Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Expert Testimony'
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1
Briggs, Rachael (Rachael Amy). "Partial belief and expert testimony." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47829.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. [83]-86).
My dissertation investigates two questions from within a partial belief framework: First, when and how should deference to experts or other information sources be qualified? Second, how closely is epistemology related to other philosophical fields, such as metaphysics, ethics, and decision theory? Chapter 1 discusses David Lewis's "Big Bad Bug", an argument for the conclusion that the Principal Principle-the thesis that one's credence in a proposition A should equal one's expectation of A's chance, provided one has no inadmissible information-is incompatible with Humean Supervenience-the thesis that that laws of nature, dispositions, and objective chances supervene on the distribution of categorical properties in the world (past, present, and future). I map out the logical structure of the Big Bad Bug, survey a range of possible responses to it, and argue that none of the responses are very appealing. Chapter 2 discusses Bas van Fraassen's Reflection principle-the thesis that one's current credence in a proposition A should equal one's expected future credence in A. Van Fraassen has formulated a diachronic Dutch book argument for Reflection, but other authors cite counterexamples to Reflection that appear to undermine the credibility of diachronic Dutch books. I argue that a suitably qualified version of Reflection gets around the counterexamples. I distinguish between Dutch books that reveal incoherence-like the diachronic Dutch book for conditionalization-and Dutch books that reveal a type of problem I call selfdoubt. I argue that violating Reflection is a type of self-doubt rather than a type of incoherence.
(cont.) Chapter 3 argues that the halfer and thirder solutions to Adam Elga's Sleeping Beauty problem correspond to two more general approaches to de se information. Which approach is right depends on which approach to decision theory is right. I use Dutch books and scoring rules to argue that causal decision theorists should favor the approach that corresponds to thirding, while evidential decision theorists should favor the approach that corresponds to halfing.
by Rachael Briggs.
Ph.D.
2
Deer, LillyBelle K. "The Effects of Expert Testimony in Sexual Assault Trials." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1114.
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Recently, expert testimony in sexual assault trials shifted from an emphasis on Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and experts have tied these diagnoses either loosely or tightly to the victim’s condition following sexual assault. In the current study, 326 jury-eligible adults completed a survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk in which they read a synopsis of a sexual assault trial and an expert testimony with either RTS, PTSD or neither; along with either no, loose, or tight links made between the diagnosis and the victim’s condition. There was no main effect of diagnosis label but testimony linkage did have an effect on verdicts. Women gave more guilty verdicts due to their lower levels of Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA), and the effect of gender partially depended on RMA. Implications for how expert testimony can affect defendants’ and plaintiffs’ credibility are discussed.
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Devenport, Jennifer Leigh. "Does expert psychological testimony improve juror sensitivity to lineup suggestiveness?" FIU Digital Commons, 1996. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2783.
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Previous research has examined the validity of behavioral assumptions underlying the presumed effectiveness of safeguards against erroneous conviction resulting from mistaken eyewitness identification. In keeping with this agenda, this study examined juror sensitivity to lineup suggestiveness in the form of foil, instruction, and presentation biases and whether expert psychological testimony further sensitizes jurors to the factors that influence the likelihood of false identifications. One hundred and sixty jury eligible citizens watched versions of a videotaped trial that included information about the identification of the defendant by an eyewitness and that varied the suggestiveness of the eyewitness identification procedure. In addition, half of the mock-jurors heard the testimony of an expert psychologist regarding the factors that influence lineup suggestiveness. Mock-jurors rendered individual verdicts, rated the defendant's culpability and the suggestiveness and fairness of the identification procedure. Results indicated that jurors are somewhat sensitive to foil bias but are insensitive to instruction and presentation biases. No evidence was found to suggest that expert testimony leads to juror skepticism or juror sensitization. These results question the effectiveness of cross-examination and expert testimony as safeguards against erroneous convictions resulting from mistaken identification.
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Johnston, Craig. "Establishing a formal training program to prepare rehabilitation counselors for expert testimony." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1123516553.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 171 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-153). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Bern, Zachary. "Legal and Scientific Implications of Daubert: An Empirical Analysis of Expert Psychological Testimony." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1862.
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The goal of this paper is to outline the legal and scientific implications of the admissibility standard defined in Daubert v. Merrel Row Pharmeceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). The evolution of scientific admissibility is discussed. In addition, the author looks at criticisms of Daubert from the legal and psychological literature. Empirical data is presented with respect to judges’ abilities to act as “gate keepers” and jurors’ sensitivity to expert testimony. The author concludes with a discussion of the limitations and implications of this research.
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Dubreuil, Susan C. (Susan Catherine) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Courtroom preparation of hypnotic and nonhypnotic eyewitnesses; jurors' perceptions of witness testimony and the impact of expert testimony." Ottawa, 1994.
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McCurry, Ford C. "How Psychology’s Empirical Results Can Benefit the Criminal Justice System: Expert Testimony." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1166.
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Brigham and Bothwell (1983) claimed that jurors have a scientifically incorrect view of eyewitness testimony. The purpose of this study was to examine the most beneficial way to assist the jury in dealing with eyewitness testimony. Duckworth, Kreiner, Stark-Wroblewski, and Marsh (2011) applied interactive participation in an eyewitness activity and expert testimony to a mock-jury dealing with eyewitness testimony and found that those who participated in the activity had significantly fewer convictions. The methodological framework of the Duckworth et al. study was applied to East Tennessee State University criminal justice undergraduates. Although this study did not find any significant effects in hearing expert testimony on empirical findings regarding eyewitness testimony or participating in an individual recall activity, cross tabulation frequencies indicated a directional pattern of relationship when independent variables were compared to the control group.
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Dzeguze, Andrew Bryan. "Exploring District Judges' Decision Making in the Context of Admitting Expert Testimony." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4392.
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Over the last several decades, multiple schools of thought have emerged regarding what impacts judicial decision making. In contrast to the classic legal model, studies have argued alternatively that judges are policy actors who rule consistent with their political attitudes; that behavioral traits such as race, gender and socialization influence judicial conduct, both consciously and unconsciously; that whatever policy interests judges may have, these are moderated by institutional constraints and strategic considerations; and that judges are subject to some common cognitive shortcuts in decision making, although they may be moderated or present differently than in the general population in light of their training and experience.
Most of these studies, particularly in political science, have tended to focus on Supreme Court or appellate decisions on politically salient subject matter such as the scope of the Fourth Amendment or racial discrimination. The cognitive studies, by comparison, have primarily used experimental conduct, often with artificially extreme variations between legal and factual issues to assess the impact of legal training. Other than field review articles, most have focused on a single potential explanatory variable such as ideology, gender or legal training. To date, there has been very limited study of the more routine tasks judges engage in at the trial court level such as pre-trial evidentiary rulings or comparative assessments of the relative explanatory power of factors drawn from multiple approaches to decision making.
The present study involved both a qualitative and quantitative assessment of Federal district court decisions on the admissibility of expert witnesses. Employing thematic analysis of all cases involving a substantive analysis of this issue from 2010-2015 in nine district courts, a default pattern emerged that judges are reluctant to exclude experts except in extreme cases. Moreover, judges appear to have adopted several practices consistent with minimizing the cognitive burden of decision making. These findings suggest that judges are acting consistently with legal norms and the broad outlines of legal precedent, but in a manner which may lead to sub-optimal outcomes in some circumstances. Quantitative analysis of the same data suggests that judges are subject to a variety of significant influences including legal precepts, political ideology and cognitive heuristics in different settings. Moreover, the influence of issues such as ideology appear to be associated with some courts and not others, with circuit level precedent being the most obvious intervening factor to explain the difference.
The circuit level impacts on behavior and several other findings in this study suggest that much more nuance is present than is normally acknowledged in the study of judicial decision making. The results of this study also suggest policy makers should account for cognitive tendencies in crafting legal standards and precedents as well as legal education. Finally, it posits that practitioners can maximize their odds of success on motions to exclude expert witnesses through similar awareness of what influences judicial conduct, especially but not limited to cognitive limitations in rendering judgments under time constraints and conditions of uncertainty.
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Bransgrove, Jennifer. "The influence of expert testimony on potential jurors' perceptions of young children's testimonial credibility /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17042.pdf.
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Armstrong, Matthew Nicholas. "The Effects of Juror Need for Cognition: Perceptions of Trustworthiness in Expert Witness Testimony." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/335.
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The current study looks to examine the possible effects expert witness trustworthiness and testimony quality depending upon participant need for cognition. The study involves 139 participants taken from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and an undergraduate research pool where they were asked to take part in a web-based survey. Participants read a capital sentencing summary and were randomly selected into one of four expert witness conditions that vary in trustworthiness and quality. Participants took the short form Need for Cognition scale and filled out a questionnaire about their perceptions of the expert's trustworthiness and testimony quality. Results indicated a marginal main effect of the trustworthiness condition as well as a marginal three-way interaction. Additionally, significant main effects for the sample and death qualification status of participants were found. Results are discussed in the context of the current study and past research and possible limitations and extensions of the current study are considered.
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Davis, Alison J. "Expert testimony in cases of battered women defendants, influence of defendant characterization, testimony explicitness and juror gender on individual juror and group jury decisions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ26909.pdf.
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Davis, Alison J. (Alison Janet) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Expert testimony in cases of battered women defendants; influence of defendant characterization, testimony explicitness and juror gender on individual juror and group jury decisions." Ottawa, 1997.
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Gabora, Natalie (Natalie Jane) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "The effects of complainant age and expert testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse trial." Ottawa, 1990.
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Zochio, Marcelo Ferreira. "Qualidade dos laudos periciais emitidos na Comarca de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-18082010-164616/.
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Este trabalho analisa a influência da qualidade na elaboração dos laudos periciais, e seu impacto nas decisões judiciais. Mostra os pontos aos quais o perito deve se ater para que seu laudo atinja o objetivo: transmitir corretamente a mensagem desejada, o resultado da perícia, através de um discurso compreensível para o magistrado, que possui um modo de pensar diferente do profissional tecnológico. Vários fatores influenciam na qualidade do laudo, e um laudo bem elaborado, bem como a proposição dos quesitos, envolve conhecimentos multidisciplinares em sua confecção.This work analyzes the influence of quality in the preparation of forensic reports, and its impact on judicial decisions. It shows the key aspects that the expert should take care for his/her report get to its main objective: to correctly convey the desired message, the result of expertise, in a way that is understandable to the magistrate, who has a different way of thinking that is different from the technology professional. Several factors influence the quality of a forensic report. The development process of a well prepared report and the proposition of the issues of fact to be clarified, involve multi and inter disciplinary knowledge.
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Martire, Kristy Anne Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Helping jurors to evaluate eyewitness identifications: the role of expert evidence and judicial instruction." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40801.
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Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.
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Casey, Juliette. "Legal defences for battered women who kill : the battered woman syndrome, expert testimony and law reform." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524675.
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Law's representation of women has long been a source of debate among feminists. In this thesis, I engage with this debate on a number of different levels specifically in the context of battered women who kill. Although three defences are commonly canvassed, self defence, provocation and diminished responsibility, I limit my proposal for reform to the defence of provocation. My particular proposal involves looking at the possibility of combining expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome with the substantive elements ofthat defence in Britain. In part one I begin by setting the defence of provocation in its proper doctrinal framework. Thus, in the introduction I argue that provocation is properly conceptualised as a partial excuse. Using Fletcher's theory of the individualisation of excusing conditions, I highlight the limitations of the reasonable man standard which represents the greatest obstacle at the level of the substantive law for battered women who plead provocation. The tension arises out of, on the one hand, the use of an abstract standard and, on the other, the need to include and give proper recognition to individual experiences. I build on this foundation in chapter one where I look at all ofthe problematic elements of the defence through the lens of advocates practising at the Bar in Scotland. Here I pay particular attention to advocates' attitudes towards using battered woman syndrome evidence in conjunction with provocation. In chapter two I go on to set these problems in the context of a wider feminist critique ofthe reasons for the lack of fit between law and the experiences of women generally. Negatively, feminists attack law's claim to universality and they locate bias at both the level of law's content and form. Positively, they argue that the experiences of women can only be represented properly once law takes account ofthe complexity ofwomen's subjectivity. Here I will focus on one way of describing this complexity; separation and connection. I also explore one formative influence on the doctrine of provocation, that of the man of honour, and I highlight some of the code's possibilities for battered women who kill. The next section comprises three chapters and entails a comparative analysis of the substantive law in England and Scotland on each of the three defences. I go on to suggest that the key difference between how self defence, but more importantly provocation, operates in the two jurisdictions lies in the greater potential for an individualised approach to the reasonableness requirement under English law. In the [mal section I begin in chapter six by describing how the syndrome has been used in other jurisdictions and, drawing on these experiences, I suggest how battered woman syndrome expert testimony could be used to help reinterpret the defence of provocation in Britain in a way which would help overcome many of the problems posed by the reasonableness standard. I argue that the correct classification for the syndrome is as a form of post traumatic stress disorder. Thus, conceptualised, the emphasis is placed on the abnormal nature of the stressor which corresponds with the experiences of battered women who are, most commonly, normal women placed in abnormal circumstances of violence. Finally, in chapter seven I shift the emphasis from the substantive to the evidential. Although the solution, which I explore, comes in the form of evidence, the system of evidence, acts to bar its admission. Chapter seven, therefore, focuses on two rules; the ultimate issue rule but more controversially, the knowledge and experience rule. This rule makes the admissibility of evidence on the battered woman syndrome conditional on the jury's lack of knowledge and experience. Here again, feminist criticisms expose the extent to which the experiences of battered women who kill are excluded by law as well as the reality of the extent of the jury's misunderstanding. These criticisms are not as well developed as criticisms of the reasonable man but feminists are beginning to highlight the need to open up this rule to embrace the range and diversity of women's experiences. Although the use of expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome is by no means a widely accepted reform measure I intend here to present a case for its adoption.
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Krauss, Daniel Avram. "The effect of clinical vs. scientific expert testimony on mock juror decision-making in capital sentencing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289106.
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The Supreme Court and many state courts have assumed that jurors are capable, with the aid of adversary procedures (i.e., cross-examination and competing experts), of differentiating less accurate clinical opinion expert testimony (testimony based solely on a clinician's years of experience within the field) from expert testimony based on more sound scientific footing, and appropriately weighing these two types of testimony in their decisions. Psychological literature on both persuasion and jury decision-making suggests, however, that this assumption is dubious. Using a simulated capital sentencing hearing based on Texas law, this experiment investigated whether mock jurors are more influenced in their decision-making by clinical opinion expert testimony or actuarial expert testimony (testimony based on standardized risk assessment instrument). The effectiveness of different types of adversary procedures in eliminating the influence of expert testimony was also investigated. Results suggest that jurors are more influenced by clinical opinion expert testimony than they are by actuarial expert testimony, and this preference for clinical opinion expert testimony remains even after the presentation of adversary procedures. Limited empirical support was found for the notion that various types of adversary procedures will have differential impact on the influence of expert testimony on juror decisions. The legal and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Slot, Janneke. "An evaluation of the forensic accountant's role in criminal law proceedings / by J. Slot." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9839.
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Forensic accountants are occasionally called upon to assist in criminal law proceedings. The role of the forensic accountant in such proceedings is usually determined during the engagement of the forensic investigation to assist in the matter under investigation. During such investigations, various investigation techniques may be utilised by the forensic accountant in order to convey the facts and findings of the forensic investigation in a written report, drafted by the forensic accountant. When criminal prosecutions are instituted and the forensic accountant is called upon to act as an expert witness, such evidence is mostly based on the findings of the written report. Thus, in giving evidence, the forensic accountant must ensure that the testimony and evidence will be admissible in court and that the forensic accountant is found to be a credible witness.
Although there are various legal standards that the forensic accountant must adhere to, the ICFP, which is the South African regulatory body for commercial forensic practitioners, is still in its infancy and has as yet not set any standards with which forensic accountants must comply with when assisting in criminal investigations or drafting written reports.
The objective of this study is to highlight the role of the forensic accountant in criminal law proceedings. This objective is reached by clarification of the following:
• the difference between a forensic accountant and an auditor;
• the techniques available to the forensic accountant when conducting a forensic investigation;
• the standards with which a forensic accountant‘s report should comply; and
• the forensic accountant‘s role in testimony.
The study illustrates the difference between a forensic accountant and an auditor and suggests a definition for a forensic accountant. The study furthermore explores various techniques that the forensic accountant may utilise during the investigation. The study also analyses the legal standards with which a forensic accountant must comply in order to ensure the admissibility of the written report and its findings. In order to achieve this, international regulatory standards applicable to forensic accountants are analysed and discussed. Finally, the role of the forensic accountant in court proceedings is examined.
The illustrations in this study will be helpful in determining standards that could be implemented in South Africa to guide forensic accountants in their role in criminal law proceedings.Thesis (MCom (Forensic accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Rossiter, Katherine R. "Claims-making about the battered woman syndrome in expert testimony and news media: The case of R v Getkate." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27024.
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This study examines claims-making about the Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) in the case of Lilian Getkate, who used the syndrome to substantiate a claim of self-defence after killing her abusive husband. The research is guided by the social constructionist perspective and employs content analysis to determine what claims are made in expert testimony and news media about the BWS. It examines how this construct is linked to the defendant and what claims are made about the criminal justice system's response to intimate partner violence and homicide. This research also considers the claims-makers themselves and claims regarding their expertise. Findings from this in-depth case study reveal the importance of expertise and credentials in claims-making and suggest that claims about the BWS, its relation to the defendant, and the law's response are constructed in similar ways in expert testimony and news media, though much more developed in the former.
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Egarhos, Daniel J. (Daniel John) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "The influence polygraph and rape expert testimony has on the verdicts of jurors in a simulated sexual assault trail." Ottawa, 1993.
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Thom, Ashley C. "Exploring Medical Expert Testimony and its Contribution to Miscarriages of Justice An Examination of the Flawed Pathological Evidence of Dr Charles Smith." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28689.
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Wrongful convictions have garnered recent increased attention in Canada, but specific concern with the use of medical expert evidence in criminal trials is especially timely. With the recent Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario, it has become clear that flawed medical expert evidence can have devastating effects on individuals and criminal trials. The theoretical framework of social constructionism was used in a cross-case pattern analysis to provide a foundation for examining the problematic expert testimony of Dr. Charles Smith in eight cases of unexplained child death. The findings suggest that Dr. Smith's expert evidence was not adequately evaluated at the gate of admissibility, and may have been evaluated by internalized judgments rather than direct assessments of that evidence. The results indicate a combination of contributing factors of Dr. Smith's flawed expert evidence and the subsequent miscarriages of justice, as Dr. Smith's flaws were overlooked and his testimony accepted uncritically.
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Spin, Maurício Donalonso. "Demandas cíveis em odontologia e sua estrita intimidade com a perícia: a importância do laudo pericial para composição da sentença." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-30052017-214439/.
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A relação paciente profissional na Odontologia é influenciada pela cultura e pelas relações comerciais, após a criação do código de defesa do consumidor, as pessoas passaram a observar mais os seus direitos e a ficarem mais exigentes quanto a compra de produtos ou prestação de serviços. Essa condição fez com que o número de demandas cíveis contra Cirurgiões-Dentistas aumentasse em grande escala, isso por sua vez mostrou a necessidade do profissional estar atento para essa nova condição e a conhecer melhor as leis a quais estão submetidos, Código de Ética Odontológico, Código de Defesa do Consumidor, Código Civil, Código Penal e Constituição Federal. Nos processos contra Dentistas, é imprescindível que haja a perícia técnica, para que seja comprovada a culpa do profissional, para tal há a necessidade do Odontolegista, profissional que deve estar capacitado a atuar na interface da relação entre Direito e Odontologia, utilizando conhecimentos técnicos específicos na busca da verdade. Este estudo buscou na literatura científica trabalhos que versam sobre a responsabilidade civil do Cirurgião-Dentista, bem como analisou sentenças das primeiras varas cíveis do estado de São Paulo em ações movidas contra este profissional no tangente a danos morais e danos materiais, as sentenças foram catalogadas em planilha do Excel e submetidas a análises bivariadas por meios dos testes de Fisher e Qui-quadrado. As variáveis independentes que apresentaram níveis de significância p 0,1 foram habilitadas para análise de associação multivariada com emprego de regressão logística, método backward, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, permanecendo no modelo final as variáveis com nível de significância p 0,05. Encontrou-se 411 sentenças que foram emitidas em processos contra Cirurgiões-Dentistas, entretanto somente em 87 foram solicitadas ou executadas as perícias odontológicas, representando 21,17% do número de demandas cíveis. Das 87 sentenças analisadas, 32 correspondem a indivíduos do gênero masculino e 55 do gênero feminino e em 49 processos os autores tiveram auxilio da justiça gratuita, dos pedidos formulados nas iniciais, 21 figuraram como improcedentes, 32 como parcialmente procedentes e 34 procedentes. Quando o nexo causal é relatado na sentença, há cerca de 50 vezes mais chance de a perícia ter sido realizada e ela tem 25 vezes mais chance de ser acatada pelo Juíz. Em decisões desfavoráveis ao Cirurgião-Dentista, há cerca de 90% menos chance de ter havido perícia, quando a perícia aparece relatada pelo Juiz na sentença, a chance da decisão ser desfavorável ao Cirurgião-Dentista diminui em 85%. Pode-se concluir que a perícia é um procedimento indispensável para a defesa do Profissional Odontólogo, evidenciando os aspectos técnicos necessários para o correto julgamento e aumentando a possibilidade de defesa do Cirurgião-Dentista.Culture and commercial relations influence the relationship between patient and dentistry professionals. After the Code of Costumer Protection created in Brazil, people begun to observe more their rights and become more demanding about the purchase of products or services. This condition made the civil suits against Dental Surgeons raised on a large scale, which highlights the necessity of a more aware and prepared professional for this new scenario. Dentistry Ethics Code, the Code of Costumer Protection, Civil Rights, Criminal Code and Federal Constitution are some of the new necessities of a modern dental surgeon. In litigation against dentists, it is essential that a technical expertise perform a throughout exam of the patient so that the professionals fault or reason is proven. This technical expertise is called Forensic Odontologist, a professional who must be able to act in the interface between the Law and Dentistry, using specific technical knowledge in search of truth. The aim of this study was to sought the scientific literature papers regarding dentistry civil responsibility, as well as analyzed sentences of the first civil courts of Sao Paulo state in actions brought against dentists related to moral and material damages. The sentences were listed on Excel spreadsheets and submitted to bivariate analyzes by means of the Fishers exact and Chi-square tests. The independent variables that presented levels of significance p 0.1 were enabled for analysis of multivariate association with logistic regression, backward method, with 95% confidence interval, remaining in the final model the variables with significance level p0,05. A total of 411 judgments against dental surgeons were found, but only in 87 sentences a Forensic Odontologist was requested or performed an appraisal representing 21.17% of the number of civil suits. Of the 87 judgments analyzed, 32 corresponded to males and 55 females, and in 49 cases the authors received free legal aid, from the petitions formulated in the initials, 21 were considered as irrelevant, 32 as partially proceeds and 34 proceeds. Sentences based on Forensic Odontologist appraisal leads to 50 times more causal nexus reported, and sentences with causal nexus leads to 25 times more acceptance by the judge. Also, in 90% of sentences without appraisals leads to unfavorable sentences to dentists, while when judges uses the appraisals in sentences the unfavorable results to dentists lowers in 85%. It can be concluded that the Forensic Odontolgist appraisal is an indispensable procedure for the Dental Surgeon defense, evidencing the necessary technical aspects for the correct judgment and increasing the possibility of defense for Dentists.
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Bochenek, Nicholas S. "Knowing in the Face of Power." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1587379793812042.
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Cavalcanti, Ana Paula Chedid. "Impacto da perícia na decisão sentencial trabalhista na área de saúde." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-03022016-080627/.
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A perícia é uma ferramenta utilizada pelo sistema judiciário para que informações técnicas adicionais ou de melhor acurácia sejam apuradas e possam assim auxiliar na tomada de decisão sentencial. O presente estudo tem a proposta de analisar laudos de jurisprudências da justiça do trabalho visando determinar quão importante a perícia médica/odontológica tem sido para tomada de decisão pelo juiz. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e analítico no qual foi realizado levantamento dos dados por meio de análise documental. Setenta e dois processos de ações trabalhistas foram avaliados e a seleção foi realizada eliminando-se as ementas repetidas e ações por dissídios coletivos resultando em 38 processos no período entre 1996 a 2014. As variáveis DORT como consequência do dano (p=0,1723), Perícia do tipo médica/odontológica (p=0,1504) e Perícia do tipo Técnica (p=0,1975) foram habilitadas para elaboração de modelo ajustado com emprego de regressão logística múltipla, método backward, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. As variáveis Perícia do tipo Médica (OR= 14,5319; IC 95%= 2,3263 a 90,7780) e DORT como consequência do dano (OR= 7,8989; IC 95%= 1,2755 a 48,9151) permaneceram no modelo ajustado final, revelando que a chance do juiz necessitar de perícia é 14 vezes maior quando esta é do tipo médica/odontológica e quando o dano sofrido envolve DORT, há 7,89 vezes mais chances de o juiz acatar a perícia. A análise do modelo ajustado com emprego da Curva ROC revelou ser muito boa sua capacidade preditiva (AUC=0,8661; SE=0,06194; IC 95%= 0,7163 a 0,9545). A perícia médica/odontológica possui alta relevância em ações trabalhistas, caracterizando-se como uma prova fundamental para a tomada de decisão pelos magistrados.Expertise is a tool used by the judiciary for additional technical information or better accuracy can be cleared and can be assist in making decision sentence. This study is the proposal to examine case law reports of the labor courts in order to determine how important the medical/dental expertise has been for decision making by the judge. This is an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study that was conducted through the data of document analysis. Seventy-two cases of labor claims have been assessed and the selection was carried out eliminating the repeated menus and actions for collective bargaining resulting in 38 cases from 1996 to 2014. The variables \"WRMD as a result of damage\" (p=0,1723), \"Medical/dental Expertise\" (p=0.1504) and \"Technical Expertise\" (p=0.1975) were able to elaborate adjusted model with the use of multiple logistic regression, backward method, with 95% confidence interval. The variable Medical Expertise\"(OR= 14,5319; IC 95%= 2,3263 to 90,7780) and \"WRMD as a result of damage\" (OR= 7,8989; IC 95%= 1,2755 to 48,9151) remained in the final model adjusted, revealing that the chance of the judge require expertise is 14 times more than when it is the medical /dental type and when the damage suffered involves WRMD there is 7,89 times more chance to the judge accept expertise. The analysis of the adjusted model with use of ROC curve was found to be very good its predictive capacity (AUC= 0,8661; SE= 0,06194; IC 95%= 0,7163 to 0,9545). The medical/dental expertise is of high relevance to labor actions, characterized as a essential proof for decision making by judges.
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Yokum, David Vincent. "Debiasing the Courtroom: Using Behavioral Insights to Avoid and Mitigate Cognitive Biases." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555855.
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How can empirical science, and psychology in particular, be harnessed to avoid or eliminate unwanted biases? The body of work herein explores this question across twelve experiments. The first approach we consider is placing the onus on the individual to root out any already existing bias within him or herself. Chapter 3, for example, presents experiments that assess whether people (viz., jurors during voir dire) can accurately "self-diagnose" when they are irreparably biased by negative pretrial publicity. (The answer is a resounding no). A second approach is to try and avoid letting bias enter the courtroom in the first place. Chapter 4, for example, provides an experimental test of an institutional solution known as blind expertise, wherein certain biases of an expert witness are avoided by having an intermediary pick the expert, and then having the expert render an opinion before knowing which litigant made the request. In Chapter 7, we consider a third approach to handling bias, one that concedes it will exist in the courtroom. Namely, instruct jurors on the existence of bias, so that they can try to weigh it properly. To this end we test a recently enacted New Jersey instruction on eyewitness testimony. We find that jurors do not become more sensitive to low versus high evidence quality, but instead they discount the eyewitness testimony across the board. Across this inquiry, we deploy several novel tactics; in Chapter 5, for instance, we explore how continuous response measurement (CRM) can provide unique insights into the study of reasoning, and in particular how jurors parse trial evidence. We end in chapter 8 with a more general discussion of how behavioral science can be applied across law and policy.
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Genis, Marina. "A content analysis of forensic psychological reports written for sentencing proceedings in criminal court cases in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23628.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 1970s there has been a rising trend in South Africa for legal professionals to use the services of psychologists in legal proceedings. Psychologists have therefore increasingly started to appear as expert witnesses in court cases. Despite this, the field of forensic psychology in South Africa has yet to be defined and delineated. Currently there are no set guidelines or regulations regarding who is qualified to do forensic work, and no standards against which this work can be measured. Psychology in the courtroom has begun to receive a notorious reputation as a result of this. The Professional Board for Psychology (PBP) of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is investigating the creation of a new category of registration, that of Forensic Psychologist, partly in an effort to manage and address this problem. However, to date little, if any, research has been conducted on the scope of the work presented to the courts by psychologists appearing as expert witnesses. This research aimed to address this gap by analysing a sample of forensic psychological reports. The following aspects were investigated: - Who (category or registration, length of registration, etc.) is doing sentencing reports;
- How (interviews, collateral information, psychometric tests, etc.) these reports are compiled; and
- Whether these reports measure up to professional expectations as well as adhere to the guidelines of the HPCSA.
- That psychologists who are adequately trained and have the proven experience in forensic work, be accredited by the PBP;
- That guidelines and standards for forensic work be drawn up by the PBP; in addition, that more complete ethical guidelines than those contained in chapter 7 of the PBP’s Rules of Conduct Pertaining Specifically to Psychology also be drawn up;
- That adequate training at MA level in basic forensic issues be made compulsory, with the option of advanced training for those wishing to specialise in the field; and
- That lawyers be trained in basic concepts of psychology so as to allow for better selection of an appropriate psychologist to assist them and also to assure effective cross-examination regarding psychological issues in court.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Psychology
unrestricted
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Scanlan, Timothy Patrick. "Influences of CSI Effect, Daubert Ruling, and NAS Report on Forensic Science Practices." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1324.
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The media exaggerates the capabilities of crime laboratories while it publicizes the wrongdoings of individual forensic scientists. Such portrayals skew the perspectives of jurors and hinder expert witness testimony. Complicating the problem are separate, but related, phenomena that influence how forensic laboratories conduct casework. These phenomena are Cole and Dioso-Villa's conceptualization of the unrealistic expectations of forensic science created by fictional television, known as the CSI Effect; the Daubert ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony; and some federal policy changes as a result of a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report that impacted requirements for the daily operation of crime laboratories. This study sought to better understand which among these phenomena had the greatest effect on policy development and implementation related to crime lab operations. Quantitative survey data were collected through an online survey from a nationwide sample (n = 124) of forensic practitioners belonging to the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors. The data were analyzed using ANOVA to evaluate the influence of each factor (CSI Effect, Daubert ruling, and NAS report) on policy creation within crime laboratories. Results indicate that the CSI Effect has a statistically greater impact on policy creation than did either the Daubert ruling or the NAS report (p <.001). The implications for positive social change stemming from this study include recommendations to lawmakers and administrators to reevaluate performance objectives related to operations and increase awareness of the CSI Effect in order to promote scientifically sound results and increase the effectiveness of testimony at trial.
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Castro, Talita Lima de. "Lesões craniofaciais em mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica e familiar = registros do Departamento Médico Legal de Vitória (ES), entre 2004 e 2008." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290756.
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Orientador: Eduardo Daruge JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A violência contra a mulher é considerada um problema de saúde pública, causando impacto na qualidade de vida pelas lesões físicas, psíquicas e morais que acarreta. Com o intuito de coibir a violência doméstica e familiar, foi promulgada em 2006 a Lei 11.340, conhecida como Lei Maria da Penha. Diante da necessidade de quantificar e caracterizar o problema da violência contra a mulher, o presente trabalho buscou analisar a quantidade de casos antes e após a referida Lei, investigar os tipos de lesões mais frequentes e as regiões mais atingidas em vítimas de violência de gênero, avaliar características dessas mulheres e das agressões sofridas, e observar as respostas oferecidas aos quesitos oficiais do exame de lesão corporal, além de abordar e discutir aspectos éticos e legais inerentes ao tema. Para o estudo retrospectivo proposto, realizou-se um levantamento nos registros dos exames de lesão corporal realizados nos meses de Março, Julho e Novembro dos anos de 2004 a 2008, no Departamento Médico Legal de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Foram incluídas mulheres vítimas de lesões corporais, encaminhadas em decorrência de violência de gênero, com idade entre 11 e 80 anos. Foram desconsiderados os laudos referentes à violência interpessoal não-familiar. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - UNICAMP. O número de laudos exibiu uma oscilação durante os anos estudados, sem evidenciar, porém, uma tendência específica ao longo do tempo. A quantidade de casos após a promulgação da Lei Maria da Penha foi maior em 30,21% que no período anterior à norma. Os resultados revelam que a mulher vitimizada é, na maior parte dos casos, jovem, numa faixa etária entre 25 e 35 anos e solteira, e não trabalha fora de casa. A maioria das vítimas era procedente de Vitória, ES. O companheiro ou marido da vítima foi o principal agressor, utilizando principalmente segmentos do corpo, como mãos e pés, como meio de agressão. As lesões craniofaciais mais encontradas foram a equimose e escoriação, e as regiões mais atingidas foram a orbitária, cervical e frontal. Quanto às respostas aos quesitos oficiais do laudo de lesão corporal, contabilizou-se que 30 casos seriam enquadrados como lesão grave, e quatro como lesão gravíssima. Em perícias de lesões bucais e faciais, é lícito afirmar que o cirurgião dentista está ética e legalmente habilitado para avaliar tais casos, analisar os danos temporários ou permanentes provocados e verificar a existência de nexo causal
Abstract: Violence against women is considered a public health problem which impacts the quality of life since it causes physical, mental and moral injuries. In order to curb domestic violence, Law 11340, known as the Maria da Penha Law, was enacted in 2006. Given the need to quantify and describe the problem of violence against women, this study sought to analyze the amount of cases before and after the referred Law, to investigate the most common types of injuries and the most affected regions in victims of gender violence, evaluate the characteristics of these women and of the aggression and observe the answers offered to the official questions of personal injury exam, as well as address and discuss ethical and legal issues inherent in the subject. For the proposed retrospective study, there was a survey on the records of examinations of personal injury made in March, July and November of the years 2004 to 2008, in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Vitória, Espírito Santo. The study included women victims of bodily injury, referred as a result of gender violence, aged between 11 and 80 years. The reports relating to interpersonal violence unfamiliar were discarded. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba - UNICAMP. The number of reports exhibited an oscillation during the studied years, but did not reveal a specific trend over time. The number of cases after the promulgation of Maria da Penha Law was higher at 30.21% on the previous period to the norm. The results show that the victimized woman is, in most cases, young in an age range between 25 and 35 years old and unmarried, and she does not work outside the home. Most of the victims were originally from Vitoria, ES. The victim's husband or partner was the main offender, using mainly parts of the body like hands and feet as a mean of aggression. The most frequent craniofacial injuries were spots and abrasions, and the most affected regions were orbital, neck and frontal. As for the answers to the official questions of personal injury examinations, 30 cases were classified as serious injury, and four as very serious injury. In expertise on oral and facial injuries, it is fair to say that the dentist is ethically and legally qualified to evaluate these cases, to analyze the temporary or permanent damage caused and to verify the existence of a causal link
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Rodrigues, Eduardo Martinho. "Estudos de processos judiciais de insalubridade." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308412.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Aparecida Mari IgutiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: O termo insalubridade aparece inicialmente na legislação brasileira em 1932 ligada à proibição do trabalho feminino, e em 1943 aos menores de idade. Em 1938, através do decreto _ 399 surge o direito ao adicional de insalubridade, vinculado à implantação do salário mínimo, determinando-se a elaboração de uma listagem das atividades em indústrias insalubres e em 1939 uma portaria foi publicada legalizando os referidos quadros. A partir de 1965 as condições insalubres de trabalho foram regulamentadas pela Portaria _ 491 modificada com pequenas alterações em 1967 e consolidada pela Norma Regulamentadora _ 15 (NR 15) "Atividades e Operações Insalubres" instituída, por sua vez, pela Portaria _ 3.214/78 que se mantêm praticamente inalterada até os dias de hoje. Muitos processos são abertos com o pedido do adicional de insalubridade, e, neste contexto este estudo será realizado. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar processos judiciais de pedido de adicional de insalubridade quanto ao perfil dos litigantes, aos agentes insalubres, aos aspectos periciais e a sentença proferida. Realizar alguns estudos de caso para compreender a dinâmica de uma solicitação de adicional de insalubridade. MÉTODOS: Estudo documental exploratório de processos judiciais procedentes do Fórum Trabalhista de Campinas - 15a Região, contendo a instrução processual. Assim, foram levantados trinta processos em cinco das doze Varas do Trabalho existentes em Campinas, contemplando a análise documental da petição inicial, da contestação, do laudo pericial, da impugnação, dos pareceres de assistentes técnicos, dos quesitos das partes litigantes e a sentença. Em sequência, foram selecionadas qualitativamente as variáveis do estudo, às quais foram ordenadas, tabuladas e estruturadas sendo dispostas em formulários para a petição inicial, laudo, impugnação e sentença. Para casos singulares, dos trinta processos estudados, foram realizados três estudos de casos, com o histórico da demanda, os resultados da perícia e a sentença do juiz. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A respeito dos processos estudados, algumas divergências foram apontadas nos laudos. Os peritos e assistentes técnicos apresentam diferentes dados, indicando distintas abordagens. A sentença do juiz sofre influências em função da qualidade destes laudos o que poderia determinar um julgamento favorável ou não ao trabalhador. Em relação à qualidade dos laudos, destaca-se a expertise, onde a formação, experiência e certa cultura de origem devem ser apontadas; outro fator se relaciona ao próprio contexto do processo, onde a implicação dos diferentes atores sociais afeta a qualidade das informações obtidas. Neste contexto, tem-se a considerar a decalagem entre o momento das atividades exercidas pelo trabalhador e o momento da realização da perícia, período no qual podem ter ocorrido alterações substanciais das situações de trabalho. Em relação às sentenças, entre as variáveis, uma importante refere-se ao laudo pericial; entretanto no seu julgamento (qualidade avaliada pelo juiz), outros meios de prova são considerados, como a oitiva de testemunhas. CONCLUSÕES: Observa-se que os julgamentos tendem a aceitar os argumentos periciais constatando-se a presença de agentes insalubres, confirmando assim, o adicional de insalubridade, e de forma geral, o baixo controle sobre as condições de trabalho, com a persistência da exposição aos agentes de risco à saúde
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The term insalubrity first appears in Brazilian legislation in 1932 related to the prohibition of female labor, and in 1943 related to children labour. In 1938, by the decree _ 399, it was created the right to the "hazard pay" linked to the implementation of the minimum wage. This act determined the establishment of a listing of activities in insalubrious industries and in 1939, a regulation was published legalizing the mentioned listing. Since 1965, the insalubrious working conditions have been regulated by the decree _ 491 which was modified with minor changes in 1967 and consolidated by the Regulatory Norm nº 15, "Insalubrious Activities and Operations", established by the Act _ 3.214/78, unchanged to nowadays. Many civil actions demand the application of the insalubrity premium. It is in this context that this study is conducted. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to characterize the mentioned actions according to: the profile of the litigants, the insalubrious agents, the expertise aspects and the sentence given. Carry out some case studies in order to better understand the dynamics of a request for the additional by insalubrity. METHODS: A documentary exploration of lawsuits coming from the Labor Forum of Campinas - 15th Region, containing procedural instructions. Thus, thirty cases were selected in five of the twelve Labor Courts in the region, contemplating the documentary analysis of the application, the defense, the expert report, the impugnation, the technical assistant's opinions, the litigant's questions and the sentence. Following, we selected the qualitative variables which were sorted, tabulated and structured. Quantitative data was arranged in initial petition, report, appeal and sentencing forms. For singular cases, three were conducted concerning the historical demand, the results of the expertise and the judge's sentence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Concerning the studied litigations, some discrepancies in the expertise reports were pointed out. The experts and technical assistants have presented different data in the reports, thus, indicating distinctive approaches. The judge's sentence is influenced by the quality of these reports which could determine whether a positive verdict or not for the employee. In relation to the quality of the reports, the expertise training, experience and background culture must be pointed out; another factor relates to the context of the lawsuit itself, where the involvement of different social actors affects the quality of the information obtained. We still have to consider the gap between the activities performed by the worker and the moment the technical report was carried out, when substantial changes could have occurred in the work place. Regarding the judicial sentences, an important variable refers to the expert report; however, during its assessment (quality carried out by the judge), other evidences are also considered, such as the hearing of witnesses. CONCLUSIONS: It has been observed that the judgments tend to consider the expert arguments noting the presence of insalubrious agents, thus, confirming the right to the hazard pay, and generally, the low control over working conditions with the persistent exposure to health risk agents
Mestrado
Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde
Mestre em Saude Coletiva
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Redding, Zandria. "The Influence of Testifier Type and Race on Jury Decision Making." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2019. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/179.
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The current study examined the relationship of testifier type (expert, character witness) and race. Fifty-three participants were selected via convenience sampling to read four scenarios and answer a series of questions regarding the guilt or innocence of the defendant in each scenario. The scenarios included the absence or presence of racial identifiers and the presence of either a character witness or the testimony of an expert. It was hypothesized that the scenario with the presence of expert testimony will yield more guilty verdicts as well as the effectiveness of the testimony will cause a participant to yield a guiltier verdict. The research concluded that participants rendered more guilty verdicts in the absence of race. Additionally, expert testimony was found to be more effective than the testimony of a character witness even when both testifiers presented the same information.
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Motzkau, Johanna F. "Cross-examining suggestibility : memory, childhood, expertise." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16106.
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Initially a central topic for psychology, suggestibility has been forgotten, rediscovered, evaded definition, sabotaged experimentation and persistently triggers epistemological short-circuits when interconnecting psychological questions of memory, childhood and scientificity, with concrete legal issues of child witnesses' credibility, the disclosure of sexual abuse and psychological expertise in courts of law. The aim of this study is to trace suggestibility through history, theory, research and practice, and to explore its efficacy at the intersection of psychology and law, by examining and comparing the. concrete case of child witness practice in England and Germany. Taking a transdisciplinary approach the study draws on two interrelated sources of 'data' combining historical, theoretical and research literature with the analysis of empirical data. A genealogy if theory and research is combined with the results of reflexive interviews, conducted in England and Germany with practitioners from all those professions involved in creating, applying or dealing with knowledge about child witnesses and suggestibility: judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police officers, psychologists (researchers, experts) and social workers. Drawing on the work of G. Deleuze and 1. Stengers this study shows how practical tensions around reliable witnesses, evidence and expertise merge pragmatically with theoretical movements employed to adjust the discipline, thereby causing frictions and voids. In this sense suggestibility provides a liminal resource: It transgresses disciplinary boundaries and pervades pragmatic and theoretical, global and personal, historical and actual considerations, creating voids that allow us to reconsider the pragmatics of change and to redefine the issue of critical impact, as well as to reformulate the problem of child witness practice and children's suggestibility. The study hopes to make a concrete contribution to facilitating the just prosecution of sexual abuse by adding transparency to the complex and at times unhelpfully polarised field of child witness practice. By exploring the 'pragmatics of change' the study furthermore hopes to give an unsettling and productive impetus to theoretical debates within critical approaches to psychology.
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Costa, Vladimir Morcillo da. "Prova pericial no processo penal: motivação e controle das decisões judiciais." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1974.
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Tendo como premissas a conformação constitucional do Estado de Direito e das garantias processuais, este estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à dicsussão acerca da utilização da prova pericial, sua admissibilidade, valoração controle, no sistema processual brasileiro. O Estado Democrático de Direito impõe aos seus agentes a motivação, não somente das decisões judiciais, mas de todos os atos que tenham cunho decisório, e imponham alguma restrição, por menor que seja, à liberdade do indivíduo. Por sua vez, o contraditório, expressão do princípio político da participação democrática, afirma a necessidade de possibilitar a participação do indivíduo na formação de uma decisão que afete sua esfera de interesses. A orientação do processo como instrumento a serviço da realização da justiça, e da construção de decisões justas, pressupõe o correto acertamento da verdade fática. Isto impõe que seja adotada uma concepção do fenômeno probatório que a compreenda como um instrumento demonstrativo e epistemológico. Nessa perspectiva, a utilização da prova pericial, especialmente aquelas que se revestem de cunho científico, se mostra um eficaz meio da obtenção da verdade no processo, desde que, tais provas sejam relevantes e confiáveis, demonstrando a necessidade de seu controle.Taking as premises the conformation of the constitutional rule of law and procedural safeguards, this study is a contribution to the dicsussion about the use of expert evidence, its admissibility, and valuation control, at the Brazilian procedural system. The Democratic State imposes on its agents the motivation, not only of judgments, but of all the acts that have decision-making matrix, and impose some restrictions, however small, in the freedom of the individual. In turn, the contradictory, expression of political principle of democratic participation, says the need to enable participation of the individual in forming a decision that affects their area of interest. The orientation of the process as a tool in the service of achieving justice, and the construction of fair decisions, presupposes a correct assertion of factual truth. This requires that adopted a conception of the phenomenon that the evidence as a tool to understand and epistemological statement. From this perspective, the use of expert testimony, especially those which are of a scientific nature, proves an effective means of obtaining the truth in the process, provided that such evidence is relevant and reliable, demonstrating the need for its control.
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Алєксєєва, Н. Ю., and N. Yu Alieksieieva. "Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти правосуддя, що вчиняються свідками, експертами, перекладачами або щодо них: дисертація." Thesis, Інститут держави і права ім. В.М. Корецького, 2017. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/3501.
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Алєксєєва Н. Ю. Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти правосуддя, що вчиняються свідками, експертами, перекладачами або щодо них: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Алєксєєва Наталія Юнівна. – Київ: Інститут держави і права ім. В.М. Корецького, 2017. - 223 с.Дисертація присвячена дослідженню особливостей кримінальної відповідальності за злочини проти правосуддя, що вчиняються свідками, експертами, перекладачами або щодо них. У роботі розглянуто загальні питання історії становлення відповідальності за ці злочини, відповідальності за них у зарубіжному кримінальному законодавстві, визначення поняття вказаної групи злочинів проти правосуддя у межах загального поняття правосуддя та об’єкта злочину у кримінальному праві. Проаналізовано актуальні проблеми визначення елементів зазначених злочинів шляхом встановлення спільного для всіх цих злочинів проти правосуддя безпосереднього об’єкта (обов’язкового та додаткового), визначення об’єктивної сторони, суб’єкта, який здебільшого є спеціальним, та суб’єктивної сторони. Доведено виправданість встановлення кваліфікуючих ознак за злочини проти правосуддя вказаного виду. Досліджено соціальну обумовленість криміналізації діянь, спрямованих на перешкоджання отримання формальної об’єктивної істини у справі, кримінально-правових санкцій за вказані злочини проти правосуддя та розмежування їх зі суміжними складами злочинів. Сформульовані пропозиції вдосконалення кримінального законодавства України.The dissertation is one of the first in the legal science of Ukraine to carry out a comprehensive study of crimes against justice committed by witnesses, experts, translators or with regard to them. The paper deals with the general questions of the history of establishing responsibility for these crimes, the responsibility for them in foreign criminal law, the definition of the concept of the group of crimes against justice through the prism of the general concept of justice and the object of crime in criminal law. The dissertation analyzes the actual problems of determining the elements of these crimes by establishing a common object for all these crimes against justice (mandatory and additional), determining the objective side, the subject, which in the vast majority is special, and the sub The real side. Proven justification for establishing qualifying attributes for crimes against justice of the specified type. The social conditionality of the criminalization of acts aimed at obstructing the obtaining of formal objective truth in the case, criminal sanctions for the said crimes against justice and their delineation with adjacent offenses are investigated. The proposals on perfection of the criminal legislation of Ukraine are formulated.
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Junior, João Baptista Opitz. "Erro médico em cirurgia do aparelho digestivo: contribuição para o estudo das provas técnicas, periciais e documentais e suas implicações jurídicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5154/tde-04042007-080142/.
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Neste trabalho foram analisados trinta processos judiciais, que tramitam pelos Fóruns Regionais Cíveis de São Paulo, capital e interior e Instituições Periciais da Capital. Fez-se as extrações individualizadas de cada processo, objetivando definir as principais causas e documentos juntados ao mesmo e conseqüências de cada condição. Iniciou-se pela importância prática do tema para efeito de evolução médico-social. Buscou-se estudar a visão da relação médico-paciente, mesmo durante a demanda, a informação ao paciente e seus familiares dos procedimentos e limitadores do ato médico; o documental técnico jurídico juntado ao processo; o preparo técnico-jurídico do médico e, se, a propositura de ação depende da formação e especialização do profissional. Foram analisados processos judiciais de primeira instância no período de 1996 a 2002 correlacionados à cirurgias do aparelho digestivo. Usou-se como parâmetro de análise exclusivamente os documentos juntados aos autos onde buscou-se a existência clara da quebra da relação médico-paciente, a existência de consentimento informado, a verificação do documental juntado à defesa pelas partes ou solicitação judicial e a qualificação do profissional envolvido nas ações. Finalmente, analisados os resultados, chegamos a conclusão que a melhor forma para profilaxia da ação cível indenizatória por erro médico é: a boa relação médico-paciente; a manutenção de prontuário médico preenchido, legível, com carimbo e assinatura; o consentimento informado, que, deve ser elaborado, porém, por si só não é suficiente; e a condição técnico curricular do profissional não é fator atenuante para propositura da ação.Thirty legal proceedings, which are in progress before the Regional Civil Courts both the Capital and the countryside of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, besides Examination Institutions in the Capital city of Sao Paulo, have been analyzed in this work Individual excerpts of each case were taken with the purpose of defining the main causes and documentation attached to them as well the consequences of each condition. The practical importance of the subject for the medical-social evolution has been addressed in the first place. The physician/patient relationship view was sought to be studied, even during the claim, as well as the information of the medical procedures and limitations to the patient and his or her family; the technical/legal documentation attached to the case; the physician technical/legal preparation and whether the filing of the action depends on the professional education and specialization. Trial court cases from 1996 to 2002 related to digestive system surgery have been analyzed. The analysis subject hereof has been based exclusively on the documents attached to the case record, where attempts have been made to evidence the clear existence of the breach of the physician/patient relationship, the existence of informed consent, the examination of the documentation attached to the defense by the parties or court request, and the qualification of the professional involved in the actions. Finally, after the results have been analyzed, a conclusion was reached that the best way of avoiding a civil action for damages due to medical malpractice includes: a good relationship between doctors and patients; keeping the patient record completed, legible, stamped, and signed; informed consent, which must be prepared but it is not sufficient on its own; and the professional technical experience and background do not constitute a mitigating circumstance for filing the action.
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Cordeiro, Desirèe Monteiro. "Transtorno de identidade sexual em adultos e justiça: laudo psicológico para mudança de prenome." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-07122012-143732/.
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Transexualismo é definido como o desejo de viver e ser aceito como pertencente ao sexo oposto. É usualmente acompanhado por sentimento de desconforto ou inadequação em relação ao sexo anatômico, associado a desejo de se transformar cirúrgica e hormonalmente para tornar o corpo o mais congruente possível com o sexo pretendido. Com essa alteração, surge ainda a necessidade de adequação jurídica da pessoa física por meio de processo cível para mudança do nome e do sexo jurídicos, adequando-se, assim, o status civil/social. O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar como os laudos psicológicos poderiam ou não colaborar nas decisões judiciais, de acordo com a análise de sentenças judiciais para mudança de prenome em transexuais masculinos e femininos, submetidos ou não a cirurgia de transgenitalização. Realizamos levantamento por amostragem, que inicialmente caracterizou as variáveis sociais e demográficas dessa população e, posteriormente, sistematizamos os dados encontrados. A população estudada, que pleiteia a mudança do registro civil, foi mapeada a partir de dados de sentenças e processos para mudança de prenome, traçando-se um perfil nacional segundo os critérios definidos pelo SUS. Buscamos a amostra nos quatro centros credenciados para o processo transexualizador (Portaria no 457, de 19 de agosto de 2008). Encontramos 55 sujeitos que entraram com processo de mudança de prenome e/ou prenome e sexo, matriculados/acompanhados nos referidos hospitais. Observamos uma proporção de de 9:2 entre homem para mulher (MTF) e mulher para homem (FTM), semelhante ao que se relata na literatura internacional (4:1). Quanto às sentenças, apenas 5,50% (três) dos processos foram indeferidos, correspondentes a sujeitos do sexo biologico masculino que ainda não haviam sido submetidos à cirurgia. Observamos uma associação entre cirurgia e deferimento da mudança de prenome (p = 0,001). Em apenas 10,90% (seis) sentenças analisadas, havia menção ao laudo psicológico, que, portanto, foi omitido nas demais, 82,10% (49). Quando presentes, os laudos não foram elaborados por profissionais dos centros credenciados para o processo transexualizador, descaracterizandose como objetos deste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que os laudos psicológicos não influem na decisão judicial nos processos de mudança de prenome entre pacientes transexuais e que a realização prévia da cirurgia de readequação sexual está associada a um maior índice de êxito no pleito dos pacientesTranssexualism is defined as a desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex, usually accompanied by a sense of discomfort (or inappropriateness) with one\'s anatomic sex, and a wish to have surgical and hormonal treatment to make one\'s body as congruent as possible with one\'s preferred sex. This change triggers the need for legal adjustment of the individual through civil proceedings for change the legal name and sex/gender. This study\'s objective was to observe whether psychological appraisals may or may not influence the judicial decision, by the analysis of the judges\' sentences for the change of forename in transsexual men and women, whether or not they underwent reassignment surgery. We performed a sample study where we initially characterized the social and demographic variables of this population, and then we systematized the data found. The population studied, who presented a plea to change theirs forename at the civil register, was mapped from data of trial sentences. From this data we present a national profile of patients according to criteria for the processo transexualizador, the treatment as laid down by the Brazilian National Health Care System. We seeked our sample at the four centers licensed for the \"processo transexualizador\" (Ordinance 457 of the Brazilian Health Care Ministry, dated August 19, 2008). We have found 55 subjects which entered pleas for changes of forename and / or pleas for changes of forename and sex. This subjects should be registered patients or be monitored at these hospitals. We found a proportion of 9:2 male to female (MTF) and female to male (FTM) patients, this finding is similar to reports from the international literature (4:1). When we analyzed for outcome of the judgments, we found that 5.50% (three) cases were rejected. This three cases belonged to biological male gender and had not yet been submitted to surgery. We observed a association between surgery and plea for first name\'s change (p = 0.001). Only 10.90% (six) of the sentences analyzed mentioned the psychological appraisal, which was omitted in 82.10% (49) of the sentences. We also found that when the psychological appraisals were present they were not issued by professionals working at licensed centers, therefore these did not meet the criteria for the study. Our findings suggest that the psychological appraisals do not affect the judicial decision over the pleas for forename changes among transsexual patients and the prior execution of the reassignment surgery is associated to a higher success rate in the patients\' litigations
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Abuorabi, Yousef. "Skills of forensic accountants as expert witnesses and admissibility of expert testimony." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:56773.
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The demand for accounting expert witness services has increased over the past decade, as has the diversity of areas that expert witnesses are required to cover. Consequently, many universities and colleges are currently considering adding forensic accounting courses to their curriculum (Wang et al. 2016, DiGabriele 2010). Identifying appropriate forensic accounting skills will aid both academia and professional bodies to integrate these skills into their accounting curriculum (Bhasin 2016). This will help accounting students of tertiary institutions and professional bodies gain appropriate forensic accounting skills and techniques (Seda & Kramer 2015).
Accounting expert witnesses are called to testify in cases related to accounting or financial matters, such as fraud cases, that are beyond the knowledge or understanding of judges and jurors. Their expert testimony is provided as opinion evidence based on the expert’s training, study or experience. Accordingly, forensic accountants (FAs) should acquire skills that enable them to perform their duties as expert witnesses effectively (DiGabriele & Huber 2015; Heitger & Heitger 2008). Analysing the existing literature has revealed a lack of studies focusing on the skills that FAs require, specifically on litigation support services in the context of Australia (Bhasin 2016; van Akkeren & Tarr 2014). Therefore, the present study attempts to fill a knowledge gap and contribute to the development of this professional niche in Australia and the other countries.
This study aims to investigate the main skills that FAs should possess to act as expert witnesses in courts from the perception of three stakeholder groups: lawyers, professional accountants and accounting academics. Additionally, this study inspects the factors affecting the admissibility of expert testimony. Further, it inspects the variance in the perceptions of the above three groups regarding the skills required for expert witnesses. Moreover, the research project explores the essential requirements that are required for FAs to practice expert witnessing and litigation support services before the court in the Australian context—including level of education, area of specialisation, forensic accounting credentials, the career pathway of accounting expert witnesses and computer-based forensic techniques. Institutional theory and agency theory are adopted to underpin and explain the objectives of the study. From an institutional perspective, identifying the skills, ethics and other requirements that FAs should possess to act as expert witnesses will improve their work and assist the efforts to standardise forensic accounting as a profession in Australia. This will reduce the institutional pressures on forensic accounting and meet the expectations of those who use these services, thus legitimising and improving the industry. On the other hand, from an agency perspective, improving the skills of FAs will reduce the conflict between the principal (users of FAs services) and the agent (FAs), which thus reduces agency costs by aligning the objectives of principal and agent.
The study is a descriptive design utilising a mixed-methods approach with quantitative and qualitative elements. A literature review was conducted to identify the basic skills of accounting expert witnesses, which led to developing a literature-based list of forensic accounting skills (LFAS). The list contains six sets of skills in forensic accounting. A set of hypotheses was formulated and tested by using data collected from a questionnaire and interview survey. The questionnaire was distributed by email using the online survey distribution tool, Survey Monkey, and the interviews were conducted by phone. Data collected from these two techniques were analysed using statistical analysis software, including Excel, the statistical package for social science (SPSS), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and NVivo.
The findings from the questionnaire and interviews were used to test and validate the LFAS. The results indicated that the participants agreed on the importance of numerous skills that FAs should possess to practice expert witness services, such as communication skills, auditing skills, investigative flexibility, legal knowledge, ability to simplify information and professional independence. In contrast, the respondents disagreed on the importance of other skills, such as knowledge and understanding of criminology, management, family law knowledge, confidence, a creative mindset and public interest. In the interviews, participants also highlighted the importance of new skills that were not previously addressed by relevant studies or the questionnaires’ results, such as attention to detail, computer skills, critical thinking and valuation skills.
Study results also revealed the factors that can affect the admissibility of accounting expert witnesses from the participants’ perspectives. One important result is the objectivity of the expert. A second important result is the view that the experts must comply with the court rules and code of conduct for accounting expert witnesses. A third result was that the experts’evidence must be based on their study, training and experience and that the report evidence submitted to the Court must be relevant, reliable and within the scope of tasks assigned to the experts. Finally, results revealed the belief that the expert’s opinion should be supported by facts and that expert witnesses should demonstrate the methods and documents used to prove these facts.
The findings also identified the main requirements for FAs to act as expert witnesses from the perspective of major stakeholders, including that the master’s degree was considered the appropriate level of education for FAs; that law was selected as the preferred discipline for FAs, along with a degree in accounting; that CPA or CA was chosen as the best credentials for expert witnesses in accounting; that obtaining a degree in accounting with practical experience in a related field was the best path for commencing a career as a FA expert; and that special computer skills in forensic and investigation packages were deemed critical for FAs.
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Hamilton, Melissa. "Judicial discourses involving domestic violence and expert testimony." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2515.
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Golan, Tal. "Scientific expert testimony in Anglo-American courts, 1782 - 1923 /." 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/386458782.pdf.
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Tseng, Huan-Hsu, and 曾煥旭. "A Study on Medical Expert Testimony in Civil Procedure." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94179031084051493548.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
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The thesis focuses on the medical expert testimony in civil procedure. Since expert testimony given by agencies or organizations is widely used in medical litigation, many regulations under the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure aren’t certainly implemented, which infringe and deprive the parties of their rights during civil litigation. Hence, how to reform and improve the present situation is a vital important topic. This thesis will interpret the incentive, methodology and scope of this thesis. Chapter two introduces the sections of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure relevant to expert testimony, the function and the purpose of expert testimony, and the obligations and the rights of an expert witness. Also the differences between witnesses and expert witnesses will be distinguished so as to clarify the meaning of an expert witness in civil procedure. According to the current medical litigation practice, the Medical Review Board under the Ministry of Health and Welfare is usually designated by courts to provide expert opinions concerning medical malpractice cases. Therefore, the organization of the Medical Review Board and the deficiencies of the operating procedure in the Medical Review Board will be discussed in Chapter three. Chapter four is an introduction of the activity of medical expert witnesses in the medical litigation of America and Japan. In America, many medical boards and professional organizations regulate the qualifications of being a medical expert witness and also establish sanctions to secure the impartiality and objectivity of an expert witness in a lawsuit. Furthermore, the methods of expert testimony that Japanese courts use not only put the principle of the Japan Code of Civil Procedure into practice but also overcome the problems of selecting doctors as medical expert witnesses. In a view of the shortcomings of the medical expert testimony in Taiwan, it is expected that the expert testimony procedure in the medical litigations of Taiwan can be improved through the analyses of and comparisons with the above-mentioned foreign systems.
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Kuo, Chia, and 郭嘉. "The Reflection and Restructuring of Medical Expert Testimony in Civil Procedure." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88880794511633583294.
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Crowley, MJ. "The impact of psychological expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases." Thesis, 1994. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/11449/19/crowley_whole_thesis.pdf.
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While the admissibility of psychological expert testimony varies from one
common law country to another, evidentiary analyses dealing with the impact of such
testimony are invariably opinion-based and lack empirical support. Predictions
from theoretical models of communication/persuasion processes suggest that
psychological expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases may be given considerable
weight by jurors, but the experimental literature investigating the impact of such
testimony is scant.
This thesis reports four experiments designed to investigate the juridical impact
of psychological expert testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse case, using
gender-balanced juries throughout. In the first study, presence or absence of a
psychologist's generalised testimony concerning children's cognitive abilities was
varied across three ages of child victim/witness. Subjects viewing the expert
testimony rated the child higher on memory ability, resistance to suggestion and
reality monitoring ability and gave higher ratings of defendant guilt.
In the second experiment, the same expert testimony was presented by male and
female experts in either an adversarial or nonadversarial role. Significant
interaction effects indicated that, for the male expert only, ratings of the dependent
variables were significantly lower in the adversarial role.
The third experiment investigated whether expert testimony presented before and
after the child's testimony is differentially utilized. Ratings of the child-based
variables and verdict ratings did not differ as a function of the sequence of testimony,
but regardless of temporal order, presence of expert testimony led to significantly
higher child-based ratings than the absence of such testimony.In the fourth experiment, the differential impact of three types of expert
testimony were studied; testimony concerning children's general cognitive abilities,
testimony concerning characteristic behavioural reactions to sexual abuse, and
testimony assessing the validity of the child's statement. The quality of the child's
statement was varied, using content-based criteria. Subjects viewing the cognitive
abilities testimony rated the child higher on memory, resistance to suggestion and
reality monitoring, but there were no significant differences on verdicts by type of
testimony. Those who viewed the child's enhanced statement gave higher ratings of
defendant guilt on the aggravated sexual assault charge. Results indicated greater
acceptance but less scrutiny of nonadversarial expert testimony.
In all four studies, the prime predictor of child credibility and verdict ratings
were the jurors' perceptions of whether the child had misinterpreted the defendant's
actions. Juror gender effects were also consistent in all studies, with females more
likely to rate the child's credibility higher and to find the defendant guilty.
In general, results indicated that psychological expert testimony which details
research findings concerning children's cognitive abilities seems less likely to
change verdicts than to increase the degree of certainty felt by those voting guilty,
and may therefore serve to improve the juridical decision-making process. The
impact of psychological expert testimony appears to vary with expert role when the
psychologist is male. Changing the order in which testimony is presented appears to
have no significant impact on verdicts or jurors' perceptions of the child witness.
The implications of the thesis findings for psychological theory and legal practice are
discussed.
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Burke, Paul. "Law's anthropology: from ethnography to expert testimony in three native title claims." Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9905.
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At an intermediate level, between Aboriginal lifeworlds and the politics of statecraft, native title can be seen as the interaction of the social field of Australianist anthropology and the juridical field through the medium of actors: principally anthropologists,lawyers and judges. Viewing the interaction this way allows a more comprehensive explanation to be given that is not captive to requirements of the different disciplines involved and it can move beyond a simple advocate-independent expert dichotomy of roles. There are various ways of conceptualising the interaction of the two fields, ranging from the predatory swallowing and digestion of anthropology by law to the sharing of responsibility for contentious decisions. From the perspective of individual anthropologists, one way to consider the task is as a projection of expert independence by the skilful triangulation between the anthropological archive, the claimants' evidence and the legal doctrine of native title. The expert's task involves a process of deconstructing the existing anthropological archive and reconstructing it in a way that is relevant to the judge's task. One way to project independence and expertise would be to acknowledge the indeterminacy of the key concepts of native title and simply outline what evidence supports various alternative interpretations (the robust academic model). To explore the issue, a case study method is adopted because of the complexity of the interaction and the pragmatic resolution forced on the judge by the indeterminacy of the key elements of native title. Each case study consists of two chapters, one giving a critical account of the relevant part of the anthropological archive and the other outlining how that archive is used in formulating the expert opinion and its reception by the judge. The first case study is about the fact-finding hearing in the original Mabo decision. It represents an ideal of long-term fieldwork having been completed well before the court case was contemplated and a successful projection of professional independence. The next two case studies, about the Rubibi and De Rose Hill claims, represent the more typical situation of anthropological research for litigation. In Rubibi there were antagonistic interpretations of the anthropological archive taken by the two anthropologists involved in the case. The judge worked hard to resolve the two interpretations. In De Rose Hill the judge took a negative view of the case and aligned himself with the anthropologist who had the superior academic capital and against the
claimants' anthropologist, whom he accused of bias. The testing, via the case studies,
of the initial theorising about interaction law and anthropology suggested various modifications to proposed models. Gaps in the anthropological archive mean that in relation to the historical transformation of traditional land tenure practices,the imagined deconstruction-reconstruction process is more one of improvisation. Anthrologists are not only orientated towards legal doctrine itself,but towards the more amorphous expectations of the juridical field, principally the need for generality and systematicity of traditional land tenure principles and maintaining of the illusion of the scientific fact.
For these reasons, the seemingly logical robust academic model of the expert report was generally avoided. The interaction of the field of Australianist anthropology and the juridical field has very little impact on the basic structures of the juridical field. In the field of Australianist anthropology, however, the encounter with native title has seen an intensification of differences within the field about the nature and the role of theory within anthropology and the relative merits of pure and applied anthropology.
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Annecke, Julian Paul. "The attitudes of advocates to phychological testimony in court." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22165.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the degree of Master of Art (Clinical Psychology), Johannesburg, June 1991The literature in this area suggest that the legal profession has inconsistent contradictory and essentially ambivalent attitudes towards psychological testimony in court. This study seeks to begin an exploration and descriptiion of the attitudes of a subsection of that profession viz advocates, to psychological testimony in court. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version]
GR2017
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"You Understand, So I Understand: How A "Community of Knowledge" Shapes Trust in Expert Evidence." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.50550.
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abstract: This experiment uses the Community of Knowledge framework to better understand how jurors interpret new information (Sloman & Rabb, 2016). Participants learned of an ostensibly new scientific finding that was claimed to either be well-understood or not understood by experts. Despite including no additional information, expert understanding led participants to believe that they personally understood the phenomenon, with expert understanding acting as a cue for trustworthiness and believability. This effect was particularly pronounced with low-quality sources. These results are discussed in the context of how information is used by jurors in court, and the implications of the “Community of Knowledge” effect being used by expert witnesses.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Psychology 2018
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Дудич, Андрій Васильович, Андрей Васильевич Дудыч, and Andrii V. Dudycz. "Експерт як учасник кримінального провадження." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/7807.
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Дудич А.В. Експерт як учасник кримінального провадження: дис. ... канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.09 / Дудич Андрій Васильович. - Одеса, 2017. - 253 с.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.09 - кримінальний процес та криміналістика; судова експертиза; оперативно-розшукова діяльність. - Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2017. Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню теоретичних, методологічних та практичних аспектів участі експерта у кримінальному провадженні за КПК України 2012 року з урахуванням практики Європейського суду з прав людини та національної судової практики. У роботі розкрито поняття експерта та його місце в системі суб'єктів судово-експертної діяльності, з'ясовано вимоги, які встановлюються для нього як учасника кримінального провадження, а також проаналізовано міжнародно-правовий та зарубіжний досвід участі експерта у кримінальному провадженні. На основі норм чинного законодавства та наукових праць учених-процесуалістів досліджено процесуальний статус експерта як учасника кримінального провадження, охарактеризовано його зміст і структурні елементи (права, обов'язки, відповідальність, гарантії забезпечення його прав), та з'ясовано форми участі експерта у кримінальному провадженні. За результатами дослідження сформульовано пропозиції, спрямовані на вдосконалення кримінального процесуального закону у частині закріплення елементів процесуального статусу експерта, форм його участі у кримінальному провадженні та регламентації механізму їх реалізації у кримінальному провадженні.
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.09 - уголовный процесс и криминалистика: судебная экспертиза, оперативно-розыскная деятельность. - Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2017. Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию теоретических, методологических и практических аспектов участия эксперта в уголовном производстве по УПК Украины 2012 года с учетом практики Европейского суда по правам человека и национальной судебной практики. В работе раскрыты понятие эксперта и его место в системе субъектов судебно-экспертной деятельности, выяснены требования, которые устанавливаются для него как участника уголовного судопроизводства, а также проанализированы международно-правовой и зарубежный опыт участия эксперта в уголовном производстве. На основании анализа норм УПК Украины и научно обоснованных позиций ученых в области уголовного процесса и судебной экспертизы обоснован вывод о том, что свойства профессиональной деятельности эксперта как субъекта экспертной деятельности делятся на общие и особенные. На основе норм действующего законодательства и научных трудов ученых-процессуалистов исследован процессуальный статус эксперта в качестве участника уголовного судопроизводства, охарактеризованы его содержание и структурные элементы (права, обязанности, ответственность, гарантии обеспечения его прав) и выяснены формы участия эксперта в уголовном производстве. Установлено, что с целью выяснения обстоятельств, имеющих значение для уголовного производства, эксперт вправе выходить за пределы полученного поручения о проведении экспертизы и изложить в заключении экспертизы выявленные в ходе ее проведения сведения, по поводу которых ему не были поставлены вопросы. Право на экспертную инициативу является важной гарантией полноты и всесторонности исследования всех обстоятельств дела. Дополнительными формами использования экспертом специальных знаний в уголовном судопроизводстве является его участие в производстве следственных (розыскных) и других процессуальных действий, консультирование стороны уголовного производства, следственного судьи и суда по вопросам, которые касаются назначения экспертизы в уголовном производстве, а также деятельность по установлению причин и условий, способствовавших совершению преступлений, и определению профилактических мероприятий по их устранению. По результатам исследования сформулированы предложения, направленные на совершенствование уголовного процессуального закона в части закрепления элементов процессуального статуса эксперта, форм его участия в уголовном производстве и регламентации механизма их реализации в уголовном производстве.
Dissertation for the academic degree of Candidate of Law Sciences in Speciality 12.00.09 - Criminal proceedings and criminalistics; court expertise: operational search activity. - National University «Odesa Law Academy», Odesa. 2017. Dissertation is aimed to do a thorough research of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the participation of an expert in the criminal proceedings according to the CPC of Ukraine, 2012 on the basis of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and of the national courts. The dissertation studies the notion of an expert and its place in the system of participants of forensic and expert activity, the requirements to an expert as a participant of the criminal proceedings. Besides, international legal and foreign experience of participation of an expert in the criminal proceedings is analysed. On the basis of the rules of current legislation and scientific works of scholars in the field of the criminal justice the procedural status of an expert as a participant in the criminal proceedings has been studied, its contents and structural elements (rights, duties, responsibilities, guarantees of his rights) have been described, the forms of participation of an expert in the criminal proceedings have been worked out. The study formulates proposals aimed at improving the Criminal Procedural Legislation in the part which establishes the elements of the procedural status of an expert, forms of an expert's participation in the criminal proceedings and regulates the mechanism for their implementation in the criminal proceedings.
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Troup, Tomáš. "L'expérience comme mode de détermination des faits dans le procès civil." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3645.
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L'utilisation de l'expérience comme un mode de détermination des faits, c'est-à-dire comme un élément qui comble les lacunes dans l'ensemble des éléments de preuve dans le procès civil, est un thème quelque peu tabou. La doctrine est souvent basée sur la prémisse voulant que le décideur rende une décision uniquement en vertu des éléments de preuve et qu'il doit absolument s'abstenir d'insérer aux constatations quoi que ce soit qui n'est pas présent dans les éléments de preuve. Cette vision est éloignée de la réalité juridique. Dans la première partie, nous allons aborder les principes procéduraux qui empêchent l'utilisation de l'expérience comme mode de détermination des faits. Ce sont le principe de la reconstruction de l'événement du passé, le principe de l'abstraction des connaissances acquises hors du procès et le principe de l'exclusion de la preuve par ouï-dire. Ensuite, nous portons notre attention sur les différents types d'expérience, c'est-à-dire l'expérience profane, divisible en bon sens et sens commun, et l'expérience scientifique, ainsi sur leurs modes de fonctionnement dans le procès civil. La première partie se termine par une brève confrontation des différents types d'expérience avec les principes procéduraux. La deuxième partie est consacré à l'analyse de l'expérience dans trois instruments juridiques: la connaissance d'office, la présomption de fait et le témoignage d'expert. Nous nous intéressons principalement à vérifier si l'expérience fonctionne à l'intérieur de ces instruments juridiques comme mode de détermination des faits et ensuite quelles sont les limites que le droit pose à l'expérience dans ce rôle. L'analyse va confirmer que le principal instrument par lequel l'expérience comme mode de détermination des faits pénètre dans le procès civil est la présomption de fait.The theme of the use of experience as a mode of fact findings, i.e. as an element which fills the gaps in a totality of evidence in the civil procedure, is somewhat tabooed. The doctrine is frequently based upon the premise that a decision-maker should render a decision solely on the basis of evidence and that he should completely abstain from inserting into the fact findings anything which is not present in the evidence. This vision is distant from the legal reality. In the first part, three procedural principles which prevent the experience from the use as a mode of fact findings will be treated. The principles in question are the principle of reconstruction of the past event, the principle of setting aside the knowledge obtained out of the procedure and the principle of exclusion of hearsay evidence. Then the attention is paid to different types of experience (i.e. the lay experience, divisible into "bon sens" and into common sense, and the scientific experience) and to the methods of their fonctionning in the civil procedure. The first part is concluded by a brief confrontation of different types of experience with the procedural principles. The second part is dedicated to an analysis of the experience in the three legal instruments: judicial notice, presumption of fact and expert testimony. The interest is focused especially on verification whether the experience works inside the legal instruments as a mode of facts findings and then what are the limits which the law fixes to the experience in this role. The research will confirm that the principal instrument by which the experience as a mode of fact findings penetrates into the civil procedure is the presumption of fact.
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Swanepoel, Magdaleen. "Law, Psychiatry and psychology : a selection of constitutional, medico-legal and liability issues." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3106.
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The purpose of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive process for identifying and addressing primarily constitutional, medico-legal and liability issues, and in addition ethical, social and scientific issues related to the psychiatric and psychology professions in South Africa. In fulfilling this purpose, a comprehensive search is conducted of relevant historical, ethical, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to psychiatry and psychology, as well as an evaluation of the current juridical framework regarding the legal liability of the psychiatrist and psychologist balanced against the constitutional rights of the mentally disordered patient in South Africa. Recommendations are made for the establishment of any new controls needed to mitigate and prevent the exposure of mentally disordered patients, further attempting to provide specific remedies to adapt the current juridical framework in South Africa. The examination is conducted within the framework of the South African and United Kingdom's legal systems. Focus is placed on aspects of medical law, human rights law (as envisaged in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996), criminal law and the law of delict and, to a lesser extent, administrative law and the law of evidence.Law
LL.D.