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Academic literature on the topic 'Expenditures'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Expenditures"

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Zhao, Weixiang, and Yankun Xu. "Public Expenditure and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095755.

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Whilst effective public expenditure policies are essential for transforming the traditional factor-driven economy into a green and innovation-driven economy, the impacts of public expenditure’s size and composition on green economic development have not been comprehensively investigated. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018, we first measure green total factor productivity (GTFP), the proxy variable for green development, and briefly analyze its spatial-temporal trends. Then, using the dynamic panel models, dynamic panel mediation models, and dynamic panel threshold models, we evaluate how public expenditure affects GTFP. The main findings are fourfold: (1) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the expenditure size and GTFP. (2) The expansion of social expenditures and science and technology (S&T) and environmental protection expenditures play an important role in stimulating green growth, while economic expenditures and administrative expenditures have adverse effects. (3) Public expenditure mainly promotes green development through four channels: human capital accumulation, technological innovation, environmental quality improvement, and labor productivity increase. (4) The expenditure composition influences the turning point of the inverted U-shaped relationship. Based on these findings, we propose some targeted policy suggestions to promote green development.
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USTAOĞLU, Murat, and Selim DEMEZ. "Economic Impact of Health Expenditures: Panel Data Analysis for Selected Economies." Journal of Economic Research Foundation 1, no. 1 (April 6, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.62844/jerf.4.

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It is estimated that healthcare services will increasingly strain public healthcare expenditures in the near future. Public health expenditures yield more effective outputs than household expenditures do. Due to its direct impact on human capital, public health displays a positive correlation with labor productivity, personal expenditures, and GDP indicators. In welfare economics theory, the examination of economic and social welfare focuses on the analysis of the distribution of economic resources among social actors. During the 2003-2016 timeframe in Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland, and South Korea, this research examined several health care expenditures. These included the proportion of the population spending more than 10 pct of their household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenses, current health expenditure per capita, domestic general government health expenditure per capita, and domestic private health expenditure per capita. To conduct the panel data analysis, the "domestic private health expenditure per capita" data was utilized. Based on the research findings, an increase in domestic government health expenditures in certain countries results in an escalation of household health expenditures, while an increase in private sector health spending leads to a reduction in household health expenditures.
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Cui, Qi, and Jikun Huang. "Food expenditure responses to income/expenditure shocks in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-01-2016-0006.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures and determines whether the impacts of large shocks differ among households, especially low-income households. Design/methodology/approach The study’s data are drawn from a household survey conducted in rural China. Multivariate analysis examines the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on food expenditures. Findings The impacts of large positive income shocks on food expenditure are moderate. However, households reduce their per capita food expenditures within a range of about 25-30 percent after suffering large negative shocks. The greatest impact is found for shocks where expenditures more than double, followed by the impact of shocks where income declines by more than half. Moreover, food expenditures among low-income households are much more sensitive to large negative income and expenditure shocks. The paper concludes with policy implications. Originality/value This is the first Chinese study to empirically examine the impacts of different income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures. The results have important implications for smoothing households’ food consumption after they suffer from shocks.
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DENG, QUHENG, and JINJUN XUE. "MULTIVARIATE TOBIT SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN URBAN CHINA." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500052.

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Using the 2007 education survey data in urban China, this paper measures the inequality of education expenditures, an indicator of education inequality, and analyzes the effect of household income on the components of education expenditures. Since the components of education expenditure are censored and inter-related, this paper runs a multivariate Tobit system regression of five categories of education expenditures. Our results imply that household income per capita positively affects expenditure on boarding, private tutoring and costs for selecting schools but does not affect expenditure on textbooks. In return, the inequality of education expenditures contribute to income inequality in urban China.
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Fadillah, Nur. "ANALISIS BIAYA OPERASIONAL TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA KANTOR KEMENTRIAN AGRARIA/BADAN PERTANAHAN NASIONAL KABUPATEN PINRANG." DECISION : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/decision.v3i1.1502.

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There are three types of costs, including personnel expenditures, goods expenditures, and capital expenditures after all are known. In 2017 the total employee expenditure decreased to Rp.3,624,448,248. This year is known to be lower than in other years, then increased in 2018 The total employee expenditure increased to Rp.7,693,123,816, Then in 2019 the total employee expenditure decreased again to Rp.6,970,178,455 and in 2020 the total personnel expenditures decreased again to Rp.6,676,347,465 although the amount of the decrease was not too significant. This study aims to determine the total operational costs each year, how much the budget and realization at the land office. From the totaled amount for a year, which was Rp. 89.75 in 2018 Rp. 95.52 in 2019 Rp. 93.53 and in 2020 it is Rp. 94.08. The data collection technique used is Observation and Documentation (data). Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that the financial performance of the land office was not significant because it could not manage personnel expenditures, goods expenditures, and capital expenditures.
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Mahaputra, M. Rizky, and M. Ridho Mahaputra. "The Influence of Capital Expenditures on Maintenance Expenditures in Regency or City Governments in West Sumatra Province." Journal of Accounting and Finance Management 4, no. 4 (October 29, 2023): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v4i4.276.

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The research objective to be achieved is to provide empirical evidence that: Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in the same year . Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in different years. The difference in capital expenditure has a significant effect on the difference in maintenance expenditure in the same year. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The data collection method is a documentation study method where the data collection time is in the form of a time series (time series/historical). This research uses a simple linear regression analysis method. The research results show that Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in the same year, namely 2015, this is proven by a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in different years. The difference in capital expenditures does not have a significant effect on the difference in maintenance expenditures in the same year, namely 2015, this is due to the significance value of 0.250 > 0.05.
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Schneider, Matthew T., Angela Y. Chang, Sawyer W. Crosby, Stephen Gloyd, Anton C. Harle, Stephen Lim, Rafael Lozano, et al. "Trends and outcomes in primary health care expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 8 (August 2021): e005798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005798.

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IntroductionAs the world responds to COVID-19 and aims for the Sustainable Development Goals, the potential for primary healthcare (PHC) is substantial, although the trends and effectiveness of PHC expenditure are unknown. We estimate PHC expenditure for each low-income and middle-income country between 2000 and 2017 and test which health outputs and outcomes were associated with PHC expenditure.MethodsWe used three data sources to estimate PHC expenditures: recently published health expenditure estimates for each low-income and middle-income country, which were constructed using 1662 country-reported National Health Accounts; proprietary data from IQVIA to estimate expenditure of prescribed pharmaceuticals for PHC; and household surveys and costing estimates to estimate inpatient vaginal delivery expenditures. We employed regression analyses to measure the association between PHC expenditures and 15 health outcomes and intermediate health outputs.ResultsPHC expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries increased between 2000 and 2017, from $41 per capita (95% uncertainty interval $33–$49) to $90 ($73–$105). Expenditures for low-income countries plateaued since 2014 at $17 per capita ($15–$19). As national income increased, the proportion of health expenditures on PHC generally decrease; however, the fraction of PHC expenditures spent via ambulatory care providers grew. Increases in the fraction of health expenditures on PHC was associated with lower maternal mortality rate (p value≤0.001), improved coverage of antenatal care visits (p value≤0.001), measles vaccination (p value≤0.001) and an increase in the Health Access and Quality index (p value≤0.05). PHC expenditure was not systematically associated with all-age mortality, communicable and non-communicable disease (NCD) burden.ConclusionPHC expenditures were associated with maternal and child health but were not associated with reduction in health burden for other key causes of disability, such as NCDs. To combat changing disease burdens, policy-makers and health professionals need to adapt primary healthcare to ensure continued impact on emerging health challenges.
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Ren, Weicun, Yizhen Zhao, Huiliang Zhong, Xiaoli Fu, and Jian Wu. "Exploring the Optimal Allocation Decision-Making of Expenditure Budget in Hospitals Under Multi-Objective Constraints: Evidence from Urban Public Hospitals, China." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058191.

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Hospitals in many countries face the need for balancing different categories of expenditures to achieve multiple goals within a limited budget. This study established a two-stage fuzzy linear programming (FLP) estimation model to explore the optimal allocation decision-making of expenditure budget under the multi-objective constraints. Taking all urban public hospitals in Henan province of China as a sample, the optimal allocation decision-making of total expenditure budget was tested with the human resources expenditures (HE) as the dependent variable. And the outcome was compared with the actual expenditure data of these hospitals between 2010 and 2016. The study found that when the HE achieves the maximum and minimum feasible scale, the expenditure scales of the budget allocation categories including pharmaceutical expenditures, medical supplies expenditures, and other expenditures were all within a reasonable range. Among them, the observed promoting space for HE was 3.78 billion yuan. The results show that the FLP method can help urban public hospitals to make better total expenditure budget allocation decisions, which can maintain their reasonable expenditure structure under the hospitals’ development goals and the government’s regulatory requirements.
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Evi Purba, Naomi, Raina Linda Sari, and Ahmad Albar Tanjung. "Analysis of the Influence of Regional Original Income (PAD), Regional Expenditures on Economics Growth of District/City in North Sumatera Province." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220350.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of regional original income (PAD), employee expenditures, goods and services expenditures, and capital expenditures districts/cities in North Sumatera Province. This study uses secondary data from 2000 to 2019 in 19 districts/cities in North Sumatera Utara Province. The data analysis model uses the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) Panel’s model. Based on the result of the stationary test (root test) shows that the variables of regional original income (PAD), employee expenditure, goods and services expenditures, and capital expenditures stationary at level 1 (first different) and based on the result of the maximum lag test, the regional original income (PAD), employee expenditure, goods and services expenditures and capital expenditures variable are maximum at lag 2. The result of the ARDL panel research show that the Regional Original Income (PAD) variable has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short term. Employee expenditure variable has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the short term. Shopping for goods and serivices has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and has a negative an insignificant effect on economic growth in the short term. And the capital expenditure variable has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short term. Keywords: Economics Growth, Original Regional Income (PAD), Employee Expenditure, Goods and Services Expenditures, and Capital Expenditure.
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Chevan, Julia, Daniel L. Riddle, and Shelby D. Reed. "Out-of-Pocket Spending for Ambulatory Physical Therapy Services From 2008 to 2012: National Panel Survey." Physical Therapy 95, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 1680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150018.

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Background Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures are incurred as insurers and employers shift some of the burden of health care costs onto consumers. As cost-sharing increases, OOP expenditures could be a barrier to physical therapy care. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify factors associated with any OOP physical therapy spending and (2) to identify factors associated with higher spending among individuals incurring OOP costs. Design The study was a retrospective analysis using the 4 most recently available panels of data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) encompassing 2008–2012. Methods A data file containing episodes of physical therapy care for 2,189 people was created. Logistic regression was used to identify factors related to having an OOP expenditure. A multivariable generalized linear model was used to identify factors related to mean OOP expenditures. Results On average, an episode of care encompassed 9.9 visits, with mean total expenditures of $1,708 (median: $792). Fifty-four percent of episodes of care had an OOP expenditure. For individuals with OOP expenditures, the mean OOP expenditure for an episode of care was $351 (median: $144). Being female or non-Hispanic and having a higher income were associated with higher odds of incurring an OOP expenditure, whereas being in worse general health, &gt;65 years of age, or nonwhite and having public funding were associated with lower odds of incurring an OOP expenditure. Amounts of OOP spending were higher in urban areas and in all census geographic regions relative to the Northeast region. Limitations Estimates are based on household-reported survey data, limited to ambulatory care, and do not include institutionalized individuals. Conclusions At 54%, the proportion of individuals with OOP expenditures for physical therapy is lower than for general medical care. Several predictors were found of having OOP expenditures and of the magnitude of those expenditures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Expenditures"

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Nyamongo, Esman Morekwa. "The determinants of the structure of government expenditure in Africa." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11212007-132033.

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Murata, Akira. "Effects of remittances on household expenditure inequality and education expenditures : evidence from the Philippines." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7412/.

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This thesis examines the economic effects of both international and domestic remittances on Filipino households. The thesis investigates three main research questions: (1) “Which household characteristics affect the probability and the size of domestic and international remittances migrant households received?”; (2) “How do these two sources of remittances Filipino households received affect welfare inequality at the household level?”; (3) “How do the remittances affect the recipient household's expenditure patterns, especially educational expenditures?” The data mainly used for the thesis come from the nationally representative Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) in the Philippines during the period of 1985-2006. With regard to the first question, the thesis finds that the levels of receiving international and domestic remittances are mutually related and reveals that there is a displacement effect of remittances from abroad on those from within the country. Furthermore, the thesis also revealed that several explanatory factors such as the welfare level, the heads' characteristics, the job-related factors, and the regional disparities are significant to determine both the probability and the size of receiving the remittances. Regarding the second question, the thesis shows that the receipt of international remittances could significantly contribute to an improvement in Filipino households' livelihoods at any welfare level and that it would cause expenditure inequality between Filipino households to widen over time. In contrast, the receipt of remittances from within the Philippines did not exert a significant impact on improving the welfare. As for the last question, the thesis finds that the receipt of remittances from abroad would increase the budget share for education as well as its absolute value. This result supports the idea that international remittances could contribute to the future Philippine economic growth via increase in human capital investment if the country sort out the issues on brain drain of educated migrants' children.
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Lindvall, Lars. "Public expenditures and youth crime /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6921.

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Gallagher, Stephen James. "Capital expenditures in industrial properties." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120652.

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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 38-39).
Using a sample of 1458 industrial properties with 36,450 quarterly observations, we apply a pair of OLS models to predict property-level NOI and capex. We then synthesize the results by modeling capex as a fraction of NOI, which we treat as a measure of property capex performance. We model capex and NOI with a series of hedonic variables that account for property and market characteristics. Travel time to the nearest CBD predicts neither capex nor NOI, but building age strongly predicts both. We find that NOI declines continuously as buildings age, first quickly and then more gradually. Capex is lower in new buildings but rises over time, peaking after 30 years before declining. NOI and capex are strongly associated with building size, but the relationships are not linear. Large buildings experience economies of scale with respect to capex and diseconomies of scale with respect to NOI. Because the capex economies of scale are more pronounced, capex fractions of NOI are smaller in large buildings. Capex fractions of NOI rise and fall over time in a manner roughly similar to total capex, but the initial fractions are low and their peaks lag peak capex by 5 years. We find that capex fraction of NOI is lower in top markets when property characteristics are held constant. But property characteristics are not consistent across markets. We find that this fraction is actually similar across the country, as the economic efficiencies of top markets are offset by the inefficiencies of their smaller and older industrial building stock.
by Stephen James Gallagher.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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Berhanu, Samuel. "Econometric analysis of household expenditures." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=474.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 189 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-140).
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Ross, Joseph V. "Independent Expenditures in Judicial Elections." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202531.

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In recent years, judicial elections have undergone a transformation: races once characterized by low levels of competition, interest and participation are now comparable, in some states, to races for governor or senator. Elections for the bench as a whole are now more expensive, competitive and politicized than ever before. Arguably the most influential change in the last ten years has been the emergence of independent expenditures by political action committees and other groups in races for seats on state supreme courts. Despite the growth of this type of spending, our understanding of independent expenditures is rather limited, as the distinction between independent expenditures and direct contributions to candidates is rarely made clear.I address this in this dissertation by examining the patterns of independent spending in states with elected supreme courts. In doing so, I develop a theoretical framework to explain the decision of individual groups to support a judicial candidate independently. I argue that this decision is shaped largely by the campaign regulations imposed on judicial candidates and their potential supporters. Expectations from this theory are tested throughout the remainder of the dissertation using an original set of data drawn directly from state disclosure records. I find that independent expenditures have been concentrated in only a few states in recent years and that campaign regulations are influential in shaping this aggregate behavior. Contribution limits, in particular, redirect money from candidates' campaigns to independent expenditures. This is particularly significant due to the unique nature of judicial elections and the role of a judge in American politics. The results of the statistical and case study analyses should give pause to participants in the normative debates regarding campaign finance and judicial reform as they suggest that regulations can have unintended, but important consequences.
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Arroyo, Gloria M. "An investigation of the real effects of government expenditures with an application to tourism expenditures /." Online version, 1985. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/34610.

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Kareem, Erfan Jaleel. "ESSAYS ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES IN IRAQ: GENDER BIAS IN EDUCATION EXPENDITURE AND THE ROLE OF REMITTANCES." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1935.

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Chapter one of my dissertation examines the nature, scope, and plausible determinants of gender discrimination in allocating household resources by examining the education expenditure on boys' and girls' education in Iraq. Using data from the household expenditure survey conducted in 2007, as expected, we find a strong male bias in household resource allocation in Iraq. However, there exist considerable variations in this bias depending on the age of the child, income level of the household, rural-urban divide, and the regions of Iraq. These results suggest that parents' allocation of resources for education expenditure for boys and girls is motivated by the economic interest of the households. This suggests that changing the incentive structure such as targeted employment opportunities for women, better access to childcare and health care, and better physical and social infrastructure would help attain gender equality.In my second chapter, we attempted to examine the differences in the spending patterns of households receiving remittances and the households receiving no remittances. This is an important area of research since the use of the workers' remittances is a hotly debated issue as some researchers argue that the flow of remittances increases only consumption expenditure while others suggest that some parts of the remittances are used for investment purposes (spending on education and health). We, however, examine the effects of both internal and international remittances on the spending patterns of the remittances receiving households. Since selection bias is a crucial issue, we adopt a two stage multinomial logit model to identify the marginal effects of remittances on the budget shares of the households. Our selection bias corrected estimates indicate that there exist crucial differences in the marginal effect on spending on food, education, housing, and health depending on the source of remittances. In the third chapter, I examine the effects of the changes in political regime on the extent of gender discrimination in educational spending in a conservative society, Iraq. Generally, we assume that conservative societies may deliberately or unconsciously practice gender bias. To determine the changes in the degree of gender bias in such societies we need a comprehensive individual and family level database, which is not immediately available for most of these societies. Fortunately, Iraq recently completed Living Standards and Measurement Study (LSMS) twice, one in 2006 and one in 2012, where a nationally representative household and individual level data were collected by the Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology (COSIT) and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office (KRSO).
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Hall, Ruth Elizabeth. "Predicting home care expenditures in Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59000.pdf.

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Winns, Anthony Lee. "An economic analysis of military expenditures." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25863.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This thesis empirically explores the nature of the relationships between members of formal and informal alliances. A pooled time series cross sectional data methodology is employed to analyze those factors believed to have a significant impact on the behavior of national governments in allotting funds for defense. Regression analysis is performed on seventy-five countries over an eleven year period (1974-1984) including both NATO and non-NATO members; communist and non-communist nations; and developed and less-developed countries. The empirical results reveal inconclusive evidence for the traditional view that an inverse relationship exists between the military expenditures of allies. The distinction between formal and informal allies provides no further evidence of support and exposes some of the weaknesses of this view of military alliances.
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Books on the topic "Expenditures"

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Godbole, Madhav. Public expenditures in Maharashtra: A case for expenditure strategy. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House, 1989.

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Board, Canada Treasury. Managing government expenditures: The record, management iniatives, the expenditure control plan. [Ottawa]: Treasury Board, 1990.

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R, McDaniel Paul, ed. Tax expenditures. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985.

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United States. Federal Election Commission., ed. Independent expenditures. [Washington, D.C.?]: Federal Election Commission, 1986.

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United States. Federal Election Commission., ed. Independent expenditures. [Washington, D.C.?]: Federal Election Commission, 1996.

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United States. Federal Election Commission., ed. Independent expenditures. [Washington, D.C.?]: Federal Election Commission, 1996.

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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ed. Housing expenditures. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002.

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World Bank. East Asia and Pacific Regional Office. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit., ed. Cambodia public expenditure review: Enhancing the effectiveness of public expenditures. [Cambodia?]: World Bank, East Asia and Pacific Region, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, 1999.

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Keough, Kristin. Higher education salary expenditures by expenditure function, fy 1988-1991. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics, 1993.

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National Center for Education Statistics, ed. Higher education salary expenditures by expenditure function, fy 1988-1991. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Expenditures"

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Maeroff, Gene I. "Expenditures." In School Boards in America, 31–46. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230117495_3.

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Firestone, O. J. "Expenditures." In Routledge Library Editions: Advertising, Vol11:32—Vol11:48. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203079157-124.

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Musell, R. Mark, and Ryan Yeung. "Tax Expenditures and Tax Expenditure Budgets." In Understanding Government Budgets, 70–76. Second Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Revised edition of Understanding government budgets, 2009.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315474854-7.

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Schlegelmilch, Kai. "Expenditures/Subsidies." In Green Budget Reform in Europe, 361–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58637-8_22.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "health expenditures." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 85. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_637.

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Van Dieren, Wouter. "Defensive Expenditures." In Taking Nature Into Account, 175–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4246-8_12.

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Ahiakpor, Ferdinand. "Welfare Expenditures." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 7033. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3210.

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Markandya, Anil, and Marcella Pavan. "Defensive Expenditures." In Green Accounting in Europe — Four case studies, 166–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4597-8_16.

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Sundrum, R. M. "Government Expenditures." In Economic Growth in Theory and Practice, 182–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376816_9.

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Sawyer, M. "Autonomous Expenditures." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 606–8. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_365.

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Conference papers on the topic "Expenditures"

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Kolçak, Menşure, and Ali Yasin Kalabak. "Do Government Expenditures Subject to Law of Diminishing Returns? A Panel Data Application." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02212.

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The effect of government expenditure on economic growth has attracted attention of economist for long time. In this context, this paper aims to understand that government expenditure subjects to whether constant, decreasing or increasing yield. For this reason, countries were classified as with low government expenditure, medium government expenditure and high government expenditure, and were added into empirical analysis in the paper. The number of countries included in the analysis is 138 and the analysis covers the period between years 1980 and 2016. In this context, empirical analysis consists of fixed effect model, random effect model, hausman test and unbalanced panel data technique was applied. According to results of analysis, when government expenditure increases as quantitative, it’s effect on economic growth decreases but it still affects economic growth positively. To make public expenditures lately subject to law of diminishing returns, it may come into question that public expenditures is canalized to technology intensive areas. In order to increase productivity in the public expenditures and to shift out diminishing returns, level of spendings on human capital can be increased.
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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, Fatma Dizge, and Zeynep Emir. "Health Expenditure-Economic Growth Relationship in OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02370.

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Capital accumulation is one of the most important components of economic growth. Health expenditure is also one of the ways to increase capital accumulation and thus economic growth. Therefore, the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth is of great importance especially for developing countries. In this context, the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth was investigated for the period 2000-2016 and for 36 OECD countries. For this purpose, firstly unit root tests were performed in the study and then panel cointegration and panel causality tests were applied to determine the relationship between the two variables. Since there was a cross-sectional dependence in the variables, second-generation panel tests were used. As a result of the cointegration test, it is understood that there is no cointegration relationship between health expenditures and economic growth. The panel causality test revealed that there was no causality from health expenditures to economic growth, but there was a causality relationship from economic growth to health expenditures. Findings from the study show that health expenditure does not affect economic growth, but economic growth increases health expenditure in the short term. Therefore, it can be stated that developing countries have the advantage of time to increase the quality of health services.
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Suleymanov, Elchin, Farhad Rahmanov, and Anar Eminov. "Comparative Analysis of Budget Expenditures on Social Sphere in Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01840.

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Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan as Post-Soviet countries are known fortheir oil-gas industry and its huge share in their economies. Considering these mentioned points, these countries are supposed to be the most relevant countries for common analysis. The role of social related expenditures in the state budgets was examined throughout the years for all three countries comparatively. By this analysis, it is targeted to define the differences and similarities in budget structure of these countries. Due to specific relevant structures and to resource-rich points, these countries have different revenue and expenditure policies than other post-soviet countries. These countries manage oil revenues to improve social-economic conditions of the country. Accordance of increasing oil revenues, education, health, and social defense expenditures as main social expenditure types in these countries increased until recent oil price shocks. Considering huge share of oil sector in these countries, it is crucial to examine the impacts of recent decline of oil prices on social expenditures in these countries. In this study, share of social related expenditures in the budget of these countries are comparatively analyzed in the period 1992 and 2015 years.
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Tashevska, Biljana, Marija Trpkova – Nestorovska, and Suzana Makreshanska – Mladenovska. "IS THERE A DOMINANCE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION?" In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0003.

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European welfare states, with their comprehensive and generous welfare model, create the largest part of general government expenditures in the European Union member countries. Given the rising trend of social expenditure and the long-run challenges coming from population ageing, this paper addresses the issue of social dominance, a situation in which, particularly when facing limited fiscal space, social expenditure could crowd-out other productive public expenditures, thus undermining growth potentials and possibly threatening fiscal sustainability. Using a panel regression analysis, the aim of the paper is to test whether social protection expenditure has crowded-out expenditures on other purposes in the European Union in the period 1995-2018. The results provide some evidence of crowding-out of infrastructure spending and education spending. Additionally, deficit financing and rising government debt have a significant adverse effect on spending on infrastructure, education and core public services, confirming that they are more prone to cutbacks in times of deteriorating public finance. These findings, along with the long-run fiscal pressure from the ‘greying population’ and the high political costs of welfare reforms suggest significant future risks of social dominance.
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Karymshakov, Kamalbek, Raziya Abdiyeva, and Burulcha Sulaimanova. "Worker’s Remittances and Poverty in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00888.

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This paper aims to evaluate the impact of internal and international remittances on poverty in Kyrgyzstan using household survey data for 2011. Following Adams and Cuecuecha (2010) two-stage multinomial logit model suggested by Bourguigon et al. (2007) is used. Methodology use instrumental variables to solve the selectivity bias issue and then estimates counterfactual expenditure of households. Households are classified as international remittance receiving, internal remittance receiving and remittance non-receiving. For evaluation of remittances impact on poverty counterfactual expenditures are compared with observed actual expenditure by household types. Expenditure level for 2011 for definition of national poverty line in Kyrgyzstan is used as the benchmark for poverty impact of remittances. Results show that international remittances considerably decrease poverty level. Per capita expenditure of international remittance receiving households would be lower than expenditure of poverty line for 2011, if they did not receive remittances. Internal remittance receiving households also would decrease expenditures, but it would still be higher than poverty line.
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Ildırar, Mustafa, Mehmet Özmen, and Erhan İşcan. "The Effect of Research and Development Expenditures on Economic Growth: New Evidences." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01776.

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Research and Development (R&D) is one of the most important variables that affect the country’s economic growth and development through increasing the technology capabilities, enlargement of resource base and promoting in the capability of resource utilization. Countries that innovate by conducting R&D activities always have high economic growth and many researchers emphasized this prominent role of the R&D on economic growth in numerous studies. This study contributes in two ways to this stream of research. Providing new estimates of the effect of R&D expenditures on economic growth is the first contribution to literature. On the other hand, there are different types of R&D expenditures and each of them has different magnitude on the economic growth. Therefore, this study provides evidences about the magnitudes of R&D expenditures. The effect of different types of R&D expenditures on economic growth for the selected OECD countries is examined in this study by utilizing from GMM framework using the data belonging the period of 2003-2014. Income and different R&D expenditure data used to analyze that obtained from OECD Stat. As a conclusion, it is found that all of the R&D expenditures have positive and significant effect on economic growth in selected OECD countries but magnitudes are various. Therefore, policy makers should design the R&D stimulation policies depending on the characteristics of the countries. Accordingly, countries must allocate more resources to different types R&D expenditure for achieving sustainable rate of growth.
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Tashevska, Biljana, Suzana Makreshanska Mladenovska, and Marija Trpkova-Nestorovska. "SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: DOES GOVERNMENT DEBT MATTER?" In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0002.

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The paper examines the potential effect of government debt on the social protection expenditure level in Central and Eastern European countries. More specifically, we examined whether governments reduce social protection spending when the fiscal stance worsens and when debt rises, in order to avoid fiscal unsustainability. This is a topical issue, given the population ageing and the level of indebtedness in some countries. Many studies have explored the economic and fiscal effects of rising social protection expenditures, but a few studies have examined the reaction of this specific expenditure category to rising debt levels. In addition, we examine the response of social protection expenditures to the changes in the level of economic activity, unemployment, inequality and population ageing. We found a small, but statistically significant positive effect of government debt to social protection expenditure, in line with the argument of coexistence of rising debt levels and rising social expenditure during recession and confirming their resilience to spending cuts. It could also be argued that these countries are not excessively indebted, and this could potentially contribute to the smaller response to increased debt levels. The results also indicate a negative impact of general government balance, implying that improved fiscal balance leads to lower social spending. The counter-cyclical nature of social protection expenditures is confirmed with the negative impact of GDP growth and the positive impact of unemployment. The negative effect of the Gini coefficient indicates that countries with lower inequality levels dedicate more resources to social protection. We didn’t find a strong influence from the dependency ratio.
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Atmaca, Serhat, and Metin Bayrak. "The Impact of Government Spending On Economic Growth in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01974.

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The realization of economic growth in order to grow and develop an economy and increase social welfare is one of the basic aims of every society. For this reason, states are making great efforts to realize economic growth and make it sustainable. In this context, the impact of public expenditure on the economic growth of countries is a matter of research. Government spending can be classified economically as expenditure on capital and current expenditures, functionally as general public services, defense services, education services, public order and security services, economic affairs and services, environmental protection services, health services and other services. There are also investment expenditures made by the government for economic development. In particular, public investment expenditures complementary to private investments have positive effects on growth. The Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan economies, which are in the category of developing countries, are looking for ways to achieve development and growth and are implementing various practices and economic policies in this process. In this context, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have the main purpose of studying and analyzing the effects of the public expenditures that they think will be effective on economic growth. The various variables of public spending in the study were examined with the Karma Average Group (PMG) model, which shows how Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan's growth affected their growth in the short and long term. As a result, public spending has been influenced by economic growth and it has been determined which components are active on a country basis.
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Dökmen, Gökhan, and Özcan Sezer. "The Relationship between Public Expenditure and Bureaucratic Quality: The Case of Eurasian Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00697.

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One of the controversial issues among researchers in the field of public finance is estimating the determinants of public expenditures. It’s argued that public expenditure is determined by economic as well as demographic, social and political variables. One of the important element of political variables is bureaucracy. If bureaucracy, as one of the main actors of political decision making process, works in quality, effectiveness and efficiency would occur in publicly provided goods and services. In parallel with the good quality of bureaucracy, the size of state would become smaller. The purpose of this study is to test empirically between efficient bureaucracy and public expenditure, using dynamic panel data analysis of 6 Eurasian Economic Community countries from 1998 to 2011. This study finds evidence that existence of bureaucratic quality reduces the public expenditures.
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Aydemir, Ahmet Fatih, Dilek Özdemir, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "The Relationships between Military Expenditures and Unemployment in G-20 States." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01634.

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The effects of the military expenditure on the economic growth and consequently on the employment has been the primary topic of the discussing in the literature of economics. Considering that the military expenditures generally emerge as a sub-item of the public spending, it has been asserted by the liberal approach that the principle of the non-productiveness of the public sector would be even more applicable in the military expenditures. None the less, using the military spending as a tool to lead an economy that feature underemployment constitutes the positive aspect of the views to the military expenditure and this is also the case of the prediction of the Keynesian economy. In this study, the effects of the military expenditure on the unemployment, which is a reflection of the effects of the economic growth, are analyzed as the subject matter. The findings revealed that the military spending has positive effects on the unemployment in some G20 states while it also has negative effects in some and has neutral effects in others. In addition, it is further indicated that the positive effects are experienced in relatively advanced economies, the negative effects emerge in relatively less developed economies, and the countries with abundant natural resources experience neutral effects.
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Reports on the topic "Expenditures"

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Gómez Sabaini, Juan C., and Pedro Velasco. Tax Expenditures for Promoting Investment Applied to Corporate Income Tax. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008558.

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This report was commissioned by the Inter-American Development Bank's Fiscal and Municipal Management Division of the Institutional Capacity and Finance Sector within the framework of the project Tax Expenditures: Reducing Abuse and Increasing Effectiveness. It tackles controversial questions regarding the interpretation, criteria, and estimation methodologies of tax expenditures in the field of corporate income tax aimed at encouraging investment. It is intended to provide the basis for a dialogue, which could be further developed, leading to the future establishment of tax expenditure estimation directives for Latin American and Caribbean countries, and thereby contributing to the comparison of tax expenditure measurement processes.
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Jorratt, Michel. Methodology for Measuring the Fiscal Effect of Regional Expenditures in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006625.

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The concept of tax expenditure refers to the revenue the treasury foregoes as a result of applying preferential tax regimes with a view to aiding or stimulating certain economic sectors, activities, regions, or agents. Defined in this way, tax expenditures are additional tools for governments to utilize in state intervention, which aim to achieve similar results to those that can be obtained through direct public expenditure. As such, they should be subject to the same controls and transparency criteria as the latter. The general objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to estimate tax expenditures at a regional level, based on the particular case of Colombia.
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Hutton, Eric. A Basic Framework for Evaluating Value Added Tax Expenditures. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006539.

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The label tax expenditure provides a strong indication as to what the term is intended to apply to any use of the tax system designed to provide a financial benefit. As such, a tax expenditure can be rather generally considered to be any special provision in the tax system which allows for a reduction in the amount of tax which would otherwise be due. The key term in that definition is special provision; any reduction resulting from a normal provision would, then, not be considered a tax expenditure. The starting place for any evaluation of tax expenditures is to then determine which the normal provisions are and which the special provisions are for the tax system.
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Lora, Eduardo, and Mauricio Olivera. Public Debt and Social Expenditure: Friends or Foes? Inter-American Development Bank, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011258.

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This paper assesses the effects of total public debt (external and domestic) on social expenditure worldwide and in Latin America using an unbalanced panel of around 50 countries for the period 1985-2003. The most robust and important finding is that higher debt ratios do reduce social expenditures, as popular opinion holds. Debt displaces social expenditures not so much because it raises the debt burden, but because it reduces the room (or the appetite) for further indebtedness. Loans from multilateral organizations like the World Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank do not seem to ameliorate the adverse consequences of debt on social expenditures. In accordance with popular wisdom, our results indicate that defaulting on debt obligations does help to increase social expenditures. The main policy implication is that there is no better way to protect social expenditures than to avoid over-indebtedness, especially in Latin America.
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Banks, James, and Paul Johnson. How reliable is the Family Expenditure Survey? Trends in incomes and expenditures over time. Institute for Fiscal Studies, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.1998.0057.

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Kotlikoff, Laurence. Health Expenditures and Precautionary Savings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2008.

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Schmid, Juan Pedro. Fiscal Unruliness: Checking the Usual Suspects for Jamaica's Debt Buildup. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008438.

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Jamaica's fiscal and debt position has long been recognized as a major issue for the country, and the country has made several attempts to resolve this challenge by increasing revenue or reducing expenditures. Despite these adjustments, Jamaica has systematically failed to achieve its budget targets. This analysis shows that the major weakness in the budget planning execution is revenue projection, which influences planned expenditures. In contrast, the limitation in reducing rigid recurrent expenditures -mostly interest and wage salary payments- has led to the introduction of measures aimed at meeting appropriate revenue targets. In addition, capital expenditure has systematically underperformed relative to the budget, possibly to compensate for these weaknesses. However, fiscal targets have still underperformed relative to budget projections. These repeated, lower-than-expected revenues combined with rigid expenditures led to continuous debt buildup, reaching a level that needs deep institutional reforms.
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Webber, Douglas, and Ronald Ehrenberg. Do Expenditures Other Than Instructional Expenditures Affect Graduation and Persistence Rates in American Higher Education. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15216.

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Author, Not Given. Household energy consumption and expenditures 1987. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5127577.

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Moffitt, Robert. Demographic Change and Public Assistance Expenditures. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6995.

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