.
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Introduction: Aging is related to a gradual decline in skeletal muscle mass, which is associated with morphological modifications such as reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area and satellite cell content. Data also suggest that a short-term strength training period can be an effective instrument to rejuvenate these morphological parameters and to restore muscle mass. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of one year progressive strength training on fiber type-specific morphological parameters (fiber type composition, fiber area, satellite cell content, myonuclear number and domain) in skeletal muscle of elderly men. Methods: Thirteen healthy elderly men (age range, 66-77 years) were randomly assigned into training (T) (n=7) and control (C) (n=6) groups. 52 weeks of progressive strength training was performed. Before and after the training, muscles biopsies were collected from the middle part of the vastus lateralis by percutaneous needle biopsy technique. Muscle biopsies were examined for muscle fiber type composition, fiber type-specific hypertrophy and alterations in satellite cell content, myonuclear content and domain using immuno-histochemistry. Results: At baseline, myonuclear content and mean fiber area was larger in type I fibers compared to type II fibers (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in fiber type composition, mean fiber area, satellite cell content and myonuclear domain between T and C groups at baseline. By the end of the training period, fiber area was increased by 59% (p<0.05) in type I and 71% (p<0.05) in type II. Satellite cell content, myonuclear content and myonuclear domain were increased after training in type I by 58% (p<0.05), 33% (p<0.05), and 20% (p<0.05), respectively. Similar increases in satellite cell content (+65%; p <0.05), myonuclear content (+36%; p <0.05) and myonuclear domain (+25%; p<0.05) were seen in type II fibers. Conclusion: The current study reported that long-term strength training is an excellent tool to prevent sarcopenia. It is demonstrated that skeletal muscle in elderly is capable to enhance satellite cell and myonuclear content, which contributed to muscle hypertrophy.presentation was made in august 2012 and thesis is approved and got result as well in november 2012
For an enhanced reading experience go to a later version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-31017.
This study was a part of a larger research project studying adaptations to strength, endurance and combined training
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Trezise, Joanne C. "Relative importance and plasticity of anatomical and neuromuscular factors affecting joint torque production." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1407.
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The present research aimed to determine (i) the relative influence anatomical and neuromuscular variables on maximal isometric, concentric and eccentric knee extensor torque (Study 1); (ii) whether the change in strength following a 10-week strength training program is associated with changes in specific anatomical and neuromuscular variables (Study 2a); (iii) whether anatomical and neuromuscular adaptations are dependent on their pre-training magnitudes; and (iv) whether it is possible to ‘predict’ an individual’s adaptation to strength training based on their anatomical and neuromuscular pre-training magnitudes (Study 2b).
The variables assessed throughout the studies include muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), fascicle length and angle from the proximal, middle and distal regions of the four quadriceps components; agonist (EMG:Mwave) and antagonist (EMG normalised to MVC) muscle activity, percent voluntary activation (%VA; interpolated twitch technique); maximum isometric and slow speed concentric and eccentric (60°/s), unpotentiated and potentiated twitch torques; and patella tendon moment arm distance.
Using a cross-sectional (observational) study design (Study 1; n = 56) models incorporating CSA, fascicle angle and muscle activity and activation were found to best predict both maximum isometric and eccentric torque (R2 = 0.72 and 0.62). Maximum concentric torque was best predicted by a model incorporating CSA, fascicle angle and moment arm (R2 = 0.64) making it suitable for predicting maximal torque in clinical/rehabilitation populations. Proximal CSA was included in the strongest models rather than the traditionally used mid-muscle CSA, indicating its potential functional importance. The strong predictive ability of models incorporating both CSA and fascicle angle indicate that the quantity of contractile tissue strongly influences inter-individual differences in strength expression.
Following 10 weeks of heavy lower-limb heavy strength training (Study 2a; n = 36), the change in isometric torque was best (although weakly; R2 = 0.27) predicted by models incorporating the change in proximal-region vastus lateralis CSA and fascicle angle, and changes in concentric and eccentric torque were best predicted by average quadriceps muscle activity, proximal-region CSA (either vastus lateralis or whole quadriceps) and vastus intermedius fascicle angle (R2 = 0.40 and 0.41). Changes in fascicle angle were weakly correlated with the change in strength despite its inclusion in the strongest models, highlighting the requirement to examine interactions between variables when assessing their influence on strength change. Furthermore, the weak relationships observed between the change in strength and the change in neuromuscular variables (Study 2a) indicate that the assumption that simultaneous changes observed in strength, anatomical structure and neuromuscular function following training indicate potential causal association may need to be reconsidered.
While muscle activation measured pre-training during isometric contractions was moderately and negatively correlated with the strength change following training (Study 2b), there was no correlation for proximal-region CSA. This indicated limited scope for improvement in activation isometrically in individuals with greater levels of activation prior to training, but that all individuals had similar scope for hypertrophy. It was not possible to predict the strength change elicited by training from the measurements obtained before training (R2 = 0.06 to 0.27).
A comparative data set presented in Study 1 provides clinicians with a tool to evaluate an individual’s maximum torque capacity, anatomical structure and neuromuscular function. While accurate prediction of strength change following training cannot be made based on pre-training testing using the current protocols (Study 2b), strength training programs targeted to improve muscle activation (Study 2a) might elicit the greatest improvements in concentric and eccentric knee extensor strength.
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Edupuganti, Pradeep. "Effect of resistance training in the improvement of hamstrings to quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio in males and females." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Wheeler, Amanda A. "Handgrip strenth [sic] variations in baseball and softball over a six-week period of no strength training." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=699.
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Theses (M.S.)--Marshall University, 2006.Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains viii, 37 pages. Includes curriculum vitae. Bibliography: p. 16-18.
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Raue, Ulrika. "Effects of concentric vs eccentric resistance training on skeletal muscle adaptations in humans." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221284.
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The Beothuk Indians were an extinct group of Amerinds who were among the earliest founders of Newfoundland. In literature, the Beothuk were described as perhaps being phenotypically more similar to Europeans than Asians (Gatschet 1890, Lloyd 1875, 1876a, Marshall 1996). In this research, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was performed on a Beothuk individual in order to determine his haplotype and, perhaps, shed light on the origins of the Beothuk.For this analysis, a tooth of Nonosabasut, a Beothuk chief who died in 1819 was loaned from the Royal Museum of Scotland. Ancient DNA was extracted from 172 mg of dentin from the tooth. The DNA was cut with two blunt-end restriction enzymes, RsaI and HaeIII. Double-stranded DNA adapters were ligated to the blunt ends. A single adapter was used to amplify the resulting fragments using PCR. In this manner, two libraries of the DNA were created that could be readily reamplified using a small amount of the PCR product. mtDNA type was determined by amplifying specific regions and performing Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis and sequencing. It was determined that the Beothuk individual had a 9-bp deletion at nucleotide position (np) 8272, an Alul restriction site at np 5176, and heteroplasmy for a HincII restriction site at np 13,259, indicating that the Beothuk individual falls into the Native American Haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is not present in modern Siberian populations, whereas the remaining Native American mtDNA haplogroups are. It has been hypothesized that Haplogroup B arrived in the Americas at a different time than haplogroups A, C, D, and X, about 16,000-13,000 YBP (Years Before Present) (Starikovskaya et al. 1998). Haplogroup B can be found in some modern Taiwanese, Japanese, Korean, Evenk, and other Asian populations.Sequencing of the D-Loop region revealed a G to A transition at np 16303. To our knowledge, this transition was never previously reported in a Native American. This transition has been reported in Tibetans, Koreans, Hans, and Japanese, all considered to be southeast Asian Causacoids (Torroni et al. 1993b, 1994b). This transition, also frequently described in the Caucasian Haplogroup H, is especially prevalent in Spain and among the Basque. It is described as a root haplotype of Haplogroup H whose expansion was estimated to be between 12,300-13,200 YBP (Torroni et al. 1998). This time estimate coincides with the expansion of Haplogroup B. One possible explanation for this transition may be some admixture of the Beothuk with a Caucasian population.School of Physical Education
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Buckthorpe, Matthew. "Neural contributions to maximal muscle performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14772.
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Neural activation is thought to be essential for the expression of maximal muscle performance, but the exact contribution of neural mechanisms such as the level of agonist, antagonist and stabiliser muscle activation to muscle strength is not fully understood. Explosive neuromuscular performance, including the ability to initiate (the electromechanical delay, EMD) and develop force rapidly (termed, rate of force development, RFD) are considered essential for the performance of explosive sporting tasks and joint stabilisation and thus injury avoidance. The thesis aimed to improve our understanding of the contribution of neural factors to muscle performance, with a specific focus on explosive neuromuscular performance. The work in this thesis utilised a range of approaches to achieve this aim. Initially, the association between muscle activation and rate of force development and EMD was established. Comparison of unilateral and bilateral actions was then undertaken. Finally interventions with the aim to both negatively affect and improve muscle strength, which included fatigue and resistance training (RT), respectively was undertaken and the neural contributions to changes in performance established. Agonist activation during the early phase of voluntary force production was shown to be an important determinant of voluntary EMD, explaining 41% of its inter-individual variability. Agonist activation was an important determinant of early, but not late phase RFD. Use of bilateral actions resulted in a reduction in explosive strength, which was thought to be due to differences in postural stability between unilateral and bilateral strength tasks. The level of stabiliser activation was strongly related to the level of agonist activation during the early phase of explosive force development and had a high association with explosive force production. Task-specific adaptations following isoinertial RT, specifically, the greater increase in isoinertial lifting strength than maximal isometric strength were due to training-specific changes in the level of agonist activation. High-intensity fatigue achieved a more substantial decline in explosive than maximal isometric strength, and this was postulated to be due to neural mechanisms, specifically decreased agonist activation. This work provides an in depth analysis of the neural contributions to maximal muscle performance.
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Erskine, Robert MacDonald. "The inter-individual variability in human muscle strength and in the response to resistance training." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2010. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/188890/.
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Inter-individual differences in strength are not fully explained by muscle size, suggesting that muscle specific tension [force per unit physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA)] varies between untrained individuals. Furthermore, many reports demonstrate greater gains in muscle strength than size following resistance training, thus indicating an increase in specific tension. Moreover, there is considerable variation in the response to training that may have a genetic origin. The aims of the work described in this thesis were i) to examine the degree of variability in muscle specific tension; ii) to investigate whether specific tension changed following resistance training; iii) to quantify the variability in the response of human muscle to resistance training; iv) to identify gene variants that may be associated with the variable training responses. In a group of untrained young men and before and after 9 weeks of resistance training, the quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle specific tension was calculated from the maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, taking into account the contribution of voluntary activation, antagonist muscle co-activation, moment arm length, QF volume, muscle fascicle length and pennation angle. Correcting for these factors made little difference to the between subjects variance of MVC torque, thus demonstrating that muscle specific tension varies considerably between individuals. Resistance training increased QF muscle force much more than PCSA, indicating that most of the increase in force was a result of increased specific tension. This increase was not associated with a change in myosin heavy chain expression and was not accompanied by an increase in single fibre specific tension, or an increase in power per unit muscle volume measured during isokinetic cycling. The results are consistent with an increase in lateral force transmission in the muscle. Substantial variation in the training responses was observed and the final part of this thesis is concerned with linking this variation with specific gene variants.
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Rowe, Grant. "Adaptations underpinning the development, retention and loss of muscular strength in response to unilateral strength training and contralateral limb detraining." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2335.
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Although adaptations to strength training should logically be confined to the trained muscles, a stimulus is also directed to the homologous, contralateral muscles that can improve strength of the contralateral limb even though it has not been exercised. This response is referred to as the cross-transfer effect or cross-education. There has been increasing research interest in the cross-transfer effect, and particularly its potential clinical use. However, several issues remain to be addressed with regards to its effectiveness in different populations. Pertinent to athletic and otherwise-active populations, no research has determined whether the cross-transfer effect occurs in previously-trained individuals. With recent research demonstrating that previously untrained individuals can prevent disuse-induce muscle loss in the contralateral limb by performing unilateral strength training, it is unclear whether the same outcome can be achieved in previously-trained participants. Understanding this response also has important implications for clinical practitioners who prescribe pre- or post-operative exercise programmes to patients. Therefore, the present research examined the cross-transfer effect in a homogenous group of previously-untrained participants after first completing 4 weeks of unilateral elbow flexion strength training of both arms (Study 2). This ensured that both limbs had a similar training status before phase two of the study and allowed for a detailed comparison to be made of adaptations to training in the force-dominant (stronger) versus force-non-dominant (weaker) arms. Subsequently, one group of subjects discontinued training completely while another group ceased training of only one arm (Study 3). This allowed an examination of whether strength loss occurs after a short period of strength training, and whether unilateral training could evoke a cross-transfer effect sufficient to attenuate the potential loss of strength in the non-training arm. To ensure that muscle size measurements could be accurately obtained in both exercise training phases, muscle size estimate errors following a single unilateral strength training session were determined on several consecutive days (Study 1). This information would provide clarity on the number of days the muscle should be rested before measurements were made. Although only peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scanning was used to measure muscle size changes in Studies 2 and 3, ultrasonography was used in parallel in Study 1 to provide evidence as to whether the scanning techniques might be affected by common factors. Hence, the purposes of the present PhD research were threefold: (1) to investigate the muscle size estimate errors following a single unilateral strength training session using pQCT scanning and ultrasound imaging; 2) to quantify the adaptive responses in both the stronger and weaker elbow flexors to a short (4-week) period of unilateral strength training of both arms; and 3) to determine whether cross-transfer effects evoked by the continued training of one arm influence neuromuscular and strength changes in a contralateral limb that ceases training.
In Study 1, pQCT- and ultrasound-derived estimates of muscle size increased markedly (5.4% and 6.9%, respectively) up to 72 h post-exercise and were significantly correlated. The similarity in change in these measures as well as the significant correlation between them indicates that changes measured by pQCT scanning reflect the same changes measured by ultrasound imaging. Also, as both measures of muscle size showed no signs of returning to baseline by 72 h post-exercise, muscle size measurements in the training studies (2 and 3) were conducted at least six days following the final training session. In Study 2, increases in 1-RM strength were observed in the stronger (+2.1 kg) and weaker (+1.8 kg) elbow flexors after 4 weeks of unilateral training of both arms, with no differences in strength or hypertrophic adaptations being detected between arms. Thus, pre-training between-limb asymmetries did not affect neuromuscular or strength adaptations to training, and between-limb strength differences were not reduced by the training; thus, reduction of between-limb differences might require different training stimuli to be applied to each arm. In Study 3, maximal isoinertial (1-RM) strength of the non-trained (weaker) arm increased statistically, although minimally (+0.8 kg), after continued training of the stronger, contralateral arm (+2.0 kg) while strength was maintained in both arms in the detraining group. Thus, cross-transfer effects were sufficient to improve contralateral limb strength in previously-trained muscles. These changes occurred despite a decrease in elbow flexor CSA (CSAFlexor) of 3.4% in the non-training arm, while continued training of the contralateral arm led to a further, 2.5%, increase in CSAFlexor. The findings provide evidence that cross-transfer effects allow for the retention of (or small improvement in) muscular strength in a previously-trained limb during a period of disuse, at least when the stronger arm is selected for continued training. The findings are consistent with recent data showing that disuse-induced strength loss can be prevented when untrained individuals are subjected to limb immobilisation. Nonetheless, as no strength loss was detected in either arm in the detraining group, the retention of strength in the non-trained arm of the training group may have also partly resulted from other causes. The improvement in contralateral limb strength without identification of any neuromuscular adaptations suggests that alterations in muscle activation patterns (i.e. rather than increased agonist activation per se) likely contributed to the observed changes. This series of studies provides valuable new information relating to the adaptations underpinning the development, retention, and loss of muscular strength in response to unilateral strength training and contralateral limb detraining.
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Riley, Zachary A. "The effects of familiarization sessions on maximal strength testing in pre-pubescent children." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1286765.
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It was hypothesized that the number of familiarization sessions may have an effect on the pre-testing measures recorded before a training study. This study considered a group of children (8-12 years old) placed into familiarization (FM, 4 sessions) and non-familiarization (NFM, 2 sessions) groups. Strength values in a vertical chest press and horizontal leg press were recorded for both groups. The FM group displayed strength increases in the chest press, while both groups increased leg press strength (a 0.05). The FM group also displayed significant increases over the NFM group in both exercises. The results demonstrated that, in the FM group, significant changes in chest press strength were made in the last two sessions while significant leg press changes were noted in the first two sessions. It can be concluded that the amount of familiarization sessions performed prior to testing can have an impact on pre-testing strength measures.School of Physical Education
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Kesler, Douglas D. "Preliminary normative standards for muscular strength assessment using free-weights and Paramount/Cybex machines." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314332.
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Preliminary normative standards are a tool clinical exercise specialists and health fitness instructors can use when interpreting muscular strength testing results. However, a challenge for professionals is evaluating an individual's one-repetition maximum (IRM) and relating that to others of the same age and gender, because there are no preliminary normative standards for 1RMs available when testing via free-weights and machines.This study conducted at Ball State University, Adult Physical Fitness Laboratory, examined results of muscular strength testing in order to obtain the normative muscular strength of adults. The purpose was to develop preliminary normative standards for strength of adults and to compare the 1RM weight an individual lifts between free-weights, Paramount, and Cybex machines. Seventy-nine healthy men and women between 18 and 79 years of age participated in the study. Subjects were tested on free weights, Paramount, and Cybex machines.Test results revealed preliminary normative standards for 1RM on free weights. Individuals were categorized in three age groups for the free-weight bench press and the Cybex (free-weight) Leg Press. The 18-23 year olds obtained a IRM mean (± Standard Deviation (SD)) of 200.6 + 32.8 lbs and 83.6 ± 18.5 lbs for men and women, respectively, for the free-weight bench press. The 43-59 year olds obtained a 1RM mean of 149.2 ± 41.8 lbs and 71.3 ± 8.6 lbs and the 60-79 year olds had a 1RM mean of 119.5 + 30.0 Ibs and 61.6 ± 15.6 lbs for men and women, respectively, for the free-weight bench press. The 18-23 year olds obtained a 1RM Cybex (free-weight) leg press mean of 484.9 + 58.0 lbs and 234.3 ± 67.5 lbs for men and women, respectively. The 43-59 year olds were able to obtain 1RM means of 444.4 + 84.9 lbs and 254.5 ± 51.7 lbs and the older subjects (60-79 years old) were able to obtain 1RM mean of 390.7 ± 98.6 lbs and 230.3 ± 76.6 lbs for men and women, respectively. Results were also documented in relative values by the amount of weight pushed divided by body weight for better comparison of individuals. Subjects generally lifted more weight on the Cybex (free-weight) leg press compared to the Cybex (machine) leg press. All subjects (N=79) had a mean and standard deviation of 294.9 + 87.7 lbs for the Cybex (machine) leg press (1RMs) and 343.4 ± 123.4 lbs on the Cybex (free-weight) leg press (1RMs). There was a significant difference between the Cybex (free-weight) leg press and the Cybex leg press (p<.001). The correlation for these two types of lifts was r=0.88. There was a significant difference between the free-weight bench press and the Paramount seated chest press (p<.001). The correlation for between the two types of lifts was r=0.93.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Kok, Lian-Yee. "Comparing linear and undulating periodisation for improving and maintaining muscular strength qualities in women." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0077.
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[Truncated abstract] Resistance training is increasingly popular for improving strength qualities such as hypertrophy, maximal strength, endurance and power. Although many resistancetraining programmes now adhere to the concept of periodisation, the number of studies examining its structure and design are few, and there are just a handful of studies that have examined periodised training for the maintenance of strength and power. Even rarer, are periodised resistance-training studies that utilise female subjects. Previous studies have compared non-periodised training regimens such as Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE), and the two main models of periodisation, Linear Periodisation (LP) and Undulating Periodisation (UP). Results are inconclusive as to whether the efficacy of the periodised training programmes were due to the manipulation of training variables such as volume and intensity, or that training programmes with higher doses of volume induced better training responses. However, to make effective comparisons between training programmes, the training volume or workload (total load lifted x total repetitions) and training intensity have to be equated between the groups under examination. While the intensities (percentage of one-repetition maximum, 1 RM) for improving strength qualities such as hypertrophy and maximal strength have general consensus among resistance-training practitioners, there exists disagreement over the intensity that should be used during the training of power. Thus, it is important to first identify the load for power training before comparisons can be made between LP and UP programmes using equal training volumes. ... The final study found that adhering to two UP maintenance training programmes with equalised volumes and intensities twice a week increased upper-body strength and maintained lower-body strength adequately across a 3-wk phase. The results from these studies support previous results that suggest training programmes with higher workloads and repetitions produce superior strength and power adaptations, and it is not specifically the variation of training volume and intensity within a periodised programme that improves strength qualities. Thus, both periodised programmes used in this thesis can be recommended for untrained and moderatelytrained women as both LP and UP were found to be similarly effective for increasing upper- and lower-body hypertrophy, strength and power.
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Thompson, Brennan J. "Effect of Surface Stability on Core Muscle Activity During Dynamic Resistance Exercises." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/240.
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The purpose of this study was to compare core muscle activity during resistance exercises performed on stable ground versus an unstable surface and to examine whether lifting at different relative intensities affects core muscle activity levels. Twelve trained men performed four different movements including the deadlift, back squat, military press, and curl. Surface electromyography (EMG) was utilized to assess the activity of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, transversus abdominis, and erector spinae muscles. Participants performed each movement under three separate conditions including standing on stable ground with 50% of their one repetition maximum (1-RM), standing on a BOSU balance trainer with 50% of their 1-RM and, standing on stable ground with 75% of their 1-RM. The following muscles exhibited greater activity during the 75% 1-RM condition than all other conditions: the transversus abdominis (TA) and external oblique (EO) muscles during the deadlift; the rectus abdominis (RA) during the squat; the TA, RA, and EO during the press, and TA and erector spinae (ES) during the curl. The ES muscle during the press movement and EO during the squat movement were more active during the BOSU 50% 1-RM condition than the stable 50% 1-RM condition. Healthy individuals might consider performing the military press, curl, squat and deadlift movements with higher intensity resistances while standing on stable ground to incur higher widespread muscle activity of the core region.
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Puhke, Raivo. "Adaptive changes of myosin isoforms in response to long-term strength training in skeletal muscle of middle-aged persons /." Online version, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1129/5/puhkeraivo.pdf.
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Luketic, Jamie Eileen. "THE EFFECT OF INSPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH TRAINING ON VENTILATION AND DYSPNEA DURING SIMULTANEOUS EXERCISE AND SPEECH." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1177035858.
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Carroll, Kevin M., Jake R. Bernard, and Michael H. Stone. "Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy, Maximal Strength, and Rate of Force Development: Effects of Resistance Training Loading Strategy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4574.
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Peterson, Clayton Robert. "Acute neural adaptations to resistance training performed with low and high rates of muscle activation." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/257.
Full textAbstract:
Training is associated with specific neural adaptations. Skill training has been associated with increases in corticospinal tract excitability, leading to long term adaptations within motor cortex. Neural adaptations associated with strength training are less well established. It is not known how they are affected by volume, intensity, rate of muscle activation, or rest period. We evaluated the acute neural adaptations to a single session of strength training with the goal of evaluating the influence of rate of muscle activation on neural adaptations at the cortical and spinal levels.
Thirty subjects participated in a single session of maximal, isometric knee extensions with the right leg. The training consisted of 4 sets of 5 contractions, with sets separated by approximately 5 minutes. Subjects were randomized into a high rate of muscle-activation group (Ballistic), a low rate of muscle-activation group (Ramp), and a Control group that did all testing but no training. Cortical spinal tract excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation, spinal excitability was assessed using peripheral nerve stimulation, and inhibition of motor cortex was assessed using short-interval intracortical inhibition. In addition, we measured changes in motor performance. These same measures were assessed 24 hours later.
Results showed that an acute strength training session is associated with a depression in resting cortical spinal tract excitability, but no change in active excitability. This change was immediate, taking place after just 2 contractions. Training was also associated with an increase in the excitability of the monosynaptic reflex circuit within the spinal cord during muscle activation, but not at rest. After 24 hours, cortical motor tract excitability had returned to normal, but intracortical inhibition was decreased from the original measure. Subjects from all groups increased maximum rate of torque development from Day 1 to Day 2.
These results indicate that strength-training is associated with neural adaptations, though the adaptations were different than those for skill training. Understanding these adaptations will allow coaches and clinicians to better design programs to optimize the strength potential of the nervous system along with that of the muscles.