Journal articles on the topic 'Experimental pedology'
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1
VandenBygaart, A. J. "Monitoring soil organic carbon stock changes in agricultural landscapes: Issues and a proposed approach." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-105.
Abstract:
The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the landscape is governed by multiple factors and processes occurring at multiple scales. Thus, an understanding of landscape processes and pedology should aid in designing approaches to study SOC stock changes. Numerous factors affect distribution of SOC in the landscape at varying spatial and temporal scales. Each of these is summarized to set the stage for outlining a proposed approach to monitoring SOC in the agricultural landscape. Many tools are used to assess the variability of soil properties at varying spatial scales. Pedological knowledge and interpretation of landscape processes can be used to understand the spatial distribution of SOC in the landscape. I show that semi-variograms and the minimum detectable difference may be of limited value in deriving a universal approach to assess SOC change. Issues to be considered or resolved before initiating a monitoring system include depth of sampling and influence of management, compositing and sub-sampling, changes in bulk density, landscape effects and SOC dynamics. After considering these issues, I propose an approach to monitor SOC stock change in agroecosystems, acknowledging that any methodology likely cannot be strictly and universally applicable. The approach considers issues such as location, plot layout, and experimental and statistical design. Such an approach, derived from a landscape and pedology perspective, may make the measurement and verification of SOC at varying scales a less daunting task. Key words: Soil organic carbon change, landscape, pedology, experimental design
2
Aluf, I. S. "Psychology and Reflexology at the II Congress of Psychoneurology." Kazan medical journal 20, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj76469.
Abstract:
Held from 3 to 10 January this year. In Leningrad, the II All-Russian Congress on Pedology, Experimental Pedagogy and Psychoneurology or, better, more accurately and simply the Congress for the Study of a Healthy and Sick Personality undoubtedly has a great scientific and social significance.
3
Melnychuk, Anastasia. "THE DIMENSION OF «EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE»: ANATOMY, SOCIAL PEDOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REFLEXOLOGY AS COMPONENTS OF ART EDUCATION AT THE KYIV ART INSTITUTE." Research and methodological works of the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, no. 30 (December 9, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33838/naoma.30.2021.77-82.
Abstract:
Abstract. The article examines the problems of art education in the 1920s of Kyiv Art Institute in the context of interdisciplinary links and tasks of ideological education. The educational process in art educational institutions, such as Kyiv Art Institute, received its ideological and philosophical basis in the early Soviet period, according to which traditional approaches to art education were deconstructed, curricula were changed, new disciplines were introduced, etc. Understanding the essence of the educational process in this period is the key to understanding the artistic culture of the early USSR in general. In the course of this study, both general scientific methods, such as formal analysis, historical, biographical, typologically systematic, problem and logical, and empirical, as well as cultural and historical, which belongs to art history methods, were used. For the first time, this study highlights the origins and stages of formation of such disciplines as Anatomy, Social Pedology and Physiological Reflexology, which were taught at Kyiv Art Institute in the 1920s of the 20th century. The article makes up for an insufficiency in the data about the history of development and scientific and methodological approach in teaching these disciplines based on the autor’s processing of archival documentation kept in the funds of the Central State Archive Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine. The aim of the article is to study the curriculum of the Kyiv Art Institute in the 1920s of the 20th century on the basis of primary sources, to analyze new approaches and interdisciplinary connections of the new curriculum, the place and significance of such disciplines as Anatomy, Social Pedology and Physiological Reflexology. The article is based on primary sources and archival data, such as abstracts of lectures on Ukrainian, Pedology, Anatomy, Philosophy, which were listened to by Professor O. K. Bohomazov, were found by the author of the article in the funds of the Central State Archive Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine.
4
Braudeau, Erik, and Rabi H. Mohtar. "Hydrostructural Pedology, Culmination of the Systemic Approach of the Natural Environment." Systems 9, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9010008.
Abstract:
The subject of this article is the dynamics of water in a soil pedostructure sample whose internal environment is subjected to a potential gradient created by the departure of water through surface evaporation. This work refers entirely to the results and conclusions of a fundamental theoretical study focused on the molecular thermodynamic equilibrium of the two aqueous phases of the soil pedostructure. The new concepts and descriptive variables of the hydro-thermodynamic equilibrium state of the soil medium, which have been established at the molecular level of the fluid phases of the pedostructure (water and air) in a previous article, are recalled here in the systemic paradigm of hydrostructural pedology. They allow access to the molecular description of water migration in the soil and go beyond the classical mono-scale description of soil water dynamics. We obtain a hydro-thermodynamic description of the soil′s pedostructure at different hydro-functional scale levels including those relating to the water molecule and its atoms. The experimental results show a perfect agreement with the theory, at the same time validating the systemic approach that was the framework.
5
Kreitsberga, Karina Andrisovna. "The work of the first laboratories of experimental psychology in the key of the pedagogical community at the beginning of the 20th century." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 6 (June 2022): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.6.36136.
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the origin of the first experimental laboratories and their interaction with the pedagogical community. The emphasis is placed on the prerequisites and controversial points of this cooperation, which will become the basis for pedological experiments in the 20s, and the legal functioning of the new, at that time, research space is also taken into account. The object of the study is pedology as a new scientific direction. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as socio-economic prerequisites, formation and scientific potential of pedological experiments. Particular attention is paid to specific representatives, their professional activities, and the assessment of a new direction in the pre-revolutionary space of the Russian Empire. The main conclusions of the study are: identification of the "artificiality" of the new trend, generalization of the experience gained, analysis of the assessment of the first successes of the laboratories, the significance of the work of the first pedological laboratory of A. P. Nechaev in St. Petersburg, comparison of the general course of development of the experimental science of pedology with European analogues. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the reconstruction of the mental space of interaction between teachers and leading specialists in the field of pedological experiments, involving archival documents of the Central State Administration of St. Petersburg regarding the history of the first pedological studio in St. Petersburg. The study attempts to trace the scientific path of the dissemination of pedagogical ideas of the new paradigm. The novelty of the study is to identify real changes in the pedagogical community of the early 20th century.
6
Grilli, E., A. Colella, E. Coppola, A. Langella, and A. Buondonno. "Modelling pedogenization of zeolitized tuff: effects of water and phenolic substances on weathering rates of the Campanian Ignimbrite (yellow facies)." Clay Minerals 46, no. 2 (June 2011): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2011.046.2.311.
Abstract:
AbstractAn experimental pedology research project, based on a “process-system” pedogenetic model, was initiated to investigate the weathering of Phlegraean Yellow Tuff (PYT) – the yellow facies of the Campanian Ignimbrite with phillipsite > chabazite – as representative of the parent rock material as the soil-forming factor. PYT was weathered by water (W) and tannic acid solutions (TA) at concentrations ranging from 3 × 101to 3 × 104μmol l–1. The most concentrated TA solution (3 × 104μmol l–1) showed the greatest extracting efficiency. Na and K were continually solubilized by W; Al, Ca and Mg contributed to the ionic composition of all the TA supernatants. A significant dissolution of the amorphous component and an associated decrease of the zeolite content, especially phillipsite, were noted. The features of PYT weathered outcomes fitted the “process-system” model very well. PYT showed a pedogenic potential, in being prone to weathering, as well as in releasing elements of importance for plant settlement and development, such as K, Ca, Mg and Fe.
7
Wnęk, Jan. "Henryk Rowids scientific journey to Leipzig in 1913 in the context of the development of the Pedagogical Movement." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 616, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2400.
Abstract:
The article presents some issues related to Henryk Rowids scientific journey to Leipzig in 1913. The purpose of this journey was to participate in a psychological and pedagogical course for teachers and to get acquainted with modern methods of pedagogical work with children in schools. The article presents Rowids comments on the development of research on the child and childhood in Western Europe, and on the rapidly developing scientific literature on experimental child science. The knowledge provided by Rowid was innovative and complemented the current state of knowledge about psychological and pedagogical research conducted in Germany. It inspired further work and studies on child pedagogy. Today, Rowids relation from his scientific journey to Leipzig is an interesting basis to a deeper understanding of the Polish scientific movement in the field of pedology at the beginning of the 20th century. It is also an interesting source of knowledge about the development of the scientific movement among teachers.
8
Nováková, E., M. Karous, A. Zajíček, and M. Karousová. "Evaluation of ground penetrating radar and vertical electrical sounding methods to determine soil horizons and bedrock at the locality Dehtáře." Soil and Water Research 8, No. 3 (July 22, 2013): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6/2012-swr.
Abstract:
Recently, geophysical methods have been widely used in many fields including pedology. Two of them, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) were employed at the Dehtáře experimental site with the aim to evaluate their application in the Cambisol and Stagnosol soil types and crystalline bedrock survey in Czech conditions. These measurements were complemented by the classical soil survey using a gouge auger. As a result, interpreted soil and rock environment profiles were obtained, with the identification of boundaries of Bg, C, and R soil horizons and bedrock at various degrees of weathering. The interpretation of measurement records demonstrated suitability of the VES and GPR method application, using GPR for imaging the soil profile and the top of bedrock, while the VES method gave better results in imaging greater depths. The research demonstrated advantages of the geophysical methods such as instancy, continuous imaging, and no disturbance of the subsurface. In spite of needing classical survey data for interpretation of the results obtained by the geophysical methods, their usage can bring better quality to the soil profile imaging.
9
CHOPYK, Yu. "REFORM PEDAGOGIC AS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF THE INFLUENCE ON UKRAINIAN EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 21 (March 9, 2018): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2018.21.206285.
Abstract:
The work carried out a heuristic analysis of modern Ukrainian research on the influence of foreign reformal pedagogy on the development of Ukrainian education. On the basis of the analysis of dissertation, monographic, and article materials, the main tendencies, achievements, gaps and prospects of further studying of this problem were revealed.It is determined that Ukrainian education strengthens its scientific foundation by studying the development of the main trends and directions of foreign reformatory pedagogy. It is noted that modern national comparativism has undergone a difficult path to study reformal pedagogy and the theory of free education - from critical rethinking to a differentiated study of their individual components and comprehension of this problem at the level of scientific discourse.The influence of currents and directions of "pedagogy of reforms" on the development of the education system in Ukraine is being studied. The most thoroughly exposed influences of foreign ideas of free education, as well as pedology, experimental and pragmatic pedagogy, the significance of the postulates of social pedagogy and the labor school for the development of these educational and pedagogical processes in Ukraine is poorly understood.
10
Tsvetnov, E. V., A. R. Makhmudova, and T. Yu Ul’yanova. "Attempt at an eco-economic assessment of agricultural lands of the Chashnikovo Research and Experimental Station on the basis of the principles of pedology." Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin 64, no. 2 (June 2009): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0147687409020033.
11
Yuzhaninova, Alla L. "The first Saratov professor of psychology A. A. Krogius: On the 150th anniversary of the scientist." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 21, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-4-440-445.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the 150th anniversary of the outstanding scientist of the XX century A. A. Krogius (1871–1933), who was at the origin of Russian experimental psychology and pedology in the early 1900s, the founder of Russian typhlopsychology. Krogius was a European-famous psychologist and worked for 12 years (1919–1931) at the Saratov University, becoming the first professor of psychology in Saratov. The article considers the features of the appearance of a successful petersburgian Krogius in provincial Saratov in 1919, presents the specifics of his work at the Saratov University, analyzes the discrepancies that appeared in the Saratov period of the scientist’s life between the principles of Soviet psychology that were being formed at that time and the methodology of Krogius’ research. Using the example of his fate and the biographical method, as well as the psychological analysis of documentary sources, newspaper articles, letters, diary entries, the author showed the peculiarities of development in the 1920s and 1930s both Russian and regional Saratov psychology, associated with the rejection of the previous scientific traditions formed in domestic psychology as part of European and world science, and the process of formation of a new Soviet psychology, sometimes associated with the destruction of the specific destinies of its participants.
12
Alexandre, Hervé. "Wine Yeast Terroir: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff—for an Open Debate." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050787.
Abstract:
Wine terroir is characterized by a specific taste and style influenced by the cultivar of the fermented grapes, geographical factors such as the vineyard, mesoclimate, topoclimate, and microclimate, soil geology and pedology, and the agronomic approach used. These characteristics together define the concept of “terroir”. Thus, regional distinctive flavors in wine have been the subject of many studies aimed at better understanding the link between the wine and the vineyard. Indeed, the identification of key environmental elements involved in the regional variation of grape and wine quality characteristics is a critical feature for improving wine production in terms of consumer preference and economic appreciation. Many studies have demonstrated the role of abiotic factors in grape composition and consequently in wine style. Biotic factors are also involved such as grape microbial communities. However, the occurrence and effects of region-specific microbiota in defining wine characteristics are more controversial issues. Indeed, several studies using high throughput sequencing technologies have made it possible to describe microbial communities and revealed a link between grape must and soil microbial communities, and the geography of the territory. Based on these observations, the concept of “microbial terroir” emerged. However, this concept has been subject to contradictory studies. The aim of this opinion article is to take a step back and examine in perspective the concept of microbial terroir, by comparing numerous data from different studies and providing arguments in favor of or against this concept to stimulate discussion and point out that experimental research is still needed to study the contribution of this assembly of microorganisms to the final product and to support or refute the concept.
13
Hopp, L., C. Harman, S. Desilets, C. Graham, J. McDonnell, and P. Troch. "Hillslope hydrology under glass: confronting fundamental questions of soil-water-biota co-evolution at Biosphere 2." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 18, 2009): 4411–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-4411-2009.
Abstract:
Abstract. Recent studies have called for a new unifying hydrological theory at the hillslope and watershed scale, emphasizing the importance of coupled process understanding of the interactions between hydrology, ecology, pedology, geochemistry and geomorphology. The Biosphere 2 Hillslope Experiment aims at exploring how climate, soil and vegetation interact and drive the evolution of the hydrologic hillslope behavior using a set of three large-scale hillslopes (18 m by 33 m each) that will be built in the climate-controlled experimental biome of the Biosphere 2 facility near Tucson, Arizona, USA. By minimizing the initial physical complexity of these hillslopes, the spontaneous formation of flow pathways, soil spatial heterogeneity, surface morphology and vegetation patterns can be observed over time. This paper documents the hydrologic design process for the Biosphere 2 Hillslope Experiment, which was based on design principles agreed upon among the Biosphere 2 science community. Main design principles were that the hillslopes should promote spatiotemporal variability of hydrological states and fluxes, facilitate transient lateral subsurface flow without inducing overland flow and be capable of supporting vegetation. Hydrologic modeling was used to identify a hillslope configuration (geometry, soil texture, soil depth) that meets the design objectives. The recommended design for the hillslopes consists of a zero-order basin shape with a 10 degree overall slope, a uniform soil depth of 1 m and a loamy sand soil texture. The sensitivity of the hydrologic response of this design to different semi-arid climate scenarios was subsequently tested. Modeling results show that the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of radiation input controls the spatiotemporal variability of moisture within the hillslope and the generation of lateral subsurface flow. The Biosphere 2 Hillslope Experiment will provide an excellent opportunity to test hypotheses, observe emergent patterns and advance the understanding of interactions.
14
Hopp, L., C. Harman, S. L. E. Desilets, C. B. Graham, J. J. McDonnell, and P. A. Troch. "Hillslope hydrology under glass: confronting fundamental questions of soil-water-biota co-evolution at Biosphere 2." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 11 (November 6, 2009): 2105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2105-2009.
Abstract:
Abstract. Recent studies have called for a new unifying hydrological theory at the hillslope and watershed scale, emphasizing the importance of coupled process understanding of the interactions between hydrology, ecology, pedology, geochemistry and geomorphology. The Biosphere 2 Hillslope Experiment is aimed at tackling this challenge and exploring how climate, soil and vegetation interact and drive the evolution of the hydrologic hillslope behavior. A set of three large-scale hillslopes (18 m by 33 m each) will be built in the climate-controlled experimental biome of the Biosphere 2 facility near Tucson, Arizona, USA. By minimizing the initial physical complexity of these hillslopes, the spontaneous formation of flow pathways, soil spatial heterogeneity, surface morphology and vegetation patterns can be observed over time. This paper documents the hydrologic design process for the Biosphere 2 Hillslope Experiment, which was based on design principles agreed upon among the Biosphere 2 science community. Main design principles were that the hillslopes should promote spatiotemporal variability of hydrological states and fluxes, facilitate transient lateral subsurface flow without inducing overland flow and be capable of supporting vegetation. Hydrologic modeling was used to identify a hillslope configuration (geometry, soil texture, soil depth) that meets the design objectives. The recommended design for the hillslopes consists of a zero-order basin shape with a 10 degree overall slope, a uniform soil depth of 1 m and a loamy sand soil texture. The sensitivity of the hydrologic response of this design to different semi-arid climate scenarios was subsequently tested. Our modeling showed that the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of radiation input controls the spatiotemporal variability of moisture within the hillslope and the generation of lateral subsurface flow. The Biosphere 2 Hillslope Experiment will provide an excellent opportunity to test hypotheses, observe emergent patterns and advance the understanding of interactions.
15
Oliveira, Elton Souza. "Quantificação dos estoques de carbono no solo em bacia hidrográfica no Cerrado." Élisée - Revista de Geografia da UEG 12, no. 01 (March 13, 2023): e121238. http://dx.doi.org/10.31668/elisee.v12i01.13151.
Abstract:
Os estoques de carbono no solo é um importante indicador tanto para qualidade do solo, quanto para o Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais (PSA). Apesar de sua importância, quantificá-lo requer esforços amostral devido sua variabilidade em função das classes de solo, profundidade, uso e cobertura vegetal entre outros. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho se propôs a apresentar a caracterização dos estoques de carbono no solo e sua variabilidade vertical em uma bacia experimental em região de Cerrado, na bacia do Córrego Sarandi – Distrito Federal. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível avaliar a variação vertical do estoques de carbono no solo e identificar em cada classe de solo quais profundidades apresentavam maior concentração, sendo o Gleissolo Melânico com 54,2 t/ha na profundidade de 20-40 cm, seguido do Gleissolo Háplico 43,8 t/ha na camada 0-20 cm, Gleissolo Melânico com 35,2 t/ha na camada 0-20, Cambissolo com 35,2 t/ha na camada 0-20 cm, os Latossolos Vermelho Amarelo e Amarelo com 32,4 t/ha na camada 0-20 cm e por fim o Latossolo Vermelho com 32,4 t/ha na camada 0-20 cm.
Quantification of soil carbon stocks in a Cerrado watershed
Abstract: Soil carbon stocks are an important indicator for both soil quality and Payment for Environmental Services (PES). Despite its importance, quantifying it requires sampling efforts due to its variability depending on soil classes, depth, use, and vegetation cover, among others. In this context, the present work proposed to present the characterization of soil carbon stocks and their vertical variability in an experimental basin in the Cerrado region, in the Córrego Sarandi basin - Distrito Federal. From the results obtained, it was possible to evaluate the vertical variation of carbon stocks in the soil and identify in each soil class which depths had the highest concentration, being the Melanic Gleissolo with 54.2 t/ha at a depth of 20-40 cm, followed by of the Haplic Gleissolo 43.8 t/ha in the 0-20 cm layer, the Melanic Gleissolo with 35.2 t/ha in the 0-20 layer, the Cambisol with 35.2 t/ha in the 0-20 cm layer, the Red Yellow Latosols and Yellow with 32.4 t/ha in the 0-20 cm layer and finally the Red Latosol with 32.4 t/ha in the 0-20 cm layer.
Keywords: Soil; mapping; PSA; pedology; Cerrado.
Cuantificación de las reservas de carbono del suelo en una cuenca del Cerrado
Resumen: Las reservas de carbono del suelo son un indicador importante tanto de la calidad del suelo como del Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA). A pesar de su importancia, su cuantificación requiere esfuerzos de muestreo debido a su variabilidad dependiendo de clases de suelo, profundidad, uso y cobertura vegetal, entre otros. En este contexto, el presente trabajo se propuso presentar la caracterización de las reservas de carbono del suelo y su variabilidad vertical en una cuenca experimental de la región del Cerrado, en la cuenca del Córrego Sarandí - Distrito Federal. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, fue posible evaluar la variación vertical de las existencias de carbono en el suelo e identificar en cada clase de suelo a qué profundidades se presentó la mayor concentración, siendo el Melanic Gleissolo con 54,2 t/ha a una profundidad de 20-40 cm, seguido de Haplic Gleissolo con 43,8 t/ha en capa 0-20 cm, Melanic Gleissolo con 35,2 t/ha en capa 0-20, Cambisol con 35,2 t/ha en capa 0-20 cm, los Latosoles Rojo Amarillo y Amarillo con 32,4 t/ha en la capa de 0-20 cm y finalmente el Latosol Rojo con 32,4 t/ha en la capa de 0-20 cm.
Palabras-clave: suelo; mapeo; PSA; pedologia; Cerrado.
16
Сомов, В., and Е. Беседина. "«От экспериментальной слюны к учению о личности». Почему педология не стала «царицей наук» в СССР в 1920-1930-х гг. “From Experimental Saliva to the Doctrine of Personality”. What Prevented Pedology from Becoming the “Queen of Sciences” in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2023 №4 (2023): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2023-4/252-264.
Abstract:
В статье приводится анализ альтернатив развития системы образования в СССР в 1920–1930-х гг. На основе сопоставления двух тенденций образовательно-воспитательного воздействия на подрастающее поколение в рамках формирования «нового человека», авторы приходят к выводу о существовании конфликта мировоззренческих установок, вызванного различным пониманием категории «душа». Попытки сформировать «нового человека» на основе преимущественно физиологической трактовки структуры личности, предпринятые отечественными педологами, были признаны в середине 1930-х гг. не соответствующими гуманистическим компонентам социалистической морали. Обнаружившаяся взаимосвязь педологии с так называемой «негативной» евгеникой стала основанием для ее запрета. В преддверии мировой войны власть свернула все радикальные эксперименты в области воспитания и образования и в значительной степени «реабилитировала» не только классические формы воздействия на подрастающее поколение, но и содержательные аспекты образовательной политики. Обращение к отечественной исторической традиции в образовании выразилось, в частности, в возвращении нематериальной ценностной категории «душа» в педагогический дискурс в позитивной коннотации. «Одушевленность» образования вновь становится неофициальной основой его социалистического содержания. Теоретическим фундаментом возрождения гуманистического подхода к образованию становятся труды К. Д. Ушинского. The article provides an analysis of alternatives for the development of the education system in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s. Based on a comparison of two trends in the educational impact on the younger generation in the framework of the formation of a “new person”, the authors come to the conclusion that there was a conflict of worldview attitudes caused by different understandings of the “soul”. Attempts to form a “new man” based on a predominantly physiological interpretation of the personality structure, undertaken by domestic pedologists, were in the mid-1930s claimed not corresponding to the humanistic components of socialist morality. The revealed relationship between pedology and the so-called “negative” eugenics provoked its ban. On the eve of the world war, the authorities curtailed all radical experiments in the field of upbringing and education and to a large extent “rehabilitated” not only the classical forms of influencing the younger generation, but also the content aspects of educational policy. The appeal to the national historical tradition in education was expressed, in particular, in the return of the non-material value category of “soul” to the pedagogical discourse with a positive connotation. The “animation” of education again becomes the unofficial basis of its socialist content. The theoretical foundation for the revival of the humanistic approach to education was provided by the works of K. D. Ushinsky.
17
Braun, Jean-Jacques, Bernard Dupré, Jérôme Viers, Jules Rémy Ndam Ngoupayou, Jean-Pierre Bedimo Bedimo, Luc Sigha-Nkamdjou, Rémi Freydier, et al. "Biogeohydrodynamic in the forested humid tropical environment: the case study of the Nsimi small experimental watershed (south Cameroon)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.4.347.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper summarizes a six-year study of the Nsimi Small Experimental Watershed (SEW), considered as a model for the South Cameroon humid tropical ecosystem. When this small watershed was set up, no similar survey of input/output hydrobiogeochemical fluxes in granitoid rocks in stable cratonic environment was available, to our knowledge, on any site close to the Equator. Moreover, this is the first attempt, world-wide, to combine different approaches in hydrology, (bio)geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, microbiology, geophysics and pedology. Research is based on (1) regular hydrobiogeochemical surveys in various water reservoirs of the SEW ecosystem (atmospheric deposits, groundwater and stream), (2) surveys related either to the organisation and composition of different reservoirs in the superficial layers (basement rocks, saprolite, soils) or to various hydrological, biological and geochemical processes. These surveys aim at (1) finding the main parameters involved in the chemical and physical erosion processes of the humid tropical ecosystem, (2) understanding the source of a particular chemical composition in groundwater and rivers, (3) documenting accurately the different exportation processes of chemical elements in water and soil (4) investigating the possible relation between the biodegradation of soil organic matter and the leaching of metals (especially iron) and (5) comparing the long and short term weathering rates using mass balance calculations. Another important objective of this study is to provide a new scientific and engineering database for the future development of South Cameroon, which is still nowadays a relatively preserved ecosystem. One of the major results is the essential role played by the biological cycle (vegetation and soil organic matter) in the fractionation, exportation or storage of the chemical elements in humid tropical environments. Moreover we are able to propose a model of the current erosion for this SEW from the database obtained on (1) the mineralogy of the basement rocks and the soil layers, (2) the geochemistry of the soluble and colloidal phases of waters and (3) the hydrology within the different reservoirs of the hydrosystem. This model has been confirmed and extended on a regional scale (Nyong river basin). It emphasized the behaviour of the main elements of the tropical soil layers (Fe, Al, Si), the nutrients (C, Ca, Mg, K, Sr) and specific tracers of the weathering processes either with strong mobility (Cl, Na) or on the contrary with an extremely low mobility (Zr, Th, REEs). On the SEW scale, a strong geochemical contrast occurs between the different groundwater zones flooding (1) the hill slope lateritic profiles, (2) the weathering front (interface between the saprolite and the basement rocks), and (3) the swampy zone in which the Mengong brook flows. High DOC contents (15 mg/L) but also high Fe, Th, Al, Zr contents characterize the swampy zone waters. Na and Si have mainly a deep origin (exfiltration), Al, Th, Zr and REEs are strongly linked with colloidal organic matter located in the upper horizons of the swamp. Fe has a much more complex behaviour due to its change of redox state which can be independent of organic matter complexation. Concerning the major base cations, their origin can be constrained by the biological cycle (storage or leaching). K is typically influenced by the biological cycle. During the floods, Cl has the same behaviour as K: it is one of the most striking points of this study. However, the Cl annual budget is balanced. These characteristics can be understood as the consequence of the weathering of the minerals present in the saprolite (kaolinite, goethite, zircon, Th-oxide). This chemical weathering allows the leaching of base cations and also Al and Fe. It has been demonstrated that the microbial populations of the swampy zone can play an important role in the mobilization of transition metals (e.g. Fe). This study point out the role of humic acids in the transport and the weathering budget of elements usually considered as immobile in the superficial cycle (e.g. Al, Th, Zr, Fe). It must be mentioned that worldwide the SEW and even the Nyong network waters are among the least concentrated river waters. It means that even if the organic matter plays an important role in the mobilization and transport of some elements in the swampy zone, its action is limited in term of major cation fluxes on the SEW scale. The reason invoked is that the cation fluxes are directly linked to the pedological history and the geomorphology of the watershed. The presence of thick soil layers composed of saprolite and latosol on the hillsides and of hydromorphic soils in the swampy zone with constant mineralogy lead to isolating the bedrock. The long residence time of water close to the weathering front plays a major role in preserving the parent rock from the hydro-chemical outputs. Moreover, the topsoil layers are stabilized by the vegetation cover, which limits mechanical erosion. This should be taken into account for the carbon mass balance calculation because of the wide areas on stable shields concerned by the humid tropical ecosystems. Moreover, comparison between long and short-term weathering allows us to suggest that paleo-climatic conditions did not change since the Miocene (6–20 Ma) in this part of the world.
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Martins, Ernesto Candeias. "A pedologia como polígrafo da pedagogia (pressupostos psicopedagógicos) em Faria de Vasconcelos (1880-1939)." Cadernos de História da Educação 20 (October 27, 2021): e051. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/che-v20-2021-51.
Abstract:
O estudo, de índole histórico-descritivo na área da História da Educação, aborda os pressupostos psicopedagógicos da Pedologia, como ciência do desenvolvimento da criança fundada na Pedagogia, propostos pelo pedagogo português Faria de Vasconcelos. Analisaremos e refletiremos, na base duma metodologia hermenêutica, o conteúdo desses aspetos na sua obra e recorrendo a fontes secundárias sobre esta temática. Este pedagogo impregnado de ideias do Movimento da Escola Nova, associadas à sua experiência em Bierges (Bélgica) fornece contributos ao estudo científico da criança/infância. Os dois pontos da estrutura do texto coincidem com os objetivos estabelecidos: analisar a Pedagogia norteada pela Pedologia, no estudo do desenvolvimento da criança, sustentando-se na pedagogia experimental; interpretar os pressupostos psicopedagógicos do crescimento e autonomia da criança, as funções físico-psíquicas (princípios: continuidade e solidariedade) e o humanismo antropológico. Vasconcelos é um dos promotores da Pedotecnia e da psicopedagogia no estudo das crianças escolares na História da Educação em Portugal.
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Preti, F., and C. Lubello. "The Distributed Modelling of Agricultural Nonpoint Pollution at Basin Scale: Experimental Research and Model Validation." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0471.
Abstract:
A basin scale analysis of pollution caused by the use of chemical substances in agriculture in some basins of Central Italy is being carried out, through modelling and experimental research. The methodology is based on a distributed parameter model that allows consideration of climatic, geomorphologic, lithologic, pedologic, anthropic characteristics and the main dynamics of transport and transformation of substances which take place in the basin. The experimental investigation is led by the Istituto di Agronomia e Coltivazioni Erbacee of the University of Bologna in collaboration with the Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile of the University of Florence as regards the modelling aspect and the extension at basin scale.
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PLĂMĂDEALĂ, Vasile, Ludmila BULAT, and Natalia BÎSTROVA. "BILANȚUL ELEMENTELOR NUTRITIVE LA APLICAREA DEȘEURILOR LOCALE ORGANOGENE PE CERNOZIOM LEVIGAT." Știința Agricolă, no. 1 (August 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55505/sa.2022.1.03.
Abstract:
În articol este prezentat bilanțul azotului, al fosforului și al potasiului la aplicarea diferitor tipuri de gunoi de grajd și nămol orășenesc, în doze diferite, pe cernoziom levigat pentru cinci culturi (grâu și orz de toamnă, porumb boabe, floarea-soarelui, mazăre boabe). Calcularea bilanţului elementelor nutritive s-a efectuat în baza cercetărilor efectuate în perioada 2011–2020 în cadrul Laboratorului Agrochimia Solului și Nutriția Plantelor (Institutul de Pedologie, Agrochimie şi Protecţie a Soluluii “Nicolae Dimo“. În varianta martor (nefertilizată) s-a constatat un bilanț negativ al elementelor biofile indiferent de cultura cultivată. În variantele fertilizate, bilanțul azotului a fost pozitiv în cazul mazării și al florii-soarelui și deficitar în cazul spicoaselor și al porumbului. Bilanțul fosforului a fost pozitiv pentru toate culturile la dublarea dozei de deșeu, iar bilanțul potasiului a înregistrat valori pozitive la toate culturile, cu excepția porumbului. La nivel de câmp experimental s-a stabilit un bilanț deficitar de azot și bilanț pozitiv de fosfor și potasiu.
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Eremina, I. G., and N. V. Kutkina. "Information soil database of Republic of Khakassia." Agrarian science, no. 4 (May 21, 2022): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-358-4-88-92.
Abstract:
Relevance. Currently, a number of soil information systems of various levels and directions have been created, the studies on the creation and application of soil databases are represented insufficiently in the Republic of Khakassia today.Methods. Were carried out by common methods: at-ground soil and geobotanical studies, cartographic method, physical and agrophysical, agrochemical methods of soil researches. For the database creation the Microsoft Access software package was used, which systematized and unified a large amount of experimental data.Results. Based on the long-term soil research, the database “Agricultural Soils of the foothills of the Western Sayan of Khakassia” with a wide range of soil characteristics for various purposes and uses was formed and registered. The database contains attribute information about the current state of arable and postagrogenic soils in the foothills of the Western Sayan of the Republic of Khakassia. The set of independent materials is presented in the form of tables, queries, forms, reports and catalogues of text files (.docx), photos (.jpeg), which contain information about soil forming factors, soil classification and distribution by natural and climatic zones on the research territory. Currently, the database includes a description of 17 representative soil profiles with an optimal set of indicators, a detailed description of each pedologic horizon, an accurate geographical reference and a digital photography of each reference soil profile. It contains the taxonomic attribute of the dominant and codominant soils in various classification systems (SC RF; WRB, 2006; FAO, 1988). The main information object is the type (subtype) of soil, which includes systematized factors of soil criteria (a list of 18 sets): morphological description of the soil profile, indicators of pedological property, chemical, physico-chemical, agrophysical, hydrophysical and other indicators. The contemporary database with a variety of pedologic properties will serve as a basis for the rational use and protection of soils. Geographical coordinates of soil profiles in the database will allow to display them on the maps of Russia and to put them in the Unified state register of soil resources of Russia.
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Braschi, Eleonora, Sara Marchionni, Simone Priori, Martina Casalini, Simone Tommasini, Laura Natarelli, Antonella Buccianti, Pierluigi Bucelli, Edoardo A. C. Costantini, and Sandro Conticelli. "Tracing the 87Sr/86Sr from rocks and soils to vine and wine: An experimental study on geologic and pedologic characterisation of vineyards using radiogenic isotope of heavy elements." Science of The Total Environment 628-629 (July 2018): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.069.
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Silva Moura, Matheus Magalhães, José Ribeiro De Araújo Neto, Helba Araújo de Quiroz Palácio, Francisco Johnoson Albuquerque Batista, and Marcos Makeison Moreira de Sousa. "Vulnerabilidade à erosão quanto aos aspectos solo e vegetação em uma bacia hidrográfica no semiárido." Entorno Geográfico, no. 13 (January 23, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/eg.v0i13.6033.
Abstract:
A vulnerabilidade dos solos à erosão, é resultado do balanço entre os processos morfogenéticos e pedogenéticos, conforme a abordagem ecodinâmica, que promovem a formação do solo ou sua perda por erosão, originando unidades de paisagens estáveis, intermediárias ou fortemente instáveis. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou analisar a vulnerabilidade à erosão dos solos da Bacia Experimental de Iguatu (BEI), a partir da metodologia de Crepani et al. (2001) segundo os princípios da Ecodinâmica de Tricart (1977), por meio de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e ferramentas de Geoprocessamento, representando a dimensão ambiental do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico. Para a obtenção das classes de vulnerabilidade, foram avaliados os temas pedologia e vegetação a partir dos mapas disponibilizados na forma digital pela Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos (FUNCEME), todos na escala de 1:100.000 da folha de Iguatu, (SAD-69 Zona 24S). Os mapas de vulnerabilidade para ambos os temas foram definidos em cinco classes: estável, moderadamente estável, medianamente estável/vulnerável, moderadamente vulnerável e vulnerável. A classe medianamente estável/vulnerável foi a mais representativa para a tema solos, ocupando 10,87 km² de extensão (64,9% da bacia), enquanto o tema vegetação predominam às classes moderadamente vulnerável e vulnerável, ocupando 14,93 km² de extensão (89,21% da bacia). Os resultados mostram-se como uma maneira adequada na tomada de decisão e gestão territorial da bacia, e permitiram o conhecimento da morfodinâmica da bacia e a sua classificação em unidades de paisagem de acordo com o grau de vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo por erosão, podendo fornecer subsídios ao Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico.
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Amelung, Wulf, Ni Tang, Nina Siebers, Michaela Aehnelt, Karin Eusterhues, Vincent J. M. N. L. Felde, Georg Guggenberger, et al. "Architecture of soil microaggregates: Advanced methodologies to explore properties and functions." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, September 22, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202300149.
Abstract:
AbstractThe functions of soils are intimately linked to their three‐dimensional pore space and the associated biogeochemical interfaces, mirrored in the complex structure that developed during pedogenesis. Under stress overload, soil disintegrates into smaller compound structures, conventionally named aggregates. Microaggregates (<250 µm) are recognized as the most stable soil structural units. They are built of mineral, organic, and biotic materials, provide habitats for a vast diversity of microorganisms, and are closely involved in the cycling of matter and energy. However, exploring the architecture of soil microaggregates and their linkage to soil functions remains a challenging but demanding scientific endeavor. With the advent of complementary spectromicroscopic and tomographic techniques, we can now assess and visualize the size, composition, and porosity of microaggregates and the spatial arrangement of their interior building units. Their combinations with advanced experimental pedology, multi‐isotope labeling experiments, and computational approaches pave the way to investigate microaggregate turnover and stability, explore their role in element cycling, and unravel the intricate linkage between structure and function. However, spectromicroscopic techniques operate at different scales and resolutions, and have specific requirements for sample preparation and microaggregate isolation; hence, special attention must be paid to both the separation of microaggregates in a reproducible manner and the synopsis of the geography of information that originates from the diverse complementary instrumental techniques. The latter calls for further development of strategies for synlocation and synscaling beyond the present state of correlative analysis. Here, we present examples of recent scientific progress and review both options and challenges of the joint application of cutting‐edge techniques to achieve a sophisticated picture of the properties and functions of soil microaggregates.
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Danilov, Dmitriy, Sergey Navalikhin, Aleksey Vayman, and Lugovoy Philipp. "Restoration of Forest Live Cover and Understory in Pinetum of Former Agricultural Lands." KnE Life Sciences, January 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v5i1.6041.
Abstract:
The article presents the study of the restoration processes of vegetation in stands of pine and spruce on lands formerly used for agricultural purposes. The standard methods used in phytocenological and pedologic studies are used. It is noted that a high content of organic matter can not be a limiting factor in the growth and development of living soil cover and does not affect its projective cover. Depending on the care of stands by applying fertilizers and using herbicides, the species composition of forest live cover varies while the dominant species are preserved. The number of woody species is considerably large in pure pine cultures in comparison with those of experimental sites, where fertilizers and herbicides were applied and understory is completely absent. It should be noted that more intensive recovery is observed in pine stands treated with herbicides. In cultures of old-age pine and spruce, the natural recovery of spruce is constrained by the vegetation of understories and the canopy of forest stand. After the formation of the closed canopy of forest stand, forest site factor and heterogeneity of the soil cover are mitigated by low light under the canopy. Thus, forest live cover becomes more uniform.