Journal articles on the topic 'Expertise paradigm'
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Campbell, Robert L., and Lia Di Bello. "Studying human expertise: Beyond the binary paradigm." Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 8, no. 3-4 (July 1996): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095281396147339.
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Al-Benna, Sammy. "The paradigm of burn expertise: Scientia est lux lucis." Burns 40, no. 6 (September 2014): 1235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2014.05.010.
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Williams, N. R., T. J. McKeef, F. Tong, and I. Gauthier. "Competition between domains of expertise in a visual search paradigm." Journal of Vision 7, no. 9 (March 19, 2010): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.335.
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Popov, Dimitar, and Velka Popova. "Linguistic Personology – Potential in Phonoscopic Expertise." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (March 2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.1.8.
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The study attempts to justify the development of linguistic personology in Bulgaria as an interdisciplinary scientific paradigm, which comprises theoretical foundations of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, linguistic pragmatics, semiotics and phonоstylistics. The applied aspect of the approach consists in describing speaker's physiognomic expressions and speech markers, and their anthropological characteristics, which enable researchers to present a speech profile of the respective person through two parameters: their personal identity and personal voice with its unique inherent features. Linguistic personology through speech as an autonomous interdisciplinary research paradigm, serves in forensic (phonoscopic) expertise for the speakers' characteristics diagnostics, considering typical voice peculiarities. The approach studies speaker's verbal behaviour and distinctive features of his or her personal identity signaled by personal voice expression measured through linguistic (phonoscopic) expertise. Linguistic personology through speech is a unique method of personality typization as well as characterizing the speaker based on the analysis of his / her specific pronunciation and voice transformation, used in the field of forensic phonetics. It is proposed to supplement the expert assessment with the results of acoustic analysis of voice samples, as well as their perception, for more objective identification of matching linguistic data. The article represents speech excerpts, the acoustic images of which demonstrate audio-and-visual comprehension of gender differentiation of speakers, whose voices indicate that the recipients belong to the diagnosed group of men, women or transvestites.
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Waters, Andrew J., Geoffrey Underwood, and John M. Findlay. "Studying expertise in music reading: Use of a pattern-matching paradigm." Perception & Psychophysics 59, no. 4 (June 1997): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211857.
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Burns, David J., and Debra Mooney. "Transcollegial leadership: a new paradigm for leadership." International Journal of Educational Management 32, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-05-2016-0114.
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Purpose The increasing complexity of higher education has led to the need for a different type of leader that transcends traditional boundaries and individual self-interest. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative form of leadership consistent with the unique challenges faced by institutions of higher education today. Design/methodology/approach First, existing research on leadership is explored. Particular attention is placed on identifying the applicability of the primary leadership approaches to the unique organizational environment typically found in institutions of higher education. Transcollegial leadership is then developed as an alternative form of leadership better suited to colleges and universities in today’s dynamic environment. Findings After examining the inadequacies of existing forms of leadership in higher education, transcollegial leadership is introduced as the process involved in leaders systematically, but informally, relating to persons and groups of equivalent authority in different areas of an institution of higher education for its betterment and the advancement of its mission, not for person gain. Practical implications It appears that transcollegial leadership may be specifically suited for institutions of higher education given their unique organizational structure. Transcollegial leadership permits colleges and universities to better utilize the skills and expertise of their members. The skills and expertise of transcollegial leaders not only benefit their home organizational units, but can benefit the entire organization. Originality/value The paper examines a different approach to leadership to aid colleges and universities in facing the challenges of a rapidly changing and increasingly competitive environment.
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Combes, Céline, Olga Volckaert-Legrier, and Pierre Largy. "Automatic or Controlled Writing?" SMS Communication: A linguistic approach 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.35.2.05com.
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The objective of this study was to attempt to distinguish the various processes of producing SMS spelling forms. The production of these different spelling forms was compared by means of an experimental paradigm: the dual task. This paradigm aimed at identifying the attentional resources necessary for the process of producing SMS spelling. Another way in which to address the degree of automation of these production processes was to compare SMS productions in terms of the level of SMS writing expertise. The results of this study demonstrated that the spelling forms produced in SMS language (eSMS), and therefore their production process, differ according to the degree of SMS writing expertise and the attention that the participants are able to devote to the SMS writing task. The results confirm that SMS writing represents a cognitive cost for novice texters and tends to become automatic as the users acquire expertise.
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Kleinsmith, Abigail, and Heather Sheridan. "Visual expertise in a music reading flicker paradigm: Evidence from eye movements." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1217.
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Roberts-DeGennaro, Maria. "Evidence-Based (Informed) Macro Practice Paradigm: Integration of Practice Expertise and Research." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 5, no. 3-4 (September 5, 2008): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15433710802083955.
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Scheckler, William E. "Healthcare Epidemiology is the Paradigm for Patient Safety." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 23, no. 1 (January 2002): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503449.
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I was honored to receive the 2001 Lectureship Award from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). It was my intent during the talk to review our field and implications that some of the new initiatives called “patient safety” have for our expertise. This article is based on the SHEA Lectureship that was given April 1, 2001, at the SHEA Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.This article consists of four sections. First, I review lessons learned from colleagues during the 33 years that I have been associated with the field of hospital epidemiology and infection control, since my first days at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Second, I explore issues raised by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on patient safety, adverse events, and medical errors, evaluating research that went into the extrapolation of the numbers of preventable deaths that this report highlighted. Those deaths gained everyone's attention. Third, I review the field of healthcare epidemiology, highlighting the three decades of success in our field in enhancing the safety of patients, improving their outcomes, and making a difference in the quality of medical care received in the United States. Finally, I discuss the challenges that hospital epidemiology currently faces and the opportunities that come with the expertise we have developed during more than 30 years.
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Banks, John. "Co-Creative Expertise: Auran Games and Fury — A Case Study." Media International Australia 130, no. 1 (February 2009): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0913000110.
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This article discusses the ways in which the relations among professional and non-professional participants in co-creative relations are being reconfigured as part of the shift from a closed industrial paradigm of expertise towards open and distributed expertise networks. This article draws on ethnographic consultancy research undertaken throughout 2007 with Auran Games, a Brisbane, Australia-based games developer, to explore the co-creative relationships between professional developers and gamers. This research followed and informed Auran's online community management and social networking strategies for Fury ( http://unleashthefury.com ), a massively multiplayer online game released in October 2007. This paper argues that these co-creative forms of expertise involve coordinating expertise through social-network markets.
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Wong, Pak-Hang. "Rituals and Machines: A Confucian Response to Technology-Driven Moral Deskilling." Philosophies 4, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4040059.
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Robots and other smart machines are increasingly interwoven into the social fabric of our society, with the area and scope of their application continuing to expand. As we become accustomed to interacting through and with robots, we also begin to supplement or replace existing human–human interactions with human–machine interactions. This article aims to discuss the impacts of the shift from human–human interactions to human–machine interactions in one facet of our self-constitution, i.e., morality. More specifically, it sets out to explore whether and how the shift to human–machine interactions can affect our moral cultivation. I shall structure the article around what Shannon Vallor calls technology-driven moral deskilling, i.e., the phenomenon of technology negatively affecting individual moral cultivation, and shall also attempt to offer a Confucian response to the problem. I first elaborate in detail Vallor’s idea of technology-driven moral deskilling. Next, I discuss three paradigms of virtue acquisition identified by Nancy E. Snow, i.e., the “folk” paradigm, the skill-and-expertise paradigm, and the Confucian paradigm, and show how the Confucian paradigm can help us to respond to technology-driven moral deskilling. Finally, I introduce the idea of Confucian rituals (li) and argue for the ritualizing of machines as an answer to technology-driven moral deskilling.
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Lehmann, Constance M., and Cynthia D. Heagy. "An Introduction to the Clinical Case Representation Paradigm for Information Systems Research." Journal of Information Systems 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jis.2006.20.1.87.
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The purpose of this paper is to explain how the use of the Clinical Case Representation Paradigm (CCRP) in accounting information systems (IS) research has the potential to enrich our knowledge of expertise development in IS. The CCRP has been tested extensively in the medical literature, improving the previous novice-expert research by introducing a stage theory of expertise development, which analyzes novice, intermediate, and expert-level judgment and decision making. We propose the use of this paradigm in IS research and provide suggestions for its application using data collected from IS professionals and AIS students. Our results are similar to those found in other CCRP studies in that the more experienced professionals had more concise problem representations, included more inferences (i.e., indicating encapsulated knowledge), and matched the canonical representation and solution more closely. Interestingly, evidence of solution quality was found at the intermediate level. We indicate the limitations of our application of the CCRP and make suggestions for further research projects.
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Snyder, Yaakov, Yale T. Herer, Michael Moore, Avishai Catane, and Richard M. Novak. "The Flexible Scheduling Paradigm: The Prototype School." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 14, no. 05 (March 14, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i05.9683.
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The flexible scheduling paradigm (FSP) improves student learning by dynamically redeploying teachers and other pedagogical resources to provide students with customized learning conditions over shorter time periods called ‘mini-terms’ instead of semesters or years. By conceptualizing the school curriculum as a physical map, we customize the routing of students through curriculum using a core curriculum-targeted mastery-based approach. FSP increases deployed teacher effectiveness by making customized mentoring part of teacher’s regular schedules and by deploying teachers to their strengths. We establish a prima facie case for FSP by building comparative simulations of various schools as they are currently run (the Present Schools) and the same schools as they would be run with FSP (the Schools of the Future). Statistical results of the simulations confirmed that using FSP can increase key educational metrics including graduation rates, final course grades, mean grades in core curriculum, average teacher effectiveness, and the quality of teacher deployed expertise.
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Litchfield, Damien, and Tim Donovan. "THE FLASH-PREVIEW MOVING WINDOW PARADIGM: UNPACKING VISUAL EXPERTISE ONE GLIMPSE AT A TIME." Frontline Learning Research 5, no. 3 (July 14, 2017): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14786/flr.v5i3.269.
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Febriani, Nur Arfiyah. "EKOSUFISME BERWAWASAN GENDER DALAM AL-QUR’AN." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 16, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2017.161.127-152.
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Environmental damage is increasingly a problem of the world. Environmental organizations in the world such as Green Peace, WWF and IPCC in 2014 showed that the damage on the earth, the sea and the air has reached a very worrisome stage. Scientists with a variety of expertise have been trying to offer solutions on this problem, including religious studies scholars who have also tried to build a paradigm based on the scripture. In a profoundly Sufi scientific tradition, the idea of eco-sufism in reconstructing the anthropocentric paradigm is interesting because it touches the deepest dimensions of humanity to build consciousness in the conservative action for the sake of the God. The writer also tries to unite gender relations with eco-sufism, as an effort to build an integral and holistic paradigm of society. This is because, without an integrated and holistic paradigm for all the people in the world, environmental conservation efforts will be only limited to small groups of humans among 2 (two) billion citizens of the world. [Kerusakan lingkungan terus menjadi permasalahan yang begitu mengkhawatirkan masyarakat dunia. Organisasi lingkungan di dunia seperti Green Peace, WWF dan IPCC pada tahun 2014 menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan di bumi, laut dan udara sudah sampai tahap yang sangat mengkhawatikan. Saintis dengan berbagai keahlian mencoba menawarkan solusi atas berbagai persoalan ini, termasuk para ahli agama yang mencoba masuk dalam tatanan membangun paradigma masyarakat sesuai arahan kitab suci. Dalam tradisi ilmiah sufi yang kental dengan nuansa spiritual, gagasan tentang eko-sufisme dalam merekonstruksi paradigma antroposentris adalah hal menarik kare- na menyentuh dimensi terdalam manusia untuk membangun kesadaran beraksi dalam konservasi demi rida Ilahi. Penulis juga mencoba untuk menyatukan relasi gender dengan ekosufisme, sebagai tawaran dalam upaya memba- ngun paradigma masyarakat yang integral dan holistik. Ini karena, sehebat apapun upaya yang dilakukan, tanpa membangun paradigma yang terintegrasi dan holistik bagi segenap masyarakat dunia, upaya konservasi lingkun- gan hanya akan dilakukan segelintir kelompok manusia di antara 2 Milyar warganya.]
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Madsen, Jens Koed. "Voter Reasoning Bias When Evaluating Statements from Female and Male Political Candidates." Politics & Gender 15, no. 02 (August 8, 2018): 310–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000302.
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AbstractThe article examines whether female political candidates are disfavored in terms of persuasiveness potential based on their expertise and trustworthiness. Using a Bayesian argumentation paradigm in which candidates endorse policies, this study shows that male voters regard female candidates as less persuasive than male candidates. A controlled between-subjects experiment among 202 potential voters in the United States suggests that female election candidates are subject to sex biases in two central ways. First, despite agreeing on their trustworthiness and expertise, male voters find highly credible female candidates less persuasive than identical male candidates. Second, female candidates are affected more adversely if they are perceived as lacking in trustworthiness. Male candidates, on the other hand, are affected more negatively if they are perceived as lacking in expertise. Whereas perceived lack of expertise is relatively easy to repair, trustworthiness may be difficult to regain once it is lost. In a political environment in which attack ads are prevalent, this may carry a greater negative impact for female candidates.
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Gauthier, Isabel, and Kim M. Curby. "A Perceptual Traffic Jam on Highway N170." Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 1 (February 2005): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00329.x.
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Whether face processing is modular or not has been the topic of a lively empirical and theoretical debate. In expert observers, the perception of nonface objects in their domain of expertise is remarkably similar to their perception of faces, in patterns of both behavioral performance and brain activation, providing some evidence against the modularity of face perception. However, the studies that have yielded these results do not rule out the possibility that object expertise and face processing occur in spatially overlapping, but functionally independent, brain regions. Recent research using an interference paradigm reveals that expert object (car) processing interferes with face processing. The level of interference was proportional to an individual's level of car expertise. These results may provide the most direct evidence to date that face and object recognition are not functionally independent.
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Brants, Marijke, Johan Wagemans, and Hans P. Op de Beeck. "Activation of Fusiform Face Area by Greebles Is Related to Face Similarity but Not Expertise." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 3949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00072.
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Some of the brain areas in the ventral temporal lobe, such as the fusiform face area (FFA), are critical for face perception in humans, but what determines this specialization is a matter of debate. The face specificity hypothesis claims that faces are processed in a domain-specific way. Alternatively, the expertise hypothesis states that the FFA is specialized in processing objects of expertise. To disentangle these views, some previous experiments used an artificial class of novel objects called Greebles. These experiments combined a learning and fMRI paradigm. Given the high impact of the results in the literature, we replicated and further investigated this paradigm. In our experiment, eight participants were trained for ten 1-hr sessions at identifying Greebles. We scanned participants before and after training and examined responses in FFA and lateral occipital complex. Most importantly and in contrast to previous reports, we found a neural inversion effect for Greebles before training. This result suggests that people process the “novel” Greebles as faces, even before training. This prediction was confirmed in a postexperimental debriefing. In addition, we did not find an increase of the inversion effect for Greebles in the FFA after training. This indicates that the activity in the FFA for Greebles does not depend on the degree of expertise acquired with the objects but on the interpretation of the stimuli as face-related.
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Prihantoro, Agung. "Mengembangkan Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Yang Kreatif." Ulumuddin : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman 8, no. 1 (June 14, 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47200/ulumuddin.v8i1.173.
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The main problem of students in Indonesia in learning English as a second languages is that they have been learning English since they studied in the basic schools but they cannot communicate (read, write, speak, listen [RWSL]) in English well as some researches show it. The problem is concerned with teaching and learning components that are students, teachers, curriculum, learning material, teaching and learning activity, classrooms, and learning tools. The article focuses on learning material and teaching and learning activity that should drive studentsaat higher education able to communicate in English well. The learning material includes knowledge, skills and expertise, values, and attitudes and behaviors. The teaching and learning activity contains (1) paradigm shift from instruction paradigm to learning paradigm and (2) communicative learning strategy.
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Mann, Derek T. Y., A. Mark Williams, Paul Ward, and Christopher M. Janelle. "Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 29, no. 4 (August 2007): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457.
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Research focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport is abundant. However, the existing qualitative syntheses of this research lack the quantitative detail necessary to determine the magnitude of differences between groups of varying levels of skills, thereby limiting the theoretical and practical contribution of this body of literature. We present a meta-analytic review focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport (N = 42 studies, 388 effect sizes) with the primary aim of quantifying expertise differences. Effects were calculated for a variety of dependent measures (i.e., response accuracy, response time, number of visual fixations, visual fixation duration, and quiet eye period) using point-biserial correlation. Results indicated that experts are better than nonexperts in picking up perceptual cues, as revealed by measures of response accuracy and response time. Systematic differences in visual search behaviors were also observed, with experts using fewer fixations of longer duration, including prolonged quiet eye periods, compared with nonexperts. Several factors (e.g., sport type, research paradigm employed, and stimulus presentation modality) significantly moderated the relationship between level of expertise and perceptual-cognitive skill. Practical and theoretical implications are presented and suggestions for empirical work are provided.
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Wimpelmann, Torunn. "The informal justice paradigm and the appropriation of ‘local reality’." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 64, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v64i3.360.
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This article traces the emergence of a new paradigm within rule of law assistance and the forms of appropriation that operate through it. An informal justice paradigm promotes external support to non-state justice as more sensitive to local aspirations and as a more efficient form of intervention. I problematise this paradigm by unpacking both its discursive premises and the actual mechanisms through which aid to informal justice can take place. I argue that the celebrated sensitivity to local context, contrary to assertions, in the last instance empower outside experts, whose mandate it becomes to validate ‘local reality’ and render it amendable for intervention. In sum, the informal justice paradigm enables a parallel form of governance where national institutions are deemed optional at best and irrelevant at worst, where ultimate authority is exercised by international expertise and where accountability to the local population is, on the whole, eroded.
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Reddy, KR. "Evidence Based Medicine: A Paradigm for Clinical Practice." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 11, no. 02 (December 31, 2018): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v11i02.22989.
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Evidence based medicine (EBM) is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. In the practice of EBM it is the physician’s duty to find the best and most current information and apply it judiciously for the benefit of the patient.
The practice of EBM involves formulating a clear clinical question from a patient’s problem, searching the literature to acquire the evidence, then critically appraising the evidence for its validity and usefulness, and applying the results by implementing useful findings into clinical practice, and finally evaluating this application of evidence on patient. An important rule in EBM is that it starts with the patient and ends with the patient.
Evidence based medicine requires new skills of the physician, including efficient literature searching and the application of formal rules of evidence evaluation from the clinical literature.
Incorporation of EBM into one’s practice will not only make one a better clinician, it also allows one to provide the best possible quality of medical care to his or her patients. Thus EBM can be incorporated as an integral part of the medical curriculum.
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Kolesnyk, M., N. Stepanova, E. Krasyuk, L. Liksunova, R. Semenyuk, and T. Kostinenko. "Prevention, diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury: Adapted clinical guidelines of the Ukrainian Association of Nephrologists and Kidney Transplant Specialists." Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis, no. 1(69) (February 1, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31450/ukrjnd.1(69).2021.02.
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Over the last decade, the paradigm of acute renal injury has been changed fundamentally. Unfortunately, the routine clinical practice in Ukraine demonstrates extremely unsatisfactory awareness of the medical community on these issues. In this regard, the Expert Group of the Ukrainian Association of Nephrologists and Kidney Transplant Specialists has created the Adapted Clinical Guidelines on this important issue to improve the professional expertise of doctors, awareness of patients and their families.
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Yelovich, Mary-Clair. "Acknowledging Patient Expertise and the Negotiation of Meanings in the Clinical Encounter." European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 8, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v8i3.1862.
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Patient non-adherence is a common and important problem in clinical medicine. Some cases of patient non-adherence are cases in which the patient disagrees with the physician’s recommended treatment based on particular reasons. In this chapter, by drawing upon the science and technology studies literature, specifically the discussion by Collins and Evans and also Wynne of how best to understand scientific controversies, I relate their ideas to the analogous conflict that may occur within a clinical encounter. I draw upon their recognition of the importance of contributory expertise and interactional expertise in providing legitimate knowledge. I also draw upon Wynne’s idea of the ‘negotiation of meanings’ as an important element of the clinical interaction. To resolve potential conflicts between patient and physician before they develop into ‘non-adherence’, I propose the need for a new epistemological framework that recognizes legitimate knowledge offered by the patient as well as the physician. By situating this patient expertise framework within the paradigm of person-centred medicine, and by assuming the goal of medical treatment to be treatment of suffering, patient expertise becomes centralized as a means of determining the nature of patient suffering. Two aspects of the patient’s tacit knowledge - the body aspect and the meaning aspect - both of which are context-dependent and directly accessible only to the patient, are thus recognized as knowledge essential to the success of the interaction. The physician’s role becomes that of both medical expert and possessor of interactional expertise, by which the physician recognizes and includes patient expertise in the treatment decision. Finally, the patient expertise framework must also involve recognizing and incorporating the ‘negotiation of meanings’ into the development of a treatment plan. By acknowledging the importance of patient expertise and the negotiation of meanings, this patient expertise framework should dissolve the problem of patient non-adherence that derives from the patient disagreeing with the therapeutic plan.
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Brown, Clifford E., Jonathan A. Selvaraj, Brian S. Zaff, Michael D. McNeese, and Randall D. Whitaker. "An Integrative Bargaining Paradigm for Investigating Multidisciplinary Design Tradeoffs." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 16 (October 1994): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801608.
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In design teams, decision making entails negotiation among parties pursuing common goals with potentially divergent interests and objectives (Bucciarelli, 1988). In multidisciplinary design teams, these parties negotiate from perspectives further biased by their respective backgrounds, expertise, and roles. System design can be improved if we better understand how technical data are communicated and assimilated, how mutually advantageous tradeoffs are discovered, and how the managing of design tradeoffs can best be supported. As part of our larger research effort in Collaborative Design Technology, we are examining the processes by which integrative design tradeoffs are realized, in preparation for enhancing these processes through data visualization and communication tools facilitating mutual understanding and consensual decision making. This initial report describes our work to date in creating and validating an experimental paradigm to serve as a testbed for subsequent studies of multidisciplinary design practice. This paper describes the paradigm and the initial attempts to demonstrate its ecological validity. This initial validation effort involved a comparison of novices and experts in the field of design and their performance on the design decision making task. We found that experts performed better than novices on the design task, which provided initial validation support for the experimental paradigm.
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Hui, David, and Eduardo Bruera. "Supportive and Palliative Oncology—A New Paradigm for Comprehensive Cancer Care." Oncology & Hematology Review (US) 09, no. 01 (2013): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ohr.2013.09.1.68.
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Patients with advanced cancer often experience symptoms related to increasing tumor burden, cancer treatments, and psychosocial stressors. They also have significant social, informational, and decision-making needs. Palliative care practitioners have developed expertise to address many of these supportive care concerns through interprofessional teamwork, validated assessments, multidimensional interventions, and frequent communication. In this article, we aim to provide an evidence-based update on several important palliative care topics, including management of pain, fatigue, anorexiacachexia, depression, and anxiety, as well as patientclinician communication and decision-making. Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that palliative care can improve symptom burden, quality of life, quality of care, satisfaction, and possibly survival and cost of care. To enhance the level of care for patients with advanced cancer, oncologists need to have a good working knowledge of the major palliative care principles, and to refer patients to palliative care programs often and early in the disease trajectory.
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Saghir, Samira, Furqan K. Hashmi, Sitaram Khadka, and Madiha Rizvi. "Paradigm Shift in Practice: The Role of Pharmacists in COVID-19 Management." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v2i2.93.
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The continuously escalating burden of COVID-19 pandemic is challenging the health care systems around the world. The healthcare professionals of different specialties throughout the globe are working day and night for its proper mitigation. Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who are working on the frontline for the management of COVID-19 in different settings. In this review, we highlight the potential roles pharmacists can play for effective management of COVID-19. The collaborative effort of all professionals, including healthcare and other stakeholders is necessary for the appropriate management of such pandemic. Pharmacists, having expertise in clinical as well as administrative aspects, can play a pivotal role in extended health services (EHS) from prevention to eradication of COVID-19. Firm determination, inter- and intra- professional collaboration, and legislative support are mandatory for the rational practice of professionalism in such disasters.
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Levytskyy, Viktor S. "Philosophical expertise of πολιτικής in the post-truth era." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 21, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-1-19-23.
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The article discusses the transformation of the world system of the post-truth era, which is affecting the central meanings of culture. The necessity of a philosophical analysis of semantic interventions which are becoming the part of the strategy of conscious construction of reality is substantiated. Basing on the transcendentalist tradition, phenomenological sociology in particular, the author shows that the crisis of legitimacy of universal reason leads to the possibility of conscious construction of a social reality as a value-semantic universe, which is becoming one of the tools of ideological confrontation and political struggle in modern conditions. The ideological narratives used both for self-justification of cultural subjectivity and for influencing the subjectivity of competitors are linked into integral systems, which are built around the central meanings of culture, and serve, on the one hand, as the basis for the interpretation of individual events, and on the other, as a factor of the identity’s formation and the basis of the entire communities’ practical activities, to the extent of national and civilization projects. This approach allows to: 1) associate the construction of social reality with its semantic dimension; 2) see the principles, methods, goals, beneficiaries, etc. of a conscious construction of reality; 3) suggest ways of countering the conscious interference in the semantic sphere of culture. As a result, the need for a philosophical examination of the geopolitical process and national (civilizational) development strategies is argued, which makes the paradigm narratives and the semantic dimension of social reality more coherent and stable as a whole with respect to the external interference.
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Hakala, Ismo, and Xinyu Tan. "A Statecharts-Based Approach for WSN Application Development." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9040045.
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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) software development challenges developers in two main ways: through system programming, which requires expertise in hardware and network management; and application programming, which requires domain-specific knowledge. However, domain programmers often lack WSN programming expertise. Likewise, system-specific programmers may find it difficult to understand domain-specific requirements. As a result, domain programmers often refrain from using WSN technology in domain-specific applications. Therefore, we propose a Finite State Machine (FSM)-based approach with an affiliated framework to decouple application functionality from WSN details. Instead of the traditional flat FSM, we use statecharts formalism because of its relaxed definition of system states. In this paper, we compare the statecharts paradigm against two basic WSN sensor node programming frameworks. The result exhibits that statecharts are an advanced paradigm in WSN application development. It motivated us to develop a statecharts framework. In our framework, we choose not to use the typical solution which converts statecharts to programming code. Instead of that, we implement a statecharts middleware associated with action libraries to interpret and actuate raw statecharts on an operating system. This approach allows domain programmers to concentrate on WSN application behavior, and system-specific programmers to focus on developing WSN services. We also introduce our statecharts middleware and present a living example with performance evaluation.
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Kashiwagi, Dean, Jacob Kashiwagi, Abraham Kashiwagi, and Kenneth Sullivan. "Best Value Solution Designed in a Developing Country." Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 4, no. 2 (December 3, 2012): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v4i2.94.
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For the last two years, researchers have been working with parties in Malaysia to implement best value practices. After two years of research work, the effort has many lessons learned. Lessons learned include a combination of factors that make the best value approach difficult in a developing country such as Malaysia. The different strata of economic levels give the upper levels (owners) a greater perceived ability to control the supply chain even though they may lack the expertise. This causes owners to attempt to deliver construction by controlling the vendors, both professionals and contractors. This increases the difficulty moving from a price based or owner directed system to a best value environment, which releases control to experts. The authors use deductive logic models which show decision making, direction, and control negatively impact accountability, proactive behavior, and the use of expertise. The two-year research program results in addressing the issue of how a buyer in a developing country can utilize the expertise of experts, and how the expert can change their function to get a controlling owner to use their expertise. The paradigm shift needs to take place among the elite and the visionary, before the overall environment can make the change. The product of this research project is to meet the requirements of a visionary group of quantity surveyors in Malaysia.
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Harrison, Róisín Elaine, Martin Giesel, and Constanze Hesse. "Temporal-order judgement task suggests chronological action representations in motor experts and non-experts." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 6, 2020): 1879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820936982.
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Motor priming studies have suggested that human movements are mentally represented in the order in which they usually occur (i.e., chronologically). In this study, we investigated whether we could find evidence for these chronological representations using a paradigm which has frequently been employed to reveal biases in the perceived temporal order of events—the temporal-order judgement task. We used scrambled and unscrambled images of early and late movement phases from an everyday action sequence (“stepping”) and an expert action sequence (“sprinting”) to examine whether participants’ mental representations of actions would bias their temporal-order judgements. In addition, we explored whether motor expertise mediated the size of temporal-order judgement biases by comparing the performances of sprinting experts with those of non-experts. For both action types, we found significant temporal-order judgement biases for all participants, indicating that there was a tendency to perceive images of human action sequences in their natural order, independent of motor expertise. Although there was no clear evidence that sprinting experts showed larger biases for sprinting action sequences than non-experts, considering sports expertise in a broader sense provided some tentative evidence for the idea that temporal-order judgement biases may be mediated by more general motor and/or perceptual familiarity with the running action rather than specific motor expertise.
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Bilek, Edda, Matthias Ruf, Axel Schäfer, Ceren Akdeniz, Vince D. Calhoun, Christian Schmahl, Charmaine Demanuele, Heike Tost, Peter Kirsch, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. "Information flow between interacting human brains: Identification, validation, and relationship to social expertise." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (April 6, 2015): 5207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421831112.
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Social interactions are fundamental for human behavior, but the quantification of their neural underpinnings remains challenging. Here, we used hyperscanning functional MRI (fMRI) to study information flow between brains of human dyads during real-time social interaction in a joint attention paradigm. In a hardware setup enabling immersive audiovisual interaction of subjects in linked fMRI scanners, we characterize cross-brain connectivity components that are unique to interacting individuals, identifying information flow between the sender’s and receiver’s temporoparietal junction. We replicate these findings in an independent sample and validate our methods by demonstrating that cross-brain connectivity relates to a key real-world measure of social behavior. Together, our findings support a central role of human-specific cortical areas in the brain dynamics of dyadic interactions and provide an approach for the noninvasive examination of the neural basis of healthy and disturbed human social behavior with minimal a priori assumptions.
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Büdenbender, Niklas, and Gunter Kreutz. "Long-term representations of melodies in Western listeners: Influences of familiarity, musical expertise, tempo and structure." Psychology of Music 45, no. 5 (October 19, 2016): 665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616671408.
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We investigated the effects of familiarity, level of musical expertise, musical tempo, and structural boundaries on the identification of familiar and unfamiliar tunes. Healthy Western listeners ( N = 62; age range 14–64 years) judged their level of familiarity with a preselected set of melodies when the number of tones of a given melody was increased from trial to trial according to the so-called gating paradigm. The number of tones served as one dependent measure. The second dependent measure was the physical duration of the stimulus presentation until listeners identified a melody as familiar or unfamiliar. Results corroborate previous work, suggesting that listeners need less information to recognize familiar as compared to unfamiliar melodies. Both decreasing and increasing the original tempo by a factor of two delayed the identification of familiar melodies. Furthermore, listeners had more difficulty identifying unfamiliar melodies when tempo was increased. Finally, musical expertise significantly influenced identification of either melodic category, i.e., reducing the required number of tones. Taken together, the findings support theories which suggest that tempo information is coded in melody representation, and that musical expertise is associated with especially efficient strategies for accessing long-term representations of melodic materials.
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Libson, Ayelet Hoffmann. "In the Shadow of Doubt: Expertise, Knowledge, and Systematization in Rabbinic Purity Laws." AJS Review 44, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009419000904.
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AbstractThis article revisits rabbinic laws of menstrual impurity by comparing them to the parallel laws of male impurity. The prevailing scholarly paradigm has examined menstrual purity laws through the lens of cultural criticism and gender analysis, demonstrating that the sages molded the legal discourse of this field to construct their own authority vis-à-vis the women they describe. By contrast, this article argues that a comparison of menstrual impurity laws with the laws of male impurities discloses substantial parallels that have not been sufficiently explored. This comparison demonstrates that the rabbis developed similar legal categories for both men and women, revealing more about their systematic legal thinking than about their gender economy. Tracing the development of both male and female impurities through rabbinic sources thus has the potential to uncover not only the gendered constructions engaged by the rabbis, but also fundamental rabbinic ideas about the body, legal knowledge, and rabbinic expertise.
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Casinader, Niranjan, and Lucas Walsh. "Investigating the cultural understandings of International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme teachers from a transcultural perspective." Journal of Research in International Education 18, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475240919891001.
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It is now generally accepted that the teaching of cultural understanding is central to international education, exemplified in globally directed curricula such as those of the International Baccalaureate. However, research in this area has tended to focus on student outcomes of cultural education, even though globalisation and the nature of modern society has heightened the need for teachers who have the expertise to teach cultural education in ways that are more contemporarily relevant. Studies of teacher capacity to meet the specific demands of cultural learnings have been under-researched, tending to be situated within discourses that do not reflect the complex cultural reality of 21st century society. Using the context of a research study of Primary Years Programme teachers in International Baccalaureate schools, this paper argues that cultural education could be improved if teacher expertise is developed under the more inclusive paradigm of transculturalism.
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Katz, Meir. "Towards a New Moral Paradigm in Health Care Delivery: Accounting for Individuals." American Journal of Law & Medicine 36, no. 1 (March 2010): 78–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881003600102.
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For years, commentators have debated how to most appropriately allocate scarce medical resources over large populations. In this paper, I abstract the major rationing schema into three general approaches: rationing by price, quantity, and prioritization. Each has both normative appeal and considerable weakness. After exploring them, I present what some commentators have termed the “moral paradigm” as an alternative to broader philosophies designed to encapsulate the universe of options available to allocators (often termed the market, professional, and political paradigms). While not itself an abstraction of any specific viable rationing scheme, it provides a strong basis for the development of a new scheme that offers considerable moral and political appeal often absent from traditionally employed rationing schema.As I explain, the moral paradigm, in its strong, absolute, and uncompromising version, is economically untenable. This paper articulates a modified version of the moral paradigm that is pluralist in nature rather than absolute. It appeals to the moral, emotional, and irrational sensibilities of each individual person. The moral paradigm, so articulated, can complement any health care delivery system that policy-makers adopt. It functions by granting individuals the ability to appeal to an administrative adjudicatory board designated for this purpose. The adjudicatory board would have the expertise and power to act in response to the complaints of individual aggrieved patients, including those complaints that stem from the moral, religious, ethical, emotional, irrational, or other subjective positions of the patient, and would have plenary power to affirm the denial of access to medical care or to mandate the provision of such care. The board must be designed to facilitate its intended function while creating structural limitations on abuse of power and other excess. I make some specific suggestions on matters of structure and function in the hope of demonstrating both that this adjudicatory model can function and that it can do so immediately, regardless of the underlying health care delivery system or its theoretical underpinnings.
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Gygax, Pascal M., Pascal Wagner-Egger, Ben Parris, Roland Seiler, and Claude-Alain Hauert. "A Psycholinguistic Investigation of Football Players’ Mental Representations of Game Situations: Does Expertise Count?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 67, no. 2 (June 2008): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.67.2.85.
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In order to progress through a competitive sporting event, athletes need to form mental representations of the situations they encounter. In this paper, we present three experiments exploring the mental representations of football players when presented with written material describing football game situations. Experiment 1 assessed off-line processing by having players of different levels generate written football scripts. The results predominantly showed that players of lower expertise were less “other-oriented” and included more emotional elements in their mental representations. Experiments 2a and 2b further explored these differences. Using an on-line measure, a reading-time paradigm, we showed that First Division players’ mental representations more easily included “others” and less readily included emotions, as opposed to both National League and Fifth Division players. Although Fifth Division and National League were similar, different cognitive processes may underlie the construction of the players’ mental representations.
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Scharf, Rüdiger E. "Hemostasis Laboratory Diagnostics: Characteristics, Communication Issues, and Current Challenges Resulting from Centralization of Laboratory Medicine." Hämostaseologie 40, no. 04 (October 22, 2020): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1249-8767.
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AbstractLaboratory diagnostics of patients with bleeding and thrombotic disorders can be a delicate task, which requires special skills and expertise. In this article, characteristic features of hemostasis testing are reviewed, including staged protocols and synoptic assessment of the patient history, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings. Despite major progress in the diagnostic and therapeutic management, centralized testing of hemostasis can be associated with substantial challenges, resulting from the current dissociation between the clinical and laboratory world. To address some of these challenges, possible solutions are discussed, including adaptation of an established working paradigm.
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Bergenheim, Sophy. "From Barracks to Garden Cities." Science & Technology Studies 33, no. 2 (May 14, 2020): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.60807.
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This article examines how Väestöliitto, the Finnish Population and Family Welfare League, developed into a housing policy expert during the 1940s and 1950s. Through frame analysis, I outline how Väestöliitto constructed urbanisation and ‘barrack cities’, i.e. an urban, tenement-based environment, as a social problem and how, respectively, it framed ‘garden cities’ as a solution. In the 1940s, Väestöliitto promoted a national body for centralised housing policy and national planning. When the ARAVA laws (1949) turned out to be a mere financing system, Väestöliitto harnessed its expertise into more concrete action. In 1951, together with five other NGOs, Väestöliitto founded the Housing Foundation and embarked on a project for constructing a model city. This garden city became the residential suburb Tapiola. This marked a paradigm shift in Finnish town planning and housing policy, which had until then lacked a holistic and systematic approach. Along the 1940s–1950s, Väestöliitto thus constructed and developed its expertise from an influential interest organisation to a concrete housing policy actor.
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FOOTER, MARY E. "Post-normal science in the multilateral trading system: social science expertise and the EC–Biotech Panel." World Trade Review 6, no. 2 (July 2007): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560700328x.
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AbstractThe recent EC–Biotech case highlights the emerging regulatory divide between WTO Members and reveals a deepening crisis over issues of science and governance in the world trading system. This article focuses on the potential role that social science expertise might play as an analytical tool in understanding trade disputes involving scientific expertise relating to matters of risk assessment and polycentric decision-making. Particular consideration is given to the paradigm of ‘post-normal’ science, which pertains in situations where competent national authorities have to frame and implement policies before all the (scientific) facts are known. As the amicus curiae brief by a group of five social scientists before the EC–Biotech Panel demonstrates, where there is a high degree of scientific uncertainty, as in the case of GM products, post-normal science can offer a valuable means of framing the dispute in a broader societal context than the sound science approach, which is used to assess health, safety, and environmental risks under the SPS Agreement.
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Reeve, Joanne. "Primary care redesign for person-centred care: delivering an international generalist revolution." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 4 (2018): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18019.
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Person-centred primary care is a priority for patients, healthcare practitioners and health policy. Despite this, data suggest person-centred care is still not consistently achieved – and indeed, that in some areas, care may be worsening. Whole-person care is the expertise of the medical generalist – an area of clinical practice that has been neglected by health policy for some time. It is internationally recognised that there is a need to rebalance specialist and generalist primary care. Drawing on 15 years of scholarship within the science of medical generalism (the expertise of whole-person medical care), this discussion paper outlines a three-tiered approach to primary care redesign; describing changes needed at the level of the consultation, practice set up and strategic planning. The changing needs of patients living with complex chronic illness has already started a revolution in our understanding of healthcare systems. This paper outlines work to support that paradigm shift from disease-focused to person-focused primary healthcare.
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Güldenpenning, Iris, Wilfried Kunde, Matthias Weigelt, and Thomas Schack. "Priming of Future States in Complex Motor Skills." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000156.
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The ability to anticipate future states of perceived actions is an important faculty for motor control and the generation of coordinated social interaction. Here, we studied whether the perception of a static posture of a complex movement automatically activates representations of future states of this particular movement event. We did this by using a priming paradigm with photographs of a high-jump movement. Participants judged whether a picture depicted a posture from the approach or flight phase of that movement. To evaluate expertise-dependent effects of priming, non-athletes and athletes were compared. Results revealed faster responding when prime and target pictures were assigned to the same motor response (response priming), and when the temporal order of prime and target matched the temporal order of the depicted postures in a real high jump (temporal-order priming). Whereas experts showed a temporal-order effect even within the same response category, such an effect occurred for novices only between response categories. A second experiment confirmed that these between-group differences are due to domain-specific motor expertise (i.e., high jump) rather than to general motor experiences. Altogether our results suggest that motor expertise results in a more fine-grained posture-based movement representation.
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Griera, Mar. "Public policies, interfaith associations and religious minorities: a new policy paradigm? Evidence from the case of Barcelona." Social Compass 59, no. 4 (December 2012): 570–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768612460800.
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Religious diversity is posing new and urgent challenges to local authorities and there is no solid foundation of expertise in dealing with this issue at the local level. In some European cities, interfaith platforms are providing local authorities with new governance tools to cope with the challenges of religious diversity and are generating new ways of framing and representing religion in the public sphere. The author takes the city of Barcelona as a case study with the aim of exploring the emergence of a new model for dealing with religious minority issues that goes beyond State–Church relations and the political legacies in this area.
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Singhal, Arvind, and Peer Jacob Svenkerud. "Flipping the Diffusion of Innovations Paradigm: Embracing the Positive Deviance Approach to Social Change." Asia Pacific Media Educator 29, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1326365x19857010.
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The classical diffusion of the innovations paradigm has faced criticism for reifying outside-in, expert-driven approaches to solving problems and for overlooking and rejecting local solutions. In this article, we argue that diffusion scholars should pay more attention to approaches such as positive deviance (PD) that enable communities to discover the wisdom they already have and then to act on it. PD is an asset-based approach that identifies what is going right in a community to amplify it, as opposed to focusing on what is going wrong in a community and fixing it with outside expertise. In the PD approach, the change is led by internal change agents who, with access to no special resources, present the social behavioural proof to their peers that problems can be solved. Given that the solutions are generated locally, they are more likely to sustain and be owned by potential adopters.
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Müller, Mira, Julian Klein, and Thomas Jacobsen. "Beyond Demand: Investigating Spontaneous Evaluation of Chord Progressions with the Affective Priming Paradigm." Music Perception 29, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2011.29.1.93.
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We assume that evaluative processes in response to musical stimuli can occur spontaneously without explicit demand, and that these responses are important for the emergence of emotions evoked by music. Two versions of the affective priming paradigm served to study spontaneous evaluation of music. In Experiment 1, a lexical decision task (LDT) and in Experiments 2 and 3, an evaluative decision task (EDT) was employed. A total of 20 original four-part, five-chord piano sequences with no specified harmonic resolution were used as primes. During the LDT, congruency in valence of prime-target pairs did not affect response times to the targets. However, for the EDT, significant effects of priming were obtained, indicating that spontaneous evaluations of primes must have occurred. No moderating influences of music expertise or any other person variable on spontaneous evaluation were observed. The diverging results of LDT and EDT point to the possibility that spontaneous evaluative processes are sensitive to context manipulations. Results are discussed with reference to harmonic and semantic priming studies.
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McSpadden, Emalinda L. "An Educational Paradigm in the Midst of Shifting: Students’ and Professors’ Attitudes toward Classroom Technology." Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology 7, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434//jotlt.v7n1.23368.
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Many community college educators struggle with the notion of technology as integral to classroom learning, concerned about changing the very nature of what classroom learning means. For students, there are similar concerns regarding classroom experience, especially if students come from different educational backgrounds, generations, or levels of technological expertise. This qualitative research study compares student and professor experiences of classroom-specific technology use, and findings indicate convergent and divergent themes among students and professors specific to their classroom technology experiences. Students and professors agree that technology should be used in classrooms, despite sometimes hindering creativity and becoming a distraction. Students and professors disagreed in their satisfaction with amounts of classroom technology use and assurance in the efficacy of that technology use. These findings provide valuable insights and fundamental guiding principles for assessing the relationship between users and classroom technology.
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McSpadden, Emalinda L. "An Educational Paradigm in the Midst of Shifting: Students’ and Professors’ Attitudes toward Classroom Technology." Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology 7, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/jotlt.v7i1.23368.
Full textAbstract:
Many community college educators struggle with the notion of technology as integral to classroom learning, concerned about changing the very nature of what classroom learning means. For students, there are similar concerns regarding classroom experience, especially if students come from different educational backgrounds, generations, or levels of technological expertise. This qualitative research study compares student and professor experiences of classroom-specific technology use, and findings indicate convergent and divergent themes among students and professors specific to their classroom technology experiences. Students and professors agree that technology should be used in classrooms, despite sometimes hindering creativity and becoming a distraction. Students and professors disagreed in their satisfaction with amounts of classroom technology use and assurance in the efficacy of that technology use. These findings provide valuable insights and fundamental guiding principles for assessing the relationship between users and classroom technology.
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Prasetyo, Guruh, Hermanu Joebagio, and Sri Yamtinah. "Modern Paradigm: Democratic Skills in a Higher Order Thinking Skills Frame." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.471.
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The demand for expertise in technology and rapid service in the modern era has penetrated the field of education. According to Geogi Lozanov in Robinson (2005: 1) in reaching citizens who are sensitive to the development of science and technology and have the ability to interact internationally requires critical thinking skills and democratic attitudes. Critical thinking also requires skills to think about assumptions in asking questions about the concept of democracy that is being discussed before it becomes an option to be developed into a way of living together as a nation. Efforts to reach generations of citizens who have critical thinking skills and have democratic skills are one of the goals of national education, one of them is learning. Besides that, in the effort to reach the generation of democratic citizens in the modern era, high order thinking skills are also needed. This ability to think at a higher level requires someone to apply new information or prior knowledge. The purpose of this study is to describe the concepts of democratic skills in the HOTS stage in the modern era. The method in this study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The concepts of democratic skills in the HOTS frame are civic skills, intellectual skills, and participation skills. Through this research, HOTS is expected to strengthen democratic skills in the modern era.
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Pereira, André, Hugo Santos Sousa, Diana Gonçalves, Eduardo Lima da Costa, André Costa Pinho, Elisabete Barbosa, and José Barbosa. "Surgery for Perforated Peptic Ulcer: Is Laparoscopy a New Paradigm?" Minimally Invasive Surgery 2021 (May 12, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8828091.
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Introduction. Laparoscopic repair of perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remains controversial mainly due to its safety and applicability in critically ill patients. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of laparoscopy versus laparotomy in the treatment of PPU. Methods. Single-institutional, retrospective study of all patients submitted to surgical repair of PPU between 2012 and 2019. Results. During the study period, 169 patients underwent emergent surgery for PPU. A laparoscopic approach was tried in 60 patients and completely performed in 49 of them (conversion rate 18.3%). The open group was composed of 120 patients (included 11 conversions). Comparing the laparoscopic with the open group, there were significant differences in gender (male/female ratio 7.2/1 versus 2.2/1, respectively; p = 0.009 ) and in the presence of sepsis criteria (12.2% versus 38.3%, respectively; p = 0.001 ), while the Boey score showed no differences between the two groups. The operative time was longer in the laparoscopic group (median 100’ versus 80’, p = 0.01 ). Laparoscopy was associated with few early postoperative complications (18.4% versus 41.7%, p = 0.004 ), mortality (2.0% versus 14.2%; p = 0.02 ), shorter hospital stay (median 6 versus 7 days, p = 0.001 ), and earlier oral intake (median 3 versus 4 days, p = 0.021 ). Conclusion. Laparoscopic repair of PPU may be considered the procedure of choice in patients without sepsis criteria if expertise and resources are available. This kind of approach is associated with a shorter length of hospital stay and earlier oral intake. In patients with sepsis criteria, more data are required to access the safety of laparoscopy in the treatment of PPU.