Relevant bibliographies by topics / Experts

Academic literature on the topic 'Experts'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Experts"

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Дунаев, Дмитрий Владимирович, and Леонид Васильевич Кривобоков. "СКЛАДАННЯ ПРОГРАМ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДПРАЦЮВАННЯ ВИРОБІВ РАКЕТНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ГРУПОВОГО РІШЕННЯ КОМІСІЇ ЕКСПЕРТІВ." Aerospace Technic and Technology, no. 6 (August 12, 2017): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2017.6.15.

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The analysis of existing methods of determining the expert competence coefficient is carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, it is suggested that experts’ evaluation is made on the basis of objective characteristics and also it is suggested to make a group decision with a margin according to the Harrington desirability function. Approaches are proposed for the components of the expert's competence coefficient that allow taking into account the objective characteristics of each expert – period of familiarity with the problem, the academic degree and position, as well as the number of publications, reports, etc. on the problem. Thus, we get the value of the expert's competence coefficient taking into account his objective characteristics, which will significantly reduce the subjectivity of the experts' evaluation and improve the quality of the expert committee. The proposed group decision made by an expert committee (regarding a problem considered based on the ratio of difference between the sum of competence coefficients of supporter experts and that of dissident experts to the sum of competence coefficients of the experts with a margin according to the Harrington desirability function, which shall be more than 0.8) will allow taking into account the constructive opinions of the dissident experts. This group decision and determination of the expert’s competence coefficient taking into account the objective characteristics of each expert will reduce the influence of human factor, thus ensures more optimal composing of programs for development testing of rocketry items. An example of practical application in comprehensive development testing program (CDTP) of items of the rocket space complex of a proposed group decision made by an expert committee will allow taking into account the constructive opinions of the dissident experts to introduce subclasses in status of qualifications, which take into account the logic of development test the component parts, that contributes to the optimization of CDTP.
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Totty, R. N. "Towards Expert Experts." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 25, no. 5 (September 1985): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(85)72410-3.

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Reynoso, Diego. "Autoposicionamiento ideológico y distorsiones idiosincráticas en los estudios basados en juicios de expertos mexicanos." Revista Mexicana de Análisis Político y Administración Pública 8, no. 15 (February 27, 2019): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/remap.v8i15.331.

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Aunque se critica el uso de juicios de expertos para realizar estimaciones y comparaciones, cada vez es más aceptado en la comunidad académica su utilización para estimar fenómenos que no tienen medidas objetivas. Pero la heterogeneidad de la información recuperada de los expertos podría introducir algún sesgo en las estimaciones que los académicos utilizan para hacer comparaciones y probar hipótesis. Mi propuesta es aplicar el procedimiento de escalado de Aldrich & McKelvey y la generalización de Poole & Palfrey, para mostrar la relación entre el autoposicionamiento ideológico del experto, la posición “verdadera ideológica” de los expertos y su nivel de información política. Para mostrar esto, pruebo tres hipótesis alternativas sobre “ideología e información” en una muestra de expertos subnacionales mexicanos. Los expertos subnacionales mexicanos tienen un nivel heterogéneo de información política, pero en general es alto. Sin embargo, una fracción de los expertos tiene bajos niveles de información política y se correlacionan con posiciones moderadas del espacio político. Por el contrario, los expertos extremistas muestran altos niveles de información política. Palabras clave: Juicios de expertos, Ideología, izquierda-derecha, autoposicionamiento ideológico, política subnacionalAbstractAlthough the use of expert judgment to make estimates and comparisons is criticized, it is becoming ever more widely accepted in the academic community for estimating phenomena that have no objective measures. But the heterogeneity of the information recovered from experts could introduce some bias in the estimates that scholars use to make comparisons and to test hypothesis. My proposal is to apply the Aldrich & McKelvey scaling procedure and the Poole & Palfrey generalization, to show the relationship between the ideological expert autopositioning, the “true ideological” position of the experts and their level of political information. To show this I test three alternative hypothesis on “ideology and information” in a sample of mexican subnational experts. Mexican subnational experts have heterogeneous level of political information, but in general it is high. However a fraction of experts have low levels of political information and correlate with moderate positions of the political space. In contrast, extremist experts show high levels of political information.Key Words: Experts´ Judgement, Ideology, Left-Right, Ideological self-positioning, subnational politics
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Tang, Jin, Chun Dong Guo, and Yan Gao. "Using the Shapley Value to Determine the Expert’s Discourse Right in Group Decision-Making." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2029.

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In terms of different decision-making problem and expert groups, experts’ discourse right is dynamic and relative. Therefore, scientific and rationality of experts empowerment are directly affect final evaluation results. For solving the problem of the objectivity of the evaluation index weight assignment, a method which based on the Shapley value to determine the expert’s weight has been proposed and illustrated in this paper. Firstly, on the basis of analyzing the characteristics of the expert group decision making process, the correlation of experts’ knowledge stock has been defined to represent knowledge spillover among the experts group. Secondly, based on the contribution degree of each expert’s knowledge spillover which has been discussed through correlation analysis, and weight has been allocated to experts. The results show that the method can not only avoid experts empowerment evenly phenomenon, and fully respect the differences of evaluation experts. Finally, the author suggests different types of expert group decisions should be invited to participate in decision-making which helps to give play to brainstorming effect, producing more knowledge spillover and promoting scientific and rationality of decision-making.
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NCC Ltd. "Expert system helps experts." Knowledge-Based Systems 1, no. 4 (September 1988): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(88)90040-8.

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Harlsen, Paul. "Expert systems for experts." Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1, no. 3 (January 1989): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3657(89)90010-9.

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Xie, Zhitian, Yinger Zhang, Chenyi Zhuang, Qitao Shi, Zhining Liu, Jinjie Gu, and Guannan Zhang. "MoDE: A Mixture-of-Experts Model with Mutual Distillation among the Experts." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 14 (March 24, 2024): 16067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i14.29539.

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The application of mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining popularity due to its ability to improve model's performance. In an MoE structure, the gate layer plays a significant role in distinguishing and routing input features to different experts. This enables each expert to specialize in processing their corresponding sub-tasks. However, the gate's routing mechanism also gives rise to "narrow vision": the individual MoE's expert fails to use more samples in learning the allocated subtask, which in turn limits the MoE to further improve its generalization ability. To effectively address this, we propose a method called Mixture-of-Distilled-Expert (MoDE), which applies moderate mutual distillation among experts to enable each expert to pick up more features learned by other experts and gain more accurate perceptions on their allocated sub-tasks. We conduct plenty experiments including tabular, NLP and CV datasets, which shows MoDE's effectiveness, universality and robustness. Furthermore, we develop a parallel study through innovatively constructing "expert probing", to experimentally prove why MoDE works: moderate distilling knowledge from other experts can improve each individual expert's test performances on their assigned tasks, leading to MoE's overall performance improvement.
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Kalancha, I. "PARTICIPATION OF EXPERTS IN JUDICIAL CONSIDERATION OF CRIMINAL CASES – INNOVATIVE APPROACH." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2018): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.10.

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This article deals with topical issues of innovative enhancement of expert participation in criminal proceedings. It is identified the problematic questions of an expert’s examination during the trial to clarify or supplement its conclusion in accordance with Section 7, Article 101 CPC of Ukraine. It has been learned the experience of distance communication with court experts in Australia and Spain as well as took into account the shortage of personnel in the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. On this basis, it is proposed to consolidate the Criminal procedure code of Ukraine and to technically provide a remote procedure for the participation of experts during criminal proceedings. It has been suggested for experts to be involved in criminal proceedings through an electronic exchange of data between the court’s systems and experts. In order to accomplish these tasks, it is proposed to develop an electronic system based on the Register of Certified Forensic Experts. This system should provide the following: maintaining a register of forensic experts and reflecting the types of expertise that the expert can carry out and the level of workload of the expert; exchange of electronic procedural documents with the subjects of criminal proceedings; distance communication with the court. An electronic expert system should also include: automatic examination of the expert’s authority when conducting an electronic examination procedure appointment; authentication on the basis of an electronic signature in the manner prescribed by law; creation of electronic conclusions of experts, their signing by electronic signature, and exchange of electronic procedural documents with the subjects of criminal proceedings. The article describes the introduction of an electronic criminal procedure for the appointment of an expert examination so that the expert receives access to the necessary criminal investigation information through a personal virtual office in the electronic system. Key words: criminal proceedings, subjects of criminal proceedings, register of forensic experts, types of forensic examinations, electronic procedural documents.
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Li, Ming. "An Approach to Expert Finding Based on Multi-Granularity Two-Tuple Linguistic Information." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1317.

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Since organizational tacit knowledge resides in the owner’s brain, finding relevant experts in the specific fields is crucial to utilize this type of knowledge. In this paper, an approach to expert finding is proposed to assist the user to find the required experts. The method adopts the multi-granularity two-tuple linguistic information to construct the expert profile, that is, to model expert’s expertise. The user query the expert based on the fuzzy linguistic information. Then, the relevant experts are ranked according to the matching degree between the expert profile and the query. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Fileva, Iskra. "WHAT DO EXPERTS KNOW?" Social Philosophy and Policy 38, no. 2 (2021): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505252200005x.

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AbstractReasonable people agree that whenever possible, we ought to rely on experts to tell us what is true or what the best course of action is. But which experts should we rely on and with regard to what issues? Here, I discuss several dangers that accompany reliance on experts, the most important one of which is this: positions that are offered as expert opinion frequently contain elements outside an expert’s domain of expertise, for instance, values not intrinsic to the given domain. I also talk about the practical implications of accepting my view.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Experts"

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Gross, Olivia. "Experts et expertise : le cas des patients : Contribution à la caractérisation du patient-­expert et de son expertise." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131003.

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Les nouvelles technologies de l’information rendent l’accès au savoir possible, des forum et des réseaux sociaux permettent aux malades de s’organiser, le monde associatif se structure, et dans cette dynamique, des patients sont considérés des experts de leur maladie chronique. Toutefois, la nature de leur expertise reste floue et polémique et appelle à être caractérisée. Pour caractériser ce phénomène, nous avons utilisé comme cadre conceptuel le socioconstructivisme et l’individualisme méthodologique. A partir d’une première grille d’analyse issue d’une recension des écrits sur les notions d’expert et d’expertise, il a été procédé à des entretiens avec 12 patients reconnus socialement comme ayant une pratique d’expert ainsi qu’à des entretiens avec des professionnels de santé qui les côtoient en différentes circonstances. La première grille d’analyse ayant permis d’identifier les domaines à explorer, nous avons procédé à l’analyse qualitative et compréhensive des récits de vie des patients et mis en évidence leur motivation, éthique, déontologie, rapport au savoir, modalités d’apprentissages, savoirs, actions, compétences, traits de personnalité, et leur rapport aux soins et à leurs soignants. Deux types de patients-experts émergent qui se consacrent soit aux problématiques biomédicales, soit à l’accompagnement social et au système de soins. Ces deux types de patients-experts ont en commun d’être des acteurs sociaux passionnés et altruistes, qui poursuivent l’objectif d’améliorer la prise en charge de la maladie et/ou sa prévention, qui déploient à cet effet des compétences interculturelles, émotionnelles et de l’autonomie, et qui assurent des rôles d’interface, de porte-voix et d’éclaireurs. Ces acteurs motivés, qui participent à identifier des problématiques de santé et à les élucider, intéressent la santé publique dans la mesure où nos résultats interrogent le type de fonctions qu’ils pourraient occuper dans le système de santé et la forme que pourrait prendre la valorisation de leurs actions
New information technology provides access to knowledge; thanks to forums and social networks, patients can organize, constructing a community in which some patients are considered experts in their chronic disease. The nature of that expertise is unclear and controversial, however, and demands characterizations. To characterize this phenomenon we employed social constructivism and methodological individualism as a conceptual framework. Using an initial analysis grid taken from a literature review on the concepts of expert and expertise, we interviewed twelve patients socially acknowledged as having expert experience, as well as health professionals with whom they have contact in a variety of circumstances
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Capasso, Valentina. "Tractent fabrilia fabri : du juge "expert" au "jugement" des experts ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3004.

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Face à la crise de la justice, le législateur a toujours réagi en modifiant les codes, mais l’analyse économique du procès montre l’insuffisance des reformes de procédure. En effet, les buts principalement poursuivis par le législateur (réduction de la demande de justice et accélération du procès) moyennant le changement des règles du jeu sont souvent méconnus en raison, entre autres, du comportement stratégique des acteurs du procès.Le seul domaine qui laisse apercevoir des potentialités encore inexploitées est celui de la spécialisation du juge ; mais la spécialisation, à la fois juridique et épistémique, rencontre une forte résistance culturelle, probablement liée à l’image – sociologique et juridique – du juge, qui s’est construite et consolidée au fil du temps. C’est l’image d’un surhomme à l’abri des passions et des préjugés cognitifs et surtout omniscients : d’où l’idée que iura novit curia et que le juge soit peritus peritorum.La recherche ici conduite vise toutefois à montrer la distance entre ces adages et la réalité et que les dispositions de la loi, modelées sur cette image idéale, finissent à être déformés, voire ignorées ; souvent au détriment (d'au moins une) des parties.D'où l'idée selon laquelle le centre de gravité de la discipline devrait être transféré du procès au juge ; ce qui implique, d'une part, la nécessité de comprendre ce dernier en tant qu'homme, en s’appuyant sur des recherches interdisciplinaires ; de l'autre, une révision des procédures de sélection de la personne du magistrat
In order to face the crisis of the justice system, the legislator has always reacted by modifying the codes, but the economic analysis shows the inadequacy of the procedural reforms. Indeed, the goals mainly pursued by the legislator (reduction of the demand for justice and acceleration of the trial) by changing the rules of the game are often ignored because, among other things, of the strategic behaviour of the actors of the trial.The only area which reveals still unexploited potentialities is that of judge’s specialization; but specialization, both legal and epistemic, encounters strong cultural resistance, probably related to the judge's sociological and legal image, which has been built and consolidated over time. It is the image of a superman, hidden from passions and cognitive prejudices and, above all, omniscient: hence, the idea that iura novit curia and that the judge is peritorum peritum.The research conducted here, however, aims to show the distance between these adages and reality and that the provisions of the law, shaped on the basis of this ideal image, end up being distorted, if not ignored; often at the expense (of at least one) of the parties. For these reasons, it is suggested that the focus of the discipline should be transferred from the trial to the judge; but this shift implies, on the one hand, the need to understand the latter as a man, thus relying on interdisciplinary research; on the other, a revision of the selection procedures of the magistrate's person
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Johnson, Nicola F., and nicola johnson@deakin edu au. "Teenage techological experts: Bourdieu and the performance of expertise." Deakin University, 2007. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071107.113906.

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This thesis explores the construction of technological expertise amongst a heterogenous group of New Zealand teenagers, specifically in regard to their home computer use, which for many of them is their primary site of leisure. This thesis explores the field in which these teenagers are positioned, and explains the practice constituting that field. In this field, the trajectories towards expertise are explained including the time, experimentation, and pleasure evident in their praxis. The qualitative study involved observations and interviews with eight teenagers aged 13 – 17. Five boys and three girls participated and each attended one of various secondary schools located within a provincial city in New Zealand. All of the participants considered themselves to be technological experts, and their peers and/or their family supported this comprehension. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s socio-cultural theories, the capital (cultural, economic, social) and habitus of the teenagers are described (habitus being what makes them who they are, and continues to define who they are in the future). Chapter five centres on explaining the field the teenagers have positioned themselves in, namely the field of out-of-school leisure and home computer use. It also explores the construction and performance of technological expertise within the field. Chapter six examines traditional views of schooling and expertise, and contrasts these views with what the teenagers think about their learning and expertise. This gap is specifically explained with regard to differences between the concepts and value of learning, expertise, and technology, and how they are recognised and valued differently between generations. Chapter seven explores the praxis that the participants exhibit, which is arguably misrecognized by those whose interests are in the established order (e.g. institutional, societal structures). The field they are placed in is arguably part of the broader field of education, yet the findings suggest their capital is misrecognized by digital newcomers, and therefore not legitimated. This thesis concludes that the gap between teenager and adult understandings of expertise is exacerbated in the digital world in which the teenagers position themselves. Their schooling is mainly positioned in the print culture of previous generations and consequently, in the lives of these teenagers, schooling has had little influence on the development of their technological expertise. Additionally, gender has had little impact in their development of expertise; therefore stereotypical notions of female underachievement as computer experts are contested.
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Svensson, Hanna, and Henrik Pettersson. "The storytelling of new experts : How CSR-experts legitimize through storytelling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414641.

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The formal requirements of experts are diminishing, thus opening up for the expansion of new experts, who are gaining more influence in society. In contemporary society, all organizations are pressured to consider Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and are therefore dependent on the new experts within the field. However, the research remains underexplored. Building on research on new experts and storytelling, this thesis addresses how CSR-experts within organizations engage in storytelling to legitimize their expertise. A framework of four storytelling themes was made, and a qualitative case study conducted. Six interviews were carried out and documents made by the interviewees studied. The findings demonstrate that the CSR-experts engage in storytelling in line with the storytelling themes, but new findings could also be added to the themes. They engage in future-oriented storytelling, as well as storytelling concerning current problems and solutions, to legitimize the role of expertise today and to sustain it for the future, demonstrating how storytelling is a dynamic process taking place in everyday organizational life. However, to attain legitimacy, the study indicates that storytelling needs to be adjusted to the receiver in a successful manner, otherwise it may instead inhibit the legitimacy that the CSR-experts are trying to create.
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Rhéaume, Marc. "Enseignantes et enseignants experts en histoire : Comment se développe leur expertise?" Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9781.

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L’objet de cette recherche concerne le développement de l’expertise enseignante chez les enseignantes et les enseignants d’histoire au secondaire. Une recension des écrits nous a permis d’identifier des aspects qui contribuent au développement professionnel comme les réseaux professionnels, la formation continue ou congrès, le mentorat, des lectures d’ouvrages spécialisés, des collègues de travail et l’expérience. L’objectif de recherche était d’identifier, auprès d’enseignantes et d’enseignants d’histoire au secondaire, quels sont les aspects et les expériences professionnelles qui ont contribué au développement de leur expertise professionnelle. Cette recherche, dite qualitative/interprétative de type exploratoire, repose sur la stratégie du récit de vie. Les participants sont quatre enseignants d’histoire au secondaire considérés comme experts. L’entrevue semi-dirigée a permis de colliger des données qualitatives quant aux aspects et aux expériences professionnelles ayant contribué au développement de leur expertise enseignante. Les résultats de recherche indiquent que les aspects ciblés au départ ont influencé à divers degrés le cheminement des experts participants. D’autres aspects ont émergé comme étant marquants dans le développement professionnel comme la passion ou l’intérêt pour l’enseignement de l’histoire, la qualité des relations tant avec les élèves qu’avec les collègues et la capacité de réfléchir sur sa pratique. Toutefois, trois aspects favorisent plus particulièrement le développement de l’expertise soit l’expérience, les compétences professionnelles en enseignement qui regroupent la préparation de cours, la réflexion sur sa pratique et la relation maitre/élève puis les collègues de travail. Cette recherche est utile parce qu’elle apporte un éclairage sur les aspects contribuant au développement de l’expertise enseignante et peut ouvrir la voie vers une autre étude qui mettrait en évidence les différences entre les voies empruntées pour développer cette dernière.
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Staderman, William P. "Communicating expertise in system operation and fault diagnosis to non-experts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27468.

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The use of systems that span many knowledge domains is becoming more common as technology advances, requiring expert-performance in a domain from users who are usually not experts in that domain. This study examined a means of communicating expertise (in system operation and fault diagnosis) to non-experts and furthering the understanding of expert mental models. It has been suggested that conceptions of abstract models of system-functions distinguish expert performance from non-expert performance (Hanisch, Kramer, and Hulin, 1991). This study examined the effects on performance of augmenting a simple control panel device with a model of the functions of the device, interacting with the model, and augmenting the device with graphically superimposed procedural indicators (directions). The five augmented display conditions studied were: Device Only, Device + Model, Device + Procedural Indicators, Interactive Model, and Interactive Model + Procedural Indicators. The device and displays were presented on a PC workstation. Performance measures (speed and accuracy) and subjective measures (questionnaires, NASA TLX, and structured interviews) were collected. It was expected that participants who interact with the device + procedural indicators would exhibit the shortest performance time and least errors; however, those who interacted with the simplest display (device only) were fastest and exhibited the least errors. Results of this study are discussed in terms of building a mental model and identifying situations that require a mental model.
Ph. D.
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David, Jean-Marc. "Les systèmes experts de seconde génération : contribution à une ingénierie de la connaissance /." Paris : Ecole nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35691552t.

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Goodall, Amanda. "Does it take an expert to lead experts? : professionals versus managers in universities." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2849/.

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This is an empirical study of leaders and how they affect organizational performance. Its context is the research university as a knowledge intensive organization. It appears to be the first of its kind. The thesis explores whether the characteristics of a leader in position today can tell us about the future success of their institution. It asks the question: Should research universities be led by top scholars? One reason why universities are an interesting case is that, unusually for knowledge-intensive organizations, their leaders' technical expertise can arguably be measured reasonably objectively. Using cross-sectional analysis, the first approach adopted in this thesis is to identify whether accomplished scholars are currently leading the world's top universities and business schools. It demonstrates -- using a variety of data sets, and in a variety of settings, including a check on the role of outliers -- that better universities and business schools are led by presidents and deans with systematically higher numbers of life-time scholarly citations. Next the dissertation attempts to go beyond simple cross-sectional patterns to address the question of causality. It does so in a longitudinal study that follows the performance of a panel of 55 universities over a nine-year period from 1992 to 2001. Using regression analysis, this thesis uncovers some evidence that is consistent with the existence of a causal relationship between the research ability of a leader and the future achievement of their institution. The results suggest that a university tends to improve in the UK Research Assessment Exercise if its leader has been a successful scholar. Qualitative evidence in the form of interviews with university leaders then motivates a theory of strategic leadership that might explain the statistical patterns. It is argued in the thesis that scholars may make effective leaders for reasons that are both internal and external to the individual. A scholar-leader, it is suggested, influences performance because of an inherent knowledge of the core business of a research university, and also through the extension of powers acquired by being viewed as credible by followers. Finally, the thesis concludes by asking whether university governing bodies appoint the right people. The central argument being made in this thesis is that where expert knowledge is the key factor that characterises an organization it is expert knowledge that should also be key in the selection of its leader.
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Galloway, Craig James. "The role and use of experts and expert knowledge in spatial conservation prioritization." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79815.

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Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Decision-making in conservation should be efficient and effective as time and resources are typically limited. Conservation planning is one process by which stakeholders collaboratively make decisions when attempting to ensure the persistence of biodiversity. Spatial prioritization is the activity of applying quantitative data to spatial analysis to select locations for conservation investment and is a distinct process within conservation planning. The use of experts in spatial prioritization, and more generally in conservation planning, is widely accepted and advocated, but there is no general operational model for how best to involve them. Acceptable standards of practice in selecting experts and in applying specific techniques for eliciting expert knowledge need to be developed and tested in different contexts to ensure robust and defensible results of spatial prioritization processes. Although experts and expert knowledge have limitations, including them in spatial prioritization can produce many benefits, such as increased robustness of decisions and time and cost savings. Timeous, decisive, cost-efficient and robust decision-making is essential when attempting to stem the continued loss of biodiversity across the world. Although widely used, very little research has been conducted into the role of experts in spatial prioritization processes. In this research, the role and use of experts and expert knowledge in spatial prioritization was explored through the following processes: 1) a review of the peer-reviewed literature examining the role, and different types, of experts included in spatial prioritization studies (Chapter 2) to identify the patterns of their involvement; 2) a study examining the process and the differences between individual and group expert outputs and outcomes produced from a typical spatial prioritization workshop to provide a baseline against which experts might be identified for future involvement (Chapter 3); and 3) a study examining the knowledge of local community and land management experts and their ability to predict private landowners self-reported attitudes towards conservation, willingness to partner with organizations and behavior relating to conservation, aimed to test if expert knowledge might replace interviews when mapping conservation opportunity (Chapter 4). The main findings of this research are, firstly, that experts primarily contributed to spatial prioritization through mapping of species, habitats and ecosystems (that can be input into spatial prioritization analyses), and specifically also the selection of areas important for implementing conservation action (e.g., priority conservation areas). Secondly, individual experts contributed different expertise to the spatial prioritization processes in which they were involved, sometimes despite being considered experts in the same field. Individual experts differed to each other in the knowledge they contributed, decisions they made, and in the information content and its spatial representation. Groups of experts collaborating to produce the same information were more effective at capturing expert knowledge than individuals. Thirdly, when seeking to map human and social data to inform the mapping of conservation opportunity, experts were unable to reliably score private landowner's attitudes towards conservation, willingness to partner with organizations and behavior relating to conservation. Experts were able though, to provide accurate knowledge on the general attitudes of landowners, the context of the area in which the research was conducted, and the challenges that landowners in the area face. Collectively, this research can be used to inform the development of standards of best practice to ensure the most effective and cost efficient approach to integrating spatial prioritization software with expert knowledge.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besluitneming in bewaring moet doeltreffend en effektief wees omdat tyd en hulpbronne skaars is. Bewaringsbeplanning is een proses waardeur aandeelhouers gesamentlik besluite kan neem wanneer hul poog om die voortbestaan van biodiversiteit te verseker. Ruimtelike prioritisering verwys na die proses waar kwantitatiewe data toegepas word op ruimtelike analise om areas vir bewaringsbelegging te selekteer. Dit is 'n afsonderlike proses binne bewaringsbeplanning. Die gebruik van deskundiges in die bepaling van ruimtelike prioritisering en meer algemene bewaringsbeplanning word wyd aanvaar en bepleit maar daar is geen algemene operationele model wat bepaal hoe om hul ten beste in te sluit nie. Aanvaarbare standaarde in die praktyk van die seleksie van kundiges en die aanwending van spesifieke tegnieke om kundige kennisstelsels uit te lok moet ontwikkel en getoets word in verskillende kontekste om robuuste en verdedigbare resultate te verseker. Daar is baie voordele verbonde aan die gebruik van deskundiges en kundige kennisstelsels, ten spyte van hul beperkings. Voordele sluit onder andere tyd- en kostebesparings in. Tydige, beslissende, koste-effektiewe en robuuste besluitneming is noodsaaklik wanneer daar gepoog word om die voortdurende wêreldwye verlies aan biodiversiteit te stuit. Al word hul algemeen gebruik is daar nog baie min navorsing gedoen oor die rol van kundiges tydens die proses van ruimtelike prioritisering. Die rol en gebruik van kundiges en kundige kennisstelsels in die bepaling van ruimtelike prioritisering is deur die volgende prosesse ondersoek: 1) 'n Oorsig van portuurbeoordeelde literatuur wat die rol van en verskillende tipes kuniges wat in ruimtelike prioritisering studies ingesluit word, bestudeer (Hoofstuk 2) ten einde die patrone van hul betrokkenheid te identifiseer; 2) 'n studie wat die proses en verskille tussen die insette en uitkomste van individuele en groepe kundiges, soos geproduseer by 'n tipiese ruimtelike prioritisering werkwinkel, bestudeer ten einde 'n grondlyn daar te stel waarteen kundiges vir toekomstige betrokkenheid geïdentifiseer kan word (Hoostuk 3); en 3) 'n bestudering van die kennis van plaaslike gemeenskaps- en grondbestuur kundiges en hul vermoë om privaat grondeienaars se selfgerapporteerde houdings teenoor bewaring, hul bereidwilligheid om met organisasies saam te werk en gedrag wat verband hou met bewaring te voorspel om te toets of kundige kennis onderhoude sal kan vervang tydens die kartering van bewaringsmoontlikhede (Hoofstuk 4). Die vernaamste bevindinge van hierdie navorsing is, ten eerste, dat kundiges se primêre bydrae tot ruimtelike prioritisering plaasvind deur die kartering van spesies, habitats en ekosisteme (wat alles in ruimtelike prioritisering analise vervat kan word), en meer bepaald die seleksie van areas wat belangrik is vir die implementering van bewaringsaksie (bv. prioriteit bewaringsareas). Tweedens, individuele kundiges se bydrae tot die ruimtelike prioritisering prosesse waar hul betrokke was, het verskil, selfs waar hul as kundiges in dieselfde veld beskou word. Individuele kundiges het van mekaar verskil ten opsigte van die kennis wat hul bygedra het, die besluite wat hul geneem het, die inhoud van inligting en die ruimtelike voorstelling daarvan. Groepe kundiges wat saamwerk om dieselfde inligting op te lewer was meer effektief in die vaslegging van kundige kennis as individuele kundiges. Derdens, tydens die soeke na menslike en maatskaplike data om die kartering van bewaringsmoontlikhede in te lig was kundiges nie in staat is om 'n betroubare skatting van privaat grondeienaars se houdings teenoor bewaring, bereidwilligheid om saam met organisasies te werk en gedrag wat verband hou met bewaring te maak nie. Deskundiges kon egter akkurate kennis meedeel ten opsigte van die algemene houdings van grondeienaars, die konteks van die area van navorsing en die uitdagings wat grondeienaars in die spesifieke areas in die gesig staar. Hierdie navorsing kan gesamentlik gebruik word om die ontwikkeling van standaarde van beste praktyk vas te stel om die mees doeltreffende en koste-effektiewe benadering tot die integrasie van ruimtelike prioritisering sagteware met deskundige kennis te verseker.
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Drochon, Victoria. "Le recours aux experts par les instances de représentation du personnel." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020046.

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Entre 1946 et 2016, ce sont plus de vingt cas de recours à des experts par les instances de représentation du personnel qui ont été créés, dont huit sur les trois dernières années. La possibilité sans cesse étendue de recourir à l’assistance d’experts pourrait laisser penser que le régime du recours à l’expertise est efficient. La facilité avec laquelle la loi associe désormais l’expert à chaque nouvelle mesure prise en faveur du dialogue social masque cependant mal l’incapacité croissante du législateur à préserver la fonction initiale de l’expertise : une fonction informative. Signe des dysfonctionnements qui grèvent le régime actuel du recours à l’expertise, le sujet est hautement polémique et fait l’objet d’un contentieux florissant. L’étude du périmètre ainsi que des modalités du recours à des experts exhorte à la construction d’un régime plus cohérent, de nature à assurer l’effet utile de l’expertise tout en préservant la compétence et la parole des représentants du personnel
Between 1946 and 2016, this is more than twenty new cases in which the employee representatives were granted the right to resort to the services of experts, and only eight in the last three years. The ever-expanded possibility to be assisted by external experts might suggest that the expertise statutory regime is efficient. The ease with which the law associates experts to each new measures taken in favor of the social dialogue cannot hide the persistent difficulties encountered by the legislator to preserve the original function of expertise : an informative function. The controversial nature of the right to resort to the services of experts and the increasing amount of litigation in this area are manifestations of its failures. A study of the scope and the conditions under which the experts might be appointed urges to the construction of a more coherent system, that would ensure the effectiveness of the right to resort to experts while maintaining the employee representatives’ competence and voices
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Books on the topic "Experts"

1

Parsaye, Kamran. Expert systems for experts. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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Parsaye, Kamran. Expert Systems for Experts. New York [etc.]: John Wiley&Sons, 1988.

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Parsaye, Kamran. Expert Systems for Experts. New York: John Wiley & Son, 1988.

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Baghramian, Maria, and Carlo Martini. Questioning Experts and Expertise. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003161851.

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1957-, Liebowitz Jay, and ESA World Conference (1st : 1989 : Gournay-sur-Marne, France), eds. EXPERSYS-89: Expert systems applications = applications des systemes experts. Gournay-sur-Marne, France: IITT-International, 1989.

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G, Blute Joseph, and Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, Inc. (1982- ), eds. Experts on experts: Direct and cross-examination of expert witnesses. Boston, MA: MCLE, 1995.

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Knight, Jenny. The experts' expert: Direct hit. London: The Observer magazine, 1989.

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Knight, Jenny. The experts' expert: Set designers. London: The Observer magazine, 1989.

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Willging, Thomas E. Court-appointed experts. Washington, D.C. (Dolley Madison House, 1520 H St., N.W., Washington 20005): Federal Judicial Center, 1986.

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E, Willging Thomas. Court-appointed experts. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Experts"

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Grant, Michael, and Fredrik Nilsson. "Experts and expertise." In Intuitive Expertise and Financial Decision-Making, 9–30. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003035725-2.

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Kjeldsen, Jens E., Ragnhild Mølster, and Øyvind Ihlen. "Expert Uncertainty: Arguments Bolstering the Ethos of Expertise in Situations of Uncertainty." In The Pandemic of Argumentation, 85–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_5.

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AbstractArguably, one of the defining traits of an expert is certainty of knowledge. So, what happens when experts in a critical situation in public simultaneously must recognize uncertainty about knowledge and the situation and argue for specific policies and actions? This has been the challenge for many national health experts during the COVID-19 crisis. We examine such argumentative strategies by asking: what are the argumentative strategies used when attempting to secure and bolster the ethos of expertise when an expert must also acknowledge uncertainty and insufficient knowledge? The chapter examines such argumentative strategies by health authorities participating in debate and interview programs. Contrary to previous research our findings indicate that the health experts do acknowledge uncertainty, often explicitly, and also do it as a way of bolstering their ethos. Firstly, our analyses point to two ways of introducing and expressing uncertainty and lack of knowledge. Secondly, our analyses point to six ways of delimiting and qualifying the expressed uncertainty in a way that rebolsters the expert’s authority and ethos of expertise.
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Eckert, Michael. "Experts." In Ludwig Prandtl, 149–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05663-6_6.

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Vadrot, Alice B. M. "Experts." In Routledge Handbook of Marine Governance and Global Environmental Change, 87–99. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149745-11.

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Eriksen, Erik O. "Experts." In The Accountability of Expertise, 173–95. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003175490-10.

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Walters, Robert. "Experts." In Cybersecurity and Data Laws of the Commonwealth, 383–92. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3935-0_26.

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Feltz, Adam, and Edward T. Cokely. "Philosophical Expertise." In Diversity and Disagreement, 143–74. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61935-9_5.

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AbstractIn this chapter we directly address one of the prominent objections to generalizing studies done on non-professional philosophers to experts in philosophy. The Expertise Defense holds that because of the special training, knowledge, or skills of professional philosophers, the potentially problematic biases found in non-professional philosophers will not likely be found in expert philosophers. To assess this argument, we provide a substantial discussion on how expertise is acquired. We focus on the facts that experts are always made and not born, general intelligence cannot explain all there is to expertise, and experts have different knowledge and skills than non-experts. We then use these general points to argue that philosophers are not likely to have the relevant kinds of learning environments, skills, or knowledge that prevents them from being biased in potentially problematic ways. We report results directly testing whether extraversion predicts compatibilist judgments about freedom and moral responsibility in philosophical experts, finding that indeed expert philosophers tend to be biased by their heritable personality traits. We conclude that without further evidence, we do not have reason to think that philosophical expertise will eliminate potentially problematic biases in philosophically relevant judgments.
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Grundmann, Reiner. "The Rightful Place of Expertise." In Questioning Experts and Expertise, 18–32. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003161851-3.

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Baghramian, Maria, and Carlo Martini. "Introduction: Ubiquitous Questions about Experts and Society." In Questioning Experts and Expertise, 1–4. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003161851-1.

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Collins, Harry. "Are Experts Right or are They Members of Expert Groups?" In Questioning Experts and Expertise, 90–96. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003161851-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Experts"

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Powell, P. L., J. H. Klein, and N. A. D. Connell. "Experts and expertise." In the 1993 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/158011.158245.

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Shavit, Amit, and Sameena Shah. "Perceived, Projected, and True Investment Expertise: Not All Experts Provide Expert Recommendations." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsaa.2016.45.

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Presley, Steven, Jeffrey Landry, Jordan Shropshire, and Philip Menard. "Using Experts for Improving Project Cybersecurity Risk Scenarios." In 2022 KSU CONFERENCE ON CYBERSECURITY EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE. Kennesaw State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32727/28.2023.7.

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This study implemented an expert panel to assess the content validity of hypothetical scenarios to be used in a survey of cybersecurity risk across project meta-phases. Six out of 10 experts solicited completed the expert panel exercise. Results indicate that although experts often disagreed with each other and on the expected mapping of scenario to project meta-phase, the experts generally found risk present in the scenarios and across all three project meta-phases, as hypothesized.
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Hemmer, Patrick, Sebastian Schellhammer, Michael Vössing, Johannes Jakubik, and Gerhard Satzger. "Forming Effective Human-AI Teams: Building Machine Learning Models that Complement the Capabilities of Multiple Experts." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/344.

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Machine learning (ML) models are increasingly being used in application domains that often involve working together with human experts. In this context, it can be advantageous to defer certain instances to a single human expert when they are difficult to predict for the ML model. While previous work has focused on scenarios with one distinct human expert, in many real-world situations several human experts with varying capabilities may be available. In this work, we propose an approach that trains a classification model to complement the capabilities of multiple human experts. By jointly training the classifier together with an allocation system, the classifier learns to accurately predict those instances that are difficult for the human experts, while the allocation system learns to pass each instance to the most suitable team member—either the classifier or one of the human experts. We evaluate our proposed approach in multiple experiments on public datasets with “synthetic” experts and a real-world medical dataset annotated by multiple radiologists. Our approach outperforms prior work and is more accurate than the best human expert or a classifier. Furthermore, it is flexibly adaptable to teams of varying sizes and different levels of expert diversity.
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Kawase, Yasushi, Yuko Kuroki, and Atsushi Miyauchi. "Graph Mining Meets Crowdsourcing: Extracting Experts for Answer Aggregation." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/177.

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Aggregating responses from crowd workers is a fundamental task in the process of crowdsourcing. In cases where a few experts are overwhelmed by a large number of non-experts, most answer aggregation algorithms such as the majority voting fail to identify the correct answers. Therefore, it is crucial to extract reliable experts from the crowd workers. In this study, we introduce the notion of "expert core", which is a set of workers that is very unlikely to contain a non-expert. We design a graph-mining-based efficient algorithm that exactly computes the expert core. To answer the aggregation task, we propose two types of algorithms. The first one incorporates the expert core into existing answer aggregation algorithms such as the majority voting, whereas the second one utilizes information provided by the expert core extraction algorithm pertaining to the reliability of workers. We then give a theoretical justification for the first type of algorithm. Computational experiments using synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that our proposed answer aggregation algorithms outperform state-of-the-art algorithms.
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Sprain, Leah, Andy M. Merolla, and Martin Carcasson. "Do Experts Help or Hinder? An Empirical Examination of Experts and Expertise during Public Deliberation." In 2016: Confronting the challenges of public participation in environmental, planning and health decision-making. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/sciencecommunication-180809-84.

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Galaskea, Patrick, Mehdi Farida, and Klaus Benglerb. "Influence of Expertise on the Judgment of Controllability of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100649.

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Modern passenger vehicles are equipped with a rising number of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). The increasing complexity of these systems causes issues of controllability that need to be dealt with. The RESPONSE 3 Code of Practice (CoP) provides methods to assess the controllability of ADAS within the framework of ISO26262. Among the methods described in the CoP is the expert review (RESPONSE 3, 2009). However, no quantifiable requirements for such expert reviews are given. This paper describes a vehicle simulator study that aims to compare the judgment behavior of experts with that of naïve participants to draw conclusions on the applicability of expert reviews of controllability. The results of the study show that for the studied sample of experts there is no advantage in the variance of the obtained judgments for either group. The higher expertise however did exhibit itself in a trend towards more critical judgments of the observed situations. It is concluded that the application of expert reviews in the evaluation of controllability of ADAS should be studied in more detail. The results indicate that the conduct of expert reviews of controllability with high requirements of precision is not trivial and requires in-depth analysis.
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Bennett, Paul N., and Nam Nguyen. "Refined experts." In the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1571946.

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Dorn, Brian, and Allison Elliott Tew. "Becoming experts." In Proceeding of the 44th ACM technical symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445252.

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Wittie, Lea, Anastasia Kurdia, and Meriel Huggard. "Recruiting Experts." In SIGCSE '18: The 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3159450.3162210.

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Reports on the topic "Experts"

1

Kurlat, Pablo, and Florian Scheuer. Signaling to Experts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23817.

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SHpinev, YU S. Freelance experts in state environmental expertise: analysis of legislative initiatives. Ljournal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00015.

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Frankel, Alexander, and Michael Schwarz. Experts and Their Records. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14921.

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Kirk, Bernadette Lugue, Ronald A. Cain, Shaheen A. Dewji, and Carla L. Agreda. Succession planning for technical experts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408004.

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Agarwal, Sumit, Bernardo Morais, Amit Seru, and Kelly Shue. Noisy Experts? Discretion in Regulation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32344.

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Nordhaus, William, and Douglas Rivers. The People and the Experts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31217.

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Finin, Timothy W., Aravind K. Joshi, and Bonnie L. Webber. Natural Language Interactions with Artificial Experts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460952.

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Albornoz, Facundo, Guillermo Cruces, and María Lombardi. Trusting Covid-19 recommendations: The role of experts, markets and governments. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005097.

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Do individuals trust experts' advice? Does the sector represented by these experts matter for trust and compliance? Do individuals prefer the public or the private sector for large-scale responses to events such as the pandemic? We answer these questions by means of a large-scale survey on a representative sample of 9,444 respondents from Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. We study if opinions on risk-mitigating actions against Covid-19 are shaped by expert recommendations and the sectors they represent. We identify a backlash against experts' recommendations that is robust across expert sectors and countries, and more pronounced for recommendations that require more effort to implement. We also find that, even for individuals with a low level of trust in the public sector, there is widespread agreement that governments should be preferred over the private sector to lead the production and distribution of vaccines. Most respondents, even those expressing distrust in governments, believe that governments should get involved in producing the vaccine for Covid-19, either exclusively or in a partnership with the private sector. This result is stronger for the distribution of the vaccine than for its production.
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Kofanov, Andrii, and Olena Kofanova. FORENSIC EXPERTS' MISTAKES: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS. Intellectual Archive, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/online/2019_03_25_2.

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Beedle, Christopher, and Mary Vecellio. SGL Resources for instructors and reachback experts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1864982.

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