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Journal articles on the topic 'Experimental ponds'
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1
Oragui, J. I., H. Arridge, D. D. Mara, H. W. Pearson, and S. A. Silva. "Rotavirus removal in experimental waste stabilization pond systems with different geometries and configurations." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0497.
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Rotavirus removal in waste stabilization ponds is a relatively slow process: in a series of ten ponds (a 1-d anaerobic pond followed by nine 2-d ponds) its numbers were reduced from 1.4 × 105 per litre to zero, and in an “innovative” series (a 1-day anaerobic pond, 3-d facultative pond, 3.8-d, 3-d and 5-d maturation ponds) from 5.1 × 104 per litre to <5 per litre. Faecal coliforms were better indicators of rotaviruses than was Clostridium perfringens .
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Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, L. R. Cawley, H. M. Arridge, and S. A. Silva. "The performance of an innovative tropical experimental waste stabilisation pond system operating at high organic loadings." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0123.
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In this study on the experimental pond complex at the Federal University of Paraiba in NE Brazil the organic loadings were were more than doubled to investigate the effect on pond performance. The results emphasise the tolerance of the pond system at high loadings without odour production or significant loss of efficiency in terms of BOD removal and bacterial pathogen removal, although nutrient removal by the maturation ponds was reduced. At high organic loadings baffled maturation ponds were more efficient at faecal coliform removal (FC). A minimum of 3 ponds in series are required to ensure maximum BOD removal. Shallow maturation ponds were also more efficient at FC removal although the depth of the facultative ponds had limited effect on BOD removal efficiency.
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Wu, Dan, Hong Sheng Liu, and Wen Ce Sun. "Experimental Study on Solar Ponds Combination with Solar Collector." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.174.
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The performance of Salt-gradient solar ponds (SGSP) with and without the solar collector are investigated experimentally in this paper. Two mini solar ponds with same structure are built, and one the them is appended with an exceptive solar collector for compared study. The salinity, temperature and turbidity of solar pond are studied contrastively for the two solar ponds under the same ambient conditions. The ambient temperatures,humidity and solar radiation are investigated during the experimental period. It was found that the temperature of the lower convective zone in the solar pond coupled with a solar collector increases by about 20% due to the introduce of solar collector.
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The Truyen, Le, and Le Thanh Long. "Experimental operation and performance evaluation of waste remover in aquaculture ponds." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, SI1 (April 12, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3isi1.730.
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The development of new technologies in automation to increase labor productivity has been increasingly enhanced in recent decades. The problem of cleaning water in shrimp ponds greatly affects the quality as well as shrimp production. Environmental pollution of shrimp farming is a matter of concern because the current waste treatment solutions are not yet thorough. A waste remover of shrimp waste combined with the pond bottom siphon method has been researched and developed to increase the ability to thoroughly handle waste generated in the culture environment. This device helps to automate the manual cleaning of the pond bottom by farmers. The device performs operations to clean waste, suck, filter, and remove waste from the culture environment. This device is self-propelled or manually controlled and operates in all weather conditions. This article introduces the process of testing and evaluating the efficiency of waste extraction equipment in shrimp ponds. The device was tested at a super-intensive shrimp farm and evaluated for operational efficiency. The experimental model consists of a shrimp pond operating a waste suction device, a control pond, an automatic monitoring system of water quality parameters (DO, H2S, NH3, pH, and temperature). Experimental ponds operating waste disposal equipment, control ponds are manually cleaned, other farming conditions of the two ponds are similar. The impacts of waste on the shrimp culture environment are determined through analyzing the results of measuring water quality criteria in the pond, thereby assessing the efficiency of waste removal of the equipment. The measurement results show that water quality parameters reach a value within the threshold if operating a waste suction device once per day. The benefits of waste remover operate to help save the cost of labor to clean the pond bottom, protect workers' health.
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Altayeva, F. A. "Growing commodity tilapia in various experimental conditions." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2010-03.
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The article presents the results of growing tilapia to marketable weight in experimental sites (Chilikskoye pond pond farms LLP, KATU named after S. Seifullin JSC and Kapshagai spawning farm — 1973 LLP). In the process of carrying out research works, the methods generally accepted in fish farming, hydrochemistry, hydrobiology, hydrology, ichthyology, as well as foreign normative and technical guidelines and methodological instructions on the technology of growing commercial tilapia in industrial conditions were used. Monitoring of hydrochemical analyses of water in ponds, swimming pools, and closed water supply installations is given. Fish-breeding and biological indicators of tilapia grown in various experimental conditions are presented. The results of the studies have shown the real possibility of growing tilapia in various conditions of fish farms in Kazakhstan. Based on the results of the work, the following conclusions were made: — satisfactory fish-breeding indicators were obtained with various cultivation technologies (as when growing tilapia in polyculture and monoculture in ponds, in pools, as well as cultivation in the recirculation system); — the cultivation of tilapia in the experimental ponds of the fish farm of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan has shown the possibility of obtaining high fish-breeding biological indicators of tilapia and the ability to grow to marketable mass in a short time; — as a result of experimental cultivation in various conditions, it was found that the survival rate was not lower than 97%; — as a result of the analysis of the profitability indices of the developed technologies, it was found that the most profitable was the technology of growing marketable tilapia products in monoculture ponds on water with a natural thermal regime in Chilik Pond Economy LLP.
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Siddig, Ahmed A. H., John S. Richardson, and Carsten F. Dormann. "Drought may amplify the impacts of salt pollution in pond ecosystems: an experimental exploration." Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie 194, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/fal/2020/1225.
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Pond ecosystems are biodiversity-rich habitats, which support great biological diversity and provide important ecological services, but increasingly face risk of pollution and drought events. With increase in use of road-salts, ponds become vulnerable to high levels of salt pollution and may impair their biological communities and ecosystem functions. However, understanding the impacts of these two threats combined are limited. In this study, we experimentally investigated the impacts of road-salt pollution and the expected future increase in drought events on ponds' physical conditions, communities and ecosystem functions. In a two-way factorial design, 20 experimental mesocosms were used to test the individual and combined effects of climate change-driven drought events and salt pollution on natural pond ecosystems. Treatments were presence or absence of water salinization to mimic pollution by road-salts, and drying to mimic drought events. Our drought treatment doubled water salinity during the experimental period. While salt additions significantly affected ponds' physical conditions and leaf litter decomposition, both salt additions and drying showed no independent impacts on pond biota and ecosystem functions. However, our path analysis revealed that drying indirectly reduced leaf litter decomposition and eco-system productivity through changes in ponds' physical conditions, although it did not affect biomass of insects and periphyton. Overall, our findings suggest that anticipated drought events will amplify road-salt pollution, and subsequently affect ponds' biodiversity, food webs, and ecosystem functions. Implications for restoration, conservation and climate change adaptation may include actively managing snow-melting salts and long-term monitoring of changes in ponds' biophysical conditions and ecological functions.
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Barzily, Ahuva, and Yehuda Kott. "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0012.
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Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental Engineering Department's pilot plant installations and was introduced daily into two experimental oxidation ponds to give a detention time of 10 - 12 days. One pond was held at 42 - 45°C whilst the other served as a control at ambient temperatures. Salmonellatyphimurium was introduced daily into the two ponds. In another set of experiments, the Salmonella were kept in dialysis bags placed in the ponds. The dialysis bags were filled with saline, control pond effluent, or raw wastewater. The results showed that it is very difficult to isolate the bacteria from the pond effluent. The number of Salmonella bacteria in the dialysis bags in the elevated temperature pond decreased by a few orders of magnitude within days. The Salmonella in the control pond survived for longer. It is thought that the high temperature and adverse environmental conditions caused the rapid die-off of the bacteria in the elevated temperature pond. Taking into account the fact that the numbers of the various pathogenic bacteria in nature are much smaller than the numbers introduced into the experimental ponds, it is thought that effluents from oxidation ponds operating at temperatures in the range 40 - 45°C will not contain any pathogenic bacteria.
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Bastos, R. K. X., E. N. Rios, P. D. Bevilacqua, and R. C. Andrade. "UASB-polishing ponds design parameters: contributions from a pilot scale study in southeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.108.
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This paper presents the results of five years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in southeast Brazil, comprised of a UASB reactor followed by a submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (field scale) and shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale). Three ponds in series achieved high quality effluent standards in terms of ammonia and E.coli, but a fourth pond did not result in further efficiency. Well established models to predict ammonia and E.coli removal in facultative and/or maturation ponds were, in a way, validated for polishing ponds too. The paper also includes results of input design parameters, such as pH and E.coli die-off rate constants, and their variation along the pond series.
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Wang, Yi-Kuang, Chan-Chen Li, Kuang-Ying Huang, and Chin-Chu Tsai. "Can Aquaculture Ponds Be Managed as Foraging Habitats for Overwintering Water Birds? An Experimental Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 10335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410335.
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Coastal wetlands have been gradually developed by aquaculture and other anthropogenic infrastructure, reducing the habitat for water birds. The traditional operation of shallow-pond milkfish (Chanos chanos) aquaculture in Taiwan may provide a model for aquaculture production that operates in harmony with overwintering water birds. The goal of this study was to test whether experimental water drawdown of aquaculture ponds, following the seasonal, traditional milkfish aquaculture, can create resource pulses that attract water birds in Tainan City in southern Taiwan. This experiment tested four types of aquaculture with potential for application: wild fish, no-feed tilapia, milkfish, and tilapia with feed. Ponds were surveyed every other day for water depth and water birds at least 37 times in four winters after water drawdown. In general, drawdown ponds created resource pulses that attracted higher feeding bird densities and numbers of species than control ponds in all aquaculture types. Milkfish ponds often had higher water birds in each year. Deep waders were sometimes the most abundant guild in the control, whereas shorebirds, shallow and deep waders were often higher in the drawdown treatment. Bird densities and numbers of species were correlated with water level, benthic biomass and water Chl a, but not with tilapia biomass. Species, such as Black-faced Spoonbills (Platalea minor), responded to water levels with the exception of Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta). The operation of seasonal, traditional shallow-pond milkfish aquaculture is suitable for foraging of water birds during the winter migratory bird season.
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Gao, Chun Juan, Qi Zhang, Hai Hong Wu, Liang Wang, and Xi Ping Huang. "The Influence of Height of LCZ on the Salinity Diffusion of Solar Pond." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1521.
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The solar ponds with a surface of 0.3m2were filled with different concentration salt water and fresh water. The three layer’s structure of solar ponds was formed in the laboratory ponds by using the salinity redistribution. The performance and diffusion of salinity were xperimentally in the solar pond. The measurements were taken and recorded daily at various locations in the salt-gradient solar pond during a period of 30 days of experimentation. The experimental results showed that the salinity gradient layer can sustain a longer time when the lower convective zone is thicker, which is benefit to store solar energy. Therefore, properly increasing the height of LCZ is a good method to enhance the solar pond performance.
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Rangaraju, Periyasamy, and Santhia Sivakumar. "Comparative Experimental Analysis of Temperature Distribution in Mini Size Permeable and Non-Permeable Varying Salt Density Solar Pond." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390218.
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Varying salt density solar pond is a method that is best suited to absorb and store solar energy. This examination includes the test enhancement of the permeable and non-permeable sunlight-based ponds dependent on its exhibition in different conditions. This experiment was done in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. This particular topographical area has a high level of solar radiation and is a tropical district. Readings for a period of 30 days were taken; the temperature circulation, a measure of heat energy stored and concentration of salt density was assessed. For examination, two comparable solar ponds of volume 0.02 m3 and a height of 0.32 m was built. Black granite pieces, broken glass pieces, and welding spatter were used as a permeable medium in the lower convective zone (LCZ) in one of the two solar ponds. The temperatures of the permeable solar pond and non-permeable solar pond reached the highest values of 42.3℃ and 40.6℃ respectively. The solar pond with a permeable medium demonstrated an increase of 4.18% in temperature. The difference in amounts of stored thermal energy is 4.54 kJ. From the obtained parameters, the optimization is done and the permeable medium solar pond is found to store more amount of heat energy than the non- permeable solar pond. For the optimization of the mixed medium, criterion parameter βelk has been acquired in the solar pond.
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Bastos, R. K. X., E. N. Rios, F. L. Dornelas, F. A. L. Assunção, and L. E. Nascimento. "Ammonia and phosphorus removal in polishing ponds: a case study in Southeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.344.
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Ammonia and phosphorus removal were evaluated over four years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in Brazil: initially a UASB reactor (real scale) + three shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale), afterwards a UASB + submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (real scale) + the same pond series. Shallow ponds (h < 0.90m) provided considerable ammonia removal, but phosphorus removal was somewhat poorer. An equation was derived for the estimation of ammonia pond effluent, based on the same assumptions of the well known Pano and Middlebrooks model. According to the experimental data, an effluent suitable for aquaculture should be achieved with retention time of 25 days.
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Polprasert, C., S. Kessomboon, and W. Kanjanaprapin. "Pig Wastewater Treatment in Water Hyacinth Ponds." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0742.
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Small-scale and pilot-scale experiments were conducted on pig wastewater treatment in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipesl ponds. The main objectives were to evaluate the treatment performance of the water hyacinth ponds and to determine suitable operating conditions. From the experimental results obtained, the optimum organic loading rate was found to be 200 kg COD/(ha.d), while the hydraulic retention times were proposed to be 10-20 days. The % COD removal in the small-scale water hyacinth ponds were 74-93, while for the pilot-scale ponds the % COD removal were 52-72 because of fluctuations in the influent wastewater characteristics and occasional insect attacks on the water hyacinth leaves and stems. Similar results were obtained for N removal. Although the water hyacinth ponds were found to be feasible for pig wastewater treatment, at least one polishing pond in series should be provided to polish the water hyacinth pond effluents before discharging into the environment.
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Pearson, H. W., S. T. Silva Athayde, G. B. Athayde, and S. A. Silva. "Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0429.
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Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series actually saved land area for the same FC final effluent quality under tropical conditions. However, efficient nutrient removal (N and P) only occurred in the shallow series and effluent standards for nutrient concentrations are unlikely to be met by 2.2 m deep 5-pond series in contrast to the norms for pathogen removal.
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Jaeger, Christophe, and Joël Aubin. "Ecological intensification in multi-trophic aquaculture ponds: an experimental approach." Aquatic Living Resources 31 (2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2018021.
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As aquaculture production is increasing considerably, it needs to become more environment-friendly. Based on a participatory process, an ecologically intensive pond system was designed to test three hypotheses: a combination of intensive and extensive areas provides more ecosystem services than an intensive or extensive area alone; coupling a planted lagoon with an intensive pond decreases the latter's environmental impacts and maintains or increases its fish productivity; and using formulated feed in polyculture increases growth of all fish species. To test these hypotheses, we designed a specific integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system composed of a polyculture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and tench (Tinca tinca) and a lagoon planted with macrophytes to filter the water. This pond system was compared with “extensive” (unfed) and “semi-intensive” fishpond systems without a planted lagoon. We measured fish growth performances, water quality, chlorophyll concentrations and water and sediment nutrient contents. We also calculated the mass balance of nutrients. Concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus increased in sediments, indicating that nutrients were stored in the ponds, especially in planted lagoon; the planted lagoon decreased phytoplankton development, and limited blooms, but it slightly decreased fish growth performances compared to those in semi-intensive fishponds. The formulated feed supplied clearly increased fish growth performances and the survival rate, and seemed also to increase the use of available nutrients in ponds, which improved the production of overall fish biomass. In conclusion, the planted lagoon provides ecosystem services on nutrients cycling and habitat for natural biodiversity. Improving knowledge about nutrient cycles from formulated feed within the pond food web would be useful to increase the amounts of nutrients converted into fish biomass.
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dos Santos, Silvânia Lucas, and Adrianus van Haandel. "Transformation of Waste Stabilization Ponds: Reengineering of an Obsolete Sewage Treatment System." Water 13, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091193.
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Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are commonly used for sewage treatment. These systems are composed of a series of ponds: (1) anaerobic ponds, (2) facultative ponds, and (3) maturation ponds. WSPs generally produce good-quality effluent in terms of organic matter and pathogen removal, but their application has disadvantages. The most serious disadvantages are a long retention time, the release of biogas, and the impossibility of removing nutrients. A promising alternative to the use of WSPs is replacing the anaerobic pond and facultative pond with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, with the advantages of greatly reducing the retention time and the biogas capture. The post-treatment ponds of the UASB reactor effluent involve oxygen production and the biological consumption of carbon dioxide, which raises the pH. An experimental investigation showed that it is possible to use polishing ponds in a sequential batch regime instead of continuous flow. This modification accelerates the decay of pathogens and accelerates the increase in pH, which, in turn, facilitates the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. This produces a good-quality effluent with low concentrations of biodegradable organic material, nutrients, and pathogens. This good-quality effluent is obtained in a system without energy consumption or auxiliary materials and with a much smaller area than conventional stabilization ponds.
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De Oliveira, R., H. W. Pearson, J. V. N. Silva, J. T. Sousa, V. D. Leite, and W. S. Lopes. "Baffled primary facultative ponds with inlets and outlets set at different levels treating domestic wastewater in northeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.105.
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This study evaluates the performance of four 2.3 m deep pilot-scale, independently loaded, primary facultative ponds treating predominantly domestic sewage in northeast Brazil. The ponds contained longitudinal baffles giving different length to width ratios from 3.55 to 32.4. The ponds had mean hydraulic retention times of ~15 days, and mean surface organic loadings of 330 kg BOD5.ha.d−1 during the first experimental phase and 375 kg BOD5.ha.d−1 in the second. The vertical inlets and outlets pipes were positioned at 1.8 m and 5 cm respectively below the pond surface in the first phase and at 50 cm and 1.8 m respectively in the second. All the ponds functioned as efficient primary facultative ponds but statistical analysis demonstrated no differences in effluent quality for most of the parameters measured for the various configurations of baffles and inlet and outlet depths. All behaved similarly to the unbaffled pond. The only exceptions were suspended solids and chlorophyll a concentrations which tended to be lower for all combinations of baffles with the outlets set 1.8 m below the surface. This study suggested that the longitudinal baffling of primary facultative ponds when using vertical inlets and outlets may well not significantly improve pond performance.
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van den Heuvel, M. R., M. Power, M. D. MacKinnon, T. Van Meer, E. P. Dobson, and D. G. Dixon. "Effects of oil sands related aquatic reclamation on yellow perch (Perca flavescens). I. Water quality characteristics and yellow perch physiological and population responses." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 1213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-062.
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In order to test the viability of oil sands aquatic reclamation techniques, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were stocked into three experimental ponds. Pond substrates consisted of either oil sands fine tailings or clay and lean oil sands deposited by the mining operations. Yellow perch were stocked immediately postspawning and subsamples were sacrificed at 5 and 11 months to measure indicators of energy storage and utilization. These indicators included survival, age, spawning periodicity, condition factor, gonad size, fecundity, and liver size. Indicators generally showed patterns consistent with improved energy storage and utilization in the experimental pond yellow perch as compared with yellow perch in the lake from which the stocked fish originated. This was evidenced by increased gonad size, condition factor, and liver size and the disappearance of spawning periodicity. The patterns observed in experimental ponds suggest improved resource availability and (or) reduced intra- and interspecific competition. Yellow perch physiological indicators were also compared with those measured at several remote natural lakes in the area. Fisheries parameters measured in yellow perch from the experimental ponds generally fell within the range of those found in natural lakes.
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Whalley, C., L. N. Pak, and S. Heaven. "The potential for facilitating spring discharge from continental climate waste stabilisation ponds by carry-over of treated wastewater: concepts and experimental findings." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.367.
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The research investigated some factors influencing the rate of stabilisation of wastewater in the spring period in continental climate waste stabilisation ponds, and in particular the potential for bringing forward the discharge date by optimising storage capacity and dilution. Experiments using pilot and model-scale ponds were set up in Almaty, Kazakhstan. These simulated operating regimes for a facultative and storage/maturation pond system subject to ice cover from late November until late March. Two pilot-scale facultative ponds were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 20 and 30 days, with surface loading rates of 100 and 67 kg BOD ha−1 day−1. Effluent from the 20-day HRT facultative pond was then fed to two pilot-scale storage/maturation ponds which had been partially emptied and allowed to refill over the winter period with no removal of effluent. The paper discusses the results of the experiments with respect to selection of an operating regime to make treated wastewater available early in the spring. Preliminary results indicate that there may be potential for alternative operating protocols designed to maximise their performance and economic potential.
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Leite, Laís M. S. N., Sarah K. French, Christopher A. Searcy, and Shannon J. McCauley. "Forest edges and their effects on the arrival of dragonflies at north-temperate experimental ponds." International Journal of Odonatology 24 (January 1, 2021): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23797/2159-6719_24_2.
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The matrix, an environment in the landscape that individuals move through but do not reside in, can affect species dispersal and the arrival of individuals at habitat patches. Elements around this matrix that provide refuge or resources may shape the arrival of animals at habitat patches, even when those patches are equivalent in quality. Adult dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) frequently use open terrestrial environments during movement and dispersal in north-temperate regions; however, they can also roost along forest edges. Because of the potential value of forest edges to adult dragonflies, we tested whether pond proximity (i.e., connectivity) to multiple forest edges was positively related to the abundance or diversity of arriving dragonflies. We observed dragonflies arriving at 9 experimental pond sites located within an open field landscape in Ontario, Canada. Experimental ponds differed in their distance to source ponds and to forest edges, a potential refuge for dragonflies. We found no effect of connectivity to forest edges or distance to source ponds on the abundance or diversity of dragonflies arriving at a site. Dragonfly dispersal was therefore not limited at the spatial scale of our study (<305 m to source ponds). In addition, dragonflies did not seem to discriminate among sites based on the amount of nearby forest edge, although all sites within the generally open landscape had at least some forest edge in close proximity (10–79 m). Our results provide greater insight regarding the decisions that dragonflies make in response to landscape elements while dispersing to reproductive habitats.
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Shi, J., R. A. Hart, S. J. Kleis, and R. B. Bannerot. "Gradient-Zone Erosion in Seawater Solar Ponds." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2871810.
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An experimental program has been conducted to examine the feasibility of using seawater solar ponds in mariculture operations along the Texas gulf coast to protect fish crops from the potentially lethal, cold temperatures experienced in outdoor ponds. Seawater solar ponds in the form of floating thermal refuge areas are proposed as a method for reducing the loss of heat from small sections of a pond. Gradient zone erosion under various ambient and operating conditions is examined. Comparisons with previous laboratory studies show a much lower entrainment rate in the natural environment. For conditions which are typical of those encountered in mariculture pond operation, the entrainment rate was found to depend only weakly on the Richardson number. For these conditions, a simple (linear) correlation of entrainment rate with wind speed was developed.
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Subhakar, D., and S. Srinivasa Murthy. "Saturated solar ponds: 3. Experimental verification." Solar Energy 53, no. 6 (December 1994): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(94)90125-l.
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Peña, M. R., D. D. Mara, and A. Sanchez. "Dispersion studies in anaerobic ponds: implications for design and operation." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0660.
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The design procedure for anaerobic ponds is based on calculations of the influent volumetric organic load as a function of temperature and wastewater strength. Hydraulically either a plug flow or a completely mixed model is assumed. However, factors such as sludge sedimentation patterns, biogas bubbling and sludge accumulation may influence the hydrodynamic behaviour of the pond and hence its removal efficiency. The results obtained show that sludge accumulation and incorrect positioning of inlets and outlets influence the hydraulic performance of the ponds. The dispersion number values obtained from experimental data (δ> 0.01) show the predominance of flow mixing patterns within the ponds. Nevertheless, short-circuiting as well as dead zones coexist. Pond desludging as well as improvement of the inlet-outlet arrangements increased the removal efficiency of both BOD and TSS. It would seem that desludging of the anaerobic pond has a higher impact on the effluent quality compared with improvements to the inlets and outlets. Furthermore,the removal efficiency of suspended and soluble organic matter might be improved by enhancing mixing within the pond volume. Finally, apart from conventional dispersion studies, other tools like computational fluid dynamics are essential in order to understand the complex hydrodynamic phenomena taking place in anaerobic ponds.
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Xu, Hang, Quanda Yang, Runfen Liu, Fang Ma, and Jin He. "Experimental Studies on the Purification of Wastewater in Water Peanut Ponds." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0116.
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Experiments on the efficiency, mechanism and hydraulic flow pattern of wastewater purification, especially the removal of N and P, in water peanut (Alternathera Philoxeroides) ponds are introduced in this paper. The results obtained show that water peanut pond advances over the symbiotic bacteria/algae systems pond and duckweed pond in removing COD, BOD5, TN, NH3–N, TP and phosphate salts at higher efficiencies. In comparison with water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) pond, water peanut pond has higher removal efficiencies in removing BOD5, COD, TN and NH3–N and lower efficiencies in removing TP and PO43–. The mechanism of the high pollutant removal efficiencies in the water peanut pond, which is proved through the experiments, is as follows: dominant bacteria such as Bacillus, Pseecomonas and Alcaligenes adhering to the root system of the plants help to achieve the efficient degradation of C, N and P containing matters into CO2, NH4–N and PO43−–P, which are then taken up by the roots for the growth and generation of the plants; this is the main mechanism of N and P removal from the wastewater. Due to the smaller number of nitrifying bacteria and algae existing in the pond, there will be no further concern of pH increase in the pond, hence the contribution of nitrification, denitrification, NH3release and settling of hydroxylopatite caused by the reaction of phosphate and calcium in N and P removal was negligible. It was also determined through the experiments that the flow pattern in the rectangular water peanut pond was close to plug flow.
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Liu, Hong Sheng, Dan Wu, and Wen Ce Sun. "Performance Analyses of a Combined Auxiliary Measures SGSP - Experiment Means." Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.188.
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In this work, several methods are experimentally investigated with the aim of enhancing the thermal characters of solar pond. Which included putting porous medium to the bottom of the solar pond, combining a solar collector and building evaporation basin respectively .Two mini cylindrical solar ponds are built and the thermal performance of the solar pond is investigated by comparing the temperature distribution of the two solar ponds. The experimental results show that the utilization of the porous medium in the bottom layer might enhance the heat storage ability of the lower convective zone (LCZ); The introduction of the solar collector might advance the temperature of the LCZ greatly, which lessens the heat loss of the whole system. These methods play important roles in enhancing the thermal characters of the solar pond, which brings forward a new way for the improving of solar pond.
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Hossain, M. I., M. I. Hossain, M. M. Kamal, M. A. Mannan, and M. A. B. Bhuyain. "Effects of Probiotics on Growth and Survival of Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Coastal Pond at Khulna, Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 5, no. 2 (April 23, 2013): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11815.
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The study was carried out for 138 days to know the growth and survival rate of P. monodon by applying probiotics in Gazi Fish Culture Ltd. Dacope, Khulna, Bangladesh. Six experimental ponds (4000 m2 in size i.e. one acre) were selected of which three were probiotic ponds and three were controlled. After pond preparation, PL15 (average weight of each 4.75±0.09 g) was stocked at the rate of 13 per m2 following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. CP NASA shrimp feed was used during the study period. Transparency, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) were recorded by standard measurements. The average final body weight of the harvested shrimp is 37.67±1.15 g in probiotics ponds and 27.33±0.58 g in controlled ponds and the difference was significant (P < 0.01) between these two productions. The average survival rate was 90.67±1.15 % in probiotic pond and 71.00±3.0 % in controlled pond. The average daily gain (ADG) in weight was 0.27±0.01 g and 0.19±0.01 g in probiotic and controlled ponds, respectively. The result showed that probiotic plays an important role in maintaining water quality parameters, soil quality and health management as well as increases the growth and survival of shrimp.Key words: Probiotics; P. monodon; Water quality parameter; Growth rate; Survival rate.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11815 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 363-370 (2013)
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Wang, Baozhen, Wenyi Dong, Jinlan Zhang, and Xiangdong Cao. "Experimental study of high rate pond system treating piggery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0271.
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The results of an experimental study conducted in a full-scale high rate pond system treating piggery wastewater at Jianfengshan Piggery, Panyu City, Guandong Province, are presented. The system consists of two advanced anaerobic ponds (AAP) in parallel, followed by an anaerobic transformation pond (ATP) and a five-cell algae-bacterial pond (ABP). The mechanism of the AAP is described and the hydraulic flow pattern analyzed. Fermentation pits (FP) built on the bottom performed very efficiently, operating like UASB in principle. A new concept of ATP is advanced, based on its ability to transform poorly degradable materials to more easily degradable ones. It was found in the study that the HRP system was more efficient, more reliable and saved 40% land area compared with a conventional pond system. Economic analyses of both the energy consumption and the benefit to the pond system of fish farming are also included in the paper.
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Insan, Irsyaphiani, Endhay Kusnendar Kontara, and Raden Roro Sri Pudji Sinarni Dewi. "IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF TIGER SHRIMP (Penaeus monodon) THROUGH PROBIOTICS APPLICATION." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.10.2.2015.131-136.
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The study was carried out in Brebes District, the North coast of Java. Tiger shrimp farming in Indonesia, particularly in this area faced some problems which caused by improper pond preparation, disease, and low seed quality. Probiotic was applied in pond to solve this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of tiger shrimp in ponds with probiotic applications. Six experimental ponds (each measuring 0.5 ha) were selected of which three were probiotic ponds and three were controlled. Tiger shrimp postlarvae (PL-30) were stocked at density of four shrimps/m2. Tiger shrimps were reared for three months. Shrimps were fed by commercial pellet. In the first month, shrimp were fed about 7%-5% of the total biomass; in the second months, 3.5%-3% of the total biomass; and in the third month, 2.5%-2% of the total biomass. The treatments in this study were the application of probiotics with concentration of 3 mg/L that were given every five days and control (without probiotics). The results showed the rearing period was 92 ± 6 days in probiotic ponds and 76 ± 16 days in controlled pond. The shrimp in controlled pond should be harvest earlier caused by the high mortality. The average final weight was 16.2 ± 0.7 g in probiotic pond and 15.6 ± 1.9 g in controlled pond. The survival rate was 64.13 ± 12.63% in probiotic pond and 44.17 ± 14.15% in controlled pond. Production was 208 ± 46 kg/pond/cycle in probiotic pond and 123 ± 6 kg/pond/cycle in controlled pond. The result showed that probiotic plays an important role in maintaining water quality parameters and health management as well as increases the survival of shrimp.
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Xu, H., B. Wang, Q. Yang, and R. Liu. "Treatment of Domestic Sewage in Macrohydrophyte Ponds." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0607.
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An experimental study was carried out on the treatment of domestic sewage by macrohydrophyte ponds, including water hyacinth and water peanut (AlterantheraPheloxiroides) ponds. The study indicated that both the water hyacinth and water peanut ponds were more effective and efficient in removing BODs (90-98%), TP (75-85%), PO4(90-99%), SS (90-95%), total bacteria (99.9-99.99%), and E. Coli (99-99.9%) in their growth seasons compared with the algae/bacterial symbiotic ponds with the pollutant removal rate constant ratio (k value in WHP or WPP/k value in ABP ponds) being: COD, 4.0-5.0, BOD5, 1.5-2.0, TN, 1.5-2.0, NH4+−N,2.0-3. 01 TP, 3.5-4.0; and PO43−2.8-5.7. The study found that the intensification effect was mainly ascribed to the microbial community in the root system, which was found to consist of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligens, Brevibacterium, Ammonia fier, Nitrosonionas, Nitrobacter, and Denitrifier. A mathematical model to describe the water flow pattern and BOD5 removal rule across the WPP pond based on the diffusion flow pattern model was developed with very low D values, which means that the water flow in the WHP and WPP ponds is near plug flow pattern.
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Khan, Sher, Muhammad Shoaib, Mudasser Muneer Khan, Bruce W. Melville, and Asaad Y. Shamseldin. "Hydraulic investigation of the impact of retrofitting floating treatment wetlands in retention ponds." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 8 (October 15, 2019): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.397.
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Abstract This paper describes the laboratory experimental investigations undertaken to analyse the influence of floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) on the hydraulic performance of a stormwater retention pond. Two experimental series were conducted, each focussed on investigating the influence of placing an FTW in a pond with firstly the inflow entering the retention pond from an inlet positioned 0.25 m offset from the longitudinal axis of the pond, and secondly the inlet positioned at the longitudinal axis of the pond. For both series of experiments, tests were undertaken at 1 l/s and 1.5 l/s, and with and without an artificial FTW installed. This study is the first to investigate the hydraulic impact of FTWs and their root systems on the performance of stormwater retention ponds. The results presented in this study suggest that FTWs are a viable method to minimise hydraulic inefficiencies, thereby increasing retention time and optimising hydraulic performance of stormwater retention ponds. The results highlight the importance of plant root characteristics. The optimal arrangement of root length is LR/DP = 0.5, where LR = root length and DP = pond depth. The results also indicate that the spatial variability of vegetation has a significant impact on the hydraulic performance of the pond.
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Chernicharo, C. A. L., S. F. Aquino, M. V. Sperling, R. M. Stuetz, L. V. Santos, M. O. A. Mabub, M. A. Moreira, O. M. S. R. Vasconcelos, and R. M. Glória. "Conceptual analysis of the UASB/polishing pond system regarding the removal of surfactants, micropollutants and control of gaseous emissions." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.964.
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A conceptual and integrated analysis of the UASB/Polishing Pond system is presented in relation to the removal of specific constituents not normally covered in the pond's literature, namely surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, LAS), micropollutants (phthalates and bisphenol A) and sulfide. Experimental studies carried out on a small full-scale UASB/PP system have shown limited overall removal efficiencies for some constituents (53% to 70% for phthalates and 50% for LAS), but excellent removal levels for bisphenol A (around 99%) and sulfide (no trace concentrations were detected in the second and third ponds of the series). Further research is needed to investigate possible limitations and to identify means to improve the performance of the UASB/PP system.
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Lowrey, Preston, Richard Ford, Francisco Collado, Jane Morgan, and Edward Frusti. "Combining Mariculture and Seawater-Based Solar Ponds." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929652.
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Solar ponds have been thoroughly studied as a means to produce electricity or heat, but there may be comparable potential to use solar ponds to produce optimized environments for the cultivation of some aquaculture crops. For this, conventional brine-based solar ponds could be used. This strategy would probably be most suitable at desert sites where concentrated brine was abundant, pond liners might not be needed, and the crop produced could be shipped to market. Generally, a heat exchanger would be required to transfer heat from the solar pond into the culture ponds. Culture ponds could therefore use either fresh or marine water. In contrast, this paper explores what we name seawater-based solar ponds. These are solar ponds which use seawater in the bottom storage zone and fresh water in the upper convective zone. Because the required temperature elevations for mariculture are only about 10°C, seawater-based solar ponds are conceivable. Seawater-based ponds should be very inexpensive because, by the shore, salt costs would be negligible and a liner might be unnecessary. An initial paper described the design and preliminary experience with two 16 m2 seawater-based solar ponds adapted for mariculture during the winter of 1986-1987 (reference [1]). Subsystems designed for air injection, salt gradient maintenance, filtering to remove ammonia, feeding, and maintenance of water clarity were detailed. Typical temperature and salinity gradients and month-long temperature elevation performance were also presented. This paper presents follow-up experimental results. During Jan. and Feb. 1986, operation of the two seawater-based solar ponds with no cultivation in them produced sustained bottom temperatures averaging 25.5°C. During this period, the ambient air averaged 13.8°C and the overnight low averaged 8.9°C. Elevation of seawater to 20–28°C would be extremely useful for winter mariculture along the entire southern coastline of the United States. In contrast, during the winter of 1987–1988 formal growth comparison experiments were conducted with striped bass, (Morone saxatilis), growing within two replicate solar ponds and within two replicate, conventional, control ponds. Over six winter months the solar pond bottom temperatures averaged 6°C warmer than the ambient air. Fish weights in the solar ponds increased by a cumulative average of 1105 percent compared with 172 percent for fish in the control ponds. These results are in line with other studies of the influence of temperature on the growth rate of striped bass. Management of the solar ponds involved a simple daily routine. These two experiments, therefore, demonstrate the profound potential of combining suitably designed seawater-based solar ponds with mariculture in winter to raise water temperature and accelerate growth. The solar ponds could be used either (a) as a warm water source or (b) with cultivation directly in the solar ponds. With either approach seawater-based solar ponds can potentially be very inexpensive. Both strategies deserve continued study because they have distinct advantages. For case (b), more involved research will generally be required since the solar ponds and cultivation practice for a specific species must both be adjusted to work together.
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Rakkoed, A., S. Danteravanich, and U. Puetpaiboon. "Nitrogen removal in attached growth waste stabilization ponds of wastewater from a rubber factory." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0011.
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Nitrogen removal from wastewater from rubber factories using attached-growth waste stabilization ponds (AGWSP) was evaluated. Usually, wastewaters generated from rubber factories such as concentrated latex factories and rubber sheet factories contain a high amount of nitrogen originating from natural rubber and ammonia compounds added in the production processes. From an investigation of 3 rubber factories at Songkhla, Thailand, average concentrations of TKN, NH3-N and Org-N in raw factory wastewater were found to be 889, 578 and 311 mg/l respectively. Two series of laboratory waste treatment ponds, waste stabilization ponds (WSP) and attached-growth waste stabilization ponds were investigated to compare the efficiency of nitrogen removal from wastewater from a concentrated latex factory. The wastewater fed to the experimental units was collected from the effluent of the anaerobic treatment pond at the factory. The experiments were conducted with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 40 and 20 days. Another experiment run with an HRT of 40 days together with 50% recirculating of effluent was also conducted. Finally, an experiment run at an HRT of 4 days was carried out in order to observe the effect of shock loading. The results revealed that TKN, NH3-N and BOD5 removal efficiencies in AGWSP were higher than in control ponds (WSP). Increased removal efficiencies were achieved which resulted from an increase in biomass on media in the pond water.
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Barthel, Lígia, Paulo Armando Victória de Oliveira, and Rejane Helena Ribeiro da Costa. "Plankton biomass in secondary ponds treating piggery waste." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, no. 6 (December 2008): 1287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000600025.
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This study aimed at analyzing the plankton biomass found in a piggery waste treatment system, composed of a high rate algal pond (HRAP), two maturation ponds (MP1, MP2) (System A) and a water hyacinth pond (WHP) (System B). The ponds were disposed in series and the study was performed for 32 weeks. The physicochemical variables monitored were: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, soluble chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen compounds and total phosphorus. The plankton biomass was identified at genus level and the ecology index was calculated so as to describe its development in the ponds. Results showed lower specific richness, which was associated to the mono-specific Chlorella sp population. The protozoa density was conversely proportional to the green algae density. The higher species diversity occurred in the WHP and MP2. The green algae presented high relative density (>97 %). The Jaccard index reached 100% if Chlorella sp and sometimes diatoms were found in the system's inlet and outlet. The productivity of algal biomass was lower than 10 gTSS/m²/d in the maturation ponds, which was maintained in the HRAP. The green algae coefficient of variation (CV) varied from 0 to 1.5 in the HRAP and WHP, but was constant at 0.9 to the 10th week in MP1 and around 0.5 during all the experimental period for MP2. For the chlorophyll a, this coefficient varied in all the ponds.
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Sparling, Donald W., and T. Peter Lowe. "Metal concentrations of tadpoles in experimental ponds." Environmental Pollution 91, no. 2 (1996): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(95)00057-7.
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Petrea, Ștefan-Mihai, Alina Mogodan, Isabelle Metaxa, Cătălin Platon, Mioara Costache, and Ira-Adeline Simionov. "THE TECHNOLOGICAL WATER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS DYNAMICS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PONDS, INLET AND OUTLET CHANNELS." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2019132020.
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This study aims to identify proper solutions that can improve the sustainability of cyprinids pond aquaculture in terms of nitrogen releases to the environment. Therefore, two experimental variants, based on polyculture, respectively integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) concept were tested, as follows: PCP – polyculture of common carp (CC) + grass carp (GC) + bighead carp (BC) + silver carp (SC); CP-PP – net divided pond with CC monoculture in CP part and CC+GC+BC+SC polyculture in PP part. In order to determine the nitrogen accumulation at the pond level, samples of water, sediments, fish meat and reed were analyzed. The results indicate that the highest nitrogen compounds concentrations in pond water were registered at CP part of CP-PP pond. However, the nitrogen concentration in pond effluents was significant higher in case of CP-PP pond, compared with PCP pond. The nitrogen compounds concentration of sediments registered the highest values in the ponds outlet area. Also, CP-PP pond recorded higher nitrogen concentration in sediments, compared with PCP pond. The CC registered the highest nitrogen compounds concentration in case of PP pond area, followed by CP pond area and PCP pond. Not significant correlation was found between reed and pond water/ fish meat/ sediments in terms of nitrogen compounds concentration. It can be concluded that the CP-PP pond feeding management, together with the tested technical solution (pond dividing) generated better water conditioning performances.
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Subbotina, Yu M. "THE STATUS OF RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE ON THE POULTRY FARM «MIKHNEVSKAYA»." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 2 (2019): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201902014.
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The article deals with the problem of recycling in poultry farm Mikhnevskaya. The work program provided for the continuation of studies on the development of the system of pond preparation of sewage water in biological ponds of purification. As one of the options, the systems of BOCS ponds (biological oxidation contact stabilization ponds) and ponds with higher aquatic vegetation, as a system of posttreatment of wastewater, as well as the use of fish ponds were proposed. The development of devices that provide deeutrophication of decontaminated wastewater in the BOCS ponds was started. As measures that contributed to the improvement of water purification to be discharged into the environment, an attempt was made to introduce at the final stages of purification of the algobacterial complex, higher aquatic vegetation, and fish seed material. A survey of the poultry farm was conducted; the conditions of wastewater formation of the Mikhnevskaya poultry farm of Stupinsky district of the Moscow region were studied. Model experiments were carried out at the Mikhnevskaya poultry farm in laboratory and semi-production conditions, directly in the laboratory of the Institute at the facility. In the course of experimental studies it was found that in the ponds under the influence of algological complex of microalgae was the process of purification and disinfection of poultry wastewater. The total death of pathogenic bacteria of the E. coli group occurred on 6-11 days after the introduction of microalgae into the water of the algal pond, which does not contradict the existing developments. At the same time, there was still an increase in fish seed material, which was sufficiently provided with food and by the autumn reached a mass of 410 grams.
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Roberts, J., A. Chick, L. Oswald, and P. Thompson. "Effect of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., an exotic benthivorous fish, on aquatic plants and water quality in experimental ponds." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 8 (1995): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951171.
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The effects of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., on water quality and functioning of aquatic systems were investigated in two experiments in ponds (~90 cm deep) outdoors at Griffith, New South Wales. The experiments represented contrasting conditions of high and low impact, defined by stocking density and food availability, with stocking densities chosen to be above and below 450 kg ha-1, the stocking density suggested as a critical threshold for damage. Under high impact conditions, carp had a significant effect on water quality, habitat structure and pond physical characteristics. Turbidity increased from approximately 7 NTU to 26 and 73 NTU by Day 4, there was a complete loss of two out of five plant species tested (Chara fibrosa and Vallisneria sp.) by Day 6, and surface water temperature in ponds with carp was significantly greater by Day 7. Plant loss was attributed to uprooting rather than herbivory, as sometimes reported. Under low impact conditions the uprooting rate of Vallisneria was reduced to a third. Contrary to the results of previous studies, there was no evidence of increased nutrients or greater algal biomass in ponds with carp, but this may have been because the sediments were relatively low in phosphorus. A crude nutrient budget based on water concentrations and tissue analysis showed substantial growth of carp in 20 days that could be accounted for only by considering either sediments or terrestrial inputs (ponds were not covered) as an important food source.
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Bastos, R. K. X., V. A. L. Cabral, E. N. Rios, and M. P. M. Combatt. "Further contributions to nitrogen removal modelling in waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 12 (August 23, 2014): 1897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.365.
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A large database from an experimental maturation pond system in Brazil was used to verify the agreement of field results with values predicted by some of the most widely accepted models to describe ammonium and total nitrogen (TN) removal in facultative and maturation ponds. The same database was used to derive a pH-independent linear model to predict ammonium removal in ponds, which was proved to be, essentially, a function of ammonium surface loading rate. In general, all these models made reasonable predictions of ammonium or TN removal but tended to overestimate low ammonium effluent concentrations while underestimating higher values of field data.
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Lagutkina, Lina Yurievna, Evgeniia Kuzmina, Maria Georgievna Biryukova, and Elena Pershina. "Bioproductivity of ponds of VI fish breeding zone." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2019, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2019-4-87-94.
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Abstract. The paper highlights the prospects of cultivating heat-loving species, such as Australian crayfish and freshwater shrimps in the VI fish breeding zone. Australian crayfish and freshwater shrimps breeding is considered economically attractive for entrepreneurs, having a limited area for farming facilities. At the same time, pond ecosystems require the individual approach and close study in terms of the environmental conditions for the cultivated species upkeeping and the natural forage base that determine the pond biological productivity. Today, there are no clear recommendations on the summer keeping warmwater aquaculture species, in particular, Australian crayfish and freshwater shrimp in the Astrakhan region. To cultivate the new objects of warmwater aquaculture in 2017-2019 the small innovative enterprise Modern Sharapovskiy Fish Breeding Complex researched the production potential of ponds of various categories for receiving marketable products; there was studied the forage base, biomass of zooplankton and zoobenthos satisfying the nutritional needs of farmed objects. As a result of experimental work, it was found that in pond No.2, where freshwater shrimps were grown, there were registered 5 species of Cladocera and 1species of Rotifera, while in pond No.1 used for breeding Australian crayfish there were registered 4 species of Rotifera and only 1 species of Cladocera. Presumably, the observed species composition of the studied ponds is specified by the selectivity of the cultivated objects in zooplankton consumption. The possibility of increasing the bio-productivity of ponds by alternate growing aquaculture and agricultural products has been considered.
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Alves, Eudes M., Paula F. C. Cavalcanti, and Adrianus van Haandel. "Desorption rate of volatile compounds in polishing ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.104.
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Increase of pH in polishing ponds can be predicted quantitatively from variations in alkalinity and acidity. These variables are affected by processes that develop simultaneously in ponds: (1) CO2 desorption, (2) biological CO2 removal by photosynthesis and (3) NH3 desorption. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the desorption rate of carbon dioxide and ammonium. It is shown that CO2 and NH3 desorption can be described by Fick’s law, which describes desorption of a gaseous compounds from water as a first order process with respect to the degree of oversaturation, which is the driving force of the process. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the desorption rate constants. The value of the constant proved to be inversely proportional to the depth of the pond (H) and its value for H=1 m and at 26°C was established as KCO2=0.34/H d−1 for carbon dioxide and KNH3=0.33/H d−1 for ammonium.
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Kuts, U., A. Tuchapska, O. Dobryanska, and H. Kurinenko. "The influence of ecological conditions on the growing of fingerlings carp hybrids of different origin." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2021.227247.
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The article presents an analysis of the ecological condition of reservoirs of the cultivation system of the State Enterprise «Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS» to create optimal conditions in ponds for growing carp hybrids of different genesis. It was found that the hydrochemical regime in the experimental ponds did not differ much because it mainly depended on the chemical composition of the water source of their water supply. In general, the main hydrochemical parameters that characterize the quality of pond water meet the standards for fishery reservoirs. According to OO Alokin’s classification, the water corresponded to a weakly alkaline or alkaline medium (7.0–9.1) and belonged to the hydrocarbonate class (HCO3 — 152.5–222.0 mg/dm3), with a predominance of SO42–, (69.2–72.8 mg/dm3), with an average mineralization in the range of 319.0–402.5 mg/dm3. Temperature indicators corresponded to seasonal dynamics and were in the range of 15–26°C, with the maximum value in July, while the content of dissolved oxygen in water did not fall below 2.43 mg·O/l. Phytoplankton of experimental ponds was represented by freshwater species (from 62 to 80) belonging to 7 systematic divisions. Chlorophyta 10450 dominated in number — 2836.79 thousand cells/dm3. Quantitative indicators of phytoplankton development were at the level of 2773.59–18496.62 thousand cells/dm3 by number and from 0.78 to 3.32 mg/dm3 by biomass. Zooplankton of experimental ponds was mainly represented by organisms of three systematic groups: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda. At the time of the research, the quantitative indicators of zooplankton development in growing ponds ranged from 22.0 to 257.0 thousand specimens/m3 in number, and 0.36–19.1 g/m3 in biomass. The main role in the formation of zooplankton biomass was win back by young forms of branched crustaceans. The obtained indicators of the ecological condition of fish ponds will create optimal conditions for fish farming. Accordingly, they contribute to the positive physiological development of this year’s carp hybrids.
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Scharien, R. K., J. Landy, and D. G. Barber. "First-year sea ice melt pond fraction estimation from dual-polarisation C-band SAR – Part 1: In situ observations." Cryosphere 8, no. 6 (November 25, 2014): 2147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2147-2014.
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Abstract. Understanding the evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice is important for climate model parameterisations, weather forecast models and process studies involving mass, energy and biogeochemical exchanges across the ocean–sea ice–atmosphere interface. A field campaign was conducted in a region of level first-year sea ice (FYI) in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), during the summer of 2012, to examine the potential for estimating melt pond fraction (fp) from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR). In this study, 5.5 GHz (C-band) dual co- (HH + VV – horizontal transmit and horizontal receive + vertical transmit and vertical receive) and cross-polarisation (HV + HH – horizontal transmit and vertical receive + horizontal transmit and horizontal receive) radar scatterometer measurements of melt-pond-covered FYI are combined with ice and pond properties to analyse the effects of in situ physical and morphological changes on backscatter parameters. Surface roughness statistics of ice and ponds are characterised and compared to the validity domains of the Bragg and integral equation model (IEM) scattering models. Experimental and model results are used to outline the potential and limitations of the co-polarisation ratio (VV / HH) for retrieving melt pond information, including fp, at large incidence angles (≥35°). Despite high variability in cross-polarisation ratio (HV / HH) magnitudes, increases at small incidence angles (<30°) are attributed to the formation of ice lids on ponds. Implications of the results for pond information retrievals from satellite C-, L- and P-band SARs are discussed.
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Swanson, George A., Terry L. Shaffer, Jacob F. Wolf, and Forrest B. Lee. "Renesting Characteristics of Captive Mallards on Experimental Ponds." Journal of Wildlife Management 50, no. 1 (January 1986): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801484.
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Wang, Ji-Qiao, Deshang Li, Shuanglin Dong, Kexing Wang, and Xiangli Tian. "Experimental studies on polyculture in closed shrimp ponds." Aquaculture 163, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00165-3.
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Pantel, Jelena H., Mathew A. Leibold, and Thomas E. Juenger. "Population Differentiation inDaphniaAlters Community Assembly in Experimental Ponds." American Naturalist 177, no. 3 (March 2011): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658345.
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Layton, Raymond J., and J. Reese Voshell. "Colonization of New Experimental Ponds by Benthic Macroinvertebrates." Environmental Entomology 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.1.110.
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Banat, F. A., S. E. El-Sayed, and S. A. El-Temtamy. "Carnalite salt gradient solar ponds: an experimental study." Renewable Energy 4, no. 2 (March 1994): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90014-0.
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Ghrabi, A., M. Ferchichi, and C. Drakidès. "Treatment of Wastewater by Stabilization Ponds – Application to Tunisian Conditions." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0231.
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An experimental study of the domestic wastewater treatment in a series of four pilot-scale stabilization ponds was conducted. The objective was to adapt the treatment by waste stabilization ponds (WSP) to Tunisian conditions. The obtained results show that the average values of removal are about 72% for BOD, 65% for COD and more than 50% for ammonia nitrogen. The phosphate concentration was influenced by release of phosphate from decomposition sediment The elimination of total coliform, faecal coliform and faecal streptococci is between 99.3% and 99.99%. The most rate reduction was registered during the warm months which coincide with the irrigation season. The sediment accumulation is taken mainly in the first pond: the deposition rate is high (5 cm/year). In the three maturation ponds, it ranges from 1.3 to 1.6 cm/year. The WSP can be designed to satisfy Tunisian conditions. Because of favourable climate, loading can be much higher than those reported in the literature and some of the disadvantages of the pond system can be reduced. So we can economize in evaporation of effluent which is considered as a resource of irrigation in agriculture and we can reduce the surface area.
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Lindsay, Megan K., Yixin Zhang, Michael R. J. Forstner, and Dittmar Hahn. "Effects of the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta elegans on ecosystem functioning: an approach in experimental ponds." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 1 (2013): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002871.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) on aquatic ecosystem processes and macroinvertebrate community was investigated in artificial ponds that were stocked with turtles or kept free of them. Compared to ponds without turtles, ponds with turtles displayed significantly higher values of pH, conductivity, sediment accumulation, and leaf litter decomposition rates, as well as a higher abundance of invertebrates, specifically that of the Hemiptera and Ephemeroptera. The biomass of periphyton was not affected by the presence of turtles. These results suggest that the presence of T. s. elegans affects environmental conditions in ponds, and thus potentially ecosystem processes. Reduced abundance or loss of turtles in aquatic systems could therefore result in significant consequences on ecosystem functioning.