Relevant bibliographies by topics / Experimental fires

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Experimental fires'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 17 February 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Experimental fires"

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Bachurin, Leonid, Ihor Iordanov, Olha Kohtieva, Yevgen Podkopayev, Oleh Yefremov, Anton Korol, and Maksym Hryhorets. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MINE PROTECTION STRUCTURES." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 2 (2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2020-2-7-22.

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The purpose of the article. Studying deformation characteristics of protective structures under the influence of external loads used to maintain lateral rocks in the coal massif behind the production face. Methods. To achieve this goal, laboratory studies of the deformation characteristics of security structures under uniaxial compression were performed. Results. As a result of the research it has been established that at uniaxial compression of wooden protective constructions in the form of rolling fires from sleepers or bushes from risers, change of their rigidity is caused both by differences in properties of wood at action of external force along or across fibres, and design features. In cases where a constant compressive force is applied to the experimental sample across the fibres (rolling fires from sleepers), the change in stiffness is quadratic and reaches minimum values when the deformation of the model by 30-35%, and with a further increase in deformation to 50% stiffness increases. This indicates an increase in the resistance of rolling fires to external loads after their compression, without losing the strength of the structure. Under the action of compressive force along the fibres (bushes of risers), the stiffness of the experimental samples increases until the moment of destruction, when there is a loss of strength of the structure. The change in the stiffness of embedded arrays of crushed rock, if possible, their lateral expansion occurs due to the compaction of embedded material, i.e. recomposition of particles of crushed rock of different fractions in the total volume. Novelty. The nature of the deformation of security structures considered as prefabricated structures can be described by the change in the specific potential deformation energy spent on changing the shape and/or volume of the protective structures. Practical meaning. To ensure the stability of the side rocks in the coal massif containing the workings, it is necessary to focus on the use of flexible protection structures located above the retractable roadway.
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GUPTA, A. K., RAJIV KUMAR, and SURENDRA KUMAR. "COMPARTMENT FIRES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." Journal of Applied Fire Science 11, no. 3 (January 1, 2002): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/u3yc-l1wg-g6a9-gtxx.

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Xuhui, Jin, Huo Ran, and W. K. Chow. "Experimental Studies on "Bare Cabin" Fires." Journal of Applied Fire Science 23, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/af.23.3.a.

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Li, Y., W. Chow, C. Shi, Y. You, and R. Huo. "Preliminary Experimental Studies on Cabin Fires." Journal of Applied Fire Science 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/q945-5605-343j-0r10.

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Chow, W. K., and W. L. Chan. "Experimental Studies on Forced-Ventilated Fires." Fire Science and Technology 13, no. 1+2 (1993): 1_71–1_87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3210/fst.13.1_71.

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Chen, Ling, Xuan Wang, Baiyi Li, and Peng Lin. "Experimental Study of Scale Effect in Tunnel Fires at Different Sealing Ratios." Fire 6, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6030092.

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Fully or partially sealing the openings of tunnels to accelerate the self-extinction of fires provides a promising firefighting tactic to beat large fires in a long tunnel. So far, most experimental studies on the characteristics of fire with different sealing ratios have been conducted in reduced-scale tunnels. However, whether the findings in a reduced-scale tunnel can be converted to its full-scale prototype tunnel based on scaling laws has not yet been adequately studied. A series of experiments with heat-release rates of 15.8, 31.6 and 63.2 kW were conducted with sealing ratios ranging from 0% to 100% in a prototype tunnel measuring 20 m long, 0.9 m wide and 0.46 m high. The experimental results were compared with those from a 1/2 reduced-scale tunnel measuring 10 m long, 0.45 m wide and 0.23 m high. It showed that temperature rise along the tunnel in the 1/2 reduced-tunnel could be significantly underestimated. The differences in temperature rise increased monotonously with distance away from the fire seat, and they were as high as 70% at the tunnel portals, irrespective of the heat-release rates and sealing ratios. The study showed that the scale effect of fires was not sensitive to the Reynolds number of flows in tunnels. The minimal sealing ratio for the self-extinction of fires in the prototype tunnel was 85%, whilst it was 75% in the 1/2 reduced-scale tunnel, and the study revealed that the fires were much easier to extinguish in the 1/2 reduced-scale tunnel than those in the prototype tunnel, where the fires can sustain in a lower oxygen concentration. The study demonstrated that scaling laws could be invalid for tunnel fires with different sealing ratios and that results observed in reduced-scale tunnels should be further verified when applied to full-scale prototypes.
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Vincent, J. R., and S. R. Gollahalli. "An Experimental Study of the Interaction of Multiple Liquid Pool Fires." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835318.

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The risk of accidental spills and possible fires is high in the storage and handling of large quantities of flammable liquids. Such liquid pool fires are generally buoyancy-driven and emit a large fraction of their heat release in the form of radiation. Ignition and combustion characteristics of liquid pools depend on the design parameters such as diameter, spacing, and shape of the pools. This laboratory scale study was conducted to determine the effects of these parameters on the characteristics of multiple liquid pool fires. The measurements reported include pool surface regression rate, flame height, temperature, and concentrations of carbon dioxide, soot, and oxygen.
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Kuzyk, A., V. Tovaryanskyi, and K. Drach. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF FIRES IN GRASSY ECOSYSTEMS." Fire Safety 35 (February 26, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.06.

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Formulation of the problem. The fire hazard of grass ecosystems depends on many factors that determine the proper condition of the combustible material and support the burning process. The most important indicators of danger are the condition and humidity of grass. The main external factors of influence on the occurrence and spread of fires in natural ecosystems are: air temperature and air relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed. The urgent task is to determine the rate of spread of fires in grassy ecosystems. The purpose of this work is to establish the features of occurrence and spread out of grass fires in the forest-steppe conditions of Ukraine on the basis of fire hazard analysis and experimental studies. Research methods. The studies were conducted in the forest-steppe zone in the Vinnytsia region on November 1-3, 2019. The plots with 10 m in length and 3 m in width were chosen, taking into account the wind direction along the plot. During the studies, the wind speed was in a range of 0 to 10 meters per second, the air temperature varied from 7 to 14 Celsium degrees during the day and from -3 to 12 Celsium degrees at night. The air humidity varied from 52 to 69 per cent during the day and from 72 to 84 per cent at night. The humidity of the grass was 20-22 per cent in the daytime, and 27-30 per cent at night. The fire load on the sites was 4-5 t/ha. The main results of the study. Combustion mostly did not happen since 19 p.m. till 10 a.m. because the grass cover during the night increased the moisture content due to the relative humidity increasing and drop of temperature. After 10 a.m. in clear conditions and in the presence of wind, the humidity of the grasses decreased, which facilitated their ignition and spread of fire. However, in the absence of wind, ignition did not happen. The fire spreading rate depended on wind speed and grass height. For grasses 40 cm high the fire spread rate was from 2.5 m/min (wind speed 1-2 m/s) to 3.5 m/min (wind speed 6-8 m/s). For grasses 60 cm high the fire spread rate was from 3.1 m/min (wind speed 1-2 m/s) to 12.5 m/min (wind speed 6-8 m/s). Conclusions. The rate of fire spread in grassу ecosystems depend on temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, grass humidity, height and spatial location. At night, the high humidity of grasses, caused by high relative humidity and low air temperature, hinders ignition and burning, but the fire may occur in the presence of wind in the presence of several sources of ignition with sufficient energy.
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Kral, Katherine C., Ryan F. Limb, Torre J. Hovick, Devan A. McGranahan, Aaron L. Field, and Peter L. O’Brien. "Simulating Grassland Prescribed Fires Using Experimental Approaches." Fire Ecology 11, no. 3 (December 2015): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.1103034.

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Yuana, Li-Ming, and G. Cox. "An experimental study of some line fires." Fire Safety Journal 27, no. 2 (September 1996): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(96)00047-1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Experimental fires"

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Marsden, James Anthony. "Experimental and numerical studies of whirling fires." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2005. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/8689/.

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Motivation of this study stems from the need to understand the physical mechanisms of whirling fires that occur in an open space and within enclosures. Buoyant whirling flames may be potentially more destructive than ordinary fires due to greater burning rate, higher concentration of heat release in a small region of the plume core, increased radiative output and unexpected smoke movement. The effects of rotation upon the structure and behaviour of buoyant flames have not yet been thoroughly studied and understood. Investigation of this phenomenon is therefore required to allow techniques to be developed that will counter the threat of such outbreaks. Also, the mechanisms controlling the development and stability of whirling flames are of fundamental interest for refined modelling of coherent and self-organised flame behaviour. This work, is an experimental, theoretical and numerical study of whirling fires. Experimental results, a modified CFD model and simulations of whirling flames are presented within this Thesis. The work aims to overcome the limitations of the previous research of whirling fires which is insufficient from both an experimental and theoretical point of view. Firstly, experimental studies of intermediate (room-size) scale whirling fires have not yet been comprehensively reported, despite a great deal of attention devoted to both large scale mass fires and smaller laboratory flames. Experimental studies undertaken using a facility at the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service Training Centre fill this gap, thus demonstrating that whirling flames may develop within a compartment. The periodic precession, formation and destruction of the whirling flame and the increase of the time-averaged burning rate (compared to non-whirling flames in the open space) have been observed. Three fuels with significantly different burning rates (diesel, heptane and ethanol) were investigated in this work. Secondly, previously published results of theoretical analysis of rotating flames were oversimplified and based on strict limitations of the integral model or the inviscid flow assumption. Also there have only been few attempts to undertake CFD modelling of whirling flames. In published studies, radiative heat transfer was not modelled and the burning rate was not coupled with the incident heat flux at the fuel surface. To overcome these limitations, the CFD fire model Fire3D, developed in the Centre for Research in Fire and Explosion Studies, has been adapted to allow numerical simulations of rotating buoyant turbulent diffusion flames. The turbulence model was modified to take into account stabilisation of turbulent fluctuations due to the centrifugal acceleration within the rotating flow. Theoretical analysis of the vorticity equation revealed the physical mechanisms responsible for vorticity concentration and amplification in the rising plume affected by externally imposed circulation. This explains the significant flame elongation (when compared to non-rotating cases) observed in the experiments. Computational results have also been compared to video-recordings of the experimental flames produced; flame elongation was replicated and similar stages of oscillating flame evolution, including formation and destruction of the vortex core, have been identified. Implications of the phenomena studied in relation to fire engineering are also provided. This study contributes to a performance based framework for an engineering approach, which is reliant upon detailed quantitative analysis and modelling. Such an approach is encouraged by modem fire safety legislation including the guides to fire safety engineering BS9999-21 and BS79742 'British Standard 9999-2 Draft Code of Practice for fire safety in the design, construction and use of buildings. BSI, 2004. UK. 2 British Standard BS7974 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings. BSI, 2001-2003. UK.
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Peatross, Michelle J. "An experimental study of forced ventilation glovebox fires." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040230/.

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Utiskul, Yunyong. "Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4158.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Skelly, Michael J. "An experimental investigation of glass breakage in compartment fires." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42192.

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An experimental investigation has been completed which studied the breaking of window glass by fire. The experiments were carried out in a specially designed compartment to achieve two-layer flows characteristic of normal building fires. The experimental data was collected from two test groups: the first for windows with their edges insulated from the fire (edge-protected) and the second for windows uniformly heated by the fire (edge-unprotected). The results of the edge-protected window tests indicated that the glass breakage was caused by a critical temperature difference between the central heated portion of the pane and the glass edge. The experimental work showed the critical value to be approximately 90C. After the material properties of the glass were determined, the theoretical findings of Keski-Rahkonen were used to obtain a value of 70C; the difference attributed to radiative heating. The test results also demonstrated a distinctive loss of integrity by the windows. When breakage occurred, the cracks spread throughout the glass, joined together and caused at least partial collapse of the pane. The results from the edge-unprotected window tests were quite different. There were relatively few cracks developed and almost no propagation across the glass. Consequently, there was no window collapse in any of these cases. The breakage did initiate at a consistent glass temperature value, however, the mechanism for these tests is not known.
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Beji, Tarek. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on Soot and Radiation in Fires." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516439.

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Lata, Mary Elizabeth. "Variables affecting first order fire effects, characteristics, and behavior in experimental and prescribed fires in mixed and tallgrass prairie." Diss., University of Iowa, 2006. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/72.

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Flood, Maura Fiona. "An experimental investigation of the performance of glazing systems exposed to enclosure fires." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288822.

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Perelli, Matteo. "Pool fires in open atmosphere and in air-tight compartments: experimental measurements and mathematical predictions of the heat release rate." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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The energy consumption in Europe is for the 40% accountable to households and the building sector. In the European Directive 2010/31/EU the main topic is the construction of highly efficient dwellings exploiting renewable sources of energy and engineered methodologies to heat up and insulate their premises. Passive houses are one example of these highly efficient constructions. Inside these new hazards can be outlined when a fire is triggered. The main parameter that has to be focused is pressure, which is the most important value when an occupant has to open a door to escape from a fire. The maximum force that a person can exert to open a door is 133 N. In the literature high values of overpressure have been reported, which means that this value of force is undoubtedly overcome, preventing the inhabitant to open the door to escape. Simulations with the use of the software FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) were carried out to show whether it is able to predict the heat release rate of a heptane pool fire. Firstly, heptane pool fires were simulated outdoor. Then, comparisons were drawn with experimental tests to explain the positive aspects and the drawbacks faced in the study. Secondly, the heptane pool fires were put inside a building, representing the passive house. The first step about the prediction of the heat release rate did not give consistent outcomes, involving a high heat flux on the pool surface, resulting in an important overestimation of the heat release rate. Instead, fixing the heat release for fires inside the enclosure shows good agreement, however mistakes in the temperature field of the gas phase showed up. In conclusion, the software FDS can be considered a reliable software to predict the heat release rate for heptane pool fires in open atmosphere. Nonetheless, inside a building, important drawbacks have been displayed which are not present, at least not at a such high level, for a fire in which the heat release rate results fixed as an input data.
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Mishra, Kirti Bhushan [Verfasser], Christof [Gutachter] Schulz, and Axel [Gutachter] Schönbucher. "Experimental investigation and CFD simulation of organic peroxide pool fires (TBPB and TBPEH) / Kirti Bhushan Mishra ; Gutachter: Christof Schulz, Axel Schönbucher." Berlin : Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1121035728/34.

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Dong, T. T. Trang. "Chemical composition and toxicity of emissions from burning five vegetation types of Western Australia under experimental combustion conditions." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2180.

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This study investigated the emission factors (EFs) for inorganic gases (CO2, CO, SO2, NO and NO2), carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from laboratory-based fires of vegetation from five typical vegetation types of Western Australia. Species burnt were three grasslands (Spinifex represented by Triodia basedowii, Kimberley grass represented by Sehima nervosum and Heteropogon contortus, and an invasive grass represented by Ehrharta calycina (Veldt grass)), Banksia woodland and Jarrah forest under different combustion conditions. Chemical composition (water-soluble metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs) and in vitro toxicity of PM2.5 were also measured. Vegetation samples were burnt in a ceramic chamber in varying combustion conditions altered by controlling the vegetation moisture content (<10%, 12–16% and 20–25%) and the air flow rate (0, 1.25 and 2.94 m.s-1). Burns of woodland (Banksia) and forest (Jarrah) had significantly higher EFs for CO, SO2 and PM2.5 compared with those from grassland (Spinifex). Emissions of temperate grass (Veldt) fires were significantly different from those of the tropical grass (Spinifex and Kimberley grasses), with lower EFCO2 and higher EFs for CO, carbonyls and PM2.5. EFs for SO2, NO and NO2 were variable between different vegetation types, indicating variation in the nitrogen and sulphur content of the fuels. The EFs for most carbonyls were similar between most vegetation types, with the exception of Veldt grass. Functions which may be useful to predict emissions of infrequently measured carbonyls (acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaldehyde) from the EF for formaldehyde, a commonly measured and reported substance, were also proposed. Fifteen VOCs were identified in the smoke, but concentrations were too low to be quantified. Benzene, toluene, styrene and indene were the most frequently detected VOCs. Moisture content did not strongly influence the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and EFs for gaseous pollutants, but significantly affected the EF for PM2.5 with higher emissions from burns of moister vegetation. Increasing the air flow rate significantly increased the emissions of most pollutants. However, combustion conditions did not strongly affect the PM2.5 chemical composition. The MCE, EFs for CO and CO2 results in this study were similar to values reported from field measurements for similar vegetation types in Australia, indicating the applicability of these laboratory-based results. Emission factors were different to the profiles generated from vegetation fires in other parts of the world. Toxicity of PM2.5 on human lung epithelial (A549) cells was assessed using cell viability and cytokine production measurements. Responses on cell viability were associated with K and Na concentrations in PM2.5, whilst the cytokine production of cells was more affected by the PM2.5-bound PAH, Al, Cu and Mn concentrations. Toxicity between vegetation types was different, which might be due to the differences in chemical composition of PM2.5. PM2.5 emitted from Jarrah burns appeared to have the highest toxicity on epithelial cells, followed by those from Banksia, Veldt grass and Spinifex. The findings of this study on toxicity of PM2.5 demonstrate the adverse impact on human health of particulate from bushfires and emphasise the importance of vegetation type on toxicological outcomes of bushfire-derived PM2.5. The EFs obtained in this study can be used in models to estimate the emissions from bushfires in Australia, particularly Western Australia. Results on toxicity of PM2.5 provide information for relevant government agencies to preliminarily evaluate the risk to human health, especially for firefighters and communities in close proximity to bushfire events.
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Books on the topic "Experimental fires"

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Sapko, M. J. Size scaling of gas explosions: Bruceton Experimental Mine versus the Lake Lynn Mine. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1987.

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Rowan, Ella L. Response of eastern chipmunks to single application spring prescribed fires on the Fernow Experimental Forest. Newtown Square, PA: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2005.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Spacecraft fire-safety experiments for space station Technology Development Mission. Huntsville, Ala: Wyle Laboratories, 1988.

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L, Hinkley P., ed. Experiments at the Multifunctioneel Trainingcentrum, Ghent, on the interaction between sprinklers and smoke venting. Borehamwood: Fire Research Station, Building Research Establishment, 1992.

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McGrattan, Kevin B. Heat release rates of electrical enclosure fires (HELEN-FIRE): Draft report for comment. Washington, DC: Division of Risk Analysis, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2015.

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Cross section and experimental data analysis using EViews. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Gieras, Marian. Mechanizm oddziaływania wody na płomień gazowy i pyłowy. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, 2006.

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Finklin, Arnold I. Climate of the Deception Creek Experimental Forest, northern Idaho. [Ogden, UT]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.

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Córdova, Violeta Aréchiga. Fuego y vida: Fuentes del pensamiento químico de Buffon. México, D. F: Centro de Estudios Filosoficos Políticos y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 2008.

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Stephen, Leider, and Harvard Business School, eds. Why do firms use non-linear incentive schemes?: Experimental evidence on sorting and overconfidence. [Boston]: Harvard Business School, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Experimental fires"

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Simeoni, Albert. "Experimental Understanding of Wildland Fires." In Fire Phenomena and the Earth System, 35–52. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118529539.ch3.

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Giovannini, G., and S. Lucchesi. "Effects of Experimental Fires on Soil and Vegetation." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 887–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_208.

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Brunkhorst, Sven, and Jochen Zehfuß. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fire Development in Compartment Fires with Immobile Fire Load." In Wood & Fire Safety, 185–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_28.

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Paskaluk, Stephen A., and Mark Y. Ackerman. "Experimental Study of Heat Flux in Propane Flash Fires." In Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 10th Volume, Risk Reduction Through Research and Testing, 195–211. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159320160023.

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Raja, S., B. Ashutosh, and V. Raghavan. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of N–Heptane Pool Fires." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 821–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5990-7_69.

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Tiwari, Mahesh Kumar, Akhilesh Gupta, Ravi Kumar, Raj Kumar Mishra, Avinash Chaudhary, and Pavan K. Sharma. "Experimental Study on Elevated Methanol Pool Fires in a Compartment." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 473–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7831-1_44.

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Denisov, Alexey, Stanislav Gundar, Mikhail Danilov, and Sergey Podkosov. "Aviation Method of Extinguishing Landscape Fires - Experimental Substantiation of Parameters." In XV International Scientific Conference “INTERAGROMASH 2022”, 2533–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21219-2_284.

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Li, Zhen, Naian Liu, Shaojie Zhang, Xiaodong Xie, and Wei Gao. "Experimental Study on Radiation Blockage of Small-Scale Vertical PMMA Fires." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 661–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_67.

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Pan, L. W., S. M. Lo, B. H. Cong, R. K. K. Yuen, Tao Wei, T. S. H. Liang, and G. X. Liao. "Section B Fire and Explosion - Preliminary Reduced Scale Experimental Study on Pool Fires in Tunnels." In Progress in Scale Modeling, Volume II, 151–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10308-2_12.

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Clarke, T., S. Fragomeni, and M. Guerrieri. "Experimental study on macro synthetic fibre reinforced concretes subjected to tunnel fires." In Expanding Underground - Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World, 3024–31. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348030-365.

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Conference papers on the topic "Experimental fires"

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Satoh, Kohyu, and Kwang-Tzu Yang. "Experimental Observations of Swirling Fires." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0201.

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Abstract In the present study experimental observations of swirling fires were undertaken based on self-generated swirling flows to study some aspects of the whirling fires typically found in large urban and forest fires. The swirl was caused by channeling the entrainment flows caused by the fire itself located in a square enclosure with symmetrical open corner gaps. The stability characteristics in maintaining the integrity of the flame by the swirling flow were examined by modifying the channeled entrainment flows. Also studied were qualitative effects of different fuels, sizes of the fuel pan relative to that of the enclosure, and the wall gap sizes which permitted the generation of the swirling flows.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Liu Naian, Liu Qiong, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Merging Fires in Square Arrays." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43220.

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In large-scale forest fires and city fires, merging fires and fire whirls have often been observed, which cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to know particularly where and under what conditions of weather such merging fires and fire whirls appear in cities or forests. However, there have been no adequate answers, since the detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet, although previous studies have examined the phenomena of merging flames. Therefore, we have carried out preliminary studies and found that the merged tall fires can enhance the fire spread, and developed a method to analyze burn-out data of fire arrays. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the merging conditions of fires in square arrays in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations, varying the size of square array, inter-fire distance and heat release rate, to judge ‘unmerged’ or ‘merged’ conditions in the fire array. It has been found that the fire merging is dependent on the inter-fire distance in the array and also on the total heat release rate of all fires surrounding the center region of the array. Also found that the experimental and simulated results on the merged and unmerged cases in the fire array, as affected by the total heat release rate and the inter-fire distance, which control the convective gas flow into the array, behave very similarly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fire merging in array fires are highly based on the convection in the flow field due to fires and can be predicted by simple CFD simulations.
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Chetehouna, K., L. Courty, L. Lemée, J. P. Garo, and P. Gillard. "Experimental determination of volatile organic compounds emitted byThymus vulgaris." In FOREST FIRES 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva120161.

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Miranda, A. I., V. Martins, P. Cascão, J. H. Amorim, J. Valente, R. Tavares, O. Tchepel, et al. "Monitoring fire-fighters’ smoke exposure and related health effects during Gestosa experimental fires." In FOREST FIRES 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva100081.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Fire Whirl Generated in 15 × 15 Square Array Fires Placed in Cross Wind." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66865.

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Fire whirls in large city fires and forest fires, which are highly dangerous and destructive, can cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to examine under what conditions of weather and geography such merging fires and fire whirls are generated. However, detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet. Therefore, we have conducted preliminary studies about merging fires and swirling fires and found that they can enhance the fire spread. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the swirling conditions of fires in square arrays, applying wind at one corner, in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations. Varying the inter-fire distance, heat release rate and mass flow rate by a wind fan, ‘swirling’ or ‘non-swirling’ in the array were judged. It has been found that the fire whirl generation is highly affected by the inter-fire distance in the array, the total heat release rate and also the mass flow rate by a fan. We obtained the conditions of swirling fire generation in 15 × 15 square array for (1) the ratio between the upward mass flow rate vs. applied mass flow rate in the upward swirling plume and (2) a non-dimensional relationship between the heat flow rate in the swirling plume and the applied mass flow rate.
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Tao, Zhenxiang, Rui Yang, Cong Li, Yina Yao, and Wei Wang. "Experimental Study of Mass Burning Rate of Liquid Pool Fires Under Dynamic Pressure in an Altitude Chamber." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70299.

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To study the influence of dynamic pressure on the liquid combustion characteristics, two kind sizes of pool fires were studied under varied pressure rates, namely 100Pa/s, 200Pa/s, 300Pa/s from 90kPa to 38kPa in an altitude chamber which size is 2m*3m*4.65m. Combustion characteristics of n-heptane pool fires, such as mass burning rate, flame temperature, chamber pressure were measured in this research. Experiment results show that the mass burning rate of 20cm pool fires, decreases when the ambient pressure reduces, and the variation trend become more sharply when the dynamic pressure rate is increased, while 30cm pool fires at the beginning of the combustion stage almost remain constant, this is because fire heat feedback have a great influence on it. The results also show that compared to the radiation model, pressure model could be linear fitting better in a double logarithm coordinate, and oil pool fires under 300Pa/s of 20cm, 100Pa/s of 30cm the value of α obtained by the fitted curves were more closer to fixed pressure ones.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Ji Ping Zhu, and K. T. Yang. "Experiments and Analysis of Interaction Among Multiple Fires in Equidistant Fire Arrays." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72494.

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The study of dynamics of multiple fires is important to gain a physical insight of the conditions under which destructive phenomena could result in city fires such those caused by earthquakes. Particularly, heavy populated cities such as Tokyo are highly vulnerable. Unfortunately, previous studies on multiple fires and their dynamics are rather limited. An extensive experimental study has been carried out to examine the fire interactions among freestanding equidistant multiple fires in square arrays, to supplement the authors’ previous related studies. Four square arrays, namely, 5×5, 9×9, 15×15 and 17×17, with various inter-fuel pan distances were treated. The burnout time (BOT) from ignition at every fire in the array was experimentally recorded and expressed as multiples of the BOT of a single free-standing fire as a reference. Since the BOT at any fire location in an array is inversely proportional to an average burning rate (BR) at that location, the local BR can then be directly inferred, and their comparisons thus indications of the physical interactions as affected by the fire location, inter-fuel pan distance and size of the fire array. It is shown that all these parameters play remarkable roles in the interactions among multiple fires in square fire arrays.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.

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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Xiaodong Xie, and Wei Gao. "Numerical Study of Characteristics of Burning Phenomena in Equidistant Square Arrayed n-Heptane Fires." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37278.

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Merging of large-scale city fires and forest fires causes rapid acceleration of fire growth. Once a merging fire occurs, it becomes more difficult to suppress, with greater potential damages. In particular, merging fires may induce fire whirls in windy conditions. However, the details of interactions in multiple fires that cause fire merging have not been fully clarified. For the interactions in multiple fires, the inter-fire distance among fires greatly affects the merging phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to examine the detailed merging conditions, particularly the burning rate increase and total heat release rate, by numerical simulation of reduced scale fires. The burning behavior of n-heptane in n × n fire arrays is examined, using the fire simulation software, FDS by NIST. In addition, another simple model is employed. The number of array matrix, n, is varied, together with the inter-fire distance. The simulation results show that there are considerable differences between both simulations and experiments. However, the differences between the simpler simulation Method II and experiments are fewer than the simulation Method I. The following possibilities are considered: (1) The oil pan size affects the difference, but the results between simulations and experiments are so large. (2) The grid size for simulations may have some effects on the simulation results due to the resolution, (3) the experimental results may not always be precise, since the burning rates in the experiments are measured by the burn-out time and (4) the wind caused by merging fires may reduce the radiative heat flux to the adjacent fuel. The relationship between flame length and burning rate and the relationship between flame length and radiative heat flux are well-correlated.
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Kim, Hyeong-Jin, and David G. Lilley. "Temperature and Smoke Prediction in Structural Fires." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21677.

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Abstract Temperature and smoke level predictions in several rooms of a structural fire are possible with a variety of available computer codes. The accuracy and applicability of the results is greatly enhanced though the comparison of the calculations with experimental data. Experimental work assists in understanding fire behavior in structural fires. Temperature measurements at different locations during a house fire provide necessary data for the development of mathematical models, which attempt to simulate the fire on a computer. In this paper, a small 46 square meter single-level house was the subject of a complete experimental burn, with temperature measurements and fire observations during the entire burn. The CFAST computer code (Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport) can be used to calculate temperatures and smoke levels in the various rooms of the house during the burn. Five fire scenarios are considered in the simulation, with progressively increasing realism regarding the actual fire specification. It is seen that calculations with the most realistic fire simulation (permitting burning in all rooms during the course of the fire) are in very good agreement with the experimental data, with regard to rate of fire spread throughout the structure, and the accuracy of the calculations of flashover, temperatures and smoke levels in each of the rooms.
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Reports on the topic "Experimental fires"

1

Tu, King-Mon. An experimental study of top vented compartment fires. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4499.

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Raj, Phani K. DTRS56-04-T-0005 Fires in an LNG Facility - Assessments, Models and Risk Evaluation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011800.

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The models used at present to evaluate the potential hazard areas around large LNG fires were developed with field test data from smaller diameter (1.8 m to 15 m) fires. These models are, however, applied to predict hazard distances from fires much larger in size compared to the experimental fires. Recent publication of the results from a series of tests conducted in 1987 with 35 m diameter LNG fires indicates that large LNG fires tend to generate significant amount of black soot. The black soot is postulated to be generated from incomplete and inefficient combustion of fuel vapors due to reduced oxygen diffusion into the combustion zone near the core of the fire. This phenomenon (of black soot production) in large LNG fires reduces the radiant heat hazard expectations in areas surrounding such fires. In this project, a review was undertaken of the different types and sizes of fires that could occur in a LNG facility and from ship releases, either due to accidental releases or from deliberate acts. The models associated with each of the fire scenarios have been reviewed. A new generation LNG pool fire model ("PoFMISE") has been developed based on data from a number of tests with both LNG and other hydrocarbon fluids. This model is applicable to small as well as large LNG fires and includes the formation of smoke and the consequent diminution of radiant heat output from the fire. The results of the model agree with experimental results for mean emissive power for fires of less than 35 m. Results for larger fires indicate substantial reduction in mean emissive power with almost 50% reduction for a 300 m diameter fire compared to the values used in current models. This implies that the currently predicted hazard distances for large fires are high (by factors of 2 to 3, after accounting for atmospheric absorption). The report also provides guidance with an illustrative procedure to calculate the risk from different types and sizes of fires that may occur in a LNG facility.
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Regan, Jack, Julie Bryant, and Craig Weinschenk. Analysis of the Coordination of Suppression and Ventilation in Single-Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/slzh7498.

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Prior full-scale research with the fire service was primarily designed to isolate specific tactics, most often either ventilation or suppression, which allowed researchers to develop science-based recommendations related to the specific components of fireground operations studied in relatively controlled conditions. The current project went beyond earlier research by conducting twenty experiments in eight acquired, single-family residential structures and that combined fireground tactics to quantify the impact of coordination between ventilation and suppression actions. This experimental series included second-story bedroom fires (14 experiments) and first-floor kitchen fires (6 experiments). The main control variables studied included the position of initial application of water, the ventilation method, and the timing of ventilation relative to water application. The ventilation tactics examined in these experiments included horizontal, vertical, positive pressure, and hydraulic ventilation, while the suppression tactics included both interior water application and initial exterior water application followed by interior water application. While some elements of the experiments (e.g. structure floor plan and weather) resulted in increased variability, the lessons learned highlighted the importance of having a systematic approach to the implementation of tactics. Most importantly, there was no meaningful increase in temperature outside of fire rooms when ventilation tactics were executed in coordination with (shortly after or shortly before) the onset of suppression. The effectiveness of suppression actions in extinguishing the fire were dependent on the ability of those actions to 1) cool surfaces in the fire room and 2) wet unburned fuel. Exterior suppression actions on second-floor bedroom fires resulted in a decrease in temperatures throughout the second floor, followed by regrowth prior to final suppression through interior streams. When exterior suppression was performed on first-floor kitchen fires, where more complete fuel wetting was possible, regrowth was not observed prior to interior suppression. When surface cooling or fuel wetting are not possible due to the elevation of the fire room, missing ceiling, or obstacles, firefighters should consider alternative means of water distribution to improve the effectiveness of suppression actions from outside the fire room. Suppression actions, whether interior or exterior, generally resulted in a decrease in temperatures and gas concentrations at locations where occupants may potentially be located. Conditions improved most quickly at locations closest in proximity to the inlet of the flow path established between the front door and the fire room. For this reason, opening an exterior door to gain access should be thought of as an important ventilation action, both in terms of its potential to cause fire growth and its potential to improve conditions for potentially trapped occupants. After effective suppression, structure ventilation operations should similarly be cognizant of gas flows, with the aim of establishing flow throughout all areas where occupants may be located.
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Zevotek, Robin, and Steve Kerber. Fire Service Summary Report: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Positive Pressure Ventilation During Fire Attack in Single Family Homes Incorporating Modern Construction Practices. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ncck4947.

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There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans were introduced as a technology to increase firefighter safety by controlling the ventilation. However, adequate scientific data is not available for PPV to be used without increasing the risk to firefighters. This fire research report details the experimental data from cold flow experiments, fuel load characterization experiments and full scale fire experiments. During the project it was identified that the positive pressure attack (PPA) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this report they have been defined as PPA for when the fan is utilized prior to fire control and PPV for when the fan is used post fire control. The information from the full scale tests was reviewed with assistance from our technical panel of fire service experts to develop tactical considerations for the use of PPV fans in residential single family structures.
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Zevotek, Robin, and Steve Kerber. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Positive Pressure Ventilation During Fire Attack in Single Family Homes Incorporating Modern Construction Practices. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gsph6169.

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There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans were introduced as a technology to increase firefighter safety by controlling the ventilation. However, adequate scientific data is not available for PPV to be used without increasing the risk to firefighters. This fire research report details the experimental data from cold flow experiments, fuel load characterization experiments and full scale fire experiments. During the project it was identified that the positive pressure attack (PPA) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this report they have been defined as PPA for when the fan is utilized prior to fire control and PPV for when the fan is used post fire control. The information from the full scale tests was reviewed with assistance from our technical panel of fire service experts to develop tactical considerations for the use of PPV fans in residential single family structures.
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Rowan, E. L., W. M. Ford, S. B. Castleberry, J. L. Rodrigue, T. M. Schuler, and T. M. Schuler. Response of eastern chipmunks to single application spring prescribed fires on the Fernow Experimental Forest. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-727.

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Kerber, Steve. Fire Service Summary: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/roua2913.

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There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior (Kerber S. , 2012). If used properly, ventilation improves visibility and reduces the chance of flashover or back draft. If a fire is not properly ventilated, it could result in an anticipated flashover, greatly reducing firefighter safety (Kerber S. , 2012). This fire research project developed empirical data from full-scale house fire experiments to examine vertical ventilation, suppression techniques and the resulting fire behavior. The purpose of this study was to improve firefighter knowledge of the effects of vertical ventilation and the impact of different suppression techniques. The experimental results may be used to develop tactical considerations outlining firefighting ventilation and suppression practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. This fire research project will further work from previous DHS AFG sponsored research (EMW-2008-FP-01774), which studied the impact of horizontal ventilation through doors and windows (Kerber S. , 2010).
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Ndubizu, Chuka C., Ramagopal Ananth, Patricia A. Tatem, Kuldeep Prasad, and Chiping Li. An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effects of Design Parameters on Water Mist Suppression of Liquid Pool Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362806.

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Stakes, Keith, Keith Stakes, Julie Bryant, Nick Dow, Jack Regan, and Craig Weinschenk. Analysis of the Coordination of Suppression and Ventilation in Multi-Family Dwellings. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ympj4047.

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The majority of the existing full-scale fire service research studied the impact of tactics on the residential fireground, specifically in single-family structures. This study builds upon prior research by conducting thirteen experiments in three-story, multi-family dwellings to quantify the impact of coordination between ventilation and suppression actions. Experiments were conducted in four, garden-style apartment buildings; each of which had two lower-level units, four first-floor units, and four second-floor units. The apartments shared a common stairwell that was enclosed for all of the experiments in this study. To examine the effectiveness of tactics in the fire apartment, common stairwell and applicable exposure apartments, four experiments were conducted in lower-level apartments, seven were conducted in first-floor apartments, and two were conducted in second-floor apartments including both bedroom and kitchen/living room fires. The fire size varied based on the amount of initial ventilation provided. The main control variables included the location of initial water application, the ventilation method, and the timing of ventilation relative to water application. The suppression tactics included interior water application, exterior water application followed by interior water application, and a combined interior and exterior water application. The ventilation tactics examined in these experiments included horizontal, vertical, positive pressure, and hydraulic ventilation. Similar to previous experiments in acquired single-family structures, there was no meaningful increase in temperature outside of fire rooms when ventilation tactics were executed in close coordination with (shortly after or shortly before) the onset of suppression. In contrast, for experiments where ventilation occurred with delayed suppression, temperature exposures increased throughout the fire apartment, and in experiments where the apartment door was left open, temperatures and carbon monoxide exposures increased throughout the common stairwell. Suppression actions, whether interior or exterior, resulted in a decrease in temperatures and gas concentrations at locations where occupants may potentially be located. The enclosed common stairwell, a unique feature of this experimental series, acted as capture of combustion products. Opening the apartment door to gain access should be thought of as an important ventilation action, both in terms of its potential to cause fire growth and its potential for smoke movement into the stairwell, limiting the egress for potentially trapped occupants in exposure units. Tactics such as door control, positive pressure ventilation, and hydraulic ventilation which were used both simultaneous with and sequentially post-suppression were shown to limit gas flows into the stairwell. After effective suppression, structure ventilation operations should similarly be cognizant of gas flows, with the aim of establishing flow throughout all areas where occupants may be located.
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McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.

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The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.
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