Dissertations / Theses: 'Experimental volcanism'

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Renggli, Christian Josef. "Volcanic gases and the reaction of sulfur dioxide with aluminosilicate glasses." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147744.

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Volcanic gases are an important part of the volatile cycle in active planetary systems and contribute significantly to the mobilization and transport of metals to planetary surfaces. On Earth, Venus, Mars and Io, SO2 is the most abundant corrosive species in volcanic gases, and basalts are ubiquitous on these planetary bodies. The reaction between SO2 and silicate rocks forms oxidized sulfate and reduced sulfide. This reaction is a key process in the formation of porphyry deposits. In volcanic eruption plumes SO2 reacts with volcanic ash and is scavenged onto the surface of the ash particles. Knowledge of the reaction mechanisms between volcanic gas and rocks, minerals and glasses, and processes controlling the metal mobilization and transport in volcanic gas can constrain models of volatile and metal budgets of planetary crusts and surfaces. Using thermochemical modelling, I present a new model for the composition of volcanic gas on the Moon and compare it to a terrestrial volcanic gas from Erta Ale volcano (Ethiopia). The main species in lunar volcanic gas are H2, S2 and CO. This finding is in contrast to previous studies which suggested that CO was the sole driver of explosive volcanic eruptions on the Moon. This lunar volcanic gas has a lower capacity for metal transport compared to the Cl- and H2O-rich volcanic gas from Erta Ale volcano. To identify how SO2-glass reactions occur at high temperature and to investigate what might promote and limit these reactions, I present results from an experimental study. Pure SO2 was reacted with silicate glasses in the system anorthite-diopside-albite and with Fe-bearing natural basaltic glasses. The sulfate reaction products are relatively enriched in Ca compared to the silicate glass composition, in particular in experiments with Fe-free anorthite-diopside glasses. On these Fe-free glasses CaSO4 is the sole observed phase in the coatings at 800 °C, whereas at 600 °C minor amounts of MgSO4 were detected. At 800 °C, the flux of Ca from the silicate glass to the surface exceeds that of Mg by a factor of up to 330, whereas at 600 °C this factor is only 3. The rate of reaction is not constant, decreasing by an order of magnitude from 1 h to 24 h at 800 °C. The reaction of SO2 with tholeiitic basalt glasses produces coatings of CaSO4, MgSO4, Na2SO4 and oxides including Fe2O3 and TiO2. In addition, the reaction modifies the basalt glass because Ca, Mg and Na are lost to the coating. This results in the nucleation of crystalline spherulites and needles including SiO2, Al2O3, as well as Fe-Na-rich and Mg-rich pyroxenes. VIII The results suggest that the structural properties of the silicate glass substrate control the diffusive transport of Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Ti to the surface which in turn controls the overall reaction rate and the formation of sulfates, oxides and silicates. These findings can be applied to predicting reactions on planetary surfaces and at shallow levels within their crusts.

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Iacovino, Kayla. "An unexpected journey : experimental insights into magma and volatile transport beneath Erebus volcano, Antarctica." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245333.

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Erebus is a well-studied open-vent volcano located on Ross Island, Antarctica (77◦ 32’ S, 167◦ 10’ E). The volcano is the focus of ongoing research aimed at combining petrologic data and experiments with surface gas observations in order to interpret degassing histories and the role of volatiles in magma differentiation, redox evolution, and eruptive style. This research focus has been driven in part by an abundance of studies on various aspects of the Erebus system, such as physical volcanology, gas chemistry, petrology, melt inclusion research, seismic, and more. Despite this large data set, however, interpretations of Erebus rocks, particularly mafic and intermediate lavas, which are thought to originate from deep within the magmatic plumbing system, have been hindered due to a lack of experimental data. Experimental petrology is a common tool used to understand volcanic plumb- ing systems and to tie observations made at the Earth’s surface to the deep pro- cesses responsible for driving volcanic activity. Experimental petrologists essen- tially recreate natural magma chambers in miniature by subjecting lavas to con- ditions of pressure, temperature, and volatile chemistry (P-T-X) relevant to a natural underground volcanic system. Because many important parameters can be constrained in the laboratory, the comparison of experimental products with naturally erupted ones allows for an understanding of the formation conditions of the rocks and gases we see at the surface. In this thesis, I have employed experimental and analytical petrological tech- niques to investigate the magmatic plumbing system of Erebus volcano. Broadly, the research is focused on volatiles (namely H2O, CO2, and S species) in the Ere- bus system: their abundances, solubilities, interactions, evolution, and ultimate contributions to degassing. Specifically, three key themes have been investigated, each employing their own experimental and analytical techniques. Firstly, the mixed volatile H2O-CO2 solubility in Erebus phonotephrite has been investigated under P-T-X conditions representative of the deep plumbing system of Erebus. Understanding the deep system is crucial because the constant supply of deeply derived CO2-rich gases combined with a sustained energy and mass input into the lava lake suggests a direct link between the phonolite lava lake and the volcano’s ultimate mantle source via a deep mafic plumbing system. Secondly, I have mapped the phase equilibria and evolution of primitive, inter- mediate, and evolved Erebus lavas. The chemistries of these experimental products span the full range of lavas on Ross Island and help to constrain magmatic evolu- tion from basanite to phonolite as well as to elucidate the geometry of the deep Ross Island plumbing system. Finally, lower-pressure experiments representing the shallow plumbing system at Erebus have been performed in order to understand the transport properties of sulfur in alkaline magma. Experiments were performed on natural Erebus basanite and phonolite, which represent the most primitive and evolved lavas from Erebus. A distinct cocktail of C-O-H-S fluid was equilibrated with each experiment, and a wide range of experimental oxygen fugacities was explored. Overall, experiments from this work are the first to place constraints on the en- tire magma plumbing system of Erebus volcano. In addition, experimental results foster a new understanding of non-ideal gas behavior at high pressure, the affinity of CO2 to deeply sourced rift magmas, and the effect of alkalis on fluid transport capabilities in melts.

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García, Pérez Olaya. "The explosive volcanism of Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex, Canary Island." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/130923.

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The explosive events in Teide Pico Viejo (TPV) complex in Tenerife Island (Spain) have traditionally been restricted to the subplinian eruption of Montaña Blanca, which occurred about 2000 years ago. A recent revision of the stratigraphy of TPV shows that phonolitic explosive activity has been significant during the Holocene, with several distinct episodes related to eruptions ranging from Strombolian to sub-plinian. Using field, mineralogical and geochemical stratigraphic correlations, we have identified 11 phonolitic explosive eruptions related to the satellite domes present all around TPV complex. One of the most representative eruptions is that of El Boqueron (5,660 yBP), a dome that generated an explosive event of VEI 3 with a minimum volume of 4-6x107 m3 and produced a plume with a height of up to 9km above sea level (MER 6.9-8.2x105 kg/s, during 9-15 h). The occurrence of these explosive events in the recent eruptive record of TPV is of major importance in evaluating the risk imposed by the volcanic complex on Tenerife. These eruptions have generated a wide range of direct hazards, such as fallout, emplacement of pyroclastic density currents, debris flows, lahars, and rock avalanches, which could occur again in case of a renewal of volcanic activity. The results obtained in our study are relevant to define realistic and precise eruptive scenarios for TPV and to assess its associated hazard, a necessary step in the evaluation and mitigations of volcanic risk in Tenerife El complejo volcánico Teide Pico Viejo (TPV) es un stratovolcano situado en la isla de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, y ha sido considerado por la UNESCO el sistema volcánico activo más peligroso en Europa. Los eventos explosivos en el complejo TPV se han limitado tradicionalmente a la erupción subplinian de Montaña Blanca, que ocurrió hace unos 2000 años. Una reciente revisión de la estratigrafía muestra que la actividad explosiva fonolítica asociada a TPV ha sido significativa durante el Holoceno, presentado distintos episodios relacionados con erupciones que varían en tamaño de estromboliano a sub-pliniano. A través de las correlaciones estratigráficas obtenidas mediante observaciones de campo y datos de mineralógicos y geoquímicos, se han identificado 11 erupciones explosivas fonolítica relacionados con los domos satélite presentes en todo complejo TPV. Una de las erupciones más representativa es El Boquerón (5660 YBP), un domo que generó un evento explosivo de VEI 3 con un volumen mínimo de 4-6x107 m3 y produjo una columna con una altura de hasta 9 kilometros sobre el nivel del mar ( MER 6.9-8.2x105 kg / s, durante 9-15 h). La ocurrencia de estos eventos explosivos en el reciente registro eruptivo del complejo TPV es de gran importancia para evaluar el riesgo impuesto por el complejo volcánico en Tenerife. Estas erupciones han generado una amplia gama de amenazas directas, como los depósitos de caida, emplazamiento de las corrientes piroclásticas densidad, flujo de derrubios, lahares y avalanchas de roca, lo que podría ocurrir de nuevo en caso de renovación de la actividad volcánica. Los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio son relevantes para definir escenarios eruptivos realista y precisos para el complejo TPV y para evaluar su riesgo asociado, un paso necesario en la evaluación y mitigación del riesgo volcánico en Tenerife

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Meletlidis, Tsiogalos Stavros. "Eruptive dynamics and petrological evolution of recent volcanism on the El Hierro Island : Implications for volcanic hazard assessment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461582.

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The Canarian archipelago, extends over approximately 500 km in total along the passive continental margin off NW Africa, comprises seven major and four minor islands, and it is part of the so called Macaronesia region, together with the archipelagos of Azores, Madeira, Salvajes and Cape Verde. Within the oceanic geodynamic context, the Canary archipelago is located on oceanic crust of the big African plate, specifically upon the passive continental margin, with thickness exceeding 20 km. It is a good example of oceanic intraplate alkaline volcanism. According the radioisotopic data available (Carracedo et al., 1998) the archipelago has been formed during the last 60 Ma and is still volcanically active. Multiple periods of volcanic activity accompanied with extreme range in magma compositions and eruptive styles have been exhibited during the evolution. A wide variety of models have been proposed for the origin of the Canary Islands, such as, hot spot, decompressing fusion, Atlas generated propagating fracture, or the "block" model based on regional fractures that helped elevate the islands. Holocene sub-aerial activity has occurred on all islands, except La Gomera, with 18 eruptions in the last 520 years (historic activity) on Tenerife, La Palma, Lanzarote and El Hierro. All these eruptive events consist of monogenetic basaltic eruptions along structures or zones identified as rifts (only the 1798 of Montaña Chahorra in Tenerife, expulsed intermediate composition magma and was located at the base of the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex). Although monogenetic volcanism is the most extended type of volcanic activity on the planet (Walker 2000) and is characterized by a large diversity of eruptive styles and products, it is generally associated to low level volcanic hazard and many times it is underestimated in the hazard assessment. The main structures generated by these type of eruptions (concentrated as volcanic fields or long rift zones) are cinder cones, formed by the pyroclastic products and lava flows, that can reach several kilometres length. Eventually, can generate phreatomagmatic deposits, when an interaction between magma and water occurs (shallow submarine volcanism or littoral cones). These eruptions, traditionally, are associated with a single batch and pulse of magma and are greatly influenced by local and regional stress fields. Other parameters that can be important in the evolution of the activity, as in any other volcanic activity, are magma composition, volume, and rheological contrast beneath the surface. Recent studies have revealed that, even in a monogenetic eruption, an internal geochemical evolution could be possible, mainly because of the multiple batches involved and the importance of the local stress controls in the migration and finally eruption of magma. Complexity, derived from these internal and external conditions in combination with the depth where magmas are stored and transported, is reflected in the difficulty to anticipate and forecast these types of eruptions and their evolution, especially, for areas with long quiescent periods and a variety of magmas as in the Canary Islands, where a new volcano could come up in any location. The reconstruction of the structure, geometry, composition and plumbing system conditions of pre- existed monogenetic eruptions on the Canary Islands along with the data obtained (petrological, seismological, geodetical, etc.) of an eruption in course such was the 2011 El Hierro eruption will help us obtain a significant progress in understanding the processes that take place, improve our knowledge on monogenetic eruptions and as a consequence enhance hazard assessment and reduce the risk to human lives. a última erupción en la isla de El Hierro (2011-12) representa una excelente oportunidad para estudiar el volcanismo monogenético basáltico. La comparación de los productos emitidos durante esa erupción con los emitidos en erupciones anteriores y la interpretación de los resultados petrológicos junto con los datos obtenidos por la red multiparamétrica de vigilancia volcánica del IGN de vigilancia (estaciones sísmicas, GNSS, gravimétricas,…) nos ha permitido lograr un conocimiento integral de los procesos que ocurren antes y durante este tipo de erupciones basáticas monogenéticas, que son las más probables a corto y medio plazo en Canarias. Este enfoque multidisciplinar nos ha proporcionado nueva información sobre el ascenso del magma, las condiciones y procesos internos, los mecanismos de las erupciones basálticas, los mecanismos de deposición y los escenarios de interacción. La interpretación conjunta de todos los datos obtenidos permitirá una mejor evaluación del riesgo volcánico, no solo para la isla de El Hierro, sino para todo el archipiélago canario. En esta tesis, junto con el estudio de la erupción de 2011-12, se han estudiado dos más erupciones; la que ha dado el depósito de productos evolucionados en el centro de la isla (área del Malpaso) donde la dinámica y evolución de ella se ha ligado en la interacción magma/agua y la erupción de Chinyero (1909, Tenerife) que con rasgos similares a la de El Hierro (basáltica) pero con menor volumen de magma involucrado, ha tenido una dinámica más explosiva de lo que se había creído hasta hoy. Por lo tanto, las evaluaciones de riesgo volcánico a largo y corto plazo para el conjunto de las islas Canarias deben tener en cuenta posibles escenarios que no solo incluyen la erupciones basálticas submarinas, como es el caso de 2011-2012, sino también las erupciones sub-aéreas de corta vida como la del Chinyero o las erupciones como la del Malpaso, donde la intrusión basáltica y la interacción con el agua son procesos que aumentan la explosividad de una erupción y como consecuencia, al área afectado de sus productos.

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Bartolini, Stefania. "Volcanic hazard assessment in monogenetic volcanic fields." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284845.

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One of the most important tasks of modern volcanology, which represents a significant socio-economic implication, is to conduct hazard assessment in active volcanic systems. These volcanological studies are aimed at hazard that allows to constructing hazard maps and simulating different eruptive scenarios, and are mainly addressed to contribute to territorial planning, definition of emergency plans or managing volcanic crisis. The impact of a natural event, as a volcanic eruption, can significantly affect human life, property, infrastructures, and the environment. Long periods of quiescence are quite common in many volcanic areas and this often leads to a fall in the alert. The consequence is lack of preparation to deal with a volcanic crisis. The present Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the development and application of different tools for the spatial and temporal analyses to assess volcanic hazard in monogenetic volcanic fields. Monogenetic volcanic fields are commonly not regarded as potentially dangerous and only a few studies concerning hazard assessment have been conducted in such environments. In the long-term hazard assessment, we assume that the future eruptive behaviour in the volcanic field could be similar to the last eruptive activity. First, we have developed a new tool, QVAST (QGIS for VolcAnic SuscepTibility), designed to carry out the spatial analysis. This tool allows to calculate the volcanic susceptibility of the area, i.e. the probability of new vent opening, using direct and indirect structural data. Second, we have developed a new tool, HASSET (Hazard Assessment Event Tree), to conduct temporal analysis. Combining both tools and the previous one, VORIS 2.0.1, that uses simulation models to predict the most probable eruptive scenarios and which areas could be affected by a future eruptive event, we can evaluate in a probabilistic way long-term hazard represented by a qualitative hazard map that allows us to identify different levels of hazard in the study area. In this thesis we present different case studies. The first example was carried out at El Hierro Island (Canary Islands), an island essentially characterized by basaltic volcanism with both Strombolian and Hawaiian activity. The last eruption on El Hierro occurred in 2011–2012 demonstrates the importance of reliable data and tools that can enable scientific advisors and decision-makers to consider possible future eruptive scenarios. The second case study was Deception Island (Southern Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica), which is the most active volcano in the South Shetland Islands and has been the scene of more than twenty eruptions over the past two centuries. We identified a number of significant scenarios using our GIS-based tools and evaluated the potential extent of the main volcanic hazards to be expected on the island. The last case study presented is La Garrotxa Volcanic Field (NE of Spain), which is a quaternary volcanic field, located in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, and includes more than 50 well preserved volcanoes. Finally, considering the importance of both quantity and quality of the available volcanic data and an optimum storage mechanism and as complement to the e-tools we have developed, we describe the design of a new spatial database structure, VERDI (Volcanic managEment Risk Database desIgn), which allows different types of data to be manipulated, organized, managed. The design of purpose-built databases should facilitate spatial and temporal analysis that will produce probabilistic hazard models for future vent opening, simulate volcanic hazards and assess their socio-economic impact, avoiding any duplication of information. The methodologies described in this thesis establish the general guidelines of a procedure that facilitates undertaking volcanic hazard assessment in a systematic way, which can be easily applied to any volcanic area or system, and in particular to any monogenetic volcanic field. Una de las tareas más importantes de la vulcanología moderna, que representa una implicación socio-económica significativa, es llevar a cabo la evaluación de la peligrosidad en los sistemas volcánicos activos. Estos estudios vulcanológicos están enfocados a la elaboración de mapas de peligro y la simulación de diferentes escenarios eruptivos, y están dirigidas para contribuir a la planificación territorial, a la definición de los planes de emergencia o la gestión de crisis volcánicas. La presente Tesis doctoral está enfocada al desarrollo y aplicación de diferentes herramientas informáticas para los análisis espacial y temporal del peligro volcánico en campos volcánicos monogenéticos. En primer lugar, hemos desarrollado una nueva herramienta, QVAST, diseñada para llevar a cabo el análisis espacial, que permite calcular la susceptibilidad volcánica de la zona de estudio, utilizando datos estructurales directos e indirectos. En segundo lugar, hemos desarrollado una nueva herramienta, HASSET, para llevar a cabo el análisis temporal. La combinación de ambos instrumentos y una herramienta anterior, VORIS 2.0.1, que utiliza modelos de simulación para predecir los escenarios eruptivos más probables y aquellas áreas que podrían verse afectadas por un futuro evento eruptivo, nos permite evaluar de forma probabilística el peligro a largo plazo, representado por un mapa cualitativo que nos permite identificar los diferentes niveles de peligro en el área de estudio. En esta tesis se presentan diferentes casos de estudio en campos volcánicos monogenéticos: la isla de El Hierro (Islas Canarias), la isla Decepción (archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur, Antártida), el campo volcánico de La Garrotxa (NE de España). Por último, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la cantidad y la calidad de los datos volcánologicos disponibles y un mecanismo de almacenamiento óptimo, se describe el diseño de una nueva estructura de base de datos espaciales, VERDI, que permite manipular, organizar y gestionar diferentes tipos de datos. Las metodologías descritas en esta tesis establecen líneas guía generales de un procedimiento que facilita la realización de la evaluación del peligro volcánico de forma sistemática, los cuales se pueden aplicar a cualquier zona volcánica o sistema, y en particular, a cualquier campo volcánico monogenético.

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Pedrazzi, Dario. "Hydrmagmatic monogenetic volcanism in continental and oceanic island enronments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/229382.

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Monogenetic volcanism is characterized by a large diversity of eruptive styles, morphologies and deposits. Monogenetic landforms are the result of a complex merging of internal (magma composition, vesiculation) and external (geological setting, fracturation, hydrogeology, substrate stratigraphy, etc) parameters that govern the physics of the eruptions. Changes in these parameters may cause variations in the eruption style several times during the course of such short-lived volcanoes. Monogenetic volcanoes may form in any type of geological environment with scoria cones being the most common volcano type and hydrovolcanic tuff rings, tuff cones, and maars as the second in abundance. These small-volume volcanoes are generally the result of short-lived eruptions but the activity in a monogenetic volcanic field might exceed the total life of composite volcanoes. The attention of this work was focused on the relation between monogenetic volcanic landforms and the external variables that influenced the dynamics of the eruptions (i.e. magmatism vs phreatomagmatism) through a multidisciplinary perspective, in marine and continental geological settings under which monogenetic volcanism may develop. Different case studies representative of this type of activity and of these different environments have been considered. The first one corresponds to the La Crosa De Sant Dalmai volcano (Garrotxa Volcanic Field, southern sector of the Catalan Volcanic Zone), a roughly circular asymmetrical maar-diatreme volcano, which is one of the most characteristic volcanic edifices of this continental monogenetic volcanic field and the largest Quaternary volcanic crater on the Iberian Peninsula. This edifice is an example of monogenetic landform, mostly composed of phreatomagmatic deposits with subordinate Strombolian phases, constructed on a mixed basement made of hard Paleozoic granites and schists rocks and soft Plio-Quaternary deposits. Here, I reconstructed the hydrogeological conditions of the substrate and the implication for the eruptive dynamics. As a second case study, I carried out detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of the succession of El Golfo tuff cone (Lanzarote, Canary Islands). The main objective of the work was to describe in detail the structure and association of facies of this edifice and use this information to infer changes in eruption style and depositional processes. Another type of eruption was studied in the same archipelago at El Hierro, an island essentially characterized by basaltic volcanism with both Strombolian and Hawaiian activity. Here I reported the stratigraphic, lithological, sedimentological and petrographic characteristics of a felsic hydrovolcanic episode in order to discuss, transport/depositional mechanisms, dynamics, relative age and implications for hazard assessment on the island. Finally, the same type of methodology was applied at Deception Island (Southern Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica), determining the lithological and sedimentological characteristics, and clasts distribution (isopach and isopleth maps) of the eruption of 1970. This information was, then, used to determine depositional processes, eruption style and physical parameters (i.e. plume height, erupted volume, VEI) of the eruption in order to compare this episode with the previous 1967 episode, and to deduce their implications to conduct hazard assessment at the island. Each work represents a diverse aspect of hydrovolcanism and the results obtained helped to better understand the eruptive behavior of this type of volcanoes, which is a fundamental task in order to understand the possible future hazards associated with this type of volcanism. The results obtained can be applied to monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide and are, therefore, useful to reconstruct the evolution of a certain volcanic fields, through the study of single monogenetic volcanoes, and to evaluate the possible volcanic hazards, as similar eruptions represent a serious threat, which is often underestimated. A more systematic study is, thus, needed in order to understand the role of shallow-level conditions in the formation of specific volcano types in such complex volcanic fields. El vulcanismo monogenético se caracteriza por una gran diversidad de estilos eruptivos, morfologías y depósitos. Los tipos de edificios que se forman son el resultado de una compleja combinación de parámetros que rigen la física de la erupción. La atención de este trabajo se centra en la relación entre los edificios volcánicos monogenéticos y las variables externas que influyen en la dinámica de las erupciones (es decir, magmatismo vs freatomagmatismo) a través de un punto de vista multidisciplinar, en ambientes continentales y marinos en los que el vulcanismo puede desarrollar. Diferentes estudios, representativos de este tipo de actividad en diferentes entornos geográficos y geológicos, se han llevado a cabo. El primer ejemplo corresponde al volcán de La Crosa de Sant Dalmai (Campo Volcánico de La Garrotxa) donde se han reconstruido las condiciones hidrogeológicas del sustrato y la implicación para la dinámica eruptiva. Como segundo caso de estudio, se ha realizado una estratigrafía de detalle del cono de toba de El Golfo (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias), donde se han estudiado los mecanismos de emplazamiento de los depósitos para inferir cambios en la interacción magma/agua. Otro tipo de erupción se ha investigado en el mismo archipiélago, en la Isla de El Hierro, determinando las características físicas de un episodio félsico de origen hidrovolcánico ocurrido en una isla que se caracteriza esencialmente por el vulcanismo basáltico tanto Estromboliano como Hawaiiano. Por último, este mismo tipo de metodología se ha aplicado a la Isla Decepción (archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur, Antártida), estableciendo los parámetros físicos de la erupción del 1970 con el fin de comparar este episodio con el evento anterior del 1967, y deducir sus consecuencias para llevar a cabo la evaluación de peligrosidad en la isla. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser aplicados a campos volcánicos monogenéticos en todo el mundo y, por tanto, son útiles para reconstruir la evolución de ciertos campos volcánicos, a través del estudio de volcanes monogenéticos individuales, para evaluar los posibles riesgos volcánicos, teniendo en cuenta como erupciones similares representan una grave amenaza, que es a menudo subestimada.

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Albert, Mínguez Helena. "Processes, time scales and unrest of monogenetic volcanism." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334689.

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Seismic, deformation, and gas activity (unrest) typically precedes volcanic eruptions. Successful volcanic event forecasting depends on the quality of the surveillance network for detecting any changes in volcano behaviour. To interpret the geochemical and geophysical precursors correctly it is important to understand the volcanic processes that occur prior and during volcanic eruptions. Detailed knowledge of the volcano internal structure, the rheology of the magmas, the time scales of the processes occurring at depth and the characteristics of past unrest episodes, must be combined with an adequate monitoring network to improve the volcanic hazard forecast. However, these aspects have received little attention in monogenetic volcanoes. The aim of my PhD Thesis is to improve our understanding on monogenetic volcanism, its causes and dynamics, and to help anticipating the volcanic activity. I have focused on three main aspects of this problem. The first one is the calculation of the rheological properties of magmas during mixing. The second aspect I have addressed are the processes and time scales that lead to monogenetic eruptions with the aim to better interpret volcanic unrest and improve eruption forecasts. Finally, I have investigated the seismic unrest periods of historical monogenetic eruptions from a compilation of historical accounts worldwide. The results provide a conceptual framework for better anticipating monogenetic eruptions and should lead to improved strategies for mitigation of their associated hazards and risks. Las erupciones volcánicas están generalmente precedidas por la actividad sísmica, la deformación y la desgasificación (unrest). El éxito en la predicción del evento volcánico depende de la calidad de la red de vigilancia para detectar cualquier cambio en el comportamiento del volcán. Para interpretar los precursores geoquímicos y geofísicos correctamente es importante entender los procesos volcánicos que ocurren antes y durante las erupciones volcánicas. El conocimiento en detalle de la estructura interna del volcán, la reología de los magmas, las escalas de tiempo de los procesos que ocurren en profundidad y las características de los episodios pasados de unrest, debe combinarse con una red de vigilancia adecuada para mejorar el pronóstico de los eventos volcánicos. Sin embargo, estos aspectos han recibido poca atención en los volcanes monogenéticos. El objetivo de mi tesis doctoral es mejorar nuestra comprensión sobre el vulcanismo monogenético, sus causas y su dinámica, con el objetivo de mejorar la posibilidad de anticiparse a la actividad volcánica. Me he centrado en tres aspectos principales de este problema. El primero es el cálculo de las propiedades reológicas de los magmas durante los eventos de mezcla. El segundo aspecto es el estudio de los procesos, junto con sus escalas temporales, que llevan a erupciones monogenéticas con el fin de interpretar mejor la actividad volcánica y mejorar los pronósticos de una erupción. Por último, he investigado los períodos de unrest sísmico de erupciones monogenéticas históricas en todo el mundo mediante una compilación de documentos históricos. Los resultados proporcionan un marco conceptual que permite mejorar la predicción de erupciones monogenéticas y deberían conducir a mejores estrategias para mitigar sus peligros y riesgos asociados.

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Telling, Jennifer Whitney. "Microphysical processes of volcanic ash aggregation and their implications for volcanic eruption dynamics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52925.

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Although numerous hazard models exist to assess possible ash fallout from explosive volcanic eruptions around the world, these models frequently neglect to consider ash aggregation or use a simple percent proxy to represent aggregation, without considering the varying processes at work throughout the volcanic flow. Eruption dynamics are sensitive to ash aggregation, and ash aggregates are commonly found in eruptive deposits, yet few experiments have been conducted on aggregation phenomena using natural materials. In this work, experiments were developed to produce both probabilistic and process-based relationships for the efficiency of ash aggregation with respect particle size, collision kinetic energy, atmospheric water vapor and residence time. A synthetic ash proxy, ballotini, and ash from the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua, Ecuador, and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, WA, were examined for their aggregation potential. Two aggregation regimes, wet and dry, were identified based on their potential for aggregation. The wet flow regime occurs when particles are circulated in high relative humidity environments long enough to develop a water layer with a thickness that exceeds the particle roughness scale. Hydrodynamic forces control aggregation in the wet flow regime. The dry flow regime includes particles in low relative humidity environments as well as those that circulate too briefly in high humidity environments to fully develop a water layer. Electrostatic forces control aggregation in the dry flow regime. Aggregation efficiency in both regimes was dominantly controlled by collision kinetic energy; however, this effect is significantly dampened in the wet flow regime. Equations governing the relationships between aggregation efficiency, collision kinetic energy and the related forcings in the wet or dry flow regimes have been developed for implementation into large-scale numerical volcanic models. The results of this experimental work have been developed into a probability distribution that has been integrated and incorporated into a multifluid numerical model. The numerical simulation was tested on a range of explosive depths and overpressure estimates from the 1790 eruption of Kilauea volcano, HI. The model output was compared to field data collected on the deposit thickness moving away from the source and the distribution, including both size and density, of aggregates. The mass fraction of ash removed from the eruption column in the form of aggregates was also calculated to examine how efficiently aggregation processes remove ash throughout the eruption. Cumulatively, the work presented here furthers our understanding of aggregation processes and the role they play in volcanic eruptions.

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9

Bai, Liping. "Experimental study of bubble growth in Stromboli basalt melts at 1 atmosphere." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101831.

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In order to investigate bubble formation and growth at 1 atmosphere, degassing experiments using a Stromboli basalt with dissolved H2O or H2O + CO2 were performed in a custom furnace on a beamline at the Advanced Photon Source. The glasses were synthesized at 1250°C and 1000 MPa, with ~3.0 wt%, ~5.0 wt%, or ~7.0 wt% H2O or with mixtures of H2O + CO2, ~3.0 wt% H2O and ~440 ppm CO2, ~5.0 wt% H2O and 880 ppm CO2, ~7.0 wt% H2O and ~1480 ppm CO2, then heated on the beamline while recording the bubble growth. The 3D bubble size distributions in the quenched samples were then studied with synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The experimental results show that bubble nucleation and growth are volatile-concentration dependent. Bubbles can easily nucleate in melts initially containing high volatile concentrations. CO2 has no significant effect on bubble formation and growth because of low CO2 concentrations. Multiple nucleation events occur in most of these degassing samples, and they are more pronounced in more supersaturated melts. Bubble growth is initially controlled by viscosity near glass transition temperatures and by diffusion at higher temperatures where melt viscous relaxation occurs rapidly. Bubble foam forms when bubbles are highly connected due to coalescence, and bubbles begin pop, 10 to 20 seconds after the foam is developed. The degree of bubble coalescence increases with time, and bubble coalescence can significantly change the bubble size distribution. Bubble size distributions follow power-law relations at vesicularities of 1.0% to 65%, and bubble size distributions evolve from power-law relations to exponential relations at vesicularities of 65% to 83%. This evolution is associated with the change from far-from-equilibrium degassing to near-equilibrium degassing. The experimental results imply that during basaltic eruptions both far-from-equilibrium degassing and near-equilibrium degassing can occur. The far-from-equilibrium degassing generally generates the power-law bubble size distributions whereas the near-equilibrium degassing produces exponential bubble size distributions Bubbles begin to pop when the vesicularities attain 65% to 83%. Bubble expansion in the foam possibly accounts for the mechanism of magma fragmentation. Afin d'étudier la formation et la croissance de bulle; sous pression d'une atmosphère, desexpériences de dégazage sur un basalte de Stromboli, avec HiO ou H20 + CO2 dissouts,ont été exécutées dans un four pilote sous rayonnement synchrotron à l'APS (AdvancedPhoton Source). Les verres ont été synthétisés à une température de 1250°C et unepression de 1000 MPa, avec des teneurs en eau dissoute de ~ 3.0, ~ 5.0 ou ~ 7.0% (enpoids), et des mélanges H20 + C02 à teneurs de ~ 3.0% H20 (en poids) et 440 ppm CO2,~ 5% H20 et 880 ppm CO2, et de ~ 7.0% H20 et 1480 ppm CO2. La croissance des bullesest enregistrée pendant le chauffage du mélange en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron.Les distributions tridimensionnelles de la taille des bulles dans les échantillons trempésont été étudiées par microtomographie à rayon X synchrotron.

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COSTA, Michela. "Bromine degassing in basaltic volcanic systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/91244.

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11

Campeny, Marc. "Caracterización del vulcanismo carbonatítico de Catanda (Angola)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396369.

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Las carbonatitas volcánicas de Catanda son las únicas descritas hasta el momento de carácter extrusivo en Angola. Esta localidad es, además, significativamente interesante por la presencia de lavas carbonatíticas, las cuales se han descrito en tan solo 14 lugares a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, la información publicada referente a Catanda se reducía, hasta ahora, a unos pocos trabajos elaborados por investigadores portugueses en la década de los años 1960 y 1970, en los cuales se aportaban datos sobre geología regional y se describían características de las carbonatitas, aunque estos resultados eran muy limitados. La falta de información geológica que hasta ahora había sobre la zona de estudio se debe, principalmente, a la inestabilidad política y social reinante en Angola por los conflictos bélicos que asolaron su territorio durante más de cuarenta años y que imposibilitaron el acceso y el estudio de la región de Catanda, así como de otras muchas áreas en el conjunto del país. Bajo este contexto general se planteó el presente proyecto de tesis doctoral, con el objetivo de aportar nueva información y conocimientos referentes al vulcanismo carbonatítico de la región de Catanda y, en particular, a las características litológicas, mineralógicas, petrológicas, geoquímicas, petrogenéticas y de emplazamiento de las carbonatitas volcánicas. A partir de las observaciones realizadas se ha podido constatar que las carbonatitas de Catanda están formadas por un conjunto de hasta siete edificios volcánicos con morfologías de anillos de tobas y maares que afloran en un graben de unos 50 km2 de extensión. Además, asociado a este conjunto principal, se ha descrito un octavo centro eruptivo, con morfología de maar, localizado a unos cinco kilómetros al este del graben de Catanda, en la zona conocida como laguna de Chiva. Los afloramientos de rocas piroclásticas y lávicas de la región forman series de materiales vulcano-sedimentarios que alcanzan 100 metros de potencia, hallándose dispuestos sobre un basamento de granitos de edad Arcaica que, a su vez, se encuentran recubiertos por sedimentos aluviales y coluviales de edad reciente. Se ha podido determinar que las carbonatitas de Catanda se formaron a partir de procesos volcánicos eminentemente explosivos y que la actividad efusiva que dio lugar a las lavas carbonatíticas fue escasa y está concentrada en las zonas externas del graben, asociadas a importantes fracturas regionales. El estudio petrográfico de las rocas de Catanda ha permitido diferenciar hasta cinco facies distintas de rocas piroclásticas y tres tipologías distintas de lavas carbonatíticas. Estas lavas pueden clasificarse como calciocarbonatitas (con un contenido de calcita superior al 70% modal), aillikitas (con contenidos de calcita inferiores al 35% y 5102 por encima del 14 % en peso) y natrocarbonatitas alteradas (formadas por cristales tabulares de calcita pseudomórficos de carbonatos alcalinos). La caracterización geoquímica de las lavas ha permitido constatar que a pesar de sus diferencias texturales y composicionales, todas ellas se formaron a partir de un mismo magma parental carbonatítico que, tras el estudio de las inclusiones fundidas incluidas en magnetita, se ha podido determinar que tenía una composición eminentemente alcalina. Los estudios realizados en Catanda por Silva y Pereira (1973) afirmaban que las carbonatitas de la región se formaron en el Cretácico superior (92 Ma), dato que obtuvieron a partir de la datación de un dique de rocas alcalinas (tinguaíta) que consideraron contemporáneo con las carbonatitas. Sin embargo, durante la realización del presente proyecto de tesis, se han llevado a cabo dataciones de minerales presentes en las carbonatitas de Catanda, utilizando los métodos de Rb/Sr en flogopita y U-Th-He en apatito. La edad obtenida ha sido de 0,65-0,66 Ma (Pleistoceno medio), variando sustancialmente la edad establecida en primera instancia por esos autores y obligando a replantear el contexto geodinámico y volcanológico del graben de Catanda y, en general, del margen Atlántico de Angola. The volcanic carbonatitic region of Catanda is the only extrusive carbonatite locality reported in Angola. The Catanda area is also significant due to the occurrence of carbonatitic lavas; those have been only reported in 14 localities worldwide. However, the available information about these carbonatites was restricted to a few works developed in the 60's and the 70's, in which the reported data about the geological setting and main features of the carbonatites were strongly limited. The information gap about Catanda was especially generated by the politic and social instability caused by the Angolan civil war, which made impossible the access to the Catanda region and entire Angola, for more than forty years. According to this general approach, the aim of the present Ph.D. project was to obtain new information and knowledge about the carbonatitic volcanism of the Catanda region and, especially, in relation to its lithological features, mineralogy, petrology geochemistry, genetic and emplacement processes related to the formation of the extrusive carbonatites. Coupled analyses of satellital images and field data demonstrated thatCatanda carbonatites are formed by a group of seven small volcanic edifices with maar and tuff ring morphologies, outcropping in a graben of 50 km2 in extension. In addition, we also discovered and maar at 5 km east from the main volcanic area, in the region known as Chiva lagoon. The pyroclastic rocks from the Catanda region may achieve up to 100 metres in thickness deposited over Archaean granites and broadly covered by recent alluvial and colluvial sediments. We have determined that Catanda carbonatites were especially formed by explosive events, while carbonatitic lavas were very minor and restricted to the external parts of the graben, associated to the most important fractures. The petrographic study of the Catanda rocks allowed us to distinguish 5 different facies of pyroclastic rocks and 3 typologies of carbonatitic lavas. These lavas can be classified as calciocarbonatites (containing more than 70% of modal calcite), silicocarbonatites-aillikites (with less than 35% of modal calcite and more than 14 wt.% of SiO2) and altered natrocarbonatites (formed by tabular calcite crystals pseudomorphs of primary alkaline carbonates). Geochemical data also permits to confirm that, even their compositional and textural differences, all Catanda lavas were formed from the same parental melt. The study of melt inclusions hosted in magnetite grains also indicates that the parental melt composition was broadly alkaline. The studies carried in Catanda by Silva & Pereira (1973) argued for the late Cretaceous age of the carbonatites (92 Ma). This age was obtained from the dating of a tinguaite dyke that the authors considered contemporaneous to the carbonatitic rocks. However, in the present Ph.D. project we carried out the first direct dating of the Catanda lavas, using Rb/Sr and U-Th-He methods in fluorapatite and phlogopite, respectively. The age obtained from these dating has been approximately 0.65-0.66 Ma. This new dating changes the general view of the volcanic and geodynamic setting of the Catanda graben and, in general, the entire Angolan Atlantic margin.

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12

Telling, Jennifer Whitney. "An experimental evaluation of the role of water vapor and collisional energy on ash aggregation in explosive volcanic eruptions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43674.

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Eruption dynamics are sensitive to ash aggregation, and ash aggregates (e.g. accretionary lapilli) are commonly found in eruptive deposits, yet few experiments have been conducted on aggregation phenomena using natural materials. Experiments were developed to produce a probabilistic relationship for the efficiency of ash aggregation with respect to particle size, collision kinetic energy and atmospheric water vapor. The laboratory experiments were carried out in an enclosed tank designed to allow for the control of atmospheric water vapor. A synthetic ash proxy, ballotini, and ash from the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua, in Ecuador, were examined for their aggregation potential. Image data was recorded with a high speed camera and post-processed to determine the number of collisions, energy of collisions and probability of aggregation. Aggregation efficiency was dominantly controlled by collision kinetic energy and little to no dependence on atmospheric water vapor was seen in the range of relative humidity conditions tested, 20 to 80%. Equations governing the relationships between aggregation efficiency and collision kinetic energy and the related particle Stokes number, respectively, were determined for implementation into large scale numerical volcanic models.

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13

Pistorio, Antonio. "Experimental and Computational Approaches to Enhance the Gravimetric Monitoring of Volcanic Areas." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1308.

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The aim of this thesis is to improve the techniques of the gravimetric method, by enhancing the quality of discrete gravity measurements and separating the gravity signals provided by the gravimeters in continuous recording during paroxysmal events, in the gravity field component and the inertial acceleration component to assess the amount of mass redistributed during such events. The preferred scenario for this study is Mt Etna not only because it is the most intensively monitored volcano in the world but also because there was the possibility to perform directly in the field gravity measurements, both discrete and continuous, with the instruments owned by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) - Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo . In Chapter 1 is described the technical background gravimetric monitoring of active volcanoes in terms of measurements techniques with spring relative and absolute gravimeters. It also discusses on the complexity of the gravity signal and on different gravity contributions that must be quantified in volcanic areas. Finally it presents the existing gravity monitoring network of Mt Etna. In Chapter 2 are shown the results of measurements conducted using two ballistic absolute gravimeters in two different conditions: in dedicated gravity laboratories and in a place used for geophysical studies (volcano monitoring) which present unfavourable environmental conditions (low temperature, high humidity, high ground vibration, etc.). The chosen instruments represent the steady advance in ballistic gravimeter technology: the FG5#238, a commercial instrument produced by the U.S.A. Micro-g LaCoste Inc. and the IMGC-02, developed in Italy by the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM) (prototype). Besides, the IMGC-02 is recognized as national standards instrument in Italy and generally the FG5 (family) is more commonly employed for the absolute gravity studies while, specifically, the FG5#238 gravimeter is normally used for different applications from volcano monitoring to the study of gas storage areas. In Chapter 3 was investigated the applicability of combined measurements of absolute and relative gravity as a hybrid method for volcano monitoring, in order to improve the quality of discrete gravity measurements and to achieve a balance between uncertainty and efficiency in gravity measurements. The use of absolute gravimeters in a field survey of the summit area of Mt Etna is unprecedented. Between 2007 and 2009, three hybrid gravity surveys were conducted at Mt Etna volcano, in June 2007, July 2008, and July 2009. Results allowed to increase the knowledge of the dynamics of the volcano through an accurate determination of the position and shape of the volcanic sources. In Chapter 4, to evaluate the coupling degree between inertial acceleration components and the gravity signal provided by spring relative gravity meters, the results of a laboratory tests on a Scintrex CG-3M and on a LaCoste & Romberg model D gravimeters using a vibrating platform to excite them along the x, y and z axes will be explained. For this purpose, to extract the parameters with which to excite the vibrating platform, the seismic signals recorded at two different stations during the 10 April 2011 lava fountain, one of the strongest paroxysmal episode in 2011 eruptive events, were analyzed. Finally, to separate the signal from the gravimeter into gravity field contribute due to the subsurface mass or density variations and the inertial acceleration components due to the ground oscillation, a mathematical approach based on the neural network was also proposed.

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Gisbert, Pinto Guillem. "The Miocene volcanism of the Sulcis area (SW Sardinia, Italy): Petrology, petrogenesis and geodynamic significance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84110.

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During the Cenozoic the western Mediterranean area underwent a complex geodynamic evolution driven by the interaction between the African and Eurasian plates. The Corsica- Sardinia microplate played a central role in this evolution, which was recorded by its tectonic evolution and volcanism. During Oligo-Miocene the roll-back of the NW-wards subducting ,Apulian subduction zone caused the Corsica-Sardinia microplate to detach, drift and rotate from the European continental margin to its present position, opening the Liguro-Provençal Basin and generating abundant subduction-related calc-alkaline orogenic volcanism. After a 6 Ma-long pause in retreat, subsequent evolution of the roll-back since Pliocene left Sardinia in its current position as the trench retreated SE-ward opening the southern Tyrrhenian basin. Extensional tectonics related to this opening produced in Sardinia the generation of abundant anorogenic alkaline volcanism. In the Sulcis area, in SW Sardinia, a special volcanic suite was produced which began sharing the same calc-alkaline characteristics as the rest of the subduction-related volcanism throughout Sardinia, forming an andesitic lava domes and flows piling, but that later migrated to different compositions, mildly alkaline, including the rarely occurring peralkaline volcanism, which formed a mainly rhyolitic ignimbritic succession. In spite of the marked differences of the Sulcis magmatism, this special volcanic suite was considered to be only one more manifestation of the widespread subduction-generated orogenic volcanism of Sardinia. The present work has, at least partially, solved this situation. A thorough and detailed study of the Sulcis Oligo-Miocene volcanic suite has been carried out in this study involving the revision of the available data on volcanostratigraphy and cartography and the characterization of the geochemistry, petrography and mineral chemistry of the several units present in this suite, which has allowed us to obtain significant information on the petrogenesis of this suite and its geodynamic significance. As a result of the field and laboratory work all units have been characterised from the volcanostratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical point of view. A methodology for unit recognition based on whole rock geochemistry has been developed, which has been a fundamental tool for solving volcanostratigraphic and mapping doubts during the development of this work, and remains a powerful tool for future studies. The study of the whole rock geochemistry data has allowed us to obtain significant information on the generation of the magmas that formed the Sulcis volcanic suite and its geodynamic significance, and combination with petrographic observations has provided valuable information on the evolution of these magmas from its formation to its eruption. Isotope and trace element data have revealed the structure of the mantle beneath Sardinia, which is diffusely stratified with an upper part with an EMI signature and a lower more EARlike region, both of them having an OIB mantle source-like composition. Subduction during Oligo-Miocene released into the mantle wedge hydrous fluids and partial melts carrying sediment and MORB isotope and trace element compositions, which metasomatised this mantle, introducing mostly into the more EAR-like mantle a subduction signature. The Oligo-Miocene orogenic magmas in Sardinia, including the andesitic lower sequence in the Sulcis, were produced in the subduction-modified more EAR-like mantle portion by lowering of the melting temperature due to the input of subduction fluids. Magmas from the ignimbritic sequence in the Sulcis, though, are considered to represent a transition from orogenic to anorogenic magmatism. It is suggested that the transition was due to a change in the melting mechanism from fluid- to extension-controlled, related to the cessation in the subduction influence below the Sulcis. The mechanism proposed to explain the contemporaneous occurrence of both orogenic and anorogenic magmatisms in Sardinia during the emplacement of the Sulcis ignimbritic suite is the formation of a slab break-off which started south of Sardinia and progressed northward opening a slab window. The ignimbritic sequence in the Sulcis was formed by the arrival and differentiation of several magma batches with slightly different initial compositions, apparently at least one for each unit except for Lenzu and Seruci units, which formed by evolution of the magma that generated the immediately preceding units. Magma differentiation was dominated by crystal fractionation processes, which produced similar evolutionary trends, assimilation having a very small effect only appreciable in Pb isotopes. Durant l’Oligo-Miocè el funcionament en roll-back de la subducció sota el marge continental europeu de l’oest Mediterrani va provocar el desenganxament de la microplaca Sard-Corsa d’aquest marge i la seva migració primer amb una translació cap al SE i posteriorment amb una rotació en sentit antihorari fins a assolir la seva posició actual. Associada a aquest desplaçament es va produir l’obertura de la conca Liguro-Provençal en posició de back-arc. Com a resultat de la subducció es va produir abundant magmatisme calco-alcalí d’afinitat orogènica a l’illa de Sardenya. A la zona del Sulcis, al SW de Sardenya, el magmatisme va compartir inicialment les mateixes característiques que la resta del magmatisme sard, formant un apilament de doms i colades làviques de composicions andesítiques. Però cap als estadis finals del cicle magmàtic, els magmes generats van migrar de composició, donant lloc a un apilament d’unitats ignimbrítiques amb composicions majoritàriament riolítiques de transicionals a lleugerament alcalines. Malgrat la marcada diferència composicional entre la seqüència ignimbrítica del Sulcis i la resta del magmatisme Oligo-Miocè sard, aquesta va ser considerada com un exemple més d’aquest magmatisme. Per resoldre en part aquesta situació s’ha realitzat aquesta tesi. En aquest estudi s’ha revisat la seqüència vulcanoestratigràfica descrita així com les cartografies existents per tal de realitzar un mostreig sistemàtic de la seqüència ignimbrítica. L’estudi de les mostres recollides ha permès caracteritzar totes les unitats que formen la seqüència des del punt de vista de petrogràfic i geoquímic. Les dades obtingudes han permès desenvolupar una metodologia per al reconeixement de les unitats ignimbrítiques en base a la geoquímica de roca total, així com abordar l’estudi de la petrogènesi d’aquesta associació magmàtica. S’ha obtingut informació sobre l’àrea font dels magmes, que ha pogut ser caracteritzada, sobre els mecanismes de formació dels magmes estudiats i el seu significat geodinàmic, i sobre els processos que van controlar l’evolució dels magmes des de la seva formació fins a la seva expulsió en superfície en forma de materials volcànics.

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Ruggieri, Flavia. "Environmental mobility of potentially toxic trace elements of Andean volcanic ashes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/39082.

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This research investigate the geochemical environmental impact of ancient ash deposits erupted to hundreds of thousands to several million years ago in the southern Puna and neighbouring areas (Argentina), Uruguay and five historical eruptions occurred over a 20-year period in the Andes. In the latter case, pristine ash samples of Cophue, 2000, Lonquimay, 1988, Llaima, 2008, Chaiten, 2008, and Hudson, 1999 eruptions were studied. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the geochemical environmental hazard posed by different types of volcanic ashes in general, and from the Andes, in particular. The specifics aims of this research are:(1) to develop an analytical methodology for the physico-chemical characterisation of volcanic ash;(3) to propose a new ash leaching methodology that can be useful both for recent and ancient volcanic ashes (Single Batch Leaching Test, SBLT);(4) to recognize the geochemical impact occurring after the deposition of volcanic ash on the environment through leaching experiments (Batch leaching tests, Column leaching tests, and Sequential Extraction Scheme). The main conclusions extracted from this research can be summarised as follows:(1) The physico-chemical information of ashes (mainly the morphological features by SEM, grain-size distribution by laser diffraction and Potential toxic trace elements identification and quantification of the bulk ashes) highlights the main environmental concerns related to the studied ashes and it lays the foundation of the basic knowledge required to understand the ash leaching. (2) The main body of this research has been to propose a proved methodology for a single batch leaching test (SBLT) with deionised water in order to obtain information on short term leaching behaviour of volcanic ash identifying, qualitatively and quantitatively, the potentially hazardous elements being rapidly released from both recently erupted and ancient volcanic ashes. The proposed procedure is completed within few hours and its design is simple, concise and reliable.(3) The application of the SBLT (with deionised water) method developed in this research have allowed to define the potential geochemical impact of the volcanic ashes investigated on the environment. This study shows that major elements with high mobility are Ca, Mg, Na, Si, K, and Al. Puna and Uruguay ashes could release in the environment the same trace elements (i.e., P, Ti, Fe, Mn, Zn), however, in different concentrations. These are macro- and micronutrients evidencing the fertilizing potential of the ashes. Chaiten ashes showed high concentrations for As, Pb, Fe, and Zn, whilst the other samples (i.e., COP, LON, LLA, and HUD) could release principally P, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb. Most of these are potentially toxic trace elements (PTTE) even at very low concentration. They are included in the drinking water guidelines due to their potential toxicity and must be especially monitored in the environmental assessment of these ashfall deposits. (4) Dynamic leaching tests conducted on raw ashes and grain-size fractions allowed to define the element implied during glass and mineral dissolution. From the data nowadays available on the temporal leaching of Andean rhyolitic ashes (from CVZ to SVZ), the association between ash dissolution and some trace elements (As, Mo, V, B, and U) through laboratory experiments was demonstrated. This study represents a great advance on the knowledge of the geochemical environmental hazard posed by volcanic ashes, in general, and from the Andes, in particular. In terms of methodological approach, the developed method of SBLT is a very important contribution because there is a need to harmonize the batch tests applied to volcanic ash. In addition, column leaching test and sequential extraction scheme complement the information obtained by SBLT and facilitate decision making on management of geochemical hazard associated with the volcanic ash fall.

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Bolós, Granados Xavier de. "Geological and structural controls on La Garrotxa monogenetic Volcanic Field (NE Iberia) and structural controls on La Garrotxa monogenetic Volcanic Field (NE Iberia)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284848.

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Monogenetic volcanism represents the most common volcano type on Earth. The distribution of it depends in each case on their regional and local tectonic controls. The great variety of eruptive styles, edifice morphologies, and deposits shown by monogenetic volcanoes is the result of a complex combination of internal (magma composition, gas content, magma rheology, magma volume, etc.) and external (regional and local stress fields. stratigraphic and rheological contrasts of substrate rock, hydrogeology, etc.) parameters during magma transport from the source region to the surface. The present PhD Thesis focuses on the geological and structural controls of monogenetic volcanism. It pays particular attention to the uppermost part of the lithosphere and its role to determine the distribution of eruptive vents and eruptive styles. We have selected La Garrotxa Volcanic Field (GVFj as a case study. This Quaternary volcanic field is located in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula and includes more than SO well-preserved volcanoes. It covers an area of 600 km2, between the cities of Olot and Girona and belongs to the Catalan Volcanic Zone, one of the alkaline volcanic provinces of the European Rift System. The GVF is still poorly known and has become an ideal place for the application of the multidisciplinary studies, including geophysical methods, geological fieldwork and geomorphological and structural analyses, which constitute this PhD Thesis. The first work was carried out at the Northern sector of the GVF. This study was mainly based on the application of gravimetry and self-potential techniques, in order to identify the main tectonic structures of the volcanic area at depth. A second work was performed in order to obtain a much better detail of the shallower structures and to relate the subsurface geology to the feeding system of these monogenetic volcanoes. In this case, we applied the electrical resistivity tomography method, comparing the new data with the self-potential results. A third work was carried out at the Southern sector of the GVF, at La Crosa de Sant Dalmai volcano (10 km SW of Girona), one of the biggest maar-diatreme edifices of the Iberian Peninsula. Here, several geophysical techniques were applied, including gravimetry, magnetometry, self-potential and electrical resistivity tomography. A model of the uppermost part of the diatreme was obtained, determining the internal structure and its origin. The results obtained with the application of these geophysical methods in this volcanic field suggest that electrical resistivity tomography is a useful tool for the study the internal structures of different types of monogenetic landforms. In this way we present a short work that illustrates different examples of internal structures of monogenetic volcanic cones from GVF. Furthermore, combining the results from these geophysical studies with the geological informations obtained by fieldwork, we performed the first volcanic stratigraphy map of the GVF. Finally, we also led a detailed volcano-structural analysis of the whole volcanic field, including geostatistical distribution of faults, fissures and vents, morpho structural lineaments identified by remote sensing, a morphometrical analysis of the volcanic cones and craters, location of regional seismic events recorded in the area (since 1978), and mantle derived gases in springs and water wells, as a guide to identify active faults and open fractures and to define the structural controls of this volcanism. The results obtained from all these studies have permitted understanding how magma was transported into the lithosphere and erupted at the surface, and represent an essential tool for a correct volcanic hazard assessment of the GVF. Furthermore, the methodologies described in this PhD Thesis establish general guidelines to study active monogenetic volcanic fields and we hope that it will contribute to improve their understanding. La present Tesi Doctoral es centra en els controls geològics i estructurals del vulcanisme monogenètic. S'ha posat especial atenció a la part més superficial de la litosfera i en el paper que juga aquesta zona en determinar la distribució de punts emissors i estils eruptius. S'ha seleccionat com a cas estudi el Camp Volcànic de la Garrotxa (GVF) (NE d'lberia). Aquest és encara poc conegut i ha esdevingut un lloc ideal per l'aplicació d'estudis multidlsciplinaris com els treballs que constitueixen aquesta Tesi Doctoral, integrant mètodes geofísics. treballs de camp, ¡ anàlisis geomorfològics i estructurals. Els primers dos treballs s'han portat a terme al sector Nord del GVF. Aquests estudis s'han basat en l'aplicació de diverses tècniques geofísiques, identificant així les estructures tectòniques principals I obtenint una informació detallada del basament. El tercer treball també s'ha realitzat a partir d'un estudi multigeofísic. En aquest cas al sector Sud del GVF, concretament al volcà de la Crosa de Sant Dalmai. Els resultats han permès la realització d'un model de la part superior de la diatrema, determinant la seva estructura interna i origen. Els resultats obtingut suggereixen que la tomografia elèctrica resulta una eina eficaç per l'estudi dels diferents tipus d'edificis monogenètics. D'aquesta manera es presenta un treball breu amb diferents exemples de l'estructura dels cons volcànics de la zona. Combinant aquests resultats amb informació geològica de camp, s'ha realitzat la primera cartografia vulcanoestratigràfica del GVF. Finalment, s'ha fet un anàlisi volcanoestructural de tot el camp volcànic, el qual Inclou la distribució geoestadística de falles, fissures i punts emissors, identificació morfo-estructural de lineacions, anàlisi morfomètric dels cons i cràters, localització de la sismicitat registrada de la zona i gasos derivats del mantell en surgències i pous, com a guia per identificar falles actives o fractures obertes, amb l'objectiu de definir els controls estructurals d'aquest vulcanisme. Tot els resultats obtinguts han permès entendre el transport del magma des de la litosfera fins la superfície, i representen un eina essencial per una correcta avaluació de la perillositat volcànica al GVF. Tanmateix, les metodologies descrites estableixen una pauta general per l'estudi dels camps monogenètics actius.

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17

Ritchie, Lucy Jane. "Field and experimental studies of pyroclastic density currents and their associated deposits." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/595146.

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The transport and emplacement mechanisms of the highly energetic pyroclastic density current (PDC) generated in the blast style eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, on 26 December 1997 are examined through detailed lithological mapping and sedimentological analysis of the deposits. The PDC formed deposits which range in grain size from coarse breccias to fine ash, with distinctive bipartite layering and well-developed grading and stratification. On a large scale the PDC was highly erosive, sculpting large bedforms and depositing relatively thin deposits. However, locally, centimetre scale topographic protuberances were responsible for significant variations in deposit thickness, grain size, and the development of dune bedforms. The strong lateral and vertical lithofacies variations are attributed to well-developed density stratification, which formed during explosive expansion of the dome prior to PDC formation. Experimental modelling of stratified inertial gravity currents was carried out to investigate the effects of density stratification prior to release of the current. The degree of stratification governs the rate of mixing in the current, which in turn influences the velocity. Well·stratified currents initially move faster than homogenous currents but are slower in the latter stages of current propagation. The results have important implications for deposition from particle-laden flows, which may become stratified with coarser material concentrated at the base of the current. The role of PDCs jn the formation of unit US2-B, emplaced during the Upper Scoriae 2 eruption (79± 8 ka) on Santorini, Greece, was investigated through sedimentological analysis and mapping. Proximally, the unit exhibits features characteristic of emplacement from a flow, such as thickening into palaeochannels and erosive basal contacts. Distally, the unit is of uniform thickness and grain size parameters suggest the deposit is more characteristic of exnplacement from a fallout mechanism. Discrete lenses of fine-grained material within US2-B, and a gradational upper contact with PDC deposits suggest that there may have been contemporaneous deposition resulting the development of a hybrid deposit.

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Villalón, Oliger Ignacio José. "Lithological controls influencing the geochemistry of geothermal systems north of the Villarrica Volcano, an experimental approach." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137685.

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Geólogo En la zona norte del volcán Villarrica las unidades más relevantes en términos de dimensiones y de poder albergar sistemas hidrotermales son: 1) El Batolito Norpatagónico compuesto principalmente por granitoides del Cretácico y Mioceno 2) Las unidades volcánicas y volcanoclásticas del Cenozoico tales como las que se encuentran en la cuenca de Curamallín (Oligoceno-Mioceno), las cuales prácticamente desaparecen al sur del volcán. Por otro lado hay distintos procesos que pueden afectar la composición de las aguas termales: mezcla, ebullición, interacción con vapores o fluidos de origen magmático, distintas fuentes del fluido que compone el reservorio, cambios de temperatura, entre otros, pero uno de los procesos más importantes que determina dicha composición es la interacción química con las unidades de roca que albergan al reservorio hidrotermal. En este trabajo se plantea que la composición de los fluidos hidrotermales está importantemente controlada por procesos de interacción calor-fluido-roca con las unidades volcánicas y volcanoclásticas anteriormente mencionadas, por esto, con el objetivo de determinar la relevancia de los procesos de interacción con dichas rocas, se han realizado experimentos de alteración en sistemas cerrados a temperatura constante en un reactor químico. Junto con esto, se realizaron modelos geoquímicos con el fin de predecir los resultados de la alteración geotermal en las muestras seleccionadas. Los resultados de los experimentos con reactor químico muestran similitudes con las aguas termales del área de estudio. Además, los modelos geoquímicos son consistentes con los resultados del reactor. De esta forma, la metodología experimental utilizada en este trabajo permite un mayor entendimiento de los procesos de alteración geotermal que actúan en la zona estudiada confirmando de alguna forma la relevancia de los procesos de interacción calor-fluido-roca y en particular de la interacción con las unidades volcánicas y volcanoclásticas al norte del volcán Villarrica.

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19

Riker, Jenny Michelle. "Experimental constraints on volatile-driven crystallisation in volcanic systems: A case study at Mount St. Helens." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629006.

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Degassing and crystallisation are concomitant processes in volcanic systems that together modulate the physico-chemical properties of magmas. The compositions and textures of crystal-bearing volcanic rocks therefore preserve valuable information about the degassing paths experienced by their host magmas. Accurate interpretation of the rock record, however, requires a detailed interpretive framework. This thesis presents the results of high-temperature, high-pressure experiments designed to clarify the mechanisms and manifestations of volatile-driven crystallisation in natural magmas. The well-characterised :Mount St. Helens volcanic system is taken as a case study. Isothermal phase equilibria experiments in P- XH20 space establish the fluid-composition dependence of phase relations in Mount St. Helens (Sugar Bowl) rhyodacite. Parameterisation of experimentally derived data enables simulation of magmatic properties across a wide range of parameter space. This approach has been applied to investigate the equilibrium evolution of phase assemblages, abundances, and compositions along different H20 - C02 degassing trajectories. Experimental decompression of magmas saturated with H20 and H20 -C0 2 fluids further demonstrates that plagioclase textures are strongly modulated by the isothermal decompression (PH20 - t) path. The presence of CO2 increases crystal nucleation rates relative to the pure-water case, while growth on pre-existing crystals contributes significantly to added crystallisation at a range of decompression conditions. Comparison of crystal textures in experimental samples and natural pyroclasts are used to interpret changing magma storage conditions during the summer 1980 explosive- effusion transition at Mount St. Helens. Finally, the behaviour of magmatic volatiles in the shallow crust is ultimately modulated by the nature and abundance of vapour exsolved at depth. To this end, this research presents new constraints on water solubility in silicic melts at lower crustal pressures, where experimental determinations are sparse. Together with data from lower pressures, these experiments define a continuous solubility curve in the Sugar Bowl rhyodacite from 0.1- 1.1 GPa. Saturation water contents suggest that the presence of fluid-saturated, evolved melts is likely in the deep crust.

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20

Weaver, Stephanie, and Stephanie Weaver. "Mantle Heterogeneity and the Origins of Primitive Arc Lavas: An Experimental Study with a Focus on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12547.

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Primitive, mantle-derived magmas provide important clues about the formation and equilibration conditions of magmas at depth. In subduction zones, it is uncommon for primitive magmas to ascend through the shallow mantle and crust without undergoing chemical modification. Instead, magmas commonly differentiate through fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation, or magma mixing. Those rare primitive lavas that do erupt along a volcanic arc are useful for elucidating subduction-related processes within the mantle wedge (~30–80 km depth) and are the focus of this research. I used piston-cylinder apparatuses to investigate the high-pressure, high-temperature, H2O-undersaturated phase equilibria for several primitive compositions that have erupted at volcanic arcs. I aimed to reveal the permissible residual mantle mineralogy, as well as the P-T- H2O conditions over which the putative mantle melts last equilibrated before erupting. My work focuses on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), where primitive compositions span a range of SiO2, total alkalies (K2O+Na2O), magmatic H2O, and incompatible trace element enrichments. Variations among these components are presumed to result from melting heterogeneous mantle that has been affected, to varying degrees, by a subduction component. Chapter III focuses on the phase equilibria of a Mexican basaltic andesite and an Aleutian basalt. Results show that hydrous basaltic andesite equilibrated with harzburgite in the shallow mantle, whereas the basalt equilibrated with lherzolite. The former appears more common in continental arcs and the latter in intraoceanic arcs. Chapter IV focuses on two alkaline lavas of varying K2O content from the TMVB that are transitional between potassic, hydrous minette and H2O-poor intraplate alkali basalt. Experimental phase relations and trace element modeling reveals that melting and/or mixing of peridotite and clinopyroxene-rich veins are likely involved in producing these transitional lava types. These experimental data are integrated with other petrologic and geophysical data to provide an along-arc perspective of mantle-melt equilibration in the TMVB. Primitive melts appear to commonly equilibrate with chemically heterogeneous mantle at depths above the "hot nose" of the mantle wedge. It is apparent that the shallow mantle wedge is a key component for understanding the geochemical complexities of subduction zone magmas. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

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Jasim, Alia. "Exploring the complexity of groundwater flow in volcanic terrains : a combined numerical, experimental and field data approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702894.

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22

Nolan, Gary, and Gary Nolan. "Experimental Investigation of Rates and Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange (O,H) Between Volcanic Ash and Isotopically-Labeled Water." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12330.

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The hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in hydrous minerals and volcanic glass are used as paleo-proxies to infer isotopic values of meteoric waters and thus paleo-climate conditions. Long-term exposure experiments with Mt Mazama ash reacted with isotopically labeled water (+650#8240; #948;

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23

Carrazana, Di Lucia Ariana. "El volcanismo calcoalcalino y peralcalino del suroeste de Cerdeña (Italia) y mineralizaciones asociadas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672411.

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El volcanismo oligo-mioceno del Sulcis, SO de Cerdeña (Italia) presenta la particularidad de contener rocas peralcalinas y alcalinas de un ambiente geodinámico anorogénico posterior a la actividad orogénica relacionada con la subducción de una placa oceánica durante la migración antihoraria del bloque Sardo-Corso y la sincrónica creación de la cuenca Liguro-Provençal. La geocronología 40Ar/39Ar (feldespatos), marca el final de la actividad magmática calcoalcalina a 16.18±0.04 Ma (Burdigaliense) y el inicio del episodio anorogénico a 15.96±0.04 Ma (Langhiniense inferior). La duración del evento peralcalino fue de 350 ka según edades U-Pb en zircones. El volcanismo del Sulcis está relacionado con una caldera elíptica de 30x20 km con su eje mayor de dirección NE-SO, de tipo depresión volcano-tectónica de apertura gradual, relacionada con esfuerzos transcurrentes senestrales a través de lineamientos tectónicos regionales paralelos a la Fosa Sarda. Un modelamiento geológico 3D en el Entroterra Sulcitano permitió calcular 21 km3 de flujos ignimbríticos eruptados en un período de ~1.5 Ma. Se estima que el volumen eruptivo en todo el SO de Cerdeña se aproxima a 100 km3, constituyendo una de las mayores calderas del Mediterráneo Occidental. Importantes mineralizaciones de Mn (Fe-Ba) de origen volcánico-hidrotermal están controladas estructuralmente por la intersección de fallas radiales con el sistema de anillos de la caldera. Una cartografía detallada en San Pietro, Sant’Antioco y el Entroterra Sulcitano, permitió dividir una secuencia de ~1300 m de rocas ígneas dómicas, lávicas y piroclásticas en 7 series volcánicas con 25 unidades y 42 subunidades compuestas por andesitas, traquiandesitas, riolitas, comenditas y pantelleritas. Importantes evidencias de vulcanismo submarino se presentan en la Isla de San Pietro en un ambiente marcado por actividad magmático-hidrotermal al final de la serie riolítica media (MRH) y la serie comendítica inferior (LCO). Esta actividad tectono-magmático-hidrotermal es más importante en San Pietro, entre Macchione y Cala Fico, a lo largo de una falla E-O radial a la caldera, con un depósito tipo SEDEX proximal intercalado entre las unidades de Montagna di Capo Rosso y Matzaccara, compuesto por óxidos de Mn, jaspes y ocres que corresponden con el primer sistema mineralizado genéticamente relacionado con el colapso de la caldera, cambio en las condiciones locales del nivel del mar, reactivación de fallas que limitan horst y grabens y circulación de fluidos de origen magmáticos y marino. Este sistema hidrotermal está activo en la parte superior de la serie MRH durante ~10 ka. Un segundo sistema hidrotermal se produce con la erupción de las primeras unidades comendíticas de la serie LCO, también en un ambiente con influencia marina y mineralizaciones de Mn-Fe de tipo hidrotermal-epigenético que ocurren ~220 ka después del primer evento. Mineralizaciones menores de Mn suceden durante la erupción de la unidad Monte Ulmus en San Pietro y Sant’Antioco, y en las unidades Punta Mingosa y Post-Calasetta, principalmente asociados con zonas de blisters donde precipitan óxidos de Fe y se produce argilización y silicificación intensa. Los blisters en las unidades superiores de la secuencia indican un período de desgasificación importante de la cámara magmática en los estadios terminales del magmatismo del Sulcis. La geoquímica isotópica de elementos radiogénicos (Sr-Nd-Pb) muestra que la cuña mantélica implicada en la generación de rocas andesíticas y riolíticas del ambiente orogénico tienen mezcla de componentes DMM+EM1, mientras que los magmas peralcalinos y los previos (MRH) presentan una fuerte señal del componente EM2. El estudio comparado de elementos traza y radiogénicos (87Sr/86Sr vs. Zr/Nb) muestra un enriquecimiento en la isotopía de Sr a medida que los magmas peralcalinos evolucionan por cristalización fraccionada, esto permite trazar los aportes de magmas menos evolucionados que llegan sucesivamente, mostrando una señal mantélica de mayor profundidad, desencadenado las erupciones. The Oligo-Miocene volcanism from SW Sardinia (Italy) presents peralkaline and alkaline rocks of an anorogenic geodynamic environment erupted after the orogenic magmatism. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology marks the end of the calc-alkaline magmatic activity at 16.18±0.04 Ma and the beginning of the anorogenic episode at 15.96±0.04 Ma. The Sulcis volcanism related to a 30x20 km piecemeal elliptical caldera with a NE-SW direction major axis was formed in a sinistral transtensional regimen. A 3D modeling on Sulcis Mainland provides 21 km3 of ignimbrite flows erupted in ~1.5 Ma (in all likelihood 100 km3 for the whole caldera). Significant Mn mineralizations of volcanic-hydrothermal origin are controlled by the intersection of radial faults with the caldera ring system. Detailed mapping in Sulcis region shows a sequence of ~1300 m (domes, lavas and pyroclastic flows) in 7 volcanic series (25 units and 42 subunits from andesites to peralkaline rhyolites). On San Pietro Island, evidence of submarine volcanism is shown in an environment marked by magmatic-hydrothermal activity at the end of the middle rhyolitic (MRH) and the lower comenditic (LCO) series. This tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal activity is more important between Macchione and Cala Fico area, along a radial E-W fault, with respect to the caldera ring. In this context, there is a vent-proximal Sedex type deposit with Mn oxides, jaspers and ochres. This deposit corresponds to the first mineralized system genetically related to the caldera collapse, along with changes in sea level local conditions, faults reactivation limiting horst and grabens, and fluids circulation of magmatic and marine origin. This hydrothermal system is active on top of the MRH series for ~10 ka. A second event is produced by the eruption of the first comenditic units in the LCO series, also in a marine-influenced and hydrothermal-epigenetic Mn-Fe mineralization environment, ~220 ka after the first event. Minor hydrothermal mineralizations occur during the eruption of the Monte Ulmus unit in San Pietro and Sant'Antioco. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes show a magma generation starting by DMM+EM1 that evolves to an EM2 component at MRH and peralkaline rocks. The 87Sr/86Sr vs. Zr/Nb relation shows radiogenic Sr isotopes enrichment as peralkaline magmas evolve by fractional crystallization.

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López, Moreno Carmen. "Geophysical evidence of the preparedness for a volcanic eruption: El Hierro 2011-2012." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461580.

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The observational data recorded by the monitoring networks during El Hierro 2011-2012 volcanic unrest and eruption, allowed us to conduct a study of the volcanic eruptive phenomena with that wide view. The lack of previous instrumental data describing such a process in the Canaries gave us the invaluable chance of analyzing for the ﬁrst time, novel geophysical signals registered before, during and after an eruptive event, allowing the study of evidence of the energy involved in the emplacement and migration of magma through the lithosphere. The aim of this PhD Thesis is to make a comprehensive revision of the physics of this eruptive process and its causes, through the analysis and processing of geophysical data which has been recorded since the time of the ﬁrst instrumental record to exist in the area, to the present. Three main aspects are considered, focusing on the eruptive phenomenon of El Hierro at different temporal and spatial scales, going from the general to the speciﬁc. The ﬁrst aspect is the study of the potential relation between the regional geodynamics and the eruptive event of El Hierro 2011–2012. This potential relation, through the analysis of long-time series of geophysical observational data, has not been studied before. Highly reliable seismic and geodetic data acquired from 1996 to 2014 is analyzed, covering: from the North Atlantic Ridge to the West, to the Azores-Gibraltar boundary to the North (including the NW African margin) and the Canary Islands. A joint regional- and local scale analysis based on this data enabled the identiﬁcation of early signs of anomalous tectonic activity from 2003 onwards, the intensity of which increased in2007,accelerating three months before the onset of the volcanic eruption on El Hierro in October 2011. The second aspect is the study of the precursory signals recorded during the El Hierro volcanic episode (19 July to 10 October, 2011), and their correct interpretation when only limited data is available. The seismic and deformation data corresponding to the pre-eruptive unrest is reanalyzed using novel methods, taking into account new information about the internal structure of the island. Results indicate that important changes in the medium properties and in the magmatic mechanism occurred throughout the process, identifying different phases with distinct types of fracturing. A triggered shear seismicity is observed on pre-existent faults caused by the magma pressure on the structure underneath the island, and the crossing of the Moho discontinuity. The third aspect is the detailed study of the type and geometry of the irreversible mechanism, acting during the ﬁnal phase of the unrest episode (6-10 October, 2011) and during the ﬁrst days of tremor (10-15 October, 2011) recording on the seismic monitoring stations. Application of time varying fractal analysis to the seismic data and the characterization of the seismicity pattern and the strain and the stress rates, allows the identiﬁcation of different stages in the source mechanism, and to infer the geometry of the path used by the magma and associated ﬂuids to reach the Earth’s surface. El análisis de datos geofísicos y geodésicos en un amplia área que comprende al oeste la Dorsal Oceánica Atlántica, al norte la falla Azores-Gibraltar y el Sur de Iberia y al sur el NW de Marruecos y las Islas Canarias, nos ha permitido realizar un estudio entre la posible relación entre magmatismo y actividad tectónica. En concreto el estudiar su posible influencia en el desencadenamiento de la última erupción ocurrida en la isla de El Hierro en 2011. La ausencia de datos instrumentales previos que describen tal proceso en Canarias, nos dio la oportunidad de analizar por primera vez las señales geofísicas registradas antes, durante y después de un evento eruptivo, permitiendo el estudio de la actividad al emplazamiento y migración del magma a través de la litosfera. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es hacer una revisión integral de la física de este proceso eruptivo y sus causas, a través del análisis y procesamiento de datos geofísicos que se han registrado desde la época del primer registro instrumental existente en el área, el presente. Se consideran tres aspectos principales, centrados en el fenómeno eruptivo de El Hierro en diferentes escalas temporales y espaciales, pasando de lo general a lo específico. El primer aspecto es el estudio de la posible relación entre la geodinámica regional y el evento eruptivo de El Hierro 2011-2012. Se analizan los datos sísmicos y geodésicos adquiridos de 1996 a 2014, que abarcan desde el Atlántico Norte hasta el Oeste, hasta la frontera Azores-Gibraltar al Norte (incluido el margen NW-África) y Canarias. Un análisis conjunto permitió identificar signos tempranos de actividad tectónica anómala a partir de 2003, cuya intensidad aumentó en 2007, acelerándose tres meses antes del inicio de la erupción volcánica en El Hierro en octubre de 2011. El segundo aspecto es el estudio del periodo de unrest (10 Julio-10 Octubre). Los resultados muestran en El Hierro evidencias de: inyección de magma bajo la corteza, sobrepresurización, fracturación hidráulica (inicialmente de ﬂuídos ricos en gas), migración hacia el Sur, superación del Moho desencadenando sismicidad inducida en fallas preexistentes y migración hacia la superﬁcie, probablemente en condiciones de irreversibilidad. El tercer aspecto estudiado los las condiciones finales de ascenso de magma a la superficie y de establecimiento de la erupción (6 Octubre-15 Octubre), mostrando cambios en la geometría asociados al establecimiento del edificio volcánico, así como cambios en la composición del magma en los primeros días de la erupción.

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25

Gaunt, H. E. "Experimental study of permeability under simulated volcanic conditions on lava dome rocks from Mount St. Helens : constraints on degassing and eruption style." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1426442/.

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The research presented in this thesis integrates field observations and sampling, data from controlled laboratory experiments with a radially-symmetric fluid flux model to investigate permeability controls on degassing processes operating during lava dome eruptions at silicic volcanoes. Laboratory permeability measurements were made on samples collected systematically across the marginal shear zone of a lava spine at Mount Saint Helens (MSH), Washington, USA, from the 2004-08 eruption, at room temperature and confining pressures up to 85 MPa. Permeability experiments were also performed on samples of massive dacite from the spine core at a range of temperatures up to 900°C and a confining pressure of 10 MPa. A simplified radially-symmetric fluid flux model was developed which incorporated the observed structure of the conduit at Mount Saint Helens and the measured permeability profile to show the effects of the permeability on the magnitude and direction of fluid flow. Permeability was found to be essentially isotropic in the conduit interior but highly anisotropic in the marginal shear zone rocks. Vertical permeability in the marginal rocks is increased by two orders of magnitude, through the formation of an aligned shear fracture network. Ultracataclasite shear bands in the fault core also decreased the horizontal permeability by two orders of magnitude. Permeability was also seen to decrease by around four orders of magnitude as temperature was increased to 900°C. In contrast to previous work that assumed significant lateral transport of gases, modeled fluid flow using the experimentally determined permeability data shows that the vertical volatile volumetric flow rate will be orders of magnitude greater than the horizontal rate into the wall rock; more than 90% of volatile flow would have been partitioned vertically within the conduit-margin fault zone, consistent with the location of gas and ash venting during the eruption. Changes in permeability with temperature indicate that magma rising in the conduit becomes progressively more permeable to gas escape during ascent and crystallisation. When applied to gas sealing processes, the intrusion of molten lava under a solidified plug and the associated heating may cause the permeability of the overlying rock to decrease sufficiently that gas escape is inhibited, allowing for the build up of pressure and potentially an explosive eruption.

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Crambes, Christine. "Deux approches du processus de fusion (a) etude experimentale de la fusion d'un bloc de solide sous une geometrie verticale (b) etude du volcanisme tibetain." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077050.

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Cette these s'articule en deux parties et traite du processus de fusion. La partie a est une etude experimentale de mecanique des fluides, et la partie b est une etude geophysique du volcanisme tibetain. La partie a decrit l'experimentation de la fusion sous une geometrie verticale, dans laquelle est etudie le lien entre la fusion d'un bloc de solide soumis a un gradient vertical de temperature et la convection naturelle qui se developpe dans le fluide obtenu. Du fait de la non-adiabaticite sur les surfaces superieure et inferieure du bloc, trois regimes de fusion differents apparaissent : 1- domine par la conduction, 2- avec une seule echelle de convection (grande echelle), 3- avec deux echelles de convection (grande et petite echelle) et avec des corrugations. Le demarrage de la fusion pour ces trois regimes est controle par le parametre b qui depend des conditions de temperature aux limites du systeme. Pour des valeurs de b inferieures a 2. 6, il apparait un temps seuil t0 a partir duquel la convection de grande echelle se developpe. Dans la partie b, le volcanisme tibetain, qui s'est mis en place a la surface d'une croute epaissie et thermiquement perturbee suite a la collision inde-asie, semble resulter d'un melange entre les magmas mantellique et crustal. La fusion crustale est occasionnee par l'injection dans la croute de magmas provenant du manteau. Elle s'opere le long des parois de fissures verticales, ou dykes, remplies de magma. Les conditions aux limites thermiques des experiences sont similaires a celles de la croute tibetaine : un gradient thermique et un chauffage vertical. Pour la croute tibetaine, b est toujours inferieur a 2. 6. Un melange efficace entre deux magmas ne se fait qu'a partir du moment ou le magma crustal convecte naturellement. Or le temps seuil t0 calcule est inferieur au temps de remontee estime d'un seul dyke a travers la croute tibetaine, ainsi la convection peut se mettre en place et le melange peut se faire.

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Bambi, Aurora Cuaiela Joao Mateus. "Metalogenia de las carbonatitas en dominios plutónicos, subvolcánicos y volcánicos: Tchivira, Bonga y Catanda, Angola." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396375.

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Se han seleccionado tres carbonatitas de la estructura tectónica de Lucapa en Angola representativas de diferentes niveles de emplazamiento de los magmas: plutónico (Tchivira), subvolcánico (Bonga) y volcánico (Catanda). Los objetivos del trabajo son los siguientes: 1) Establecer la secuencia de procesos que se dan en carbonatitas plutónicas, subvolcánicas y volcánicas; 2) establecer la distribución y el comportamiento de los elementos raros en cada uno de estos procesos. La metodología incluye cartografía geológica de los afloramientos, muestreo según la misma o en algunos casos según columnas estratigráficas, estudio de las asociaciones minerales mediante microscopia óptica de luz transmitida/ reflejada, raman, microscopia electrónica cona analizador de energías de rayos X, difracción de polvo de rayos X, microsonda electrónica, análisis multielemental de elementos mayores y trazas y REE con ICP-MS, análisis microtermométrico de inclusiones fluidas, análisis de isótopos estables de C y O en carbonatos. Las carbonatitas se asocian con complejos alcalinos subsaturados de baja agpaicidad, aunque los elementos raros se concentran exclusivamente en las carbonatitas y, en menor medida, en aillikitas. En las carbonatitas plutónicas e hipoabisales se registran tres estadios de cristalización principales, que controlan la cristalización y composición de los minerales de elementos raros: a) estadio de cristalización magmático, con alta actividad de F en el magma y que produce la cristalización de fluornatropirocloro; las tierras raras se concentran en fluorapatito y, en menor medida, en carbonatos primarios. b) estadio de desgasificación y pérdida de álcalis que produce la fenitización del encajante, con precipitación de kenocalciopirocloro pobre en Na y en F. En el encaj ante pueden desarrollarse mineralizaciones similares. c) estadio tardío, en que fluidos hidrotermales de origen meteórico procedentes de las rocas encajantes invaden la carbonatita. Se desestabilizan los carbonatos primarios, formándose ankeritización,dolomitización, fluoritización y silicificación de las carbonatitas primarias, a la vez que precipitan varias generaciones de pirocloro rico en Ba, Sr, Pb y Ta y, finalmente, rutilo rico en Nb. Las REE se concentran principalmente en carbonatos, principalmente en los del grupo de la synchisita, pero pueden estar en forma de silicatos de REE. Por otra parte, durante los procesos supergénicos el pirocloro puede ser parcialmente desestabilizado y el niobio puede reconcentrarse en la estructura de minerales supergénicos de neoformación, como la goethita rica en Nb. Los elementos de las tierras raras pueden precipitar en forma de fosfatos secundarios de REE, como la rabdofana. En estas condiciones puede producirse la separación de Ce4+ del resto de REE. El contenido de F y Na del pirocloro primario disminuye proresivamente desde las carbonatitas plutónicas a las volcánicas, a la vez que el pirocloro se enriquece en Th, U y REE en la posición A y Ta y Zr en la posición B. En un mismo nivel estructural, las mayores concentraciones de pirocloro se dan donde se haya producido desvolatilización de la carbonatita. El Nb, las REE y, en general, los elementos raros, tienen una muy alta movilidad en los fluidos carbonatíticos en condiciones hidrotermales, e incluso en las condiciones supergénicas. Three carbonatites from the Lucapa tectonic structure were selected for study, as representative of different levels of magma emplacement: plutonic (Tchivira), subvolcanic (Bonga) and volcanic (Catanda). The objectives of this research are the next two: 1) To establish the sequence of processes that occur in plutonic, subvolcanic and volcanic carbonatites. 2) To establish the distribution and the behavior of the rare elements in each of these processes. The methodology includes geological mapping of the outcrops, representative sampling following the above defined geological units (in some cases, along estratigraphic profiles), study of the mineral associations by transmitted/ reflected optical microscopy on thin/ polished section, Raman microprobe, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analyses, X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe analyses, multielemental analyses of major and trace elements and REE with ICP-MS, microthermometry of fluid inclusions, C and 0 stable isotope analyses in carbonates. Carbonatites are associated with undersaturated alkaline complexes with low agpaicity, but the arre elements are concentrated ain the carbonatites and, in lesser extent, in aillikites. Three main stages of crystallization are found in the plutonic and hypabissal carbonatites. These stages control the crystallization and distribution of the minerals of rare elements: a) Stage of magmatic crystallization, whit a high F fugacity in the carbonatite magma; fluornatropyrochlore is extensively produced in this stage. Rare earth elements are concentrated in fluorapatite and, in lesser extension, in the primary carbonates. b) Stage of devolatilization and loss of alkalis. In this stage is produced the fenitization of host rocks, with precipitation of Na- and F-poor keno-calciopyrochlore. Similar enrichments can be found in the host rock. c) Late stage, when hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin, invade the carbonatite coming from the host rocks. The primary carbonates become unstable, and the primary carbonatites are replaced by ankeritization,dolomitization, fluoritization and silicification processes, and new generations of Ba-, Sr-, Pb- and Ta-rich pyrochlore are produced, in many cases as replacements of the early formed pyrochlores. Finally, Nb-rich rutile is formed. REE are reconcentrated mainly in carbonates, commonly as members of the synchysite group, but REE silicates may also be formed. Moreover, pyrochlore may be unstable during the supergene processes and Nb may be reconcentrated in the structure of supergene minerals of neoformation, as Nb-rich goethite. The REE can precipitate as secondary phosphates, as rhabdophane. Ce4+ may fractionate from the other REE under these conditions. F and Na contents in the primary pyrochlore progressively decrease from the plutonic carbonatites towards the volcanic carbonatites. Conversely, an opposite trend is observed in the case of Th, U and REE in the A position, and in the case of Ta and Zr in the B position. The highest pyrochlore concentrations, for a given structural level, are found where carbonatite suffered a loss of volatiles. Nb, REE and, in general, the rare elements, have a very high mobility in the hydrothermal carbonatite fluids, and may also be mobile under supergene conditions.

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Kushnir, Alexandra Roma Larisa. "Permeability development and evolution in volcanic systems : insights from nature and laboratory experiments." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2006/document.

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La transition entre le comportement effusif et explosif des volcans de magma riche en silice est en partie contrôlée par la capacité des surpressions gazeuses à se dissiper hors du magma. La libération efficace des gaz est associée aux éruptions effusives tandis que la rétention de ces gaz contribue aux processus explosifs. L’une des approches pour évaluer la facilité d’échappement des gaz est de considérer l’évolution et le développement de la perméabilité dans la colonne magmatique et dans l'édifice. J'évalue dans ce travail de thèse le rôle des changements post-mise en place sur la microstructure dans des andésites basaltiques du Merapi (Indonésie). La perméabilité de ces roches est principalement contrôlée par des fissures liées à leur mise en place. Malgré l’influence importante de ces fissures post-mise en place pour dégazer à travers l'édifice, elles ne contribuent pas au dégazage intrinsique du magma en cours d’ascension. Pour s’affranchir de l'influence des microstructures post-mise en place du magma, j'étudie le développement et l'évolution in situ des réseaux perméables en déformant des magmas à deux phases (bulles de gaz et liquide silicaté) en cisaillement simple dans une presse Paterson selon des viscosités et des vitesses de déformation réalistes pour la partie haute des conduits des strato-volcans. Le développement de la perméabilité est confirmé in situ et se développe à des vitesses de déformation supérieures à 4,5 x 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. À des vitesses de déformation élevées (> 5 x 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) le magma est fragile et l’échappement du gaz est lente, facilitée par l'interconnexion de courtes fractures de Mode I. À des vitesses de déformation < 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹, le magma se comporte à la fois de manière fragile et visqueuse et la perméabilité se développe lorsque la déformation est importante; le gaz s’échappe rapidement par de longues fractures de Mode I bien développées. Les fractures de Mode I sont idéalement orientées pour le dégazage du conduit central et sont, surtout, soumises à peu de déformation jusqu'à ce qu'elles soient réorientées dans la direction de cisaillement. Ces caractéristiques de dégazage peuvent, à long terme, favoriser un dynamisme éruptif effussif The transition from effusive to explosive behaviour at silicic volcanoes is, in part, governed by how efficiently gas overpressures are dissipated from the volcanic plumbing. Efficient gas release is associated with effusive eruptions while inadequate outgassing contributes to explosive processes. One approach to assessing the facility of gas escape is by considering how permeability develops and evolves in the magma column and surrounding edifice. Here, I appraise the role of post-emplacement changes to microstructure in edifice-forming basaltic andesites from Merapi (Indonesia). The permeability of these rocks is dominantly crack-controlled and while these features exert important controls on gas escape through the edifice, they do not represent the escape pathways available to gas within ascending magma. To avoid the influence of postemplacement microstructure, I investigate the development and evolution of permeable networks in magmas by deforming initially impermeable two-phase magmas in simple shear. This is done in a Paterson apparatus at viscosities and shear strain rates appropriate to upper conduits in stratovolcanoes. Permeability development is confirmed in situ and develops at moderate to high shear strain rates (> 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹). At very high strain rates (> 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) the magma behaves in a brittle manner and gas egress is slow, facilitated by the interconnection of short, Mode I fractures. At moderate shear strain rates (< 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹), the magma displays both brittle and viscous behaviour and permeability develops at high strain; gas escape is rapid owing to long, well-developed, sample-length Mode I fractures. Mode I fractures are ideally oriented for outgassing of the central conduit and, critically, accommodate little deformation until they are rotated into the direction of shear, making them long-lived outgassing features that may favour volcanic effusion

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Rejas, Alejos Marta. "Génesis de carbonatos autigénicos asociados a volcanes de fango del Golfo de Cádiz (SW España): influencia de procesos bioquímicos y desestabilización de hidratos de gas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1979.

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En los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés por el estudio de los volcanes de fango ya que se ha demostrado su frecuente relación con hidrocarburos situados en profundidad. El Golfo de Cádiz, en él que se han descubierto más de 30 volcanes de fango, es una de las zonas más importantes para el estudio de los volcanes de fango y de los procesos sedimentarios, biológicos y bioquímicos asociados a estas estructuras. Relacionados con la actividad de estos volcanes se ha observado la formación de carbonatos autigénicos asociados a la presencia de metano en el sedimento. En esta Tesis Doctoral se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de carbonatos (costras, brechas y concreciones) pertenecientes a tres zonas del Golfo de Cádiz: la zona de Diasom, dónde se estudian concreciones de los montículos de fango Ibérico, Cornide y Arcos, la zona del Complejo de Volcanes de fango Hespérides (denominada en la presente tesis como Bosta), y el Escarpe Pen Duick, situado en el Complejo de Volcanes El Arraiche. El estudio de estos carbonatos nos ha proporcionado información sobre el origen del metano, ya sea termogénico o biogénico del Golfo de Cádiz, y los procesos bioquímicos implicados en la formación de estos carbonatos. Los objetivos generales definidos para esta tesis son: a) La caracterización de los procesos bioquímicos implicados en la génesis de los carbonatos; b) La identificación de los fluidos parentales de las costras, brechas y concreciones carbonatadas del Golfo de Cádiz, y c) La determinación del origen del metano asociado a la formación de estos carbonatos. Para poder alcanzar estos objetivos se definieron otros más concretos: a) El análisis de la morfología externa y estructuras internas de los carbonatos; b) La caracterización petrográfica, mineralógica y geoquímica de las muestras, c) La identificación de todos los productos diagenéticos (generaciones de cementos, porosidad), d) La datación de los carbonatos y de las generaciones de cementos diagenéticos con el objeto de establecer la secuencia paragenética, y e) La definición y caracterización de los estadios de precipitación observados en cada uno de los tipos de carbonato. Los principales minerales observados en los carbonatos del Golfo de Cádiz son calcita con bajo contenido en magnesio, calcita con alto contenido en magnesio, dolomita, dolomita ferruginosa, ankerita y como minerales accesorios óxidos de hierro (secundarios de pirita preexistente), barita y como componentes terrígenos cuarzo y feldespatos. La actividad biológica de organismos bioturbadores y de organismos bioerosionadores es el principal factor de control tanto para la morfología externa (concreciones de Diasom) como para la morfología o estructura interna (costras de Bosta y costras de Pen Duick) de estos carbonatos. El origen del metano implicado en la mayoría de los carbonatos estudiados del Golfo de Cádiz tiene un origen termogénico y solamente en el caso de las costras de Pen Duick y en escasas concreciones del montículo de fango Ibérico y Cornide (zona Diasom) se ha apreciado la influencia de metano biogénico. Los principales fluidos implicados son agua marina, agua marina modificada por la interacción de roca:agua y fluidos enriquecidos en 18O asociados a la desestabilización de hidratos de gas. La formación de los carbonatos estudiados se produjo a profundidades varias. La mayoría de ellos se formaron cerca de la interfase agua-sedimento, excepto en el caso las costras carbonáticas de Pen Duick, que se formaron en la zona de metanogénesis, lejos del sulfato marino y bajo la influencia de fluidos asociados a la desestabilización de hidratos de gas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Carbonatos antigénicos, volcanes de fango, golfo de Cádiz, Metano, Hidratos de gas, Desestabilización - hidratos de gas, Metanogénesis PH.D. THESIS ABSTRACT "Origin of authigenic carbonates associated to mud volcanoes from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain): influence of biochemical processes and destabilization of gas hydrates ". TEXT: During the last years, it has grown a progressive interest in the study of mud volcanoes, since it has been highlighted the recurrent relationship between these mud volcanoes and the presence of deep hydrocarbons. The Gulf of Cadiz, where more than 30 mud volcanoes have been discovered, is one of the most important zones to study the sedimentological, biological and biochemical processes related to these mud volcanoes. Authigenic carbonate formation has been related to the activity of the mud volcanoes, owing to the presence of methane. The present Ph.D. Thesis presents the results derived from the carbonate characterization (crusts, breccias and concretions) from three areas of the Gulf of Cadiz: Diasom zone (mud mounds concretions from Ibérico, Cornide and Arcos), Hespérides mud volcanoes complex zone (identified as Bosta in the present Ph.D. Thesis), and Pen Duick escarpment zone, located in El Arraiche mud volcanoes complex area. The characterization of the carbonate samples from these three zones has provided insights about the methane origin (thermogenic or biogenic) and the biochemical processes involved in their formation. The main goals of this Ph.D. Thesis are: a) characterization of the biochemical processes responsible of the carbonate formation, b) Identification of the parental fluids of the carbonate crusts, breccias and concretions present in the Gulf of Cadiz, and c) Determination of the methane origin responsible of the carbonate formation. In order to fully achieve these main goals, a number of more specific objectives have been established: a) External and internal morphological descriptions of the carbonate samples, b) Petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the carbonate samples, c) Identification of all diagenetic products (cement generations, porosity), d) Radiometric dating of the carbonate samples and of the diagenetic cement generations in order to establish the paragenetic sequence, and e) Definition and characterization of the precipitation stages for the different carbonate types.

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Zlotnicki, Jacques. "Sur les effets volcanomagnetiques et tectonomagnetiques." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077296.

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Etude du champ magnetique terrestre sur les edifices volcaniques ou dans les regions soumises a une activite sismotectonique. Trois themes de recherche sont developpes: l'acquisition des mesures de terrain, les mesures experimentales realisees en laboratoire, et les simulations numeriques. L'etude de terrain porte sur des resultats obtenus sur les volcans de la soufriere de guadeloupe, la montagne pelee de martinique et le piton de la fournaise a la reunion

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Randazzo, Loredana Antonella. "The behaviour of trace elements during the volcanic ash-liquid interaction : example of marine and human systems." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10051.

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Les processus d’interaction solide-liquide régulent les mécanismes qui régissent la disponibilité des oligo-éléments en phase liquide. Dans cet article, ces processus ont été étudiés grâce à l'utilisation des éléments de terres rares (REE), car ils sont d'excellents traceurs des processus géochimiques. Le but de la première partie de ce travail était d'étudier la réactivité des particules volcaniques lors de l'interaction avec l'eau de la mer synthétique. Les résultats montrent que en dehors de la dissolution, qui est le processus principal, un procédé d'adsorption de surface se produit également, probablement sur la surface des cristaux nouvellement formé. La présence supposée de ces minéraux est suggéré par la variation temporelle de l'Y/Ho, des observations SEM et analyse XRD. Enfin, l'ajout des ligand dissous ne pas augmenter le taux de dissolution des particules volcaniques, mais modifiant la distribution de REE en phase liquide. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, l'étude des terres rares a été appliquée à un système humain. Ces éléments ont été utilisés, en fait, d'enquêter sur les fluides du poumon (BAL) chez les personnes exposées aux retombées de cendres volcaniques. Le résultat suggère que la co-précipitation du YLn-phosphates se produisent dans les poumons, à la suite de l'inhalation de particules volcaniques. Ce processus est confirmé par des simulations thermodynamiques et cinétiques indiquant que la cristallisation de YLn-phosphates et d'autres phases authigènes apparaît comme la conséquence de la dissolution de la fraction solubles de cendres The solid-liquid interaction processes regulate the mechanisms governing the availability of trace elements in liquid phase. In this paper, these processes have been studied through the use of the Rare Earth Elements (REE) since they are excellent tracers of geochemical processes. The purpose of the first part of this work was to study the reactivity of volcanic particulates during the interaction with synthetic seawater. The results show that apart from the dissolution, which is the main process, a surface adsorption process also occurs, probably on the surface of newly formed crystals. The supposed presence of these minerals is suggested by the temporal variation of the Y/Ho ratio, by SEM observations and XRD analysis. Finally the addition of ligand species to dissolved media does not increase dissolution rate of volcanic particles but modify the YLn distribution in liquid phase. In the second part of this work, the Rare Earth study was applied to a human system. These elements were used, in fact, to investigate the effects due to the interactions between the inhaled atmospheric particulate matter and the lung fluids (BAL), in people exposed to fallout of volcanic ash. The results suggest that YLn-phosphate co-precipitation occurs in lungs as a consequence of inhalation of volcanic particles and their interactions with lung fluids. This process is confirmed by thermodynamic and kinetic simulations indicating that crystallisation of YLn-phosphates and other authigenic phases occurs as a consequence of the soluble ash fraction dissolution. The combination of YLn fractionation in bronchial fluids can represent a potential tracer of exposure to atmospheric fallout

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32

Viso, Chachayma Jordy Frank, and Alvarez Jhian Franco Torres. "Estudio experimental de la aplicación del cemento con el propósito de mejorar el comportamiento geotécnico de suelos volcánicos del distrito de Omate-Moquegua." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657018.

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El propósito de esta investigación es mejorar los parámetros geotécnicos del suelo volcánico granular con la adición de cemento Portland tipo I. Primero, se realiza el ensayo de Granulometría y se clasifico mediante SUCS como una arena con grava pobremente gradada y según AASHTO como A-1-b. Por otro lado, se realizó el ensayo de Proctor y se obtuvo una Densidad Seca Máxima de 1.21 kg/cm2 con un Contenido de Humedad Optimo de 17.8%. Además, los resultados del ensayo de Corte Directo indico un ángulo de fricción 33.5°, una cohesión de 0.0 kg/cm2. El segundo paso fue realizar el ensayo de Proctor a muestras con adiciones de 3%, 5%, 7% y 9% de cemento, los resultados óptimos fueron al 5% de adición. El tercer paso, se realizó el ensayo de Corte Directo las mezclas de 3%, 5% y 7% a 7 y 14 días de curado, los resultados indicaron un incremento de 14.6% a 79.1% en el ángulo de fricción en comparación del suelo natural y un incremento de 25.8% a 161.5 % en la resistencia al corte. También, se muestra el comportamiento de la deformación volumétrica, presentando una mayor contracción cuando se aplica un esfuerzo normal de 1 kg/cm2 y una mayor expansión cuando se aplica un esfuerzo normal de 4 kg/cm2. Finalmente, los parámetros del ensayo de Proctor indican a la mezcla con 5% la más óptima y los parámetros del ensayo de Corte Directo indican mejores resultados a mayor contenido de cemento y mayores días de curado. The purpose of this research is to improve the geotechnical parameters of the granular volcanic soil with the addition of Portland cement type I. First, the Granulometry test is carried out and classified by SUCS as a poorly graded sand with gravel and according to AASHTO as A-1-b. On the other hand, the Proctor test was carried out and a Maximum Dry Density of 1.21 kg/cm2 was obtained with an Optimal Moisture Content of 17.8%. In addition, the results of the Direct Shear test indicated a 33.5° friction angle, a cohesion of 0.0 kg/cm2. The second step was the Proctor test on samples with additions of 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% of cement, the optimal results were at a 5% addition. The third step, the Direct Shear test was carried out, the mixtures of 3%, 5% and 7% at 7 and 14 days of curing, the results indicated an increase of 14.6% to 79.1% in the friction angle compared to the soil natural and an increase from 25.8% to 161.5% in cut resistance. Also, the behavior of the volumetric deformation is shown, presenting a greater contraction when a normal stress of 1 kg/cm2 is applied and a greater expansion when a normal stress of 4 kg/cm2 is applied. Finally, the parameters of the Proctor test indicate the most optimal mixture with 5% and the parameters of the Direct Shear test indicate better results at higher cement content and longer curing days. Tesis

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Valderrama, Murillo Patricio. "Origine et dynamique des avalanches des débris volcaniques : analyse des structures de surface au volcan Tutupaca (Pérou)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22731/document.

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Les glissements de terrain se produisent dans toutes les chaînes de montagnes où la résistance de massifs rocheux est insuffisante pour contrer l’action de la gravité. Les terrains volcaniques sont particulièrement susceptibles de s’effondrer car les édifices sont composés des lithologies diverses et variées qui peuvent être fortement fracturées. En plus, la croissance rapide des édifices volcaniques favorise leur instabilité et leur effondrement. L’activité magmatique est un facteur additionnel responsable de la déformation des édifices, tandis que l’activité hydrothermale réduit la résistance des roches volcaniques. Pour ces raisons, l’évaluation des aléas liés à l’effondrement des édifices et à la formation des avalanches des débris volcaniques mérite une attention particulière. Les caractéristiques physiques des composants des avalanches des débris ont une influence directe sur la dynamique de ce type d'écoulement. Les dépôts des avalanches de débris présentent une morphologie de surface composée des nombreuses collines (hummocks), qui montrent fréquemment les séquences volcaniques initiales, ce qui suggère un mécanisme de mise en place proche de celui des glissements de terrain. Cependant, d’autres dépôts présentent des crêtes allongées (rides) dont le mécanisme de formation est encore méconnu. Le volcan Tutucapa (sud du Pérou) a été affecté récemment par deux avalanches de débris. La plus ancienne, « Azufre », est d’âge Holocène et résulte de l’effondrement d’un complexe des dômes et d’une séquence volcanique altérée (hydrothermalisée) sous-jacente. La deuxième avalanche, « Paipatja », a eu lieu il y a seulement 200-230 ans BP et est associée à une grande éruption explosive du Tutupaca. Les dépôts de cette avalanche présentent notamment de nombreuses rides. Les deux dépôts d’avalanche montrent deux unités différentes : une unité inférieure, caractérisée par la présence des blocs altérés (hydrothermalisés) provenant de l’édifice basal, tandis que l’unité supérieure est constituée par des blocs du complexe de dômes actifs. Le travail de terrain montre que les rides de l’avalanche « Paipatja » présentent une forte variation de granulométrie entre leur partie centrale (enrichie en blocs grossiers) et leurs parties latérales, ce qui suggère un processus de ségrégation granulaire. Des expériences analogiques montrent que des écoulements de mélanges de particules des différentes tailles subissent un processus de ségrégation et de digitation granulaire qui engendre des rides par jonction de levées statiques qui délimitent un chenal d’écoulement. Le processus de formation des rides est facilité par de faibles différence de taille des particules dans des mélanges bidisperses. Ces résultats suggèrent que les rides observées au Tutupaca résultent d’un écoulement granulaire. Les principales caractéristiques morphologiques des structures formées lors de ces expériences de laboratoire ont été comparées qualitativement avec les structures observées dans les dépôts du Tutupaca. Les structures observées au Tutupaca montrent que deux mécanismes de mise en place peuvent coexister dans les avalanches de débris volcaniques : le glissement de blocs plus ou moins cohérents, et l’écoulement semblable à celui d’un matériau granulaire. Cela dépend probablement de la nature des différents matériaux à la source des avalanches. Cette information doit être prise en compte pour l’évaluation des aléas liés aux avalanches des débris car des mécanismes d’écoulement différents peuvent induire des fortes variations de la distance parcourue par ces avalanches Landslides occur in all mountainous terrain, where the rock strength is unable to support topographic loading. Volcanic rocks are particularly landslide prone, as they mix strong and weak lithologies and are highly pre-fractured. Also, volcanoes themselves, are peculiar mountains, as they grow, thus creating their own topographic instability. Magmatic activity also deforms the edifice, and hydrothermal activity reduces strength. For all these reasons, volcanoes need close consideration for hazards, especially for the landslide-derived rock avalanches. The characteristics and properties of different debris avalanche components influence their behavior during motion. Deposits are generally hummocky, preserving original layering, which indicates a slide-type emplacement. However, some deposits have ridged morphology for which the formation mechanisms are not well understood. Two recent debris avalanches occurred at the Tutupaca volcano (S Peru). The first one, “Azufre” is Holocene and involved the collapse of active domes and underlying older hydrothermally altered rocks. The second debris avalanche, “Paipatja” occurred 200-230 y BP and is associated with a large explosive event and this deposit is ridged. The excellent conservation state of the deposits and surface structures allows a comprehensive analysis of the ridges. Both deposits have two contrasting units: a lower basal edifice-derived hydrothermally-rich subunit and an upper dome-derived block-rich unit. Detailed fieldwork has shown that Paipatja ridges have coarser core material and are finer in troughs, suggesting grain size segregation. Using analog experiments, the process that allow ridge formation are explored. We find that the mixtures undergo granular segregation and differential flow that create fingering that forms ridges by junction of static léeves defining a channel flow. Granular segregation and fingering are favored by small particle size contrast during bi-dispersed flow. The results suggest that the ridges observed at Tutupaca are product of a granular flow We extract the morphological characteristics of the deposits of granular flows generated in the laboratory and make a qualitative comparison with the Tutupaca deposits. The description of the different landslide and debris avalanche features at Tutupaca shows that two types of debris avalanche motion can occur in volcanic debris avalanches: the sliding of blocks more or less coherent and a flow similar to a granular material. This probably depends on source materials and the conditions of different parts of the initial landslide. Such information should be taken into account when estimating hazards at other volcanic landslide sites, as the different behaviors may result in different run outs

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Davila, Vasquez Carlos Vicente, and Chavez Renato Julio Vera. "Análisis experimental de los suelos volcánicos con adiciones de cal y cemento con fines de evaluar su comportamiento geotécnico para la región de Moquegua del distrito de Omate." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653979.

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El suelo volcánico de la región de Moquegua en la provincia de Omate es un material de grano mediano, muy frágil y poco denso a su vez; lo cual hace que tenga un mal comportamiento geotécnico. El material proveniente de un talud, se le adicionará conglomerantes como el cemento y la cal para mejorar sus parámetros geotécnicos y evaluar desde un punto de vista más ingenieril. La metodología de esta investigación se inició con los ensayos para caracterizarlos, entre ello se realizó el ensayo de tamizado NTP 339.128 (ASTM D422), el ensayo para determinar el contenido de humedad NTP 339.127 (ASTM D42216); con la finalidad de poder determinar el suelo de estudio. Luego se realizaron ensayos de pH del suelo NTP 339.176 y de compactación Proctor Modificado NTP 339.141 (ASTM D1557), estos se usaron con el propósito de hallar la mejor dosificación de cal para la arena y del Proctor trato de encontrar la máxima densidad seca del suelo para aplicar esa misma densidad en los ensayos de corte. Finalmente, se ensayaron muestras a un Corte Directo NTP 339.171 (ASTM D3080), con la finalidad de obtener los parámetros de ángulo de fricción y cohesión. Las combinaciones de dosificación de cal que se usó para toda la tesis fueron de 4% constante para todas las muestras y de cemento fueron 2%, 4%, 6% y 8%. En suma, se realizaron estos ensayos a 3 y 7 días de curado, con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento y la tendencia de los esfuerzos cortantes a más días. Los resultados más relevantes mostraron que se obtuvieron un aumento de su ángulo de fricción en respecto al suelo natural de 16% para una mezcla de 2% de cemento y 4% de cal, 30% para una mezcla de 4% de cemento y 4% de cal, 28% para una mezcla de 6% de cemento y 4% de cal; y 22.57% para una mezcla de 8% de cemento y 4% de cal; estos resultados son dados para un curado de 3 días. En cambio, para un curado de 7 días se tienen los siguientes resultados de ángulo de fricción respecto al suelo natura de 27% para una mezcla de 2% de cemento y 4% de cal, 37% para una mezcla de 4% de cemento y 4% de cal, 35% para una mezcla de 6% de cemento y 4% de cal; y 29.92% para una mezcla de 8% de cemento y 4% de cal. En cuanto a los esfuerzos de resistencia al corte que se mostraran más adelante, se puede decir que mejoran con respecto al suelo natural, ya sea para un curado de 3 y 7 días. The volcanic soil of the Moquegua region in the province of Omate is a medium grain material, very fragile and not very dense; which causes him to have a bad geotechnical behavior. The material from a slope will be added with binders such as cement and lime to improve its geotechnical parameters and evaluate from a more engineering point of view. The methodology of this investigation began with the tests to characterize them, among them the NTP 339.128 sieve test (ASTM D422) was performed, the test to determine the NTP 339.127 moisture content (ASTM D42216); in order to determine the study floor. Then, NTP 339.176 soil pH and Modified Proctor NTP 339.141 (ASTM D1557) compaction tests were performed, with the purpose of finding the best lime dosage for the sand and the Proctor trying to find the maximum dry soil density to apply that same density in cutting tests. Finally, samples were tested at a Direct Cut NTP 339.171 (ASTM D3080), in order to obtain the parameters of friction and cohesion angle. The lime dosage combinations that were used for the entire thesis were 4% constant for all samples and cement were 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. In sum, these trials were performed at 3 and 7 days of cure, in order to evaluate the behavior and tendency of the shear stresses to more days. The results obtained indicate that the friction angle shows an increase in proportion to natural soil of 16% for a mixture of 2% cement and 4% lime, 30% for a mixture of 4% cement and 4 Lime%, 28% for a mixture of 6% cement and 4% lime; and 22.57% for a mixture of 8% cement and 4% lime; These results are given for a 3-day cure. On the other hand, for a 7-day cure, the following friction angle results with respect to the natural soil of 27% for a mixture of 2% cement and 4% lime, 37% for a mixture of 4% cement and 4% lime, 35% for a mixture of 6% cement and 4% lime; and 29.92% for a mixture of 8% cement and 4% lime. Tesis

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Cabrera, Barrionuevo Maurizio Fernando, and Aguilar Jean Pierre Dominguez. "Estudio experimental de la influencia del cemento y de la fibra de polipropileno con fines de mejorar el comportamiento geotécnico de un suelo volcánico ubicado en la progresiva 88 +100 Km. de la vía Arequipa-Omate-Moquegua." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655854.

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El presente trabajo se enfoca en investigar el comportamiento físico y mecánico de un suelo volcánico. Este ha sido extraído de la progresiva 88 + 100 Km de la carretera Arequipa-Omate-Moquegua. Según la normativa SUCS, el suelo es clasificado como arena pobremente gradada con presencia de limos SP-SM y su clasificación AASHTO es suelo bueno A-1-b. Para la investigación se utilizará cemento y fibra de polipropileno (PPF), estos fueron agregados al suelo natural y se realizó diferentes ensayos para poder comparar el comportamiento entre el suelo natural y el suelo con sus diferentes dosificaciones. (0.25%, 0.75%, 1.00% y 1.25% de fibra de polipropileno y 0.50% cemento, respecto al peso seco del suelo natural). Los resultados obtenidos determinaron que conforme aumenta la dosificación de fibra, la máxima densidad seca del suelo incrementa al máximo en la dosificación de 1.00%. Mientras que la resistencia al corte varía según la presión de confinamiento, es así que en una presión de confinamiento de 1 Kg/cm2 la mejor dosificación es de 1%-1.25%; de 2 Kg/cm2 es 1.25% y de 4 Kg/cm2 es 1.00%. Se concluye que la PPF en porcentajes de 1.00% y 1.25% genera que las resistencias a bajo confinamiento (1 Kg/cm2 y 2 Kg/cm2 ) sean mayores respecto al suelo natural, mientras que las fibras de 1.00% son el porcentaje que demuestran una mejor resistencia a presiones de confinamiento altas (4 Kg/cm2 ). Finalmente, se determinó que la dosificación con 1.00% de fibra y 0.50% de cemento fue la que mejor comportamiento presentó. This paper focuses on investigating the physical and mechanical behavior of a volcanic soil. This soil has been extracted from the progressive 88 + 100 km of the Arequipa-Omate-Moquegua road. According to the SUCS regulations, the soil is classified as poorly graded sand with the presence of silt SP-SM and its AASHTO classification is good soil A-1-b. For the investigation, cement and polypropylene fiber will be used, these elements will be added to the natural soil and different tests will be carried out to compare the behavior between the natural soil and the soil with their different dosages. (0.25%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25% of polypropylene fiber and 0.50% cement, with respect to the dry weight of the natural soil) The results obtained determined that as the fiber dosage increases the maximum dry density of the soil increases until it reaches a maximum in the dosage of 1.00%. While the shear strength changes according to the confinement pressure, so it is at a confinement pressure of 1 kg / cm2 the best dosage is 1% -1.25%; 2 Kg / cm2 is 1.25% and 4 Kg / cm2 is 1.00%. It is concluded that the polypropylene fiber in percentages of 1.00% and 1.25% in low confinement resistance (1 Kg / cm2 and 2 Kg / cm2) being higher than natural soil, while 1.00% fibers are the percentages that demonstrate better resistance to high confinement pressure (4 kg / cm2). Finally, it was determined that the dosage with 1.00% fiber and 0.50% cement was the best behavior presented. Tesis

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Ånäs, Kristoffer. "The Significance of Giant Flank Collapses on Magma Ascent in the NE Rift Zone of Tenerife, Canary Islands: A Structural Modelling and Diffusion Approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-438578.

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On the volcanic ocean island Tenerife in the Canary archipelago, several giant flank collapses haveoccurred over the last one million years. The link between the lateral collapses and the resultingvolcanism in the rift zones is not fully understood and was investigated within the framework of thisproject. A field survey along the north eastern rift zone on Tenerife was performed, where dyke intrusionstructural data was collected to analyse the exact distribution of dykes in the area. To determine themagma ascent rate, diffusion analysis of major elements in olivine crystals was conducted incollaboration with ETH Zürich. Additionally, analogue gelatine model experiments were performed toimprove the understanding of the processes that reconfigure linear rift zones to triaxial or multiaxial riftzones. Injections of fluid into the gelatine ridges produced fractures which mainly were linear andfollowed the along strike direction. Position A’ in the centre of the unstable section, produced the mostdiverse injection patterns and had a roughly 30 % higher acceleration compared to position A, positionedat the border of the unstable section. From the results of the diffusion modelling of Mg in olivinephenocrysts an ascent rate of the magma was calculated to an average ascent velocity of 10.4–14.0 km/h.This is extremely fast and suggests that the Orotava collapse is strongly connected to the formation ofankaramite dykes in the area as a result of sudden decrease in the lithostatic pressure. På vulkanön Teneriffa i den kanariska övärlden har flera jättelika skred skett. Kopplingen mellan dessaskred och vulkanismen i sprickzonerna på ön har undersökts inom ramen för detta arbete. Enfältundersökning genomfördes längs den nordöstra sprickzonen på Teneriffa, där data ommagmagångarnas orientering och läge insamlades. För att bestämma hur snabbt magman steg till ytan,genomfördes diffusionsanalys av Mg i olivinkristaller från ankaramitgångar i samarbete med ETH iZürich. Utöver det utfördes även experiment med analoga gelatinmodeller för att förbättra förståelsenför de processer som förändrar linjära riftzoner till treaxliga eller fleraxliga riftzoner. Injiceringen avvätskan i gelatinmodellerna producerade sprickor som i huvudsak var linjära och följde strykriktningenpå riftzonen. Position A’, i mitten av den instabila sektorn i modellen gav högst variation avinjiceringarna och hade omkring 30 % högre acceleration jämfört med position A placerad i kanten avden instabila sektorn. Baserat på resultatet av diffusionsmodelleringen kunde en uppstigningshastighetför magman beräknas till en medelhastighet på 10,4–14,0 km/h. Detta är extremt snabbt och visar attkollapsen av Orotava är starkt kopplad till bildningen av ankaramitgångar i området som ett resultat aven plötslig minskning av det litostatiska trycket.

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Aloupogiannis, Panagiotis. "Etude theorique et experimentale des effets de matrice en analyse par emission de rayons x induite par particules chargees (pixe) : etablissement d'une nouvelle methode de correction dite des "parametres alpha"." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077002.

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Capa, Guachón Vicente Eduardo. "Estudio experimental y numérico del comportamiento de excavaciones ejecutadas mediante la técnica de suelo claveteado (soil nailing) en suelos de la ciudad de Quito (Ecuador)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/164174.

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[ES] La técnica de "Soil Nailing" es un procedimiento de refuerzo del terreno utilizado continuamente en la estabilización de taludes y cortes del terreno en proyectos de ingeniería geotécnica. Esta técnica se aplica con frecuencia en la ciudad de Quito (Ecuador) para el refuerzo del terreno, mejorando la estabilidad de los taludes, durante el proceso de excavación de varios niveles de sótanos. Estas excavaciones de gran profundidad son habituales en proyectos inmobiliarios importantes de la ciudad, en los que el "Soil Nailing" se emplea con algunas variantes que la ajusten a los recursos constructivos disponibles en el medio. Pese a lo extendido de su uso, esta técnica, que ha resultado ser efectiva para estabilizar las excavaciones durante los procesos constructivos de estructuras de sótano en los suelos de la ciudad de Quito, actualmente dispone de pocas investigaciones locales, ya sean teóricas, numéricas o experimentales, basadas en las propiedades geotécnicas de los suelos volcánicos característicos de la ciudad. Esta Tesis Doctoral que contó con el soporte del Laboratorio de Ingeniería Geotécnica y el Laboratorio de Estructuras del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Hormigón (ICITECH) de la Universitat Politècnica de València presenta un estudio experimental y numérico del comportamiento de dos excavaciones reforzadas con la técnica de "Soil Nailing" para la construcción de las estructuras de sótano de dos importantes edificios ubicados en la zona centro-norte de la ciudad de Quito. Tanto el estudio experimental como el numérico se enfocan principalmente en la evolución de las fuerzas de tensión en las barras de acero de los "Soil Nails", el análisis de desplazamientos horizontales de las pantallas y el análisis de asentamientos en el terreno que se encuentra detrás de las pantallas y que fueron inferidos por la construcción de cada nivel de sótano. Como parte del análisis numérico a través de elementos finitos se han considerado diferentes modelos constitutivos de suelo, cuyos parámetros se determinaron detalladamente de acuerdo a los ensayos de laboratorio del estudio de caracterización geotécnica de esta investigación. Por tanto, esta Tesis Doctoral constituye una de las primeras investigaciones completas de la región encaminada a explicar el comportamiento experimental y numérico de excavaciones mediante la técnica de "Soil Nailing" y respaldada con un completo trabajo de caracterización geotécnica, llevado a cabo a propósito como parte de este estudio. [CA] La tècnica de "Soil Nailing" és un procediment de reforç del terreny utilitzat contínuament en l'estabilització de talussos i talls del terreny en projectes d'enginyeria geotècnica. Esta tècnica s'aplica ben sovint en la ciutat de Quito (Equador) per al reforç del terreny, millorant l'estabilitat dels talussos, durant el procés d'excavació de diversos nivells de soterranis. Estes excavacions de gran profunditat són habituals en projectes immobiliaris importants de la ciutat, en els que el "Soil Nailing" s'empra amb algunes variants que l'ajusten als recursos constructius disponibles en el mig. A pesar d'allò que s'ha estés del seu ús, esta tècnica que ha resultat ser efectiva per a estabilitzar les excavacions durant els processos constructius d'estructures de soterrani en els sòls de la ciutat de Quito, actualment disposa de poques investigacions locals, ja siguen teòriques, numèriques o experimentals basades en les propietats geotècniques dels sòls volcànics característics de la ciutat. Esta Tesi Doctoral que va comptar amb el suport del Laboratori d'Enginyeria Geotècnica i el Laboratori d'Estructures de l'Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia del Formigó (ICITECH) de la Universitat Politècnica de València presenta un estudi experimental i numèric del comportament de dos excavacions reforçades amb la tècnica del "Soil Nailing" per a la construcció de les estructures de soterrani de dos importants edificis ubicats en la zona centre-nord de la ciutat de Quito. Tant l'estudi experimental com el numèric s'enfoquen principalment en l'evolució de les forces de tensió en les barres d'acer dels "Soil Nailing", l'anàlisi de desplaçaments horitzontals de les pantalles i l'anàlisi d'assentaments en el terreny que es troba darrere de les pantalles i que van ser inferits per la construcció de cada nivell de soterrani. Com a part de l'anàlisi numèrica a través d'elements finits s'han considerat diferents models constitutius de sòl, els paràmetres de la qual es van determinar detalladament d'acord amb els assajos de laboratori de l'estudi de caracterització geotècnica d'esta investigació. Per tant, esta Tesi Doctoral constituïx una de les primeres investigacions completes de la regió encaminada a explicar el comportament experimental i numèric d'excavacions per mitjà de la tècnica del "Soil Nailing" i protegida amb un complet treball de caracterització geotècnica, dut a terme a propòsit com a part d'este estudi. [EN] The "Soil Nailing" technique is a ground reinforcement procedure used consistently to stabilize slopes and land sections in geotechnical engineering projects. This technique is frequently used in the city of Quito (Ecuador) to reinforce the ground and improve slope stability during the excavation process for various underground parking levels. Such deep excavations are common in the city's most important real estate projects, in which "Soil Nailing" is used with different variations that are adjusted in accordance with the construction resources available in the particular environment. Despite its widespread use, this technique which has proven to be so effective in stabilizing excavations during the construction of underground structures in the soils of the city of Quito, currently suffers from a lack of local theoretical, numerical or experimental research based on the geotechnical properties of the city's characteristic soils. This Doctoral Thesis was supported by the Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory and the Structures Laboratory of the Concrete Science and Technology Institute (ICITECH) of the Universitat Politècnica de València. It presents an experimental and numerical study of the behavior of two excavations reinforced with the Soil Nailing technique for the construction of the basement structures of two important buildings located in the north-central area of the city of Quito. Both the experimental and the numerical study focus mainly on the stress of tension forces exerted on the steel bars of the "Soil Nails", analysis of horizontal wall displacements and analysis of settlements of the ground behind the walls, which were induced by the construction of each underground level. As part of the numerical analysis through finite elements, different constitutive soil models were considered, the parameters of which were determined in detail in accordance with laboratory testing from the geotechnical characterization study for this research. This Doctoral Thesis, therefore, constitutes one of the first complete studies in the region aimed at explaining the experimental and numerical behavior of excavations through the Soil Nailing technique, supported by complete geotechnical characterization work which was carried out for the purpose of forming part of this study. Capa Guachón, VE. (2021). Estudio experimental y numérico del comportamiento de excavaciones ejecutadas mediante la técnica de suelo claveteado (soil nailing) en suelos de la ciudad de Quito (Ecuador) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164174 TESIS

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ATASSI, HANAE. "Evaluation de la resistance a la corrosion en solution aqueuse de quelques verres silicates." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13057.

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Des experiences ont ete realisees afin d'evaluer la resistance chimique de verres volcaniques et industriels, mis en contact avec de l'eau distillee et des solutions tampons a ph 6, 7, 8 et 9. On a etudie au microscope electronique les couches d'alteration en surface et les resultats ont ete compares a un modele cinetique de la dissolution du verre ainsi qu'a un modele thermodynamique (modele de paul)

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Pichon, Hervé. "Le système "pouzzolanes naturelles-chaux-eau" à 38 et 100°C : relations entre la réactivité chimique, les phases néoformées et les conséquences physico-mécaniques : (application aux matériaux volcaniques du Massif Central français)." Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10099.

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Ce travail etudie les systemes pouzzolanes naturelles-chaux-eau a 38 et 100c afin de comprendre les phenomenes physicochimiques caracterisant la pouzzolanicite des materiaux naturels. La mise en evidence de nouveaux criteres physicochimiques correlant la mineralogie des produits d'hydratation, les qualites mecaniques des melanges pouzzolanes-chaux-eau nous permet de proposer une nouvelle classification des materiaux pouzzolaniques. Cette classification repose sur: une caracterisation et une quantification des constituants reactifs (les verres volcaniques non rhyolitiques, les opales, les zeolites), une etude des solides neoformes et des solutions issus de l'essai chapelle (16 h a 100c dans une solution saturee de chaux), une etude mineralogique et morphologique des phases cristallines neoformees, issues du systeme pouzzolanes-chaux-eau a 38, constituant la matrice des pates durcies. L'ensemble de ces observations montre que les silices sedimentaires, les roches volcaniques et l'alumine activee constituent une serie homologue discontinue a 38 et 100c dans le systeme cao-sio2-al203-h20. Ces materiaux s'illustrent par la coexistence entre la fraction siliceuse de la solution solide des hydrogrenats et des gels silicocalciques hydrates (partiellement alumineux) a 100c et la coexistence entre la solution solide des silicoaluminates tetracalciques hydrates et les gels silicocalciques hydrates

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Scholtysik, Rebecca Ann. "Experimental study of the sublimation behaviour of volatile trace metals during volcanism." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12041.

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Volcanoes are a key component of the Earth system, with volcanic activity reaching from deep in the Earth’s mantle and extending to interactions with volcanic gases and the atmosphere. Volatile trace metals degas from volcanic eruptions and at fumaroles, but their behaviour is poorly understood. I designed and built a benchtop fumarole, from which I degassed a silicate melt with trace metals, to simulate the volatilization and sublimation of trace metals from volcanic gases. I collected sublimates along a temperature gradient to examine the behaviour of the trace metals. The experimental sublimates were analysed for their chemical composition and phase identification. Lithium, Cu, As, Rb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Cs, W, Pt, Tl, Pb and Bi were found to be volatile and sublimed in elevated concentrations at various temperatures between 250-600°C. Compared to natural fumarole studies, similar volatile behaviour is seen for Cu, As, Ag and Tl. Variability between the experimental and natural fumarole sublimates is proposed to be from a lack of ligands in the experiments. Ligands can complex with trace metals, to transport and sublime mineralogical phases. Given the importance of ligands to metal complexation, I proceeded to examine the importance of chloride as a ligand in volatile transport and sublimation of trace metals. I degassed a silicate melt with trace metals and variable concentrations of Cl-, up to 2 wt% Cl-, in air. Sublimates produced from these experiments were analysed for mineralogical and chemical information. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy helped to determine that silica polymorphs occur at all temperatures and that halite forms below 600°C. Additional phases, including hydrated phases transporting Mo, Cu and Pb also formed as sublimates. These hydrated phases are suggested to be hydrated post-experiment or are Cl--bearing analogues. The addition of Cl- to the experiments increases the concentration of Li, Rb, Cs, Ag, Cr, Cu, Mo and W in the sublimates compared to Cl-free experiments and Cl-bearing phases are likely hosts of volatile trace metals. Volcanic gases in nature do not have the oxygen fugacity of air and contain considerable S. To conduct sublimation experiments at various lower oxygen fugacities and with S as it is a redox sensitive ligand, I adapted my original benchtop fumarole design to a gas-mixing furnace, in which I degassed silicate melts containing S, Cl and trace metals. Substantial loss of S and Zn, Sn, As, Bi, Pb and Cd occurred from the starting material melt in the most reduced experiment at 4.6 log units below the FMQ buffer. This loss corresponded to increased concentrations of the same elements in the sublimates of the same experiment. These trace elements are likely hosted as sulfide minerals, as the fO2 conditions are in the sulfide stability field. This agrees with thermodynamic calculations that determine that sulfides should be stable in similar conditions to this experiment. Chlorides are sublimed in experiments from ~200-650°C and are likely subliming as a NaCl-KCl-FeCl3 solid solution. Halite is calculated to form at all temperatures in the experiments, based on modelling. These chlorides are probably hosting Cu, Cd, Bi, Li, Rb and Ag in the experiments. In nature, if these metals are in soluble salts, when leached they provide a source of metals to the environment where they are deposited. Overall, I demonstrated that trace metal behaviour in the sublimates from volcanic gases will be affected by available ligands and the oxygen fugacity of the melt and the gas. Chlorides are a likely phase to host trace metals and are ubiquitous in experiments, even with variable melt compositions, fO2 conditions and across a wide temperature range. Graduate

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42

Kueppers, U. "Nature and efficiency of pyroclast generation from porous magma: Insights from field investigations and laboratory experiments." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/1169.

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Enhanced knowledge of pre- and syn-eruptive processes is vital to deal with the increasing threat imposed to population and infrastructure by volcanoes that have been active historically and may potentially erupt in future. For many years, most of this knowledge was received from experiments on analogue materials and/or numerical models. In order to increase their significance and applicability for the “real” case, the natural complexity may not be oversimplified and the input parameters must be reliable and realistic. In the light of this, a close connection of field and laboratory work is essential. Volcanic eruptions may be phreatic, phreatomagmatic or magmatic, the latter scenario of which was addressed in this study. Rising magma is subject to decreasing lithostatic pressure. As a direct consequence, volatiles become increasingly oversaturated and bubbles will nucleate and grow depending on initial volatile content and melt viscosity. Both factors directly influence the diffusivity that limits the rate of bubble growth. Increasing amounts of bubbles increase the buoyancy difference to the surrounding rocks and lead to an acceleration of the rising melt-bubble mixture. Beside these limiting factors, the overpressure in the gas bubbles greatly depends on the magma’s ascent speed as it controls the residence time to conditions favourable to degassing (a combination of lithostatic pressure and magma temperature) and the time of overpressure reduction due to degassing. Volcanic eruptions occur when the bubbly melt can no longer withstand the exerted stress that derives from the overlying weight (lithostatic pressure), the expanding gas bubbles (internal gas overpressure) and different ascent velocities in the conduit (velocity profile). The melt will be fragmented and the gas-pyroclast mixture will be erupted. This study has combined close investigation of the deposits of the 1990-1995 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan and detailed laboratory investigations on samples of this eruption and other volcanoes. The field work intended to reveal the density distribution of samples from within the eruptive products. Although all samples already underwent one eruption, their physical state (e.g. crystallinity, porosity) mostly remained close to sub-surface pre-eruption conditions due to their high viscosity and accordingly allowed their usage for the analysis of the fragmentation behaviour. In that purpose, rapid decompression experiments that simulate volcanic eruptions triggered by internal gas overpressure have been performed at 850 °C to evaluate fragmentation threshold and fragmentation efficiency. Laboratory investigations of that kind are one approach to bridge the gap between observational field volcanology and risk assessment as they reveal information on what can not be investigated closely but what is essential to know for realistic eruption models and the adjacent hazard mitigation. Changing the experimental conditions and close investigation of the artificial products reveals the influence of physical properties on the fragmentation behaviour. The density distribution inside a dome and the upper part of the conduit is crucial to the eruptive style of an explosive volcano. This information cannot be collected during an ongoing eruption but is important for future hazard assessment via modelling conduit flow and dome collapse/explosion behaviour. Therefore, the percentage of the mass fractions of all rock types in the primary and secondary volcanic deposits must be evaluated. For this purpose and at the lowest logistic effort, field-based density measurements have been performed on Unzen volcano, Japan. The resultant density distribution was found to be generally bimodal at constant peak values but changing peak ratios. The most abundant rock types at Unzen exhibited an open porosity of 8 and 20 vol.%, respectively. The porosity was found to be arranged in layers of cm- to dm-scale that were oriented subparallel to flow direction, i.e. subvertical within the conduit and flank-parallel within the dome lobes. The achieved results allowed for an internal picture of the dome during the last eruption of Unzen volcano. The evaluated picture of the density distribution within the uppermost parts of the conduit and the dome itself allowed for insights into and a better understanding of magma ascent and degassing conditions at Unzen volcano during its last eruption. Knowledge of the density distribution is additionally required to draw conclusions from the results of laboratory investigations on the fragmentation behaviour to the monitored behaviour of Unzen volcano during its last eruption. In the laboratory, the fragmentation behaviour upon rapid decompression has been investigated in a modified fragmentation bomb (Spieler et al., 2004). At 850 °C, initial overpressure conditions as high as 50 MPa have been applied to sample cylinders (25 mm diameter, 60 mm length) drilled from natural samples. In a first step, the minimum overpressure required to cause complete sample fragmentation (= fragmentation threshold, ΔPfr) has been evaluated. Results from samples of several volcanoes (Unzen, Montserrat, Stromboli, and Mt. St. Helens) showed that ΔPfr mainly depended on open porosity and permeability of the specific sample as these parameters were controlling pressure build-up and loss. The experiments further revealed that sample fragmentation was not the result of a single process but the result of a combination of simultaneously occurring processes as indicated by Alidibirov et al. (2000). The degree of influence of a single process to the fragmentation behaviour was found to be porosity-dependent. Further experiments at initial pressure conditions above ΔPfr and close investigation of the artificially generated pyroclasts allowed evaluating the fragmentation efficiency upon changing physical properties of the used samples. The efficiency of sample size reduction was investigated by grain-size analysis (dry sieving for particles bigger than 0.25 mm and wet laser refraction for particles smaller than 0.25 mm) and surface area measurements (by Argon adsorption). Results of experiments with samples of different porosities at different initial pressure values showed that the efficiency of fragmentation increased with increasing energy. The energy available for fragmentation was estimated from the open porosity and the applied pressure. A series of abrasion experiments was performed to shed light on the grain size reduction due to particle-particle interaction during mass movements. The degree of abrasion was found to be primarily depending on porosity and experimental duration. The results showed that abrasion may change the density distribution of block-and-ash flows (BAF) by preferentially abrading porous clasts. However, during the short drying interval prior to the analysis of the experimental pyroclasts, abrasion-induced grain-size reduction only played a minor role and was assumed to be negligible. Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Munich (LMU) Published open

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GRANATI, SERENA FRANCESCA. "The architecture of the magmatic feeding system of the Campi Flegrei Volcanic District: constraints from experimental petrology." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/896203.

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This work is aimed to provide an experimental contribution to a better definition of the evolutionary processes of Phlaegrean Volcanic District (PVD). To reach this goal high pressure experiments were performed on a natural sample of mafic composition (K-basalt), at variable T, P, ƒO2 and XH2O conditions. Pressures of 800, 400 and 200 MPa have been chosen to simulate the magmatic differentiation in the PVD system, supposed to be a multilevel one. A temperature range of about 120°C starting from the liquidus temperature has been set up for the experimental runs. Water effect was evaluated by the addition of 1 to 6 wt% of H2O to the system. Two piston-cylinder apparata were used: an end loaded type and a non end loaded one. The experimental ƒO2 conditions, determined by the assemblies, were close to the QFM buffer for the first apparatus and to NNO+2 for the second one. Both equilibrium and thermal gradient experiments were performed. The sub-liquidus experiments show variable mineralogical assemblages: stable phases observed by use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, spinel and amphibole. The results from this work well matches the primitive compositions of the PVD and can furnish useful information on the plumbing system of this densely inhabited and extremely dangerous volcanic district. The high pressure (800 MPa) experiments give a contribution in clarifying the possible mantle source mineralogy under the Phlegraean area. Indeed the T-H2O phase relations from this work compared to other experimental work on primitive alkali-basalt composition show that no phlogopite crystallizes even in similar T, H2O and pressure conditions. This may suggest that this phase does not occur in the mantle source beneath the PVD. This work demonstrates that a basaltic melt cannot reach the most differentiated compositions of the PVD products (i.e. Campanian Ignimbrite trachytes) with a single-step isobaric equilibrium (or fractional) crystallization process. Indeed geophysical and petrological/petrographical features of natural products, according with those highlighted by the experimental data, confirm the hypothesis of a multilevel polybaric magmatic system feeding the PVD, with a high pressure differentiation step fractionating clinopyroxene +/- olivine. The possibility of a deep liquidus crystallization of clinopyroxene (alone or in co-saturation with olivine) is also supported by the major element compositional trends defined by the MIs from Minopoli I and Fondo Riccio, along with a portion of those from Solchiaro. Thus these results display the great relevance of clinopyroxene, not only as leading phase in driving the overall evolution of the residual melts, but also as witness of the first steps of the deep differentiation process in the PVD. The low pressure (400 and 200 MPa) experiments always show olivine as liquidus phase, thus implying a strong abundance of this phase also in natural products. However olivine does not occur in the most evolved PVD products, such as the trachytes form Campanian Ignimbrite. Once again a possible explanation could come from the multilevel magmatic system. In this light the supposed deep differentiation step at the base of the crust may provide a level in which olivines and perhaps clinopyroxenes could be segregated. The experimental glasses trends allow us to hypothesize that the difference in the initial differentiation path between Procida and Campi Flegrei may be due to a different amount of water content in the initial steps of differentiation. Interestingly, the good match with natural products is gained without the addition of a limestone component. Carbonate would indeed shift the compositions toward a strong silica undersaturation. As a result, the experiments from this work show that there’s no need to consider limestone assimilation in order to explain the compositional features of the PVD magmas. A last finding regards natural samples showing calcic amphibole in their paragenesis. They are extremely rare and only occur in more differentiated compositions. This allow to exclude from the natural system the conditions in which amphibole experimentally crystallizes, which are P=200 MPa; T<1050°C, H2O ~7 wt%, giving an experimental constraint on the maximum amount of water content in the melt at low pressure.

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"Quantifying the Timing and Controls of Magmatic Processes Associated with Volcanic Eruptions." Doctoral diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57307.

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abstract: Volcanic eruptions can be serious geologic hazards, and have the potential to effect human life, infrastructure, and climate. Therefore, an understanding of the evolution and conditions of the magmas stored beneath volcanoes prior to their eruption is crucial for the ability to monitor such systems and develop effective hazard mitigation plans. This dissertation combines classic petrologic tools such as mineral chemistry and thermometry with novel techniques such as diffusion chronometry and statistical modeling in order to better understand the processes and timing associated with volcanic eruptions. By examining zoned crystals from the fallout ash of Yellowstone’s most recent supereruption, my work shows that the rejuvenation of magma has the ability to trigger a catastrophic supereruption at Yellowstone caldera in the years (decades at most) prior to eruption. This provides one of the first studies to thoroughly identify a specific eruption trigger of a past eruption using the crystal record. Additionally, through experimental investigation, I created a novel diffusion chronometer with application to determine magmatic timescales in silicic volcanic systems (i.e., rhyolite/dacite). My results show that Mg-in-sanidine diffusion operates simultaneously by both a fast and slow diffusion path suggesting that experimentally-derived diffusion chronometers may be more complex than previously thought. When applying Mg-in-sanidine chronometry to zoned sanidine from the same supereruption at Yellowstone, the timing between rejuvenation and eruption is further resolved to as short as five months, providing a greater understanding of the timing of supereruption triggers. Additionally, I developed a new statistical model to examine the controls on a single volcano’s distribution of eruptions through time, therefore the controls on the timing between successive eruptions, or repose time. When examining six Cascade volcanoes with variable distribution patterns through time, my model shows these distributions are not result of sampling bias, rather may represent geologic processes. There is a robust negative correlation between average repose time and average magma composition (i.e., SiO2), suggesting this may be a controlling factor of long-term repose time at Cascade volcanoes. Together, my work provides a better vision for forecasting models to mitigate potential destruction. Dissertation/Thesis Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2020

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"Investigating Lava Flow Emplacement: Implications for Volcanic Hazards and Planetary Evolution." Doctoral diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.62801.

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abstract: Lava flow emplacement in the laboratory and on the surface of Mars was investigated. In the laboratory, the effects of unsteady effusion rates at the vent on four modes of emplacement common to lava flow propagation: resurfacing, marginal breakouts, inflation, and lava tubes was addressed. A total of 222 experiments were conducted using a programmable pump to inject dyed PEG wax into a chilled bath (~ 0° C) in tanks with a roughened base at slopes of 0, 7, 16, and 29°. The experiments were divided into four conditions, which featured increasing or decreasing eruption rates for either 10 or 50 s. The primary controls on modes of emplacement were crust formation, variability in the eruption rate, and duration of the pulsatory flow rate. Resurfacing – although a relatively minor process – is inhibited by an extensive, coherent crust. Inflation requires a competent, flexible crust. Tube formation requires a crust and intermediate to low effusion rates. On Mars, laboratory analogue experiments combined with models that use flow dimensions to estimate emplacement conditions and using high resolution image data and digital terrain models (e.g. THEMIS IR, CTX, HRSC), the eruption rates, viscosities, and yield strengths of 40 lava flows in the Tharsis Volcanic Province have been quantified. These lava flows have lengths, mean widths, and mean thicknesses of 15 – 314 km, 0.5 – 29 km, and 11 – 91 m, respectively. Flow volumes range from ~1 – 430 km3. Based on laboratory experiments, the 40 observed lava flows were erupted at 0.2 – 6.5x103 m3/s, while the Graetz number and Jeffrey’s equation when applied to 34 of 40 lava flows indicates eruption rates and viscosities of 300 – ~3.5 x 104 m3/s and ~105 – 108 Pa s, respectively. Another model which accounts for mass loss to levee formation was applied to a subset of flows, n = 13, and suggests eruption rates and viscosities of ~30 – ~1.2 x 103 m3/s and 4.5 x 106 – ~3 x 107 Pa s, respectively. Emplacement times range from days to centuries indicating the necessity for long-term subsurface conduits capable of delivering enormous volumes of lava to the surface. Dissertation/Thesis Chapter 4 - Mars Lava Flow Data and Calculations Chapter 2 - Experimental Data Chapter 3 - Experimental Data Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2020

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Schmauß-Schreiner, Deborah [Verfasser]. "Experimental studies on the adsorption of SO2 on volcanic ashes / vorgelegt von Deborah Schmauß-Schreiner." 2008. http://d-nb.info/988205866/34.

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VENTURI, STEFANIA. "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Volcanic and Hydrothermal Systems: Evidences from Field and Experimental Data." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1077611.

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The PhD research project was aimed to improve the scientific knowledge about the composition and behaviour of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in volcanic and hydrothermal systems, focusing on (i) primary processes occurring at high temperatures in deep fluid reservoirs and (ii) secondary processes occurring during the uprising of hydrothermal fluids toward the surface. The first goal was achieved following both experimental and empirical approaches. Laboratory experiments were performed in order to investigate the reaction pathways for benzene production under hydrothermal conditions, confirming that the aromatic compounds can be efficiently produced through dehydrocyclization and aromatization of normal-alkanes with cyclics as by-products. Moreover, the pivotal role of minerals in controlling organic reactivity and organic reaction pathways was demonstrated. The analysis of VOCs in fumarolic and venting gases from four volcanic-hydrothermal systems in the Mediterranean area characterized by different temperature and redox conditions at depth (Solfatara Crater, Nisyros Island, Poggio dell'Olivo and Cava dei Selci), supported by thermodynamic and experimental data, evidenced a strict control of physicochemical conditions of deep hydrothermal reservoirs on the composition of VOCs emitted at the surface. Alkanes were the most abundant VOCs, with decreasing abundances at increasing carbon chain length, in agreement with thermodynamic data. At relatively high temperatures, saturated hydrocarbons may undergo dehydrogenation to alkenes and/or dehydrocyclization and subsequent aromatization, as experimentally demonstrated. Accordingly, aromatics were enriched in fumarolic fluids from high temperature active volcanic systems, whilst cyclics were more abundant in hydrothermal systems characterized by lower temperatures, likely due to incomplete aromatization. The occurrence and abundances of S-bearing compounds were related to sulphur fugacity, whilst O-bearing compounds were mainly related to shallow processes. Interstitial soil gases were characterized by remarkably different compositions of VOCs when compared to those recorded in the fumarolic and venting gases, suggesting the relevant importance of secondary processes occurring at depth (dehydrocyclization of alkanes producing an enrichment in cyclics relative to fumarolic fluids) and at shallow depths (DMS oxidation, microbial production of O-bearing compounds). In particular, microbially-driven processes likely play a major role in modifying the composition of VOCs prior to their emission from soils in volcanic and hydrothermal systems.

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MacKenzie, Jason. "Volatile metal mobility and fluid/melt partitioning: Experimental constraints and applications to degassing magmas." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1316.

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Volatile trace metals are variably enriched in volcanic gases. Metal concentrations in sub-aerially erupted magmas are also depleted in many of these metals. The causes of variable metal enrichment in volcanic gasses, however, remain enigmatic. The objective of this work is to place experimental constraints on kinetic and thermodynamic factors that influence the concentrations of trace metals in volcanic gases. To measure metal mobility in silicate melts, Pt crucibles packed with metal doped glasses of broadly basaltic composition were equilibrated with air and mixed gases at atmospheric pressure. The metals in the melt diffused to the gas/melt interface where they were released as a volatile species. The experiments produced concentration-distance profiles from which diffusivity was derived. Experiments were also conducted in a piston-cylinder apparatus at 1 GPa pressure. In these experiments, melts were equilibrated with Cl-bearing fluids at high temperature and pressure. At equilibrium, trace metals partitioned between the melt and fluid phase as a function of temperature and fluid composition. The diffusivity of Re in melts of natural basalt, andesite and a synthetic composition in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) system has been investigated at 0.1 MPa and 1250-1350C over a range of fO2 conditions from log fO2 = -10 to –0.68. Re diffusivity in natural basalt at 1300C in air is logDRe = -7.2  0.3 cm2/sec and increases to logDRe = -6.6 0.3 cm2/sec when trace amounts of Cl were added to the starting material. At fO2 conditions below the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffer Re diffusivity decreases to logDRereducing = -7.60.2 cm2/sec and to logDReandesite = -8.4  0.2 cm2/sec in andesite melt. Cd, Re, Tl, Pb, Sb and Te diffusivity in CMAS and Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (NMAS) melts were also determined at 0.1 MPa and 1200-1350C. In the CMAS composition at 1300C, the fastest diffusing element was Cd having a logDCd = -6.5  0.2. The slowest element was Re with logDRe = -7.5  0.3. Diffusivities of Sb, Te, Pb and Tl have intermediate values where logDSb = -7.1  0.1, logDTe = -7.2  0.3, logDPb = -7.1  0.2, logDTl = -7.0  0.2 cm2/sec. In the NMAS composition, logDRe = -6.5  0.2, logDSb = -6.0  0.2, logDPb = -6.1  0.1, logDTl = -5.8  0.2 cm2/sec. Fluid/melt partition coefficients ( ) of Re, Mo, W, Tl and Pb between fluid (H2O + Cl) and a haplobasaltic melt in the CMAS system were measured between 1200 and 1400°C at 1 GPa and fluid chlorine molarities from 7.7 to 27 mol/L. At 1300°C and fluid molarity of 7.7 mol/L, = 9.8±1.8, = 11.8±1.6, = 3.7±1.6, = 4.5±1.4 and = 2.4 ±1.8. Both Mo and Re were shown to partition most strongly into the fluid at all temperatures and fluid chlorinities. Differences in diffusivity of volatile heavy metal ions to a lead to significant fractionation between these metals in magmas during degassing. Given the observed differences in Cd and Re diffusivities, an increase in the normalized Cd/Re ratio in the gas phase with increasing bubble growth rate is predicted. Monitoring of the Cd/Re ratios in aerosols from degassing volcanoes may provide a tool for predicting volcanic eruption. Modeling of Re using the values measured here support the contention that subaerial degassing is the cause of lower Re concentrations in arc-type and ocean island basalts compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts. The model results were also compared with emanation coefficients for trace metals from natural volcanoes. The magnitudes of the modeled Re/Tl and Re/Pb in fluids at 1300C and the lowest fluid chlorinities were less than that observed from their emanation coefficients. Re and Pb are more sensitive to fluid chlorinity than Tl. The ratios of Re/Tl and Re/Pb expected from emanation coefficients are closely matched if partitioning values for experiments having fluid chlorinities of ~16-20 MCl at 1300C are used.

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Laudenbach, Nils. "Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Ausbreitung von Volumenstörungen in thermischen Plumes." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B42E-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Experimental volcanism'

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