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Journal articles on the topic 'EXPENSIVE SOIL'
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1
Liu, Jin Hui, Wan Tao Ding, and Yu Ping Liu. "Study on Strength Properties of Reinforced Expensive Soils with Failured Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.51.
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Based on the tri-axial tests, the stress-strain relationship and strength properties of reinforced expensive soils are studied to get the relation between the strength index of reinforced soil and that of the corresponding plain soil. According to stress-strain relationship of reinforcement soils under different layers and principle of equivalent confining pressure, strength properties of reinforced expensive soils with failure material were analyzed. Mohr circles of different reinforcement layers were tangent to the same line while reinforcement materials fractured. With the increment of axial pressure, different layers were fractured slowly and Mohr circles extended outward. It showed that the strength of reinforcement soils increased with increasing the layers. And the tri-axial tests showed that strength envelopes of reinforcement soils with layers of flexible materials were approximately parallel. The increment of strength was only affected by increment of cohesion.
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Yong, Raymond N., and Abdel Mohsen O. Mohamed. "A study of particle interaction energies in wetting of unsaturated expensive; clays." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 1060–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-123.
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The results of infiltration (wetting) experiments conducted on expansive soils demonstrate several requirements and constraints to the techniques used for the study of wetting performance of such soils. In part, these constraints are a necessary outcome of limitations imposed by the difficulties (impossibility?) of measurement of swelling pressure at the wetting front. To provide a better insight into the development of swelling and reaction pressure in the soil during the wetting process, the energies of interaction between particles and water are examined, especially in regard to those forces developed in the Stern layer. The Grahame modification of the Stern layer has been used in this study to provide the basis for calculations of interaction energies in the inner and outer Helmholtz planes. Comparison with high-pressure consolidation of a sodium montmorillonite at very close particle separation distances suggests that the addition of the energies of interaction developed in the Stern layer to the Gouy–Chapman model would permit the double-layer model to be extended to close particle spacings. Whether this is sufficient to account for the stage I wetting process is a question that remains to be further studied. For the present, the test results suggest that the expression for the total soil–water potential ψ should account for those forces of interaction, thereby providing a better account of the physical processes involved in wetting of the expansive clay and a more realistic diffusion coefficient for the total wetting process. Key words : soil-water potential, osmotic potential, swelling pressure, volume change, wetting front, Stern layer, inner Helmholtz plane, outer Helmholtz plane, Coulombic forces, dipole–dipole interaction, ion–dipole interaction.
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Tan, Bo, Rui Zhang, and Yan Ting Lai. "Analysis on Stability of the Expensive Soil Cutting Slope Based on ANSYS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.299.
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Landslide of expansive soil slope is a serious disease and difficult to correct in highway construction. And the mechanism of landslide of expensive soil cutting slope is complex, so the traditional slope analysis method is unable to analyze it to obtain the reasonable explanation. But the numeric analytic method can obtain the stress, strain and plastic zone of side slope analysis the distortion process of earth slope and the latent sliding plane reasonably, adopt the safety factors to evaluate the slope stability, The paper based on ANSYS and adopts the nonlinear and elastoplasticity model of soil, and use the theory of the shear strength reduction method with FEM to analysis the rule of NanYou road expansive soil landslide. Keywords:Expensive soil landslide of cutting slope swelling force FEM
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Maheswari, Anusuri Uma. "Improving Soil Properties by Using Coir." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 10, 2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37280.
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Construction on these soils is found to be expensive because of their low bearing strength. Soil having poor bearing need stabilization to make it suitable for construction purpose. In this study coir (extracted from coconut) is used as natural fiber for stabilization of soil. Stabilization using natural fiber is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach to improve properties of soil. The study is carried out to evaluate the effects of coir fiber on properties of soil. Coconut coir in the soil were varied from 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% and various soil properties were studied.
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Fredlund, D. G., Anqing Xing, M. D. Fredlund, and S. L. Barbour. "The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil-water characteristic curve." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 3 (July 2, 1996): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-065.
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The measurement of soil parameters, such as the permeability and shear strength functions, used to describe unsaturate soil behaviour can be expensive, difficult, and often impractical to obtain. This paper proposes a model for predicting the shear strength (versus matric suction) function of unsaturated soils. The prediction model uses the soil-water characteristic curve and the shear strength parameters of the saturated soil (i.e., effective cohesion and effective angle of internal friction). Once a reasonable estimate of the soil-water characteristic curve is obtained, satisfactory predictions of the shear strength function can be made for the unsaturated soil. Closed-form solutions for the shear strength function of unsaturated soils are obtained for cases where a simple soil-water characteristic equation is used in the prediction model. Key words: soil suction, soil-water characteristic curve, shear strength function, unsaturated soil.
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Sochacki, Stanley, Peter Ritson, and Bruce Brand. "A specialised soil corer for sampling tree roots." Soil Research 45, no. 2 (2007): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06014.
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Sampling and measurement of tree root systems is arduous, expensive, and time-consuming. The lack of adequate and efficient equipment has resulted in the development of a new soil-root sampling apparatus which is able to sample tree roots of any diameter and soils of any hardness. This apparatus is inexpensive, compact, manoeuvrable, and very versatile in application.
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Matua, Vakhtang, and Sergey Karpenko. "Influence of the Stabilizing Additive "ANT" and Soil Stabilizers «LSCS» and «PSCS» for the Strength Characteristics of Highly Dispersed Soils." Materials Science Forum 1043 (August 18, 2021): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1043.121.
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The article deals with the use of local highly dispersed unsuitable soils for the construction of foundations and pavements instead of imported expensive conditioned stone materials. A variant of solving this problem is proposed by strengthening weak (subsiding) soils with modern stabilizing additives and soil stabilizers.
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Ali, Hafiz Rana Muazzam, Ibrahim Khan, and Shahan Mehmood Cheema. "MATERIAL MANAGEMENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE PROJECT: TREATMENT OF EXPENSIVE SOIL BY UTILIZATION OF LIME IN PAKISTAN." JUNE 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/04-02-2023-25-522-532.
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The study is conducted to evaluate the material management with respect to cost effectiveness regarding soil utilization of lime project, and the potential applicability of the materials as Pozzallans in Pakistan. Lime (L) was applied to soil at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% based on the soil's dry weight. The study focused on analyzing physical properties & behaviors of untreated and treated soil, specifically emphasizing volume change. After conducting experimental program, we have obtained results for specific gravity, moisture to dry the density ratio, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and swelling potential. The study's results offer important information wherein the most significant result is that behaviors of swelling & decreasing were significantly improved. Ultimately, it was concluded that using 10% lime solution yielded most significant outcomes. To achieve effectiveness, combining it with porous soils & compact it under light loads is necessary to take under consideration. Finally, it is concluded that the cost may reduce and quality of the project may be enhanced of the project by implementing the project management in pure essence.
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A, Venkatesh, and Sreenivasa Reddy G. "Effect of Terrazyme on CBR and shear strength of expensive soil." MOJ Civil Engineering 4, no. 4 (2018): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2018.04.00125.
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Dubey, Neelesh, and Sarvesh Kumar Jain. "Improvement in Soil Sub Grade Using Rice Husk Ash and Silica Fume by Soil Stabilization." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1200–1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47784.
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Abstract: Black cotton soil shows high swelling and shrinkage and less CBR value and strength due to presence of Montmorillonite mineral. Black cotton soil cannot be use for structural purpose in construction industry due to its expensive nature, therefore to control expensive behavior of the soil rise husk ash and silica fume is used in this experimental study. Rise husk ash used 0-15% by weight for observe experiment results and silica fume 0-12% by weight for observation of experiment results. Plasticity index, Free swell index of soil is decreasing with respect to RHA and SF addition and CBR value and shear strength of soil is increasing with respect to addition of RHA and SF . Optimum percentage of rise husk ash (RHA) and Silica fume (SF) observed as 12% and 9% respectively.
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Schnellmann, Reto, Harianto Rahardjo, and Hans R. Schneider. "Controlling parameter for unsaturated soil property functions: validated on the unsaturated shear strength." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 3 (March 2015): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0278.
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Prediction equations for unsaturated soil property functions have become more attractive because laboratory tests of unsaturated soils are time consuming and expensive. To ensure that predicted soil property functions represent soil behaviour reasonably well, appropriate selection of the parameter that controls the performance of these prediction equations becomes imperative. Deduced from the typical desaturation characteristics of a soil, the effective degree of saturation has emerged to be the controlling parameter for unsaturated soil property functions. In this paper, soil suction is considered to become ineffective in affecting unsaturated soil property functions at and beyond the residual state. Comparisons between experimental shear strength data and predicted values obtained using the concept proposed in this study show a good agreement.
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Bowers, Jeremy T., Mark C. Webb, and Jesse L. Beaver. "Soil Parameters for Design with the 3D PLAXIS Hardening Soil Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (June 2, 2019): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851723.
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The design and analysis of buried structures presents difficulties that cannot often be solved by closed-form solutions. Finite element methods (FEM) have increasingly become the tool of choice for advanced soil-structure interaction analysis, with three-dimensional FEM being required for irregular non-plane-strain cases. To accurately capture the stress and deformation of soils, complex material constitutive models are required. Several input parameters to these models must be determined from expensive soil testing, which is impractical for most applications. For two-dimensional FEM, good approximations of these parameters for a wide range of placed backfill soils have been developed and used in practice for many years in the computer program CANDE. It is the purpose of this paper to take these parameters, developed by Selig for use in CANDE, and convert them to equivalent parameters for the three-dimensional PLAXIS computer program’s Hardening Soil model.
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Percival, Glynn C., Sean Graham, and Emma Franklin. "The Influence of Soil Decompaction and Amendments on Soil Quality." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49, no. 4 (July 2023): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.012.
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Abstract Urban soil is often compacted during anthropogenic activities, which presents a challenging substrate for tree growth. Two techniques for decompacting soils (air spading and vertical mulching) were evaluated alone and in combination with the soil amendment biochar and/or a woodchip mulch. Effects on soil quality (bulk density, organic matter, vegetation ground cover, cotton strip degradation, root dry mass, and earthworm counts) were monitored over 5 years. A combined treatment of air spading, biochar, and a woodchip mulch layer proved optimal in improving the soil quality of a heavily compacted soil over the 5-year period. This treatment was, however, the most expensive and time-consuming. A woodchip mulch was the most effective of the individual treatments and the most cost-effective. Air spading alone proved reasonably effective in improving soil quality over the 5-year study period. Effects of air spading could be improved by addition of a woodchip mulch. Vertical mulching alone or in combination with biochar had little influence on soil quality over 5 years. Results demonstrated that effective long-term soil decompaction measures exist for arborists to improve compacted soils.
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Flynn, Kade D., Briana M. Wyatt, and Kevin J. McInnes. "Novel Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensor Accurately Captures Field-Scale Soil Moisture Trends under Heterogeneous Soil Textures." Water 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213038.
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Soil moisture is a critical variable influencing plant water uptake, rainfall-runoff partitioning, and near-surface atmospheric conditions. Soil moisture measurements are typically made using either in-situ sensors or by collecting samples, both methods which have a small spatial footprint or, in recent years, by remote sensing satellites with large spatial footprints. The cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS) is a proximal technology which provides estimates of field-averaged soil moisture within a radius of up to 240 m from the sensor, offering a much larger sensing footprint than point measurements and providing field-scale information that satellite soil moisture observations cannot capture. Here we compare volumetric soil moisture estimates derived from a novel, less expensive lithium (Li) foil-based CRNS to those from a more expensive commercially available 3He-based CRNS, to measurements from in-situ sensors, and to four intensive surveys of soil moisture in a field with highly variable soil texture. Our results indicate that the accuracy of the Li foil CRNS is comparable to that of the commercially available sensors (MAD = 0.020 m3 m−3), as are the detection radius and depth. Additionally, both sensors capture the influence of soil textural variability on field-average soil moisture. Because novel Li foil-based CRNSs are comparable in accuracy to and much less expensive than current commercially available CRNSs, there is strong potential for future adoption by land and water managers and increased adoption by researchers interested in obtaining field-scale estimates of soil moisture to improve water conservation and sustainability.
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Inas, Berdi, Messast Salah, Benzaid Riad, and Idoui Imane. "Treatment of clay soil with paper ash." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2021-0024.
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Abstract The mineralogy of fine soils such as clays has always posed problems and remains an uncontrollable phenomenon in the presence of water and causes destructible damage throughout the world. In order to minimize the cost of implementation, it is necessary to find practical and less expensive solutions to ensure the stabilization of these soils by the valorisation of local waste available in nature. This article concerns an experimental study on the treatment of reconstituted soil by the addition of paper ash of different proportions on a set of standardized tests, the preliminary results show that the paper ash to the clay soil improves its swelling potential, its plasticity, its compaction characteristics, and its shear strength parameters.
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Singh, Jaspreet. "Enhancement of Expensive Soil by Addition of Stone Dust and LDPE Fibre." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.32851.
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Zaim, Souad, and Ahmed Amine Bekkar. "Advances in research on the use of Brevundimonas spp. to improve crop and soil fertility and for soil bioremediation." Algerian Journal of Biosciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.57056/ajb.v4i1.109.
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Biofertilizers or biological fertilizers maintain soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing P and K, producing plant growth substances and antibiotics as well as biodegradation of organic matter in the soil that enriches the root rhizosphere. Microbial biofertilizers are eco-friendly and less expensive alternatives to chemical fertilizers. The key components of healthy soil are populations of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) which play multiple beneficial and ecological roles in the rhizosphere soil. PGPR colonizes rhizosphere or plant roots, resulting in phytostimulation, biofertilization and biocontrol either directly and/or indirectly. Another important role of PGPR is its ability to decontaminate soils through a process called soil bioremediation. Recently, the known rhizobacteria environmentally friendly biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture are those belonging to Brevundimonas spp., which play a significant role in improving crop production and soil health
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Siddique, Tariq, P. Michael Rutherford, Joselito M. Arocena, and Ronald W. Thring. "A proposed method for rapid and economical extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-075.
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Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) are common soil contaminants. A number of methods have been used to extract PHCs from soil prior to quantification by gas chromatography (GC). These methods often require long extraction times and expensive, specialized equipment. A shaking method was assessed for simple, rapid removal of PHCs from contaminated soils. Shaking spiked and aged contaminated soils for 4 h with acetone:hexane (1:1) at a soil:solvent ratio of 1:30 (g:mL) recovered 74 to 108% of PHC, compared with a Soxhlet extraction, yielding a good correlation (4 h = −93.7 + 0.99 Soxhlet r = 0.99, P < 0.001). Preliminary results show that this 4-h procedure has potential for the quick, inexpensive extraction of PHCs from contaminated soils. Key words: Petroleum hydrocarbons, soil analysis, extraction method, gas chromatography, Soxhlet extraction
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Faber, Ben, James Downer, and Lori Yates. "Portable Soil Moisture Meters." HortTechnology 3, no. 2 (April 1993): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.2.195.
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Soil moisture status can be measured using neutron probes, time domain reflectometry, tensiometers, gravimetric methods, and electrical resistance blocks. Most methods have limitations; they may be time-consuming (gravimetric), expensive (neutron probe, time domain), or fixed in place (tensiometer, gypsum block, and neutron probe) (Schmugge, 1980; Weems, 1991). Water management in droughty, urban areas of the country would benefit from identification of a portable, fast, and relatively inexpensive soil moisture measuring device suitable for use in urban lawns and gardens. In this study, we have identified an instrument that may be suitable for this purpose.
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Rasmussen, C., R. E. Gallery, and J. S. Fehmi. "Passive soil heating using an inexpensive infrared mirror design – a proof of concept." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2015): 427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-427-2015.
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Abstract. There is need to understand the response of soil systems to predicted climate warming for modeling soil process response to climate warming. Current methods for soil warming include expensive and difficult to implement active and passive techniques. Here we test a simple, inexpensive in situ passive soil heating approach, based on easy to construct infrared mirrors that do not require automation or enclosures. The infrared mirrors consisted of 61 × 61 cm glass panels coated with infrared reflecting film. The mirrors as constructed are effective for soil heating in environments typified by open canopy and low canopy vegetation. Mirror tests were performed on several soils in a warm semiarid environment. Results indicated that the infrared mirrors yielded significant heating and drying of soil surface and shallow subsurface relative to un-warmed control treatments, and that warming and drying effects was soil specific with greater potential warming on soils with lower volumetric heat capacity. Atmospheric and soil moisture attenuated mirror induced soil warming. The results demonstrate proof-of-concept that the infrared mirrors may be used to passively heat the near soil surface, providing an inexpensive, low-maintenance alternative to other passive and active soil heating technologies.
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Baldotto, Marihus Altoé, Maria Cristina Canela, Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas, Leonardo Barros Dobbs, and Ary Carlos Xavier Velloso. "Redox index of soil carbon stability." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 5 (October 2010): 1543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000500007.
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As an alternative to the relatively complex and expensive spectroscopic methods, the redox properties of humic acids, determined by potentiometric titrations, have been used to evaluate the stability of soil organic C. The objective of the present study was to establish a Redox Index of C Stability (RICS) and to correlate it with some properties of the humic acids extracted from different modal soils in Brazil (distinct weathering stages or management) to facilitate system comparison. The RICS was efficient for soil comparison and variations were comparable to those of the chemical and spectroscopic methods used for humic acid characterization. The values of soil pH, point of zero salt effect, sum of bases, exchangeable Ca content, weathering index, as well as the humic acid O/C ratio, quinone and semiquinone free radical contents, aromatic C and fluorescence intensity were closely related with the RICS. The RICS was higher in less weathered soils, with more active clays and higher fertility. The RICS values of soils under long-term sugarcane management were ranked in decreasing order: unburned, burned with vinasse, burned without vinasse.
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Homhuan, Sakda, Wanwisa Pansak, Siam Lawawirojwong, and Chada Narongrit. "Laboratory Spectroscopy Assessments of Rainfed Paddy Soil Samples on Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Reflectance for Estimating Soil Organic Carbon." Air, Soil and Water Research 9 (January 2016): ASWR.S40173. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s40173.
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Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy is a rapid, less expensive, and nondestructive alternative to conventional methods of soil analysis. This study aimed to investigate appropriate soil sample preparations and particle sizes for estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) through the use of laboratory spectroscopy. Rainfed paddy soils were sampled from 240 sampling sites to record their spectral reflectance and to measure their SOC contents in the laboratory. Partial least squares regression was applied to select the best model to estimate SOC using soil spectra. The results showed that the highest accuracy of SOC estimation was gained from soil samples prepared by 2 mm sieving. A short-wave infrared region was the most appropriate spectral wavelength for SOC estimation of rainfed paddy soil. Although the model showed potential in SOC prediction, the accuracy of partial least squares regression prediction in each spectral region varied between sampling times. Therefore, these models and methods should be further tested in soils sampled from different seasons and other regions to prove consistent validity. However, these results are useful for wavelength selection and soil sample preparation in future laboratory spectroscopy.
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Babangida, Nuraddeen Muhammad, Muhammad Askari, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, and Raza Ul Mustafa Muhammad. "Comparison of Soil Water Retention Functions for Humid Tropical Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.8.
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The determination of soil hydraulic properties is of paramount importance as they are needed in many models of water and solute transport in soils, however conventional methods are quite difficult, expensive and sometimes cumbersome to use. Most studies of soil water retention functions are for temperate soils and their soil water retention curve (SWRC) cannot be extrapolated to tropical region, as such this study focused solemnly on SWRC of soils of tropical region (Malaysia and Indonesia to be specific). The analytical models of Brooks & Corey, van Genuchten and Kosugi were applied to model the SWRC for humid tropical soils, parameters of the three models were optimised by fitting them to 191 soil samples, of 10 different classes (International society of soil science classification) using VBA & MS excel solver add in. A comparison of the fitting capabilities and model quality was made using the sum of square of errors (SSQE) between observed and modelled values and, Akaike information criterion (AIC) respectively. The Kosugi model was found to describe the SWRC of the tropical soil samples better than the other models, as it has the lowest SSQE and AIC values.
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Botoș, Marius Lucian, Ferdinánd-Zsongor Gobesz, and Zsombor Kisfaludi-Bak. "The Development of Laboratory Equipment for Testing The Characteristics of Unsaturated Soils." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.08.03.
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Abstract The laboratory assessment of the hydraulic characteristics of unsaturated soils usually requires expensive equipment and an extended time period. With lack of financial support, yet taking advantage of local knowledge and resources, the development of cheaper alternative equipment is presented in the present paper. The automated setup allows the assessment of the saturation degree of soil samples subjected to different suctions.
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Hilman, Yusdar, Anuar Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Hanafi Musa, and Azizah Hashim. "PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING PHOSPHATE ROCK DISSOLUTION ON ACID SOILS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v8n1.2007.10-16.
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Many of the agricultural soils in Indonesia are acidic and low in both total and available phosphorus which severely limits their potential for crops production. These problems can be corrected by application of chemical fertilizers. However, these fertilizers are expensive, and cheaper alternatives such as phosphate rock (PR) have been considered. Several soil factors may influence the dissolution of PR in soils, including both chemical and physical properties. The study aimed to identify PR dissolution factors and evaluate their relative magnitude. The experiment was conducted in Soil Chemical Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development from January to April 2002. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize acid soils in an incubation system into a number of factors that may affect PR dissolution. Three major factors selected were soil texture, soil acidity, and fertilization. Using the scores of individual factors as independent variables, stepwise regression analysis was performed to derive a PR dissolution function. The factors influencing PR dissolution in order of importance were soil texture, soil acidity, then fertilization. Soil texture factors including clay content and organic C, and soil acidity factor such as P retention capacity interacted positively with P dissolution and promoted PR dissolution effectively. Soil texture factors, such as sand and silt content, soil acidity factors such as pH, and exchangeable Ca decreased PR dissolution.
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Hilman, Yusdar, Anuar Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Hanafi Musa, and Azizah Hashim. "PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING PHOSPHATE ROCK DISSOLUTION ON ACID SOILS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v8n1.2007.p10-16.
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Many of the agricultural soils in Indonesia are acidic and low in both total and available phosphorus which severely limits their potential for crops production. These problems can be corrected by application of chemical fertilizers. However, these fertilizers are expensive, and cheaper alternatives such as phosphate rock (PR) have been considered. Several soil factors may influence the dissolution of PR in soils, including both chemical and physical properties. The study aimed to identify PR dissolution factors and evaluate their relative magnitude. The experiment was conducted in Soil Chemical Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development from January to April 2002. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize acid soils in an incubation system into a number of factors that may affect PR dissolution. Three major factors selected were soil texture, soil acidity, and fertilization. Using the scores of individual factors as independent variables, stepwise regression analysis was performed to derive a PR dissolution function. The factors influencing PR dissolution in order of importance were soil texture, soil acidity, then fertilization. Soil texture factors including clay content and organic C, and soil acidity factor such as P retention capacity interacted positively with P dissolution and promoted PR dissolution effectively. Soil texture factors, such as sand and silt content, soil acidity factors such as pH, and exchangeable Ca decreased PR dissolution.
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Wood, Bruce W. "Correction of Zinc Deficiency in Pecan by Soil Banding." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1554.
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Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common in commercial pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] orchards. Correction by multiple annual foliar spray applications is expensive but effective in eliminating Zn deficiency. Correction by soil application is also expensive and is usually impractical or noneffective. There is a need for more economical and long-lasting methods for satisfying tree Zn nutritional needs. It is reported here that tree foliar Zn needs [(i.e., 50 μg·g−1 dry weight (dw) or greater] are potentially met through one-time “banding” of Zn sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) or Zn oxide (ZnO) onto orchard floors. Zinc needs of 4-year-old ‘Desirable’ trees growing on acidic soil were satisfied over a 4-year period by a single-banded soil application of either Zn sulfate or ZnO over underground drip irrigation lines at a Zn rate of 2112 g Zn per tree (giving foliar Zn concentrations of 60–115 μg·g−1 dw). Rates of Zn at 264 to 1056 g per tree are occasionally efficacious, but rates less than 264 g Zn per tree (0, 33, 66, and 132) were always ineffective for meeting a leaf sufficiency threshold of 50 μg·g−1 dw. Sulfate and oxide Zn forms were equally effective in meeting tree Zn needs. Foliar Zn concentrations increased quadratically with increasing soil-banded Zn treatments; however, foliar Zn concentrations did not necessarily increase over the 4-year period within each Zn rate treatment. Increasing amounts of banded Zn per tree also increased foliar Mn concentration (from ≈150 to 269 μg·g−1 dw) of treated trees the fourth year posttreatment but did not affect foliar concentration of other key micronutrients (i.e., Fe, Co, Cu, or Ni). This fertilization strategy offers an efficacious alternative to annual foliar Zn sprays for orchards established on acidic soils and provides a means of ensuring rapid and long-term Zn absorption through soil application. The approach indicates that soil banding of Zn on certain acidic soils can satisfy the nutritional needs of pecan trees for several years after a single application.
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Teas, Howard J., Maria E. De Diego, Elias Luque L., and Albert H. Lasday. "Upland Soil and Fertilizer in Rhizophora Mangrove Growth on Oiled Soil." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-477.
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ABSTRACT Upland soil placed in small excavated holes in an oiled mangrove forest was found to be markedly superior to adjacent oiled soil as a medium for growing Rhizophora mangrove propagules and seedlings, even though the oil from the 1986 spill had weathered to the extent that it caused no mortality in planted propagules. The low value of oiled soil was not ameliorated by fertilizer. The inferior value of the oiled mangrove soil compared to upland soil appears to derive from the nature of old Rhizophora mangrove peat as a poor substrate for growth of young seedlings, rather than to residual oil toxicity. Planting of propagules in upland soil in the field was substantially less expensive than growing and planting out nursery plants.
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González-Teruel, Juan, Roque Torres-Sánchez, Pedro Blaya-Ros, Ana Toledo-Moreo, Manuel Jiménez-Buendía, and Fulgencio Soto-Valles. "Design and Calibration of a Low-Cost SDI-12 Soil Moisture Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030491.
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Water is the main limiting factor in agricultural production as well as a scarce resource that needs to be optimized. The measurement of soil water with sensors is an efficient way for optimal irrigation management. However, commercial sensors are still too expensive for most farmers. This paper presents the design, development and calibration of a new capacitive low-cost soil moisture sensor that incorporates SDI-12 communication, allowing one to select the calibration equation for different soils. The sensor was calibrated in three different soils and its variability and accuracy were evaluated. Lower but cost-compensated accuracy was observed in comparing it with commercial sensors. Field tests have demonstrated the temperature influence on the sensor and its capability to efficiently detect irrigation and rainfall events.
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Bacic, Bozana, and Ivo Herle. "Soil liquefaction as an identification test." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199208008.
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Time-consuming and complicated investigations of soil liquefaction in cyclic triaxial tests are the most common way of laboratory analysis of this phenomenon. Moreover, the necessary equipment for the performance of cyclic triaxial tests is very expensive. Much simpler method for laboratory testing of the soil liquefaction has been developed at the Institute of Geotechnical Engineering at the TU Dresden. This method takes into account the pore water pressure build-up during cyclic shearing within a short time period. During the test, the soil sample is subjected to horizontal cyclic loading and the generated pore water pressure is measured. In the first series of these experiments, a dependence of the pore water pressure buildup on the initial density of soil could be observed, as expected. When comparing different soils, it is shown that the tendency to liquefaction depends also on the granulometric properties (e.g. grain size distribution) of the soil. The aim of the further development is to establish a simple identification test for laboratory testing of the soil liquefaction.
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Sukach, Mykhailo. "Underwater soil sounding at the site of burial." Gіrnichі, budіvelnі, dorozhnі ta melіorativnі mashini, no. 100 (December 30, 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/gbdmm.2022.100.0501.
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Technical means of engineering-geological research at the site of occurrence are the most complex and expensive equipment, requiring special equipment for their operation in conditions of high hydrostatic pressure and aggressive environment, the corresponding program of the movement of the escort vessel, remote control of research devices, transmission and registration of received data. The complex of methods and means for measuring the physical and mechanical properties of bottom soils in natural occurrence includes stamp tests of soils; measurement of resistance to rotational shear with an impeller; penetration logging; static and dynamic sounding; long-term studies with bottom installations; radiometric methods of testing soils; measurement of physical characteristics of soils; bottom exploration by gliding submersibles. This article discusses devices and methods for point testing of underwater soil in situ by static, dynamic and gravity sounding.
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Peranić, Josip, Željko Arbanas, Sabatino Cuomo, and Matej Maček. "Soil-Water Characteristic Curve of Residual Soil from a Flysch Rock Mass." Geofluids 2018 (July 29, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6297819.
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Depending on the nature of the material and suction range, laboratory measurements of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) can be time-consuming and expensive, especially for residual soils, in which a wide range of particle sizes and soil structures typically results in SWCCs that cover a wide range of suction. Investigations of the SWCCs of residual soil from flysch rock masses are rare, and so far, no results were presented in the literature which were obtained by performing measurements on undisturbed specimens. In this paper, a detailed examination of water retention characteristics is performed for a specific type of residual soil (CL) formed by the weathering of a flysch rock mass. Measurements performed by using different techniques and devices on intact specimens were successfully combined to obtain the SWCC during both drying and wetting processes, under different stress conditions, and from saturated to air-dried conditions. Used procedures are suitable for the determination of SWCCs of soils that undergo volume changes during the drying or the wetting process, since instantaneous volumetric water content can be determined. Results presented in this paper can be used to assess the influence of desaturation of the residual soil covering flysch slopes during dry summer periods by providing key-in material properties required to analyze the transient rainfall infiltration process.
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Pham, Binh Thai, Hai-Bang Ly, Nadhir Al-Ansari, and Lanh Si Ho. "A Comparison of Gaussian Process and M5P for Prediction of Soil Permeability Coefficient." Scientific Programming 2021 (October 31, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3625289.
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The permeability coefficient (k) of soil is one of the most important parameters affecting soil characteristics such as shear strength or settlement. Thus, determining soil permeability coefficient is very crucial; however, a field test for determining this parameter is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. In this study, soft computing methods, namely, M5P and Gaussian process (GP), for estimating the permeability coefficient were constructed and compared. The results of this paper indicate that the two soft computing algorithms functioned well in predicting k. These two methods gave high accuracy of prediction capability. The determination coefficient of M5P (R2 = 0.766) was higher than that (R2 = 0.700) of GP. This implies that the M5P model is more reliable estimation than the GP model in predicting soils’ permeability coefficient (k). This proves that applying these machine learning techniques can provide an alternative for predicting basic soil parameters, including the permeability coefficient of soil.
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Kobaka, Janusz, Jacek Katzer, and Paweł K. Zarzycki. "Pilbara Craton Soil as A Possible Lunar Soil Simulant for Civil Engineering Applications." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233871.
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Recent fast development in lunar exploration exposed a lack of lunar soil simulant (LSS) fit for civil engineering applications. Permanent human presence on the Moon will be associated with significant construction efforts. Adequate technologies and building materials have to be developed and tested prior to setting the actual building site on the Moon. Current LSSs were created for non-civil engineering purposes, thus they are very expensive and available in limited amounts. In the paper, the authors proved that Pilbara Craton soil is a suitable material for the creation of an affordable LSS for civil engineering applications. The main tool of the conducted study was principal component analysis (PCA).
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Chiodi, Claudia, Matteo Moro, Andrea Squartini, Giuseppe Concheri, Francesco Occhi, Flavio Fornasier, Massimo Cagnin, Giovanni Bertoldo, Chiara Broccanello, and Piergiorgio Stevanato. "High-Throughput Isolation of Nucleic Acids from Soil." Soil Systems 4, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010003.
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DNA-based technologies have become widespread tools for soil microbiological analyses in recent years. DNA extraction from the soil is a key step for these approaches: it is a challenge for researchers as it is still both expensive and time-consuming when large surveys are planned. The aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput automated protocol for DNA extraction and purification from soil. The protocol was based on the BioSprint 96 platform and compared for validation with another automated procedure and two commercial column-based kits. To evaluate the performances of the protocols, we considered quality, quantity, and amplifiability of the isolated DNA. The material isolated by means of the four protocols showed appropriate yield and quality and positive amplification. The isolation protocol presented here provided similar results to those of the commercial kits but with two essential differences: cost and time for DNA extraction were drastically reduced. This rapid and efficient protocol is envisaged as ideal to standardize soil studies and treat large numbers of samples, representing a workable alternative to low-throughput and expensive manual extraction methods.
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Antipov, V. V., V. G. Ofrikhter, and N. N. Likhacheva. "Express plotting of model deformation curve based on wave analysis data." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 3 (2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-3-101-107.
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The paper presents the study results of the currently used nondestructive technique of multichannel analysis of surface waves which is adapted for express assessment of physical and mechanical parameters of dispersive soils during preliminary geotechnical investigation of the construction site. The authors propose a methodology for express plotting of model deformation curve of dispersive soil based on the wave analysis data, which will allow a rapid and non-expensive estimation of allowable load intervals and deformations under these loads with preliminary geotechnical assessment of foundation bases. The plotted deformation curve will be useful for obtaining initial data for numerical modeling of interaction of foundation base with the structure designed for the model of hardening soil and the model of hardening soil at small strains.
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LIEROP, W. VAN, and T. SEN TRAN. "COMPARATIVE POTASSIUM LEVELS REMOVED FROM SOILS BY ELECTRO-ULTRAFILTRATION AND SOME CHEMICAL EXTRACTANTS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-004.
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The objective of this study was to compare extractable potassium levels removed from soils by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) and by conventional chemical soil tests. Accordingly, concentrations of potassium removed from soils by three EUF and six chemical extraction procedures were compared, on a group of 50 soils which contained less than 20% clay and on a second group of 52 soils which contained from 20 to 50% clay, by means of regression and correlation techniques. The following three EUF extraction procedures were tested: (i) 50 V at 5-min; (ii) 50 V at 5-min plus 200 V at 25-min; and (iii) 300 V at 15-min. Results indicated that the concentrations of soil K found in the combined anolyte and catholyte of the EUF or removed by the chemical procedures were very closely related (r-values generally greater than 0.90). However, EUF was less efficient in removing K from soils containing higher proportions of clay than NH4OAc, the new Mehlich solution, or the double acid mixture used at 1:30 wt/vol soil-solution ratio. As soil K fractions extracted by different EUF procedures were closely related among themselves as well as between the chemical methods tested, EUF would not provide soil fertility information that could not be obtained by less laborious and expensive chemical procedures. Key words: Soil testing, NH4OAc, double acid, new Mehlich extractant, electro-ultrafiltration
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Salman, Alaa Dawood. "IMPROVEMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPANSIVE SOILS USING CEMENT." Kufa Journal of Engineering 5, no. 2 (September 15, 2014): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/521317.
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Expansive soils are distributed in many regions in world. (including Iraq),particularly in semiarid regions with alternating wet and dry seasons. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geotechnical properties of such soils due to the possible large damage of structures founded and constructed on this soil. The soil used in this research is from Abu-Ghreab site.This paper reports the outcome of an investigation into the effect of cement on geotechnical properties of expansive soil, to ascertain its suitability for use as a modifier or stabilizer in the treatment of the soil. Classification, consistency indices, specific gravity, compaction, direct shear, and swell percentage and swell pressure tests, were conducted on specimens of expansive soil. Results of tests showed that the soil was a CH soil, according to the USCSclassification system.Liquid limit , plastic limit and plasticity index are reduced by adding 8% of cement , at optimum moisture content the maximum dry density value increase with increase the percentage of cement adding to the expensive soil and conducting direct shear test, an obvious increase is noticed in the amounts of cohesion (C) and internal friction angle (Ø) .While swell percentage decreases by adding cement and while the swell pressure decreases to the half of its original values.
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Dang, A., J. Bennett, A. Marchuk, A. Biggs, and S. Raine. "Evaluating dispersive potential to identify the threshold electrolyte concentration in non-dispersive soils." Soil Research 56, no. 6 (2018): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17304.
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Use of non-traditional and marginal quality saline sodic water will increase in water limited environments and methods to assess use suitability are required. The threshold electrolyte concentration (CTH) defines the soil solution concentration, for a given soil solution sodicity, at which an acceptable reduction in the soil hydraulic conductivity (10–25%) is maintained without further soil structural degradation. The traditional method of determining CTH is via leaching columns, which are laborious and often expensive. Dispersive potential (PDIS) is potentially a more rapid method with which to determine the CTH in a practical sense and make management recommendations for water quality use on a given soil. This work evaluated the PDIS method against known CTH data to determine the efficacy of use for non-dispersive soils irrigated with marginal quality saline sodic water. Results suggest that the PDIS approach to CTH did not reliably, or efficiently, determine the CTH in non-dispersive soils equilibrated with an irrigation solution. Using it to determine the aggregation and dispersion boundary for initially non-dispersive soil appeared to have merit, but only where the aggregates equilibrated with the irrigation solution were subject to rapid dilution with deionised water.
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Starks, Patrick J., and Ann-Marie Fortuna. "Comparable Discrimination of Soil Constituents Using Spectral Reflectance Data (400–1000 nm) Acquired with Hyperspectral Radiometry." Soil Systems 5, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030045.
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Currently, a gap exists in inventorying and monitoring the impact of land use and management on soil resources. Reducing the number of samples required to determine the impact of land management on soil carbon (C) and mineral constituents via proximal sensing techniques such as hyper-spectral radiometry can reduce the cost and personnel required to monitor changes in our natural resource base. Previously, we used an expensive, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) field spectrometer to correlate soil constituents to hyperspectral diffuse reflectance (HDR), over the 350–2500 nm (VIS-SWIR) wavelength range. This research is an extension of preceding research but focuses solely on the 400–1000 nm (VIS-NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This region can be measured using less expensive (albeit with lower SNR), miniaturized, field spectrometers that allow minimal sample preparation. Our objectives are to: (1) further evaluate the use of soil HDR in the visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) region acquired using an expensive field hyperspectral spectroradiometer for prediction of soil C and selected fractions and nitrogen (N) constituents, (2) repeat the above measurements using HDR data from samples examined in objective (1) using lower SNR hyperspectral radiometers, and (3) add to the limited literature that addresses determinations of selected soil properties using proximal sensing in the VIS-NIR region. Data analyzed in this study confirms that good to satisfactory prediction equations for soil constituents can be developed from spectral reflectance data within the 400–1000 nm wavelength region obtained using relatively inexpensive field radiometers. This application could reduce the time and resources required to monitor gains or losses in carbon constituents, information that can be used in programing such as Conservation Technical Assistance (CTA), the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and Climate-smart agriculture (CSA).
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Sahito, Wasayo Sanam, and Rabeea W Bazuhair. "Behavior of electrical resistivity against different soil properties." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2302.10.
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Any construction must be designed and built after the subsurface soil has been determined. The subsurface qualities of the soil are rendered by expensive, time-consuming, and risky operations, which on the other hand, raise the project's capital expenditure while also getting the engineering properties of distinct soil materials. Standard sampling techniques for boreholes are used for the assessment of the engineering properties of soil. But it is pretty costly, intrusive, and takes too much time. Therefore, a different method of determining the subsurface soil parameters is required. An alternate strategy for borehole sampling is to use geo-electrical techniques, such as electrical resistivity (ER). This research aims to ascertain the relationship between the electrical resistivity of various soils and their engineering characteristics. Without using the borehole sample method, appropriate correlations will aid in determining the subsurface soil parameters. Good correlations are obtained for the relationship of electrical resistivity against friction angle, cohesion and moisture content with an R2 value of 0.79, 0.41 and 0.66, respectively. The correlation of resistivity with unit weight showed a weak relationship due to typical soil behavior.
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Sambodo, Ahmad Priyo, and Tanwa Arpornthip. "Increasing the Efficiency of Detailed Soil Resource Mapping on Transitional Volcanic Landforms Using a Geomorphometric Approach." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (May 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8867647.
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For developing countries, detailed soil resource data and maps are essential in land-use planning. Unfortunately, obtaining detailed soil data for mapping is expensive. Detailed soil studies and mapping in developing countries often use the grid method. In addition to being time-consuming, the grid method needs a lot of sample points and surveyors. Geomorphometry can be a less expensive alternative for detailed soil mapping. Geomorphometry uses computationally measured terrain characteristics to describe other hard-to-measure terrain and soil properties. In our study, landform arrangements and slopes were analyzed together to create a map of soil pH. Bompon watershed, Indonesia, was used as a case study. Soil mapping units with potentially similar soil pH were created based on a classification system of the two geomorphometric parameters. Soil samples were taken from each of the units. The samples' soil pH was measured and compared to the geomorphometric predicted result. Regression tests were performed to see the significance of geomorphometric parameters on soil pH conditions. Regression tests show that the results of p value of the four soil layers are 0.046, 0.019, 0.037, and 0.047, respectively, on a 5% confidence level. According to the test result, landform arrangements and slopes can indicate soil pH conditions in Bompon. Our estimate suggests that our geomorphometric method is cheaper than the grid method by a factor of seven. The ability to use geomorphometric parameters to describe other soil properties could enable a cheap and fast production of detailed soil maps for developing countries.
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Rasmussen, C., R. E. Gallery, and J. S. Fehmi. "Passive soil heating using an inexpensive infrared mirror design – a proof of concept." SOIL 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-631-2015.
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Abstract. There is a need to understand the soil system response to warming in order to model the soil process response to predicted climate change. Current methods for soil warming include expensive and difficult to implement active and passive techniques. Here we test a simple, inexpensive in situ passive soil heating approach, based on easy to construct infrared mirrors that do not require automation or enclosures. The infrared mirrors consisted of 61 × 61 cm glass panels coated with infrared reflecting film. The mirrors as constructed are effective for soil heating in environments typified by an open vegetation canopy. Mirror tests were performed on three soils of varying texture, organic matter content, and heat capacity in a warm semi-arid environment. Results indicated that the infrared mirrors yielded significant heating and drying of soil surface and shallow subsurface relative to unwarmed control treatments, and that warming and drying effects were soil specific with greater potential warming on soils with lower volumetric heat capacity. Partial shading from the mirror frame did produce periods of relative cooling at specific times of the day but overall the mirrors yielded a net soil warming. The results demonstrate proof of concept that the infrared mirrors may be used to passively heat the near soil surface, providing an inexpensive, low-maintenance alternative to other passive and active soil heating technologies.
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Curasi, Salvatore R., Ian Klupar, Michael M. Loranty, and Adrian V. Rocha. "An Open-Source, Durable, and Low-Cost Alternative to Commercially Available Soil Temperature Data Loggers." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010148.
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Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from −20–0 °C and 1% from 0–20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7–7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement.
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Kukier, Urszula, and Rufus L. Chaney. "Remediating Ni-phytotoxicity of contaminated Quarry muck soil using limestone and hydrous iron oxide." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-004.
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Remediation of excessive soil metals in situ is receiving new attention because the alternative, soil removal and replacement, is very expensive, requires disposal of the removed soil and may achieve no better environmental remediation than the in situ treatments. A factorial pot experiment was conducted with two muck soils contaminated by a Ni refinery; we tested the effectiveness of making the soil calcareous and addition of freshly precipitated hydous ferric oxide (HFO) in reducing soil Ni phytotoxicity to the Ni-sensitive crops, oat and redbeet, and a Ni-resistant crop, wheat. Fertilized but otherwise untreated soil caused significant Ni phytotoxicity to oats and redbeet, but not to wheat, on both soils. Adding limestone reduced the concentration of Ni in shoots of all species and alleviated the symptoms specific to Ni phytotoxicity in oat (banded chlorosis). The addition of HFO was more effective in reducing shoot Ni concentration in the redbeets than in crops from the Poaceae family. Both amendments induced phosphorus and/or manganese deficiency depending on the crop tested. The experiment indicates that some combination of limestone and Fe oxides can readily remediate Ni phytotoxicity of the tested soils, but that Mn and P fertilizers would be needed to achieve practical in situ remediation of Ni phytotoxicity of Quarry muck (Terric Mesisol). Key words: Nickel, soil, plant, phytotoxicity, remediation
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Srihandayani, Susy. "Alternative foundation for reducing building losses due to foundation failure in soft soil." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015602006.
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Much damage to buildings occurs in areas that have soft soil layers due to the failure of the foundations. Besides, foundations in soft soils generally require very expensive construction. For this reason, proper research needs to help develop strong foundations that can be used on soft soils with relatively low cost. In this research, foundations with various diameters and depths were tested on soft soil. The foundations were made of PVC pipes with diameters of ½ ", 1", 2 " or 2.5" and the same depth. Soft soil in the form of clay with particle-sizes that passed filter No. 200 was used. Before testing the foundations, carrying capacity analysis was done using the classical method on each pipe with a closed head so that the optimum carrying capacity of each foundation (PVC Pipe) was known. From this test the influence of the size of the foundations on the carrying capacity of soft soil could be seen. The results of this research will help reduce building loss/damage in areas dominated by soft topsoil
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Singh, Amninder, Amir Haghverdi, Hasan Sabri Öztürk, and Wolfgang Durner. "Developing Pseudo Continuous Pedotransfer Functions for International Soils Measured with the Evaporation Method and the HYPROP System: I. The Soil Water Retention Curve." Water 12, no. 12 (December 6, 2020): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123425.
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Direct measurements of soil hydraulic properties are time-consuming, challenging, and often expensive. Therefore, their indirect estimation via pedotransfer functions (PTFs) based on easily collected properties like soil texture, bulk density, and organic matter content is desirable. This study was carried out to assess the accuracy of the pseudo continuous neural network PTF (PCNN-PTF) approach for estimating the soil water retention curve of 153 international soils (a total of 12,654 measured water retention pairs) measured via the evaporation method. In addition, an independent data set from Turkey (79 soil samples with 7729 measured data pairs) was used to evaluate the reliability of the PCNN-PTF. The best PCNN-PTF showed high accuracy (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.043 cm3 cm−3) and reliability (RMSE = 0.061 cm3 cm−3). When Turkish soil samples were incorporated into the training data set, the performance of the PCNN-PTF was enhanced by 33%. Therefore, to further improve the performance of the PCNN-PTF for new regions, we recommend the incorporation of local soils, when available, into the international data sets and developing new sets of PCNN-PTFs.
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Shulaev, Nikolay S., Valeriya V. Pryanichnikova, Ramil R. Kadyrov, Inna V. Ovsyannikova, Nikolay A. Bykovsky, and Raisa M. Damineva. "Electrochemical cleaning of soils with different concentrations of oil pollution using a single source of electrical voltage." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-6-674-680.
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The most essential scientifific and practical task in the area of ecological safety of pipelines operation is the development and improvement of methods of purifification and restoration of oil-contaminated soils. One of the most effificient and cost effective methods is electrochemical purifification, that does not require the use of expensive chemical reagents and soil excavation. However, the consideration of non-uniform contamination of various soil sections is required. The article examines the features of the organization and technological infrastructure for electrochemical purifification of non-uniformly contaminated soils when using a single electrical energy source, a method for calculating the design parameters of the corresponding installation is proposed. Effificient purifification of non-uniformly contaminated soil when using a specifified voltage is possible through the use of different-sized electrodes. For each soil type, the amount of transmitted electric charge required for soil purifification is determined by the concentration of the contaminant. Allocation of cathodes and anodes as parallel batteries and their connection using individual buses is an effective and energy-effificient solution, since an almost-uniform electric fifield is created in an inter-electrode space, thus allowing the reduction of the interelectrode resistance of the medium.
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Campbell, Colin S., Gaylon S. Campbell, Douglas R. Cobos, and Brody Teare. "(303) Performance of a New, Low-cost Soil Moisture, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity Sensor." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1024A—1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1024a.
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Knowledge of soil water, fertilizer, and temperature is important when growing plants in any type of growing media. Although instruments to measure these properties have been available for several years, they are often expensive, failure-prone, and require different calibration for individual soil types. Recently, a low-cost sensor (Trade name: ECH2O-TE) was released that measures volumetric water content, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature. The objective of this study was to determine how the probe performed in various soil and soilless media, as well as various salinities. We found the probe performed very well over a wide range of soil types and salinities. From the data, it appears that a single calibration can be used for all mineral soils and organic potting soils. A second calibration equation may be required for substrates such as rockwool. The output of the probe was not affected by the salinity (EC) of the soil from 0.1 to greater than 10 dS/m and showed considerable improvement in temperature sensitivity compared to existing technology. These results suggest the sensor provides a low-cost, reliable, easier-to-use alternative to other sensors of its kind.
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Chala, Ayele Tesema, and Richard Ray. "Assessing the Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms for Soil Classification Using Cone Penetration Test Data." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2023): 5758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095758.
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Conventional soil classification methods are expensive and demand extensive field and laboratory work. This research evaluates the efficiency of various machine learning (ML) algorithms in classifying soils based on Robertson’s soil behavioral types. This study employs 4 ML algorithms, including artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and decision trees (DT), to classify soils from 232 cone penetration test (CPT) datasets. The datasets were randomly split into training and testing datasets to train and test the ML models. Metrics such as overall accuracy, sensitivity, precision, F1_score, and confusion matrices provided quantitative evaluations of each model. Our analysis showed that all the ML models accurately classified most soils. The SVM model achieved the highest accuracy of 99.84%, while the ANN model achieved an overall accuracy of 98.82%. The RF and DT models achieved overall accuracy scores of 99.23% and 95.67%, respectively. Additionally, most of the evaluation metrics indicated high scores, demonstrating that the ML models performed well. The SVM and RF models exhibited outstanding performance on both majority and minority soil classes, while the ANN model achieved lower sensitivity and F1_score for minority soil class. Based on these results, we conclude that the SVM and RF algorithms can be integrated into software programs for rapid and accurate soil classification.