Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Expilly'

Thesis (Msc (Med)(Pharmacy)-- University of Limpopo, 2010.
The Limpopo Province Pharmaceutical Services has been experiencing many challenges with regard to expiry of medicines. In the 2007/8 financial year, the budget for medicine and related items was exhausted by October 2007. The Pharmaceutical Services Directorate had to then motivate for more funds and at the same time had to seek approval for the disposing of lists of expired stock. This prompted the Directorate to investigate the management of expired stock within the province: Discussions held at the various Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committees indicated that the following challenges are currently experienced within institutions in the province . Overspending on allocated budgets by facilities, . Increased amount of expired stock at facility levels, . Information systems not being reliable, . Lack of facility formularies, . Lack of implementation of standard treatment guidelines by facilities and . Lack of accountability by managers with regard to procurement of medicines. The aim of this study was to identify reasons for medicines expiry in order to prevent loss of expenditure through efficient and effective management of medicines within healthcare facilities. The objectives of the study were to: . Record the value of medicines expired over the study period in the health care facilities, . Determine the reasons for medicines to expire, . Determine the financial loss due to the medicine expired, . Determine if there is a need to train health care workers on the efficient and effective management of medicines, . Identify other ways of preventing medicine expiry. A retrospective, quantitative descriptive study was conducted during the period July 2007 till June 2008. Previous records of evaluations and statistics on expired medicines of the Limpopo Province were analysed. The stock management principles were analysed to investigate the main reasons for stock expiry within the supply chain. The budget over the study period was calculated and compared to the total value of issues to various facilities. The loss of expenditure through expired stock was therefore recorded to determine the percentage loss of expenditure. The average percentage of expired stock per month was used and compared with the allowed average percentage of expired stock in the province which is 0.05% (Annexure C) . The total value of expired stock within the study period was R1 009 998.79, i.e. an average of 0.07 % per month. . The reasons for expired medicine within the province were: o Poor drug selection within facilities, o Poor procurement practices, o Lack of internal control measures, o Frequent stock shortages from manufactures hence bulk stocking by managers, o Lack of training in drug supply management, o Lack or inadequate supervision and monitoring of drug management systems, o Centralised budget and lack of accountability for overspending by managers. . The total value of overspending by facilities is at R149 962 821.53 on an annual basis. . The possible ways of preventing medicine expiry include: o Improving inventory management, o Entrenching good procurement practices within facilities, o Instilling accountability for funds on officials responsible for procurement of medicines, o Supervision and monitoring of drug supply management. o Strengthening the enforcement and monitoring roles of the Pharmaceutical Depot Manager - Regulatory Affairs and Quality. To conclude, expiry of medicines is a challenge within the Limpopo Province and the overall stock management principles need to be improved. The following aspect should be taken into consideration. . Effective management will make a vital difference in all aspects of drug supply. It is especially true with respect to procurement and distribution of essential drugs. . Wise drug selection underlines all other improvements in the supply chain management. The establishment institutional formulary is perhaps the most cost effective action that any health care system or health care provider can take to promote regular supply and rational use of medicines . The strengthening of the therapeutic drug committees. Such committees must monitor progress within the province with regard to drug supply management. . The responsibility of procuring should be given to those who are trained. The responsible person should adhere to the policies and procedures from the Department of Health for procurement. . There should be a system in place that is aimed at ensuring that there is accountability of pharmacy managers at various facilities. This will bring about responsibility and better medicine supply management skills within the pharmaceutical directorate. . The province should be able to cope up with a system which can be able to capture reliable information and maintains quality information. The system should be linked to a provincial office which will be able to monitor on a continuous basis the information from different facilities. The systems would be able to provide early warning signs such as possible expiry of medicines, overstocking, and unnecessary overspending of the budget, irrational drug usage, at any facility and be able to correct discrepancies on time.

This thesis investigates implied volatility in general classes of stock price models. To begin with, we take a very general view. We find that implied volatility is always, everywhere, and for every expiry well-defined only if the stock price is a non-negative martingale. We also derive sufficient and close to necessary conditions for an implied volatility surface to be free from static arbitrage. In this context, free from static arbitrage means that the call price surface generated by the implied volatility surface is free from static arbitrage. We also investigate the small time to expiry behaviour of implied volatility. We do this in almost complete generality, assuming only that the call price surface is non-decreasing and right continuous in time to expiry and that the call surface satisfies the no-arbitrage bounds (S-K)+≤ C(K, τ)≤ S. We used S to denote the current stock price, K to be a option strike price, τ denotes time to expiry, and C(K, τ) the price of the K strike option expiring in τ time units. Under these weak assumptions, we obtain exact asymptotic formulae relating the call price surface and the implied volatility surface close to expiry. We apply our general asymptotic formulae to determining the small time to expiry behaviour of implied volatility in a variety of models. We consider exponential L??vy models, obtaining new and somewhat surprising results. We then investigate the behaviour close to expiry of stochastic volatility models in the at-the-money case. Our results generalise what is already known and by a novel method of proof. In the not at-the-money case, we consider local volatility models using classical results of Varadhan. In obtaining the asymptotics for local volatility models, we use a representation of the European call as an integral over time to expiry. We devote an entire chapter to representations of the European call option; a key role is played by local time and the argument of Klebaner. A novel alternative that is especially useful in the local volatility case is also presented.

Because of the Agreement on Agriculture’s (AoA) Article 13, dubbed the “Peace Clause,” the challengeability of agricultural subsidies has been limited; Article 13 had the power to prevent several types of legal challenges. The Peace Clause has expired, and now many agricultural subsidies can be challenged under substantive provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). However, there has been some uncertainty, because the new arrangement of agricultural subsidies’ challengeability is being defined by the interpretation and correlation of three different WTO agreements. This study verified, using a two-pronged method, that there is no conflict among the GATT 1994, the SCM Agreement and the AoA, and for this reason, they have to be applied together to regulate agricultural subsidies. This does not mean that all SCM Agreement provisions are automatically applied to agricultural subsidies, with a consequent free ride for challenges to agricultural subsidies. A successful challenge still has to overcome the SCM Agreement’s higher thresholds for challengeability compared with those of the GATT 1994 period. This condemnation became more difficult after the implementation of the WTO. Consequently, the goals established in the AoA of substantial and progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection still have to be accomplished.

In the interest of understanding the nature and degree of competition within off-patent molecule markets and improving purchasing efficiency, this thesis uses IMS Health data to analyse dimensions of competition within the off-patent omeprazole and paroxetine molecule markets in the USA, UK, France and Germany during the 2000q-2005ql period. The main theoretical findings include: Regulation in homogeneous markets may inhibit generic price competition. Generic manufacturers may also product differentiate, resulting in a Bertrand-like model of "softened" price competition. Other forms of product differentiation in off-patent molecule markets may include strength segments and the OTC market. The main empirical findings include: Generic price competition appears stronger in the USA and the UK than in Germany and France, although it is imperfect in all four countries. The USA and the UK achieve some of the lowest generic prices, while the UK is the most effective at actually purchasing its lowest prices. Generic penetration appears weak in less common strength segments, allowing original brand manufacturers' the opportunity to retain relatively large market shares. This results in higher purchased prices and, hence, significant purchasing inefficiencies. There appears to be competition between over-the-counter and prescription omeprazole in the USA, but not in the UK. OTC prices are relatively low in the US, offering the opportunity for cost savings. In the UK, patients may face a financial disincentive to purchase OTC omeprazole, possibly masking the opportunity for improved self-care. Certain countries may want to re-evaluate their generic reimbursement schemes in the interest of more price competitive markets and increased purchasing efficiency. Countries could also benefit from encouraging generic entry in less common strength markets. Finally, in approving an OTC switch, regulators should ensure that demand-side financial incentives are consistent with the goals of achieving cost containment and/or facilitating increased patient self-care.

In the present article, the autor seeks to explain us the juridical nature of mining concession, thus by explaining the concessional technique and the juridical effects that come along with it. For this purpose, a doctrinaire and legal analysis of mining concession and the legal institution is done.
En el presente artículo el autor busca explicar la naturaleza jurídica de la concesión minera, a través de la explicación de la técnica concesional y los efectos jurídicos que derivan de esta. Para ello, se hace un repaso doctrinario y normativo de la concesión minera y las instituciones jurídicas relacionadas.

Motivated by the Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB) in variable annuities, we are interested in valuing equity-linked options whose expiry date is the time of the death of the policyholder. Because the time-until-death distribution can be approximated by linear combinations of exponential distributions or mixtures of Erlang distributions, the analysis can be reduced to the case where the time-until-death distribution is exponential or Erlang. We present two probability methods to price American options with an exponential expiry date. Both methods give the same results. An American option with Erlang expiry date can be seen as an extension of the exponential expiry date case. We calculate its price as the sum of the price of the corresponding European option and the early exercise premium. Because the optimal exercise boundary takes the form of a staircase, the pricing formula is a triple sum. We determine the optimal exercise boundary recursively by imposing the “smooth pasting” condition. The examples of the put option, the exchange option, and the maximum option are provided to illustrate how the methods work. Another issue related to variable annuities is the surrender behavior of the policyholders. To model this behavior, we suggest using barrier options. We generalize the reflection principle and use it to derive explicit formulas for outside barrier options, double barrier options with constant barriers, and double barrier options with time varying exponential barriers. Finally, we provide a method to approximate the distribution of the time-until-death random variable by combinations of exponential distributions or mixtures of Erlang distributions. Compared to directly fitting the distributions, my method has two advantages: 1) It is more robust to the initial guess. 2) It is more likely to obtain the global minimizer.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out the reasons and perhaps some answers to the problem as we see it, the sickness benefit expiration of those who experience this. By this said we have also taken into account the different laws and adjustments in the long-term sickness benefit, but also major reformation of the security net in the Swedish society. The efficiency of the law on passive long-term sickness absence was added in July 2008, but was later in January 2010 supplemented. The purpose of this law wasn’t only to reduce the long-term sickness absence but also to reduce exclusion. These changes had also been highlighted by the media that people were actually being excluded from the society. It creates marginalization. The aim of this study is to highlight individuals' feelings about the whole performing hedge process. The survey was conducted through semi-structured interviews where we wanted a deeper knowledge of the interviewee’s experiences. In order to give the interviewee the opportunity and possibility to form their own mind and own reflections and express their own thoughts, the questions were open for answers. This allowed us to ask supplementary questions. After collecting the empirical data we did a breakdown in the following three themes: the experiences of the sickness absence, the experiences by the response of the concerned authorities. The theories chosen in this study are stigma, social exclusion, sense of coherence (SOC) and sick role. The economic exclusion creates social exclusion where as the sense of shame among the interviewee’s increase. By this said, the interviewee’s are not able to participate actively in the social activities to the same extent, but also they cannot provide for themselves. This can obviously lead to increased risk for mental illness. In our analysis we aim to discuss our issues based on the experiences for the interviewees’.

Title: Perishable Inventory Management Solutions and Challenges of Kosovo FFRs. Avoiding Product Expiration at Retails ShelvesPurpose: In this thesis perishable inventory management solutions and challenges at Kosovo FFRs have been studied and identified. Hence, after identifying PIM solutions and challenges the research suggests ideas that will contribute to avoid the expiration of perishable products if selling them takes more time than their actual shelf life. This contributes to minimizing food waste in food supply chains and fresh food retailers. Methodology: Thesis consist of qualitative methods where multiple case studies in cooperation with Kosovo FFRs have been performed. Data collection methods included semi structured interviews, site visits and some financial data accessed from annual and government reports. Theory: Theoretical chapter has been developed from preexisting theory on perishable inventory management. Five phases of fresh food retailing inventory management have been developed and used as the basis for practical research. Moreover, part two of the theoretical chapter talks about the perishable inventory management challenges and is the basis for the second research question. Findings: The findings have shown that Kosovo FFRs use a mixture of PIM solutions with a focus on shelf life and replenishment solutions. The study also revealed that Kosovo FFRs are outdated regarding to product identification and software solutions, however, manage to perform somehow satisfactorily. Consequently, because of the lack of contemporary identification technologies Kosovo FFRs PIM challenges where found to be related to data accuracy and real time data access.

This assignment concentrates on the problematics of encumbrance. It is about the flat ministry encumbrance in a family house. The job is split into two parts, written and suggested. The written part analyses general notions which are found in the pricing of the property’s belongings. Next, there are stated methods to pricing the property’s belongings. The next chapters are dealing with the legislation of eternal encumbrance, the procedures and the ways of their pricing. The second part, suggested, contains the pricing itself. The property’s belonging is priced in two methods. One of the methods to pricing is value regulations; the second method prices by the regular value. First, the whole family house is priced with all its’ accessories, on the principal of half basis ownership and the given area of the flats, we can consider the value of the priced flat at the same value as half of a family house. Next, the encumbrance itself is priced. The age of the authorised is considered in one group of 30 years and the second group of 80 years. The following step is deducting the value of the eternal encumbrance. From these given final results, we state the chosen price of the flat including taxing purposes. At the conclusion of the done job, evaluation and recommendation is done for pricing similar cases.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
企業管理碩士專班
103
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is not unusual to see the drugs go off-patent and become generic drugs. When the top selling drugs go off-patent within a short period of time, a serious issue called “patent cliff” arises opening opportunities for generic drug manufacturers. The major problem for branded drugs going off-patent is the fierce competition with generic drugs that may lead to the “price war” and rapid sales erosion, this is so called the “patent cliff”. The brand-name drug companies are at risk of losing billions in sales due to the patent cliff in the recent years as several blockbuster drugs will lose patent. Upon patent expiry, lower priced generic drugs may reduce the revenue for the brand-name drugs by as much as 90%. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies should start to plan for patent expiry as early as possible to cope with the coming of patent expiry of products. Case drug, one of the most blockbuster products in the case company, is going off-patent in 2015 in US. In the recent years, the case product has contributed more than 1.4 billion sales for the case company; furthermore, it has maintained the market leader position among all the hepatitis B drugs in the market. The strategic marketing is to identify of one or more sustainable competitive advantages a firm has in the markets it serves, and allocation of resources to exploit them. In order to study how a pharmaceutical company manages its strategies to face the issue of patent expiry, this case study firstly use strategic marketing analysis of the macro-environment and micro-environment factors that influence the strategic decision of the case company, then compare the strengthens and weaknesses of the case drug among all the hepatitis B drugs to better understand the competitive advantages of the case product. After the analysis of the external and internal situation of the case company, the strategic marketing of the case company has been examined to see how does the case company adjust its marketing strategies in the environment of National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Finally, the conclusion and suggestion of the marketing strategies that can be applied to deal with the patent expiry in Taiwan will be provided for the pharmaceutical companies in the similar scenario. These strategies include leverage the brand equity, enhance the customer loyalty, accelerate innovation development and defend the patent. The goal of this study is to create a theoretical and practical framework for the strategy planning for the pharmaceutical companies.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2017.
Background: Generic drugs provide a safe, effective and affordable alternative to medicines whose patent protection has expired. The affordability of generics improves access to medicines and thus improves health outcomes. The generic pharmaceutical industry is complex; profitability depends on the number of other generics on the market. Objective: To develop a model that explains structural relationships in the off-patent market between the price of a generic drug and the characteristics of a drug, formulation market and regulatory processes in the South African pharmaceutical industry. Sources of Data: Innovators’ drugs and their generic equivalents were selected from all the molecules whose patents expired between 1999 and 2012. Data were obtained from IMS Health (Total Private Market Report) and National Department of Health (Database of Medicine Prices) for the patents’ expiration dates, prices, sales, launch dates of generics, therapeutic groups, schedules, and dosage forms of drugs in the sample. Principal Findings: Generic entry into the local pharmaceutical industry is low, slow and selective. The developed model for this study identified seven market variables that were found to have an influence on the prices of generic drugs in South Africa. The determinants of generic entry are the market size of the on-patent innovator product, and the complexity of manufacture of a dosage form. The introduction of the transparent pricing system has had a significant impact in reducing the average unit prices of generics in South Africa. However, there appears to be policy incoherencies between the public health and industrial policies of the South African government as it pertains to pharmaceuticals. The erosion of the manufacturing capacity in South Africa could potentially be attributed to the pharmaceutical pricing policy. The overreliance on pharmaceutical imports for satisfying local consumption poses a risk to the security of supply of medicines in a country that has a high burden of diseases. Conclusion: The introduction of legislative reforms related to the pricing of medicines in South Africa has largely yielded positive results in making medicines to be more accessible. Policy-making requires monitoring and evaluation programmes and inclusivity across all the stake-holders.
LG2018

Upon approval of a drug, the stability of the API and the FPP has to be studied intensively because it determines the shelf-life. If a drug is found to be stable, the expiry date is arbitrary set to five years at the maximum, if a drug tends to undergo degradation, the expiry date is set shorter. The drug product must comply with predefined specifications in accordance with the ICH guidelines Q6A and Q6B during its entire market life. The content of the active substance is required to be within a specification of 95–105% of its labeled claim until expiry corresponding to the ICH guideline Q1A(R2). However, there is little or scattered literature information addressing the stability of drug products beyond their expiry dates. The objective of this thesis was to study and assess the long-term stability of a collection involving numerous pure drug substances and ampoules manufactured in the 20th century. The content and the impurity profile were examined by means of appropriate analytical methods, mainly using liquid chromatography. The results were compared to data being available in the literature. Assessing the stability regarding the dosage form and the affiliation of the drug class was conducted. The experimental studies comprise the examination of 50 drug substances manufactured 20–30 years ago and 14 long expired ampoules which were older than 40 years in the time of analysis, exceeding many times the maximum shelf life of five years. For investigation of the solid drug substances, pharmacopoeial methods were applied as far as possible. Indeed, results of the study showed that 44 tested substances still complied with the specification of the Ph. Eur. with regard to the content and impurity profile, even after more than two decades of storage. For analysis of the injection solutions, HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI/MS techniques were applied, commonly based on liquid chromatography methods of the Ph. Eur. for determination of related substances. Each method was further validated for its application to ensure accurate API quantification corresponding to ICH Q2(R1). Quite a few ampoules were identified to show surprisingly high stability. In spite of their age of 53–72 years, APIs such as caffeine, etilefrine, synephrine, metamizole sodium, furosemide, and sodium salicylate complied with the specified content that is valid nowadays, respectively. Nevertheless, typical degradation reaction, e.g. hydrolysis, oxidation, or isomerization, was observed in all remaining ampoules. Various degrees of hydrolysis were revealed for scopolamine, procaine, and adenosine triphosphate, the contents were decreased to 71%, 70%, and 15% of the declared concentrations, respectively. In the epinephrine and dipyridamole ampoules, oxidative degradation has been occurred, finding respective API contents of more or less 70%. For dihydroergotamine, excessive decomposition by epimerization was observed, resulting in an API content of 21% and degradation by isomerization was found in lobeline, still containing 64% of the labeled claim. In conclusion, supported by the data of the present studies and the literature, defining and authorizing a longer shelf-life may be applicable to numerous pharmaceuticals which should be considered by pharmaceutical manufacturers and regulatory authorities, if justified based on stability studies. A general extension of the shelf-lives of drug products and the abolishment or extension of the maximum shelf-life limit of five years would prevent disposing of still potent medications and save a lot of money to the entire health care system
Bei der Zulassung eines Arzneimittels muss die Stabilität sowohl des Wirkstoffes als auch des Fertigarzneimittels umfassend untersucht werden, da dies für die Festlegung der Haltbarkeit wesentlich ist. Wenn sich herausstellt, dass ein Arzneimittel stabil ist, wird das Verfallsdatum auf höchstens fünf Jahre festgelegt. Neigt ein Arzneimittel zum Abbau, so wird ein kürzeres Verfallsdatum gewählt. Das Arzneimittel muss innerhalb der Haltbarkeitsfrist definierten Spezifikationen entsprechen, welche in den ICH-Richtlinien Q6A und Q6B festgelegt sind. Dabei muss insbesondere der Wirkstoff-Gehalt des Arzneimittels gemäß der ICH-Richtlinie Q1A(R2) innerhalb der Spezifikation von 95–105 % der deklarierten Konzentration liegen. In der Literatur gibt es jedoch wenige Informationen darüber, wie stabil Arzneimittel lange nach Ablauf des Verfallsdatums sind. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Stabilität zahlreicher Feststoffe und Ampullen, die aus einer Altarzneimittel-Sammlung stammten und während des 20. Jahrhunderts hergestellt wurden, zu untersuchen und zu bewerten. Der Gehalt und das Verunreinigungsprofil wurden mittels geeigneter instrumenteller Analyseverfahren bestimmt, wobei hauptsächlich flüssigchromatographische Methoden zur Anwendung kamen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden mit Literaturdaten verglichen und es wurde eine Beurteilung der Stabilität in Abhängigkeit von der Darreichungsform und der Zugehörigkeit zu einer Arzneistoffklasse vorgenommen. Die experimentellen Studien umfassten die Untersuchung von 50 Feststoffen, die vor 20 bis 30 Jahren hergestellt worden waren, und 14 Alt-Ampullen, die ein Alter von mindestens 40 Jahre aufwiesen und damit die maximale Haltbarkeit von fünf Jahren um ein Vielfaches überschritten hatten. Zur Untersuchung der Feststoffe wurden meist Arzneibuchmethoden verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass 44 geprüfte Substanzen auch nach mehr als zwei Jahrzehnten hinsichtlich ihres Gehalts und Verunreinigungsprofils den jeweiligen Spezifikationen des Europäischen Arzneibuchs entsprachen. Zur Analyse der Alt Ampullen wurden HPLC-UV- und HPLC-ESI/MS-Techniken eingesetzt. Diese basierten häufig auf Arzneibuch-Methoden zur Prüfung auf verwandte Substanzen. Für die Gehaltsbestimmungen wurden entsprechend der ICH-Richtlinie Q2(R1) die erforderlichen Parameter validiert. Einige Ampullen zeigten eine überraschend hohe Stabilität des Wirkstoffs, trotz ihres Alters von 53 bis 72 Jahren. Dabei entsprachen die Wirkstoffe Koffein, Etilefrin, Synephrin, Metamizol Natrium, Furosemid und Natriumsalicylat dem heute gültigen Spezifikationsbereich von 95–105 %. Nichtsdestoweniger wurden bei einigen Ampullen typische Abbaureaktionen wie Hydrolyse, Oxidation oder Isomerisierung festgestellt. Die Hydrolyse der Arzneistoffe Scopolamin, Procain und Adenosintriphosphat führte zu verringerten Gehalten von 71 %, 70 % bzw. 15 % der jeweiligen gekennzeichneten Wirkstoffkonzentration. Die Epinephrin- und Dipyridamol-Injektionslösungen waren von oxidativem Abbau betroffen. Der Wirkstoffgehalt dieser Ampullen lag jeweils bei ca. 70 %. In der Dihydroergotamin Ampulle trat eine massive Epimerisierung auf, wobei ein Gehalt von 21 % bestimmt wurde. Aufgrund der Isomerisierung des Arzneistoffes Lobelin reduzierte sich der Wirkstoffgehalt auf 64 %. Als Schlussfolgerung der experimentellen Studien und der verfügbaren Daten aus der Literatur sollten die pharmazeutischen Unternehmer und die Aufsichtsbehörden erwägen, die Haltbarkeitsdauer für zahlreiche Arzneimittel zu verlängern, wenn dies basierend auf Stabilitätsuntersuchungen gerechtfertigt ist. Eine generelle Ausweitung der Verwendbarkeit von Arzneimitteln sowie die Abschaffung oder Erweiterung der maximalen Haltbarkeitsdauer von fünf Jahren würde die Entsorgung noch wirksamer Medikamente verhindern und dem Gesundheitssystem viel Geld einsparen

While the importance of digital marketing grows constantly, mobile establishes itself as a foundational marketing channel. Increasing ownership and engagement with mobile devices creates exceptional opportunities for location-based advertising (LBA), but its effectiveness and important conditions to add additional value are still underexplored. The aim of this study is to measure two mobile marketing tools, Geo-Fencing and Geo-Conquesting, and test redemption rates and consumption levels. Results are analysed according to four different conditions (gender, expiry, groups and framing). We conducted two field experiments in different locations with 320 participants and used coffee as the product stimulus. Overall, 24.7% of the coupons were redeemed (37.5% in Geo- Fencing and 11.9% in Geo-Conquesting) with no significant difference of the strategies in terms of consumption levels. Interestingly, coupons with longer expiration length are more effective than with shorter expiration length in Geo-Conquesting. Also, when the consumers receive the promotion in a group in Geo-Fencing, they are more likely to redeem. Framing effects and gender did not respond differently to the strategies. Our results contribute to a better understanding of LBA strategies and provide a critical baseline for marketers. Our findings suggest that Geo-Fencing is more effective than Geo- Conquesting in terms of redemption, in which firms should target groups of both genders. To generate additional sales through Geo-Conquesting, firms should offer their promotions with a longer expiration length.
À medida que a importância do marketing digital aumenta, os dispositivos móveis consolidam-se como um canal de marketing fundamental. A crescente posse e envolvimento com esses diapositivos criam oportunidades únicas para a publicidade que tem por base serviços de localização (LBA) e cuja eficácia e valor acrescentado foram ainda pouco explorados. O objetivo deste estudo é medir duas ferramentas de marketing móvel, Geo-Fencing e Geo-Conquesting e testar os seus níveis de troca e consumo. Os resultados são analisados de acordo com quatro condições (género, data de validade, grupos e enquadramento). Foram realizados dois experimentos em locais diferentes com 320 participantes e usado café como estímulo. Em suma, 24,7% dos cupões foram resgatados (37,5% em Geofencing e 11,9% em Geo-Conquesting) sem diferença significativa das estratégias em termos dos níveis de consumo. Curiosamente, cupões com uma data de validade mais longa são mais eficazes em Geo-Conquesting. Além disso, quando os consumidores recebem a promoção em grupo em Geo-Fencing, estes mostram-se mais propensos a resgatar. Os efeitos de enquadramento e género não apresentaram diferenças em ambas as estratégias. Este estudo contribui para um melhor entendimento das estratégias de LBA e fornece uma linha crítica para os profissionais de marketing. Os resultados sugerem que Geo-Fencing é mais eficaz que Geo-Conquesting a nível da taxa de resgate e sendo assim as empresas devem ter como alvo os grupos de ambos os sexos. De forma a gerar vendas adicionais através de Geo-Conquesting, estas devem oferecer as promoções com uma data de validade maior.

碩士
國立成功大學
高階管理碩士在職專班
98
This study tries to analyze the influence of patents validation to sales revenue in pharmaceutical industry. Investigated factor is the existing of successive patented medicine developed after one patent expired original patented drugs. This study collects the actual data of 2 medicines, to take the sales revenue from year 1999 January to year 2006 December. The data was analyzed as its monthly revenue versus patents validation. “E-view” was employed as an analyzing tool to proceed this econometrics analysis, time series data approach was considered. 4 models was established.by PPI and Calcium Channel Blocker market share and sales volume. We examined these data by using the heteroscedasticity test、multicollinearity(Klein’s Rule)、significance (nested hypothesis)、autocorrelation (Durbin-Watson Test ) and use the “OLS” to execute multiple regression model to explain the connotation of every model. This investigation concluded that one medicine which has a successive patent product, the market share of this product can be maintained. However, one medicine which has no successive patent product still can keep its market share in Taiwan, the reason of this phenomenon was explained as an unique medical medicine adoption process in Taiwan reputational hospital.

碩士
華梵大學
工業管理學系碩士班
88
We consider the two-phase warranty models for repairable products. We define the time-interval [0, W] as the first phase, and the time interval (W, T+W] as the second phase. The products have two types of failures: typeⅠfailures (minor failures) and type II failures (catastrophic failures). In our model, typeⅠfailures are also removed by minimal repairs in the first and the second phases. Type II failures are removed by replacements in the first phase. If type II failures take place in the second phase. We suppose the life of products will be ended. To buy a new product is conducted at time T+W, upon the type II failure, or the nth of type I failures whichever occurs first. When type II failure occurs, we need to order the spare. The transport of the spare will have the leadtime and loss cost for seller and buyer. In this thesis, we consider two warranty and maintenance models for seller, buyer, and the society. Our objective here is to obtain the optimal T* and n* when W is fixed, and a numerical example is provided. Finally, the Grey theory will be provided and compared with the numerical example.

A large number of expensive, but highly profitable branded prescription drugs will go off-patent in the USA between 2011 and 2015. Their revenues are crucial to fund the immense costs associated with the development of an innovative drug. The rising cost pressure on pharmaceutical stakeholders has increased the demand for more affordable medications, as provided by the branded drug's generic counterpart. Yet, research based incumbents are moving beyond the traditional late lifecycle strategies and deploy more aggressive tactics in order to protect their brands, as seen with Pfizer's Lipitor!. It is doubtful, whether these efforts will help the blockbuster business model to resist current market conditions.
NSBE - UNL

A presente dissertação de mestrado visa analisar o regime da caducidade e da rescisão ocorrendo justa causa do contrato de serviço doméstico e salientar algumas questões problemáticas que se levantam a propósito destas formas de cessação do contrato. O presente estudo terá em conta o Decreto Lei 235/92 que regula o regime jurídico do contrato de serviço doméstico, a Convenção nº 189 da OIT, o Código do Trabalho, a jurisprudência e a doutrina.
This master dissertation aims to analyze the regime of expiry and the regime of rescission occurring just cause in domestic service contract and highlight some problematic issues that arise about this forms of cessation of the contract. The present study will consider the DL 235/92 which regulates the legal regime for the domestic service contract, the ILO Convention No. 189, the Labour Code, the jurisprudence and the doctrine.

This Master's thesis main theme is the liability for administrative delicts and mainly the expiry of the liability for administrative delicts. With the commencement of an act number 250/2016, about the liability for administrative delicts and the proceedings about them, there raised a question about how far this act is complex and unitary. The goal of this thesis is evaluation of the new act and comparison with the old act mainly in the field of the expiry of the liability for administrative delicts. In the second chapter the thesis deals with the development and history of the liability for administrative delicts and with the acceptance of new act. The chapter ends with the sources of the law of administrative delicts. The third chapter is devoted to foundations of the liability for administrative delicts. Reader can find there the basis of the liability of natural persons, legal persons and natural persons who are entrepreneurs and basis about circumstances that exclude the liability. This chapter is the foundation for chapter four which is devoted to the main theme of the thesis - expiry of the liability for administrative delicts. The fourth chapter deals with the reasons for expiry of the liability for administrative delicts. The author introduce and analyze particular problems chained with...

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
O vínculo conjugal é tendencialmente perpétuo e o ideal é que resista às intempéries do tempo perdurando para toda a vida, contribuindo de forma positiva para o desenvolvimento pessoal e construção da personalidade dos cônjuges. Mas esta característica que implicitamente reveste a relação matrimonial não a envolve numa redoma de vidro capaz de a proteger de todo e qualquer tipo de abalo, pelo que nada impede que sobre a mesma se possa vir a abater uma crise que, eventualmente, culmine na rutura do vínculo conjugal. Do que depreendemos, facilmente, que a relação conjugal pode modificar-se ou mesmo extinguir-se com o passar do tempo.Quando a causa da cessação da relação matrimonial tem origem após a celebração do casamento, por resultar da morte de um dos cônjuges ou do divórcio, podemos dizer que o casamento se extingue por dissolução. Na pendência do processo de divórcio as relações pessoais entre os ex-cônjuges tendem a piorar, principalmente, quando haja necessidade de realizar a partilha dos bens comuns do casal. A carga emocional envolvida neste processo propicia o agravamento de determinadas decisões sobre as quais os cônjuges não cogitaram de forma séria e ponderada antes da celebração do casamento, tal como acontece no caso da obra que foi construída pelo dissolvido casal em terreno que é bem próprio de apena um deles ou em terreno doado por um terceiro aos cônjuges em favor da sua comunhão conjugal. É sobre estas questões que nos debruçaremos no presente estudo.Palavras-chave: Regime de bens, Comunhão de bens adquiridos, Massa de bens, Divórcio, Partilha, Obra construída pelos cônjuges, Benfeitoria, Acessão, Crédito compensatório, Bem próprio, Bem comum, Doação de terceiro aos cônjuges, Caducidade das doações.
The marital union is meant to be constant and the ideal is that it will withstand the test of time. It is hoped that the marriage will last forever, contributing in a positive way to the personal growth of each person involved, both individually and as a spouse. This ideal however, that implicitly covers the marital relationship, does not involve a barrier that is capable of protecting the marriage from any and all kinds of adversity. So there is nothing preventing a potential crisis that may eventually culminate in a rupture of the marital bond. From what we can easily infer, the marital relationship can change drastically or even expire over time.When the cause for termination of the marriage originates after the wedding celebration, as a result of the death of one of the spouses or as a result of divorce, we can say that the marriage has been terminated by dissolution. Pending the divorce process, personal relationships between ex-spouses tend to worsen. This is especially true when there is a need to divide and share the couple's common assets. The emotional burden involved in this process leads to aggravation. This can commonly be observed when both parties are forced to make decisions, over which the spouses did not ponder seriously before the marital union. As is the case of a house being constructed by the dissolved couple on property that belongs to only one spouse or on a property donated by a third party, to the couple, on the basis of the couples’ marriage. These issues will be addressed in this study. Keywords: Property regime, Communion of acquired assets, Mass of assets, Divorce, Sharing, construction performed by the spouses, Improvement, Accession, Compensatory credit, Own property, Common property, Third party donation to spouses, Expiry of donations.

No âmbito das relações de trabalho, coloca-se a necessidade da criação de regras com vista a assegurar a organização empresarial, a prossecução dos respetivos objetivos e a normal laboração. Tais regras estão intrinsecamente ligadas aos poderes de direção e disciplinar de que se encontram investidas os empregadores. O exercício do poder disciplinar pressupõe a instauração de um procedimento disciplinar laboral, para que o empregador, em resultado do mesmo, possa aplicar uma sanção a um trabalhador que tenha incumprido as suas obrigações legais e/ou contratuais. Nenhum trabalhador pode ser punido disciplinarmente sem que tenha a possibilidade de se defender da acusação que lhe é feita (princípio constitucional de audiência prévia). O procedimento disciplinar está obrigado a determinados formalismos que incluem, designadamente, a forma escrita, o cumprimento de prazos (prescrição e caducidade) e a observância de quatro fases processuais (nota de culpa, resposta, instrução, decisão). Por outro lado, quando está perante a mera desconfiança ou indícios vagos da prática de uma infração disciplinar, quando não é conhecido o respetivo autor, ou as circunstâncias concretas em que aquela conduta infracional teve lugar, pode o empregador fazer uso do procedimento prévio de inquérito. O procedimento prévio de inquérito tem como única finalidade a recolha dos elementos necessários para fundamentar a nota de culpa. A presente dissertação procura, em suma, ser uma abordagem prática (quase um guia) à temática do procedimento disciplinar laboral em geral e a algumas especificidades do tema, designadamente, a caducidade do procedimento disciplinar e a necessidade do procedimento prévio de inquérito.
In the context of working relations, it is necessary to create rules to ensure the business organization, the pursuit of its objectives and the normal operation. Such rules are intrinsically linked to the direction and disciplinary powers that employers are invested in. The exercise of disciplinary power presupposes the establishment of a work disciplinary procedure, so that the employer, as a result of the same, can apply a sanction to a worker who has unfulfilled his legal and/or contractual obligations. No worker can be punished disciplinarily without having the possibility to defend himself from the accusation that is made to him (constitutional principle of prior hearing). The disciplinary procedure is obliged to certain formalisms which include, particularly, written form, compliance of deadlines (prescription and expiry) and observance of four procedural phases (fault note - illicit facts notification -, response, instruction, decision). On the other hand, when confronted with mere suspicious or vague indications of the practice of a disciplinary offence, when its author is not known, or the circumstances in which the infraction conduct took place, the employer may make use of the prior investigation procedure. The sole purpose of the prior investigation procedure is to collect the necessary elements to substantiate the fault note. In short, this dissertation seeks to be a practical approach (almost a guide) into to the theme of the disciplinary procedure in general and to some specificities of the subject, namely the expiry of the disciplinary procedure and the need for prior investigation procedure.