Relevant bibliographies by topics / Experimental methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer

Academic literature on the topic 'Experimental methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Experimental methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer"

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Krapivin, I. I., A. V. Belyaev, and A. V. Dedov. "Experimental Investigation of Boiling Heat Transfer in Freons Subjected to Forced Flow." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 4 (103) (August 2022): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2022-4-59-79.

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At the moment there exist no methods for computing the boiling heat transfer coefficient in a fluid flow that could take into account the diversity of flow modes for a wide range of flow parameters. The majority of experimental and analytical studies were performed at low reduced pressures. Noticeably fewer investigations were carried out at high reduced pressures. At present, there are numerous empirical heat transfer computation methods developed for various freons at moderate reduced pressures and mass velocities. There also exist dedicated formulas for computing heat transfer in mini- and microchannels, obtained at low reduced pressures. Power and refrigeration systems could be fitted with mini-channel heat exchangers with custom working fluids subjected to high or moderate pressures. It is necessary to verify whether the existing methods for computing heat transfer are valid at higher reduced pressures, up to pr ≈ 0.6, in a channel with a hydraulic diameter of d ≈ 1 mm. The paper presents an overview of existing methods for calculating the heat transfer coefficient in two-phase flows; we then generalise these and compare their results to our own experimental data. We obtained said experimental data at the reduced pressures of pr = p/pcr = 0.43 and 0.56 in the mass velocity range of G = 200--1500 kg/(m2 · s). The paper describes our test bench and the experimental procedure
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Piasecka, Magdalena, Beata Maciejewska, and Paweł Łabędzki. "Development of FEM Calculation Methods to Analyse Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer in Minichannels Based on Experimental Results." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 12982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412982.

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Even though two-phase heat transfer of refrigerants in minichannel heat sinks has been studied extensively, there is still a demand for improvements in overall thermal performance of miniature heat transfer exchangers. Experimental investigation and sophisticated heat transfer calculations with respect to heat transfer devices are still needed. In this work, a time-dependent experimental study of subcooled boiling was carried out for FC-72 flow in a heat sink, comprising of five asymmetrically heated minichannels. The heater surface temperature was continuously monitored by an infrared camera. The boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated and the effect of the mass flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient was studied. In order to solve the heat transfer problem related to time-dependent flow boiling, two numerical methods, based on the FEM were applied, and based on the Trefftz functions (FEMT) and using the ADINA program. The results achieved with these two calculation methods were explored with an emphasis on the impact of the mass flow rate (range from 5 to 55 kg/h) on the resulting heat transfer coefficient. It was found that, with increasing mass flow, the heat transfer coefficient increased. Good agreement was found between the heat transfer coefficients, determined according to two numerical methods and the simple 1D calculation method.
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Kareemullah, Mohammed, K. M. Chethan, Mohammed K. Fouzan, B. V. Darshan, Abdul Razak Kaladgi, Maruthi B. H. Prashanth, Rayid Muneer, and K. M. Yashawantha. "Heat Transfer Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Cooled Using Nanofluids." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797612666190924183251.

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Background:: In Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHX), heat is exchanged between hot water (coming from industrial outlet by forced convection) to the cold water. Instead of water, if Nano fluids are used into these tubes, then there is a possibility of improved heat transfer because of high thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. Objective:: From many literature and patents, it was clear that the study of STHX using metal oxide nanoparticles is very scarce. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation is to check the thermal performance of STHX operated with zinc oxide nanofluid and compare with water as the base fluid. Methods:: Heat transfer analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger was carried out experimentally using Zinc oxide as a nanofluid. Mass flow rate on tube side was varied while on the shell side it was kept constant. Various heat transfer parameters like heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate effectiveness and LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference) were studied. The experimental readings were recorded after the steady-state is reached under forced flow conditions. Results:: It was found that the effectiveness improves with increase in mass flow rate of nanofluids as compared to base fluid. Conclusion:: From the obtained results, it was concluded that heat transfer enhancement and effectiveness improvement does occur with nano fluids but at the cost of pumping power.
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Akhtar, Shehnaz, Haider Ali, and Cheol Woo Park. "Thermo-Fluidic Characteristics of Two-Phase Ice Slurry Flows Based on Comparative Numerical Methods." Processes 7, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120898.

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Ice slurry is a potential secondary refrigerant for commercial refrigeration systems because of its remarkable thermal properties. It is necessary to optimize the heat transfer process of ice slurry to reduce the energy consumption of the refrigeration system. Thus, this study investigates the heat transfer performance of single-phase (aqueous solution) and two-phase (ice slurry) refrigerants in a straight horizontal tube. The numerical simulations for ice slurry were performed with ice mass fraction ranging from 5% to 20%. The effects of flow velocity and ice concentration on the heat transfer coefficient were examined. The results showed that heat transfer coefficient of ice slurry is considerably higher than those of single-phase flow, particularly at high flow velocity and ice content, where increase in heat transfer with a factor of two was observed. The present results confirmed that ice slurry heat transfer ability is considerably affected by flow velocity and ice concentration in laminar range. Moreover, the second part of this paper reports on the credibility three distinct two-phase Eulerian–Eulerian models (volume of fluid (VOF), mixture, and Eulerian) for the experimental conditions reported in the literature. All two-phase models accurately predict the thermal field at low ice mass fraction but underestimate that at high ice mass fractions. Regardless of the thermal discrepancies, the Eulerian–Eulerian models provide quite reasonable estimation of pressure drop with reference to experimental data. The numerical predictions from the VOF model are more accordant with the experimental results and the maximum percentage error is limited to ~20% and ~13% for thermal and pressure drop predictions, respectively.
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Ravi, Rengarajan, and Karunakaran Rajasekaran. "Experimental study of solidification of paraffin wax in solar based triple concentric tube thermal energy storage system." Thermal Science 22, no. 2 (2018): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160311021r.

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This paper addresses an experimental investigation of a solar based thermal energy storage system to meet current energy demand especially for milk industry in Tamil Nadu, India. A solar based energy storage system has been designed to study the heat transfer characteristics of paraffin wax where it is filled in the middle tube, with cold heat transfer fluid flowing outer tube, inner tube, and both tubes at a time during solidification process in a horizontal triple concentric heat exchanger. In this study, main concentrations are temperature distributions in the energy storage materials such as paraffin wax during solidification process and total solidification time. Three heat recovery methods were used to solidify paraffin wax from the inside tube, outside tube, and both tubes methods to improve the heat transfer between heat transfer fluid and phase change materials. The experiment has been performed for different heat transfer fluid mass-flow rates and different inlet temperatures and predicted results shows that solidification time is reduced.
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Wan, Junchi. "The Heat Transfer Coefficient Predictions in Engineering Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2108, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2108/1/012022.

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Abstract Most engineering applications have boundary layers; the convective transport of mass, momentum and heat normally occurs through a thin boundary layer close to the wall. It is essential to predict the boundary layer heat transfer phenomenon on the surface of various engineering machines through calculations. The experimental, analogy and numerical methods are the three main methods used to obtain convective heat transfer coefficient. The Reynolds analogy provides a useful method to estimate the heat transfer rate with known surface friction. In the Reynolds analogy, the heat transfer coefficient is independent of the temperature ratio between the wall and the fluid. Other methods also ignore the effect of the temperature ratio. This paper summarizes the methods of predicting heat transfer coefficients in engineering applications. The effects of the temperature ratio between the wall and the fluid on the heat transfer coefficient predictions are studied by summarizing the researches. Through the summary, it can be found that the heat transfer coefficients do show a dependence on the temperature ratio. And these effects are more obvious in turbulent flow and pointing out that the inaccuracy in the determination of the heat transfer coefficient and proposing that the conjugate heat transfer analysis is the future direction of development.
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Mastrullo, Rita, and Alfonso William Mauro. "Peripheral Heat Transfer Coefficient during Flow Boiling: Comparison between 2-D and 1-D Data Reduction and Discussion about Their Applicability." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234483.

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This paper presents a critical analysis of possible data reduction procedures for the evaluation of local heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling experiments. The benchmark method using one-dimensional (1-D) heat transfer in a heated tube was compared to a new data reduction method in which both radial and circumferential contributions to the conductive heat transfer inside a metal tube are considered. Using published experimental flow boiling data, the circumferential profiles of the wall superheat, inner wall heat flux, and heat transfer coefficients were independently calculated with the two data reduction procedures. The differences between the two methods were then examined according to the different heat transfer behavior observed (symmetric or asymmetric), which in turn was related to the two-phase flow regimes occurring in a channel during evaporation. A statistical analysis using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) index was then performed for a database of 417 collected flow boiling data taken under different operating conditions in terms of working fluid, saturation temperature, mass velocity, vapor quality, and imposed heat flux. Results showed that the maximum deviations between the two methods could reach up to 130% in the case of asymmetric heat transfer. Finally, the possible uses of the two data reduction methods are discussed, pointing out that the two-dimensional (2-D) model is the most reliable method to be employed in the case of high-level modeling of two-phase flow or advanced design of heat exchangers and heat spreader systems.
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Madaliev, Murodil, Elmurad Yunusaliev, Akramjon Usmanov, Nodirakhon Usmonova, and Khusanboy Muxammadyoqubov. "Numerical study of flow around flat plate using higher-order accuracy scheme." E3S Web of Conferences 365 (2023): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336501011.

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Analytical methods exist to solve the problems of hydromechanics and heat transfer, but it is not possible to obtain the solution to some inhomogeneous and nonlinear problems of hydromechanics and heat transfer by analytical methods. The solution to such problems is carried out using numerical methods. Currently, there are many textbooks and monographs on numerical methods for solving problems of hydromechanics, thermal conductivity, heat and mass transfer, and others. The article presents the results of a numerical study of the flow structure in the flow around a flat plate. The calculations are based on the numerical solution of a system of nonstationary equations using a two-fluid turbulence model. For the numerical solution of these problems, schemes of the second and fourth order of accuracy were applied. The control volume method was used for the difference approximation of the initial equations, and the relationship between velocities and pressure was found using the SIMPLE procedure. To confirm the correctness of the numerical results, comparisons were made with each other and experimental data.
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Zhang, Yudong, Aiguo Xu, Feng Chen, Chuandong Lin, and Zon-Han Wei. "Non-equilibrium characteristics of mass and heat transfers in the slip flow." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086400.

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Slip flow is a common phenomenon in micro-/nano-electromechanical systems. It is well known that the mass and heat transfers in slip flow show many unique behaviors, such as the velocity slip and temperature jump near the wall. However, the kinetic understanding of slip flow is still an open problem. This paper first clarifies that the Thermodynamic Non-Equilibrium (TNE) flows can be roughly classified into two categories: near-wall TNE flows and TNE flows away from the wall. The origins of TNE in the two cases are significantly different. For the former, the TNE mainly results from the fluid–wall interaction; for the latter, the TNE is primarily due to the considerable (local) thermodynamic relaxation time. Therefore, the kinetic modeling methods for the two kinds of TNE flows are significantly different. Based on the Discrete Boltzmann Modeling (DBM) method, the non-equilibrium characteristics of mass and heat transfers in slip flow are demonstrated and investigated. The method is solidly verified by comparing with analytic solutions and experimental data. In pressure-driven flow, the DBM results are consistent with experimental data for the Knudsen number up to 0.5. It is verified that, in the slip flow regime, the linear constitutive relations with standard viscous or heat conduction coefficients are no longer applicable near the wall. For the Knudsen layer problem, it is interesting to find that a heat flux (viscous stress) component in the velocity (temperature) Knudsen layer approximates a hyperbolic sinusoidal distribution. The findings enrich the insights into the non-equilibrium characteristics of mass and heat transfers at micro-/nano-scales.
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Gopalsamy, Vijayan, Karunakaran Rajasekaran, Logesh Kamaraj, Siva Sivasaravanan, and Metin Kok. "Influence of Dimensionless Parameter on De-Ionized Water-alumina Nanofluid Based Parabolic Trough Solar Collector." Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210513666190410123503.

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Background: Aqueous-alumina nanofluid was prepared using magnetic stirrer and ultrasonication process. Then, the prepared nanofluid was subjected to flow through the unshielded receiver of the parabolic trough solar collector to investigate the performance of the nanofluid and the effects of the dimensionless parameter were determined. Methods: The experimental work has been divided into two sections. First, the nanofluid was prepared and tested for its morphology, dimensions, and sedimentation using X-Ray Diffraction and Raman shift method. Then, the nanofluids of various concentrations from 0 to 4.0% are used as heat transfer fluid in unshielded type collector. Finally, the effect of the dimensionless parameter on the performance was determined. Results: For the whole test period, depending upon the bulk mean temperature, the dimensionless parameters such as Re and Nu varied from 1098 to 4552 & 19.30 to 46.40 for air and 2150 to 7551 & 11.11 to 48.54 for nanofluid. The enhancement of thermal efficiency found for 0% and 4.0% nanoparticle concentrations was 32.84% for the mass flow rate of 0.02 kg/s and 13.26% for the mass flow rate of 0.06 kg/s. Conclusion: Re and Nu of air depend on air velocity and ambient temperature. Re increased with the mass flow rate and decreased with concentration. Heat loss occurred by convection mode of heat transfer. Heat transfer coefficient and global efficiency increased with increased mass flow rate and volume fraction. The thermal efficiency of both 0% and 4.0% concentrations became equal for increased mass flow rate. It has been proven that at high mass flow rates, the time available to absorb the heat energy from the receiver is insufficient.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Experimental methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer"

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Psimas, Michael J. "Experimental and numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer due to pulse combustor jet impingement." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33863.

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Under certain circumstances pulse combustors have been shown to improve both heat transfer and drying rate when compared to steady flow impingement. Despite this potential, there have been few investigations into the use of pulse combustor driven impingement jets for industrial drying applications. The research presented here utilized experimental and numerical techniques to study the heat transfer characteristics of these types of oscillating jets when impinging on solid surfaces and the heat and mass transfer when drying porous media. The numerical methods were extensively validated using laboratory heat flux and drying data, as well as correlations from literature. As a result, the numerical techniques and methods that were developed and employed in this work were found to be well suited for the current application. It was found that the pulsating flows yielded elevated heat and mass transfer compared to similar steady flow jets. However, the numerical simulations were used to analyze not just the heat flux or drying, but also the details of the fluid flow in the impingement zone that resulted in said heat and mass transport. It was found that the key mechanisms of the enhanced transfer were the vortices produced by the oscillating flow. The characteristics of these vortices such as the size, strength, location, duration, and temperature, determined the extent of the improvement. The effects of five parameters were studied: the velocity amplitude ratio, oscillation frequency, the time-averaged bulk fluid velocity at the tailpipe exit, the hydraulic diameter of the tailpipe, and the impingement surface velocity. Analysis of the resulting fluid flow revealed three distinct flow types as characterized by the vortices in the impingement zone, each with unique heat transfer characteristics. These flow types were: a single strong vortex that dissipated before the start of the next oscillation cycle, a single persistent vortex that remained relatively strong at the end of the cycle, and a strong primary vortex coupled with a short-lived, weaker secondary vortex. It was found that the range over which each flow type was observed could be classified into distinct flow regimes. The secondary vortex and persistent vortex regimes were found to enhance heat transfer. Subsequently, transition criteria dividing these regimes were formed based on dimensionless parameters. The critical dimensionless parameters appeared to be the Strouhal number, a modified Strouhal number, the Reynolds number, the velocity amplitude ratio, and the H/Dh ratio. Further study would be required to determine if these parameters offer similar significance for other configurations.
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(9808835), Mohd Kabir. "Flow characteristics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in a channel with obstruction at the entry." Thesis, 2004. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Flow_characteristics_of_Newtonian_and_non-Newtonian_fluids_in_a_channel_with_obstruction_at_the_entry/21721064.

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This study investigates the flow phenomena in a channel with an obstruction at the entry which is placed in another wider parallel walled channel. When obstructed, the flow phenomena inside the channel were observed to be reverse, forward or stagnant depending on the position of the obstruction. The parameters that influence the flow inside and around the test channel are: - the size and shape of the obstruction geometries, the gap between the test channel and the obstruction geometry, the Reynolds number and the length of the test channel. Knowledge of these flow phenomena has the potential benefit in the control of various flows in process engineering applications.

Experimental investigations of these flow parameters were carried out in an open channel rig. Fluids used in the investigations were a Newtonian fluid (water) and two non-Newtonian fluids, namely polyacrylamide solution (0.03% by weight) and mixed solution (xanthan gum, magna floc 139 and magna floc 1011). The polyacrylamide solution and mixed solution had similar viscosity and both show a power-law behavior, however their elastic behavior was different.

Experimental studies of these flows include the velocity measurement and the flow visualization analysis. The velocity measurement provides the quantitative information whereas flow visualization provides the qualitative information of the flow. Numerical simulations of these flow phenomena were also carried out using a CFD software and comparisons are made with the experimental results.

The influence of the size and shapes of the obstruction geometries; and the gap to width (g/w) ratio on the magnitude of the velocity ratio (ViNo: inside/outside velocity of the test channel) was studied. Obstruction geometries used were semicircle, triangle, circle and various shapes of rectangles. The g/w ratios ranging from 0.5 to 8 were selected as a set of distances from the test channel. The influence of the Reynolds numbers on the value of the velocity ratio was investigated. The effect of the test channel length on the velocity ratio was also investigated at the Reynolds number of 2000 for the above specified g/w ratios.

The flow inside the test channel was observed to be forward, reverse or stagnant for both Newtonian fluid (water) and Non-Newtonian fluids. The 'flat plate' obstruction geometry produced the maximum reverse flow inside the test channel compared with other obstruction geometries for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The magnitude of the reverse flow for both non-Newtonian fluids used in this study is observed to be half of the magnitude of the reverse flow for water. The maximum reverse flow for non-Newtonian fluids occurs at g/w ratio of 1.0 whereas for Newtonian fluid (water) it occurs at g/w ratio of 1.5.)

The two flow parameters namely, the size and shapes of the obstruction geometries and the gap between the test channel and the obstruction geometries have the strongest influence on the flow phenomena. The Reynolds number has also a strong influence whereas the test channel length has a negligible influence on the flow phenomena.

The numerical simulations using CFD-ACE+ found that the numerically predicted streamlines and velocity vectors of the flow phenomena are in good agreement with the streak lines of the flow visualization images. It was also found that the numerical model used for this study can be generally applied for the prediction of the flow behaviour in the channel with obstruction at the entry.

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(9832871), Abu Sayem. "Experimental study of electrostatic precipitator of a coal based power plant to improve performance by capturing finer particles." Thesis, 2019. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Experimental_study_of_electrostatic_precipitator_of_a_coal_based_power_plant_to_improve_performance_by_capturing_finer_particles/13408691.

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Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) are widely used to capture particulate matter from flue gas. In coal-based power stations, they are used for capturing fly ash before the flue gas is released to the environment. Coal-based power plants are still one of the major suppliers of energy because they are more reliable and have lower unit cost of power generation. Under the current environmental protection regulation controlled by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA), only the finer particles can be released to the environment. However, this is likely to change and coal-based power plants will then have to face stricter rules about permissible size limits for particulate matter (PM) discharged in flue gas, namely the particle size of PM 2.5 (micron) or less. It is therefore required that the capabilities of ESPs are enhanced so that they will be able to capture these finer particles. The main aim of the research is to investigate the micro-size particulate matter capture ability of existing ESPs and determine the operational parameter relationships to improve the collection efficiency of ESPs. In particular, this research focuses specifically on the flow phenomena of the finer fly ash particles inside the ESP model and how they are impacted by the changed geometries and varied electric fields. This involves studying the flow velocity and forces associated with the flow and the electric field and the relevant parameters affecting the dust collection and thus establishing and validating a relationship between the interaction of two phase flow and electric field to reveal the underlying physics for collecting finer particles. To achieve the aim, a laboratory scale ESP was constructed for undertaking various tests and measurements using a novel method. This method involved flow measurement in the ESP chamber using a pitot tube and a cobra tube, whilst employing different shaped baffles in the chamber, varying production of electrostatic field in the ESP model and testing its capturing capacity. This research investigated the influence of internal geometry of the ESP on the flow in the ESP chamber. Two different shaped baffles – semicircular and arrow shaped - were designed, fabricated and inserted in the ESP chamber to effect changes to the flue gas pathway to enhance collection efficiency and collection capability of submicron particles. The flow measurements and experimental results were compared and validated with the 2D ii simulation results. Results using baffles indicate that internal geometry of the ESP has an influence on collection efficiency and changing the internal shape produces swirling flow inside ESP, which, in turn, improves collection efficiency. In addition, baffles increase residence time, which allows capture of sub-micron particles. A high voltage transformer and associated electrode plates and rods were designed, constructed and fitted into the model ESP for measuring and investigating particle collection efficiency under various velocities and electric/voltage characteristics. Production of electric field in a lab model ESP of this type and its testing constitutes a novel approach as such work is not found in the public domain. The experimental results show that ESP collection efficiency is higher at high voltages and at low fly ash velocity and the collection efficiency rapidly decreases when voltage reduces. A mathematical model was developed and validated with the experimental measurements to confirm the collection efficiency. By analysing the various conditions and scenarios, an optimum operational condition within an operational range were developed and recommended for future ESP operation. By implementing a TR (Transformer–Rectifier) in different collection chambers, power consumption of the ESP can be reduced. The research also revealed new information on the particulate matter size distribution and the collection of submicron particles from flue gas of coal-fired power plants. Particle size distribution analysis was conducted using a Mastersizer and the morphology of the particles was analysed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Size distribution analysis suggested that higher voltage and lower flue gas velocity will be more suitable to capture submicron particles. The morphology study indicated that smaller particles have a tendency to agglomerate with bigger particles. Overall, this thesis provides new knowledge about Electrostatic Precipitator operation with new geometries and under various electric field conditions at a laboratory scale, whilst achieving operational efficiency improvement and improving the capture of sub-micron particulate matter. The knowledge obtained from this research would be a good basis to operate industrial ESPs for future sustainable coal-fired power generation.
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(14042749), Shah M. E. Haque. "Performance study of the electrostatic precipitator of a coal fired power plant: Aspects of fine particulate emission control." Thesis, 2009. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Performance_study_of_the_electrostatic_precipitator_of_a_coal_fired_power_plant_Aspects_of_fine_particulate_emission_control/21454428.

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Particulate matter emission is one of the major air pollution problems of coal fired power plants. Fine particulates constitute a smaller fraction by weight of the total suspended particle matter in a typical particulate emission, but they are considered potentially hazardous to health because of the high probability of deposition in deeper parts of the respiratory tract. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are the most widely used devices that are capable of controlling particulate emission effectively from power plants and other process industries. Although the dust collection efficiency of the industrial precipitator is reported as about 99.5%, an anticipation of future stricter environmental protection agency (EPA) regulations have led the local power station seeking new technologies to achieve the new requirements at minimum cost and thus control their fine particulate emissions to a much greater degree than ever before.

This study aims to identify the options for controlling fine particle emission through improvement of the ESP performance efficiency. An ESP system consists of flow field, electrostatic field and particle dynamics. The performance of an ESP is significantly affected by its complex flow distribution arising as a result of its complex internal geometry, hence the aerodynamic characteristics of the flow inside an ESP always need considerable attention to improve the efficiency of an ESP. Therefore, a laboratory scale ESP model, geometrically similar to an industrial ESP, was designed and fabricated at the Thermodynamics Laboratory of CQUniversity, Australia to examine the flow behaviour inside the ESP. Particle size and shape morphology analyses were conducted to reveal the properties of the fly ash particles which were used for developing numerical models of the ESP.

Numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT and comparisons were made with the experimental results. The ESP was modelled in two steps. Firstly, a novel 3D fluid (air) flow was modelled considering the detailed geometrical configuration inside the ESP. A novel boundary condition was applied at the inlet boundary of this model to overcome all previous assumptions on uniform velocity at the inlet boundary. Numerically predicted velocity profiles inside the ESP model are compared with the measured data obtained from the laboratory experiment. The model with a novel boundary condition predicted the flow distribution more accurately. In the second step, as the complete ESP system consists of an electric field and a particle phase in addition to the fluid flow field, a two dimensional ESP model was developed. The electrostatic force was applied to the flow equations using User Defined Functions (UDF). A discrete phase model was incorporated with this two dimensional model to study the effect of particle size, electric field and flue gas flow on the collection efficiency of particles inside the ESP. The simulated results revealed that the collection efficiency cannot be improved by the increased electric force only unless the flow velocity is optimized.

The CFD model was successfully applied to a prototype ESP at the power plant and used to recommend options for improving the efficiency of the ESP. The aerodynamic behaviour of the flow was improved by geometrical modifications in the existing 3D numerical model. In particular, the simulation was performed to improve and optimize the flow in order to achieve uniform flow and to increase particle collection inside the ESP. The particles injected in the improved flow condition were collected with higher efficiency after increasing the electrostatic force inside the 2D model. The approach adopted in this study to optimize flow and electrostatic field properties is a novel approach for improving the performance of an electrostatic precipitator.

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Book chapters on the topic "Experimental methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer"

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Lu, Xianke. "Experimental Methods." In Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media Manufactured by a Space Holder Method, 43–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53602-2_3.

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Ovando Chacon, G. E., S. L. Ovando Chacon, J. C. Prince Avelino, A. Servin Martínez, and J. A. Hernández Zarate. "Numerical Simulation of the Flow in an Open Cavity with Heat and Mass Transfer." In Selected Topics of Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics, 357–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11487-3_26.

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Fiebig, M., W. Hahne, and D. Weber. "Heat Transfer and Drag Augmentation of Multiple Rows of Winglet Vortex Generators in Transitional Channel Flow: A Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Methods." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics (NNFM), 88–94. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89838-8_12.

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Haidn, Oskar J., Nikolaus A. Adams, Rolf Radespiel, Thomas Sattelmayer, Wolfgang Schröder, Christian Stemmer, and Bernhard Weigand. "Collaborative Research for Future Space Transportation Systems." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 1–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_1.

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Abstract This chapter book summarizes the major achievements of the five topical focus areas, Structural Cooling, Aft-Body Flows, Combustion Chamber, Thrust Nozzle, and Thrust-Chamber Assembly of the Collaborative Research Center (Sonderforschungsbereich) Transregio 40. Obviously, only sample highlights of each of the more than twenty individual projects can be given here and thus the interested reader is invited to read their reports which again are only a summary of the entire achievements and much more information can be found in the referenced publications. The structural cooling focus area included results from experimental as well as numerical research on transpiration cooling of thrust chamber structures as well as film cooling supersonic nozzles. The topics of the aft-body flow group reached from studies of classical flow separation to interaction of rocket plumes with nozzle structures for sub-, trans-, and supersonic conditions both experimentally and numerically. Combustion instabilities, boundary layer heat transfer, injection, mixing and combustion under real gas conditions and in particular the investigation of the impact of trans-critical conditions on propellant jet disintegration and the behavior under trans-critical conditions were the subjects dealt with in the combustion chamber focus area. The thrust nozzle group worked on thermal barrier coatings and life prediction methods, investigated cooling channel flows and paid special attention to the clarification and description of fluid-structure-interaction phenomena I nozzle flows. The main emphasis of the focal area thrust-chamber assembly was combustion and heat transfer investigated in various model combustors, on dual-bell nozzle phenomena and on the definition and design of three demonstrations for which the individual projects have contributed according to their research field.
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Han, Je-Chin, and Lesley M. Wright. "Mass Transfer Analogy Measurement Techniques." In Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, 263–85. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003021179-10.

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Han, Je-Chin, and Lesley M. Wright. "Velocity and Flow Rate Measurements." In Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, 17–40. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003021179-2.

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Han, Je-Chin, and Lesley M. Wright. "Flow and Thermal Field Measurement Techniques." In Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, 287–327. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003021179-11.

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Han, Je-Chin, and Lesley M. Wright. "Flow Field Measurements by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Techniques." In Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, 329–63. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003021179-12.

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Vajravelu, Kuppalapalle, and Swati Mukhopadhyay. "Numerical methods." In Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer At Bodies of Different Shapes, 3–6. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803733-1.00001-6.

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Masuda, Hayato. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer Using Taylor Vortices in Thermal Processing for Food Process Intensification." In Food Processing – New Insights [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99443.

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We are witnessing a transition from the traditional to novel processing technologies in the food industry to address the issues regarding energy, environment, food, and water resources. This chapter first introduces the concept of food process intensification based on vortex technologies to all food engineers/researchers. Thereafter, the novel processing methods for starch gelatinization/hydrolysis and heat sterilization based on Taylor–Couette flow are reviewed. In fluid mechanics communities, the Taylor–Couette flow is well-known as a flow between coaxial cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating. Recently, this unique flow has been applied in food processing. In starch processing, enhanced heat transfer through Taylor vortex flow significantly improves gelatinization. In addition, effective and moderate mixing leads to an increase in the reducing sugar yield. In sterilization processing, the enhanced heat transfer also intensifies the thermal destruction of Clostridium botulinum. However, a moderate heat transfer should be ensured because excessive heat transfer also induces thermal destruction of the nutritional components. The Taylor–Couette flow is only an example considered here. There are various flows that intensify the heat/mass transfer and mixing in food processing. It is expected that this chapter will stimulate the development of food processing based on fluid technologies, toward food process intensification.
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Conference papers on the topic "Experimental methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer"

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Tibiric¸a´, Cristiano Bigonha, and Gherhardt Ribatski. "Experimental Investigation of Flow Boiling Pressure Drop of R134a in a Micro-Scale Horizontal Smooth Tube." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22962.

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This paper presents new experimental flow boiling pressure drop results in a microscale tube. The experimental data were obtained under diabatic conditions in a horizontal smooth tube with internal diameter of 2.3 mm. Experiments were performed with R134a as working fluid, mass velocities ranging from 100 to 600 kg/m2s, heat flux ranging from 10 to 55 kW/m2, saturation temperatures of 31 °C, and exit vapor qualities from 0.20 to 0.99. Flow pattern characterization was also performed from images obtained by high-speed filming. Pressure drops up to 48 kPa/m were measured. These data were carefully analyzed and compared against 13 two-phase frictional pressure drop prediction methods, including both macro- and micro-scale methods. Comparisons against these methods based on the data segregated according to flow patterns were also performed. Overall, the method by Cioncolini et al. [1] provided quite accurate predictions of the present database.
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Bachert, B., M. Dular, S. Baumgarten, G. Ludwig, and B. Stoffel. "Experimental Investigations Concerning Erosive Aggressiveness of Cavitation at Different Test Configurations." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56597.

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The experimental results, which will be presented in this paper, demonstrate the significant influence of the flow velocity, respectively the rotational speed, on the erosive aggressiveness of cavitating flows. On two of the three investigated test objects, cavitation erosion can only be observed in the initial stage by the so-called pit-count evaluation method. Developed erosion with mass loss is impossible to measure because of the very long duration until mass loss appears. The third test rig generates a very aggressive type of cavitation, so that mass loss, depending on the tested material, will appear after relatively short durations. In addition, the initial stage of cavitation erosion can be observed. Three different techniques were applied to investigate cavitation erosion in the initial and developed stage. Thereby, the capability of methods to quantify erosive effects in dependence of influencing operating parameters has been proven.
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Bakhtiyarov, Sayavur I., and Ruel A. Overfelt. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena in Vacuum-Sealed Casting Process." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31122.

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The V-Process is one of the most exciting metal casting techniques developed recently, and it has many advantages compared to conventional casting methods. In this paper the results of the CFD modeling of mold filling process are presented. A vacuum-sealed step pattern has been used as a molding. Direct numerical simulations were conducted using a commercial CFD code (FLOW-3D software, Flow Simulations, Inc.) for the conventional gravity mold filling technique. Flow velocity, pressure and fluid fraction distributions are obtained for this casting method. The results of the numerical simulations are compared to those obtained experimentally.
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Molchanov, Alexander M., and Anna A. Arsentyeva. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Supersonic Chemically Reacting Flows." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22371.

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An implicit fully coupled numerical method for modeling of chemically reacting flows is presented. Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations of multi-component gas mixture with nonequilibrium chemical reactions using Arrhenius chemistry are applied. A special method of splitting convective fluxes is introduced. This method allows for using spatially second-order approximation in the main flow region and of first-order approximation in regions with discontinuities. To consider the effects of high-speed compressibility on turbulence the author suggests a correction for the model, which is linearly dependent on Mach turbulent number. For the validation of the code the described numerical procedures are applied to a series of flow and heat and mass transfer problems. These include supersonic combustion of hydrogen in a vitiated air, chemically reacting flow through fluid rocket nozzle, afterburning of fluid and solid rocket plumes, fluid dynamics and convective heat transfer in convergent-divergent nozzle. Comparison of the simulation with available experimental data showed a good agreement for the above problems.
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Sˇaric´, Sanjin, Suad Jakirlic´, and Cameron Tropea. "A Periodically Perturbed Backward-Facing Step Flow by Means of LES, DES and T-RANS: An Example of Flow Separation Control." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56514.

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Turbulent flow over a backward-facing step perturbed periodically by an alternating blowing/suction through a thin slit situated at the step edge was studied computationally using the LES (Large Eddy Simulation), DES (Dettached Eddy Simulation) and T-RANS (Transient Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) techniques. The flow configuration considered (ReH = UcH/ν = 3700) has been investigated experimentally by Yoshioka et al. (2001). The periodical blowing/suction with zero mass flux is governed by a sinusoidal law: ve = 0.3Ucsin(2πfet), Uc being the centerline velocity in the inlet channel. Perturbation frequencies fe corresponding to the Strouhal numbers St = 0.08, 0.19 and 0.30 were investigated (St = feH/Uc). The experimental observation, that the perturbation frequency St = 0.19 represents the most effective case, that is the case with the minimum reattachment length, was confirmed by all computational methods applied. However, the closest agreement with experiment (the reattachment length reduction of 28.3% compared to the unperturbed case) was obtained with the LES (24.5%) and DES (35%) methods whereas the T-RANS computations show a weak sensitivity to the perturbation: 5.9% when using the Spalart-Allmaras model and 12.9% using the k–ω SST model.
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Chaquet, Jose M., Roque Corral, Guillermo Pastor, Jesus Pueblas, and D. D. Coren. "Validation of a Coupled Fluid/Solid Heat Transfer Method." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45951.

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A coupled method for solid/fluid steady heat transfer calculations is presented. The results of the fully coupled and uncoupled simulations are compared with the experimental data obtained for the front and rear stator well of a turbine. Several cooling mass flow rates have been considered. The uncoupled methodology is described as well and the accuracy of the results for both approaches is discussed. It is concluded that even if the uncoupled approach it is conducted carefully, the coupled method is more accurate since it removes some hypotheses inherent to the uncoupled approach.
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Ma, Tengxiao, and Leping Zhou. "Fluid Flow and Thin Film Evolution Near the Triple Line of Evaporative Sessile Droplet During Mixing Process." In ASME 2019 6th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2019-4085.

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Abstract Evaporation of a sessile droplet containing nanoparticles plays a crucial role in engineering. However, the internal flow of an evaporative droplet may be influenced by various factors. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the mechanisms of fluid flow, especially the evolution of thin liquid film near the triple line of an evaporating droplet. This paper describes an experimental study of fluid flow and thin film evolution near the triple line of a sessile droplet when it was mixed with another droplet of different size. The temporal and spatial evolution of thickness in the thin film near the triple line is obtained by using the sub-region method developed from the total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The experimental results show that the spatial variation of the local film thickness can be linear or oscillating depending on the mixing position of the droplets. When the mixing position is at the droplet apex, the film thickness near the triple line fluctuates drastically in an oscillating mode, indicating that the mixing of the small droplet causes a strong disturbance in the thin film region. By using the velocimetry technique, the distribution of near wall velocity in the sessile droplet during mixing process is obtained, which provides the basis for velocimetry near the triple line. This work helps to gain insight of the thin film evolution and the velocity field near the triple line on the mixing processes of droplets.
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Williams, K. A., D. M. Snider, J. R. Torczynski, S. M. Trujillo, and T. J. O’Hern. "Multiphase Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Flow in a Gas-Solid Riser." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56594.

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The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Arena-flow is used to simulate the transient, three-dimensional flow in a gas-solid riser at Sandia National Laboratories. Arena-flow uses a multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) numerical method. The gas flow is treated in an Eulerian manner, and the particle flow is represented in a Lagrangian manner by large numbers of discrete particle clouds with distributions of particle properties. Simulations are performed using the experimental values of the gas superficial velocity and the solids mass flux in the riser. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles are investigated. The experimental and computed pressure and solid-volume-fraction distributions are compared and found to be in reasonable agreement although the experimental results exhibit more variation along the height of the riser than the computational results do. An extensive study is performed to assess the sensitivity of the computational results to a wide range of physical and numerical parameters. The computational results are seen to be robust. Thus, the uncertainties in these parameters cannot account for the differences between the experimental and computational results.
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Sadikin, Azmahani, David A. McNeil, and Khalid H. Barmadouf. "Two-Phase Flow on the Shell Side of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22790.

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Two-phase flow on the shell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger is complex. Several studies have produced flow pattern maps that show surprising differences in flow regime boundaries for data sets that contain relatively small variations in fluid and flow properties. Despite this, correlations for void fraction and pressure drop are sufficiently accurate to allow the thermal-fluid design of heat exchangers to be completed. However, these correlations are based on experimental data taken from tube bundles containing tubes with diameters less than 20 mm. This study examines their applicability to tube bundles containing tubes with a diameter of 38 mm. Results for void fraction and pressure drop are presented for air-water flows near atmospheric pressure. The results were obtained for flows through a thin-slice, in-line tube bundle containing 10 rows. The tube bundle contained a central column of tubes with half tubes placed on the shell wall to simulate the presence of other columns. The tubes were 38 mm in diameter and 50 mm long with a pitch to diameter ratio of 1.32. Previous studies have shown that the void fraction in a shell-side, gas-liquid flow becomes constant after only a few rows. Thus, the void fraction was only measured at one location. A single-beam, gamma-ray densitometer was used to measure void fractions near row 7 in the maximum gap between the rows. Corresponding pressure drops were obtained between rows 3 and 10. Data are presented for a mass flux range of 25–688 kg/m2s and a gas mass fraction range of 0.0005–0.6. The measurements are shown to compare reasonably well with predictions from correlations available in the open literature. This shows that these methods can be used for tube-bundles containing larger diameter tubes. Some elements of a heat-exchanger design require a more complex analysis. For example, tube vibration calculations require the distribution of void and phase velocity along the tube length. Such analysis can be provided by multiphase computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. CFD approaches to modelling these flows require empirical inputs for the drag coefficient and the force on the fluid by the tubes. These are deduced from the measured data. The wall forces are shown to scale well with increased tube diameter, however, caution is required when selecting the drag coefficients.
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Minchola, L. R., L. F. A. Azevedo, and A. O. Nieckele. "The Influence of Rheological Parameters in Wax Deposition in Channel Flow." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22952.

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Wax deposition is a critical operational problem in crude oil transportation through pipelines in cold environments. Accurate prediction of the wax deposition is crucial for the efficient design of subsea lines. Wax deposition is a complex process for which the basic mechanisms are still not fully understood. Although Fick’s molecular diffusion model is considered by several authors as the leading deposition mechanism, it is shown that it does not represent well the wax deposition thickness, measured during the transient regime, in a simple experiment, in a rectangular channel, with a laboratory oil-wax mixture. Another important wax deposition mechanism identified is associated with the rheological properties of the fluid, since oil-paraffin mixtures shows a non-Newtonian behavior at temperatures below the fluid Wax Appearance Temperature. The mixture can be modeled as a Bingham fluid, with a dependence of the yield stress on wax concentration, temperature and rate of cooling. The present paper presents a numerical model for predicting wax deposition in channel flows considering the influence of rheological properties combined with a diffusion-based deposition mechanism. To determine the amount of deposit, the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and wax concentration in the mixture were numerically solved with the finite volume method. A nonorthogonal moving coordinate system that adapts to the wax interface deposit geometry was employed. The results demonstrated that additional deposition is obtained as a result of the non Newtonian behavior of the fluid. This trend is in agreement with experimental observation conducted in previous studies.
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