Journal articles: 'Expatriate Americans'

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Simmons, Lee. "Commentary." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.2.m5r50081g0248024.

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Many organizations are requiring upper level executives to have international experience before they are offered higher level executive positions. To effectively compete on a global scale, firms must make optimal use of their technical expertise and staff their operations with managers who have a global mindset. These managers must identify with the organizations global objectives and strategies and are able to develop collaborative transnational networks. With the expansion of global trade and the need to have managers in newly industrialized nations such as China or Russia the number of Americans working abroad (expatriates) has expanded from 80,000 in 1989 to 113,000 in 1992. In 2000 there are over 3 million Americans living or working abroad. Other countries have had similar increases in the growing numbers of expatriates. Expatriate turnover is affected by job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction is a result of the degree of fit between the employee and the organizational environment. Adjustment to living and working in a foreign culture is the biggest problem for most expatriates. If the expatriate does not fit into the culture then the adjustment will not easily be made and the employee will tend to withdraw from the assignment and possibly the company. This not only costs money, but also time to train the expatriate and train the replacement. Depending on industry the failure rate of expatriates is as high as 40%. Firms continue to use expatriates to facilitate entry into new markets, to develop international management competencies and for control and expertise.

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Xu, Yan, and Zizheng Zhao. "International Tax Planning: China's New Regime for Taxing Expatriate Income: Tightening the Screws or Vintage Wine in a New Bottle?" Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 3 (November 2021): 953–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.3.itp.

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Expatriates have been fundamental to China's economic growth, contributing to the country's socioeconomic development and modernization. The second-largest group of expatriates in China are North Americans. Personal income taxation concessions for expatriate workers have been an important instrument to attract and retain skilled foreign labour since China opened its doors to foreign investment and an income tax was adopted four decades ago. A recent overhaul of the law on individual income tax introduced a number of changes to expatriate income taxation, including the winding back of some preferential concessions previously offered only to expatriates. A literal reading of these changes suggests that the new regime has led to harsher tax treatment of expatriates and increased their tax liability. This article considers whether this view holds up, by closely analyzing the new system's major features relating to individual income tax as they affect expatriates. The authors challenge the literal reading of the law and argue that the recent changes have not fundamentally altered the underlying policy on expatriate income taxation. Further, an economically stronger China has not observed any diminishment of the role of personal income taxation as an instrument of government policy, despite the recent changes. A generous interpretation of the legal terms and rules, and of the application of concessions under the amended system, may encourage more lenient treatment of Canadians and other expatriates working and living in China.

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Whitmire, Ethelene. "Landscapes of the African American Diaspora in Denmark." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling 8, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i2.118483.

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This imaginary exhibition is based on the archive of items collected to write the book manuscript for Searching for Utopia: African Americans in 20th Century Denmark. Professor Ethelene Whitmire used the method of curatorial dreaming to design this exhibition and was influenced by African American expatriate Walter Williams’s landscape paintings that reflect the themes in the book.

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Goss, Devon R. "“It’s Like Going Back in Time”: How White Retirees Use Expatriation to Reclaim White Dominance." Sociological Perspectives 62, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 538–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121418817250.

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The number of Americans and Canadians choosing to live outside of their home countries after retirement is increasing rapidly, with Mexico as the primary destination for emigration. The majority of these expatriates are white. This study explores how race affects the experiences of emigration and expatriation for these retirees. In-depth interviews with 30 white expatriate retirees living in Mazatlán, Mexico, reveal that white expatriates respond to a growing sense of racial victimization and nostalgia by framing their emigration as a chance to reclaim their superior and racialized social standing. Specifically, white expatriates use three strategies to explain how race affected their experiences in Mexico: escaping, wherein they come to Mexico to avoid the racial diversification of their home countries; evoking, in which they position Mexico as a place to recoup old-fashioned values; and reclaiming, wherein Mexico is perceived as a chance to regain their whiteness as standing.

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Long, Shelby K., Nicole D. Karpinsky, and James P. Bliss. "Trust of Simulated Robotic Peacekeepers among Resident and Expatriate Americans." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 2091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213602005.

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Researchers have heavily debated the definition and role of trust in human behavior over the past few decades. As robots begin to be used more often, particularly in international military applications, understanding human-robot trust becomes increasingly important. The current study aims to investigate trust differences in robotic peacekeepers between Americans living in the United States, China, and Japan using a simulated environment. We predicted that trust in robots would differ as a function of culture. Results showed that Americans residing in Japan were significantly more trusting than Americans in the United States or China overall. Further, Americans living in America trusted robotic peacekeepers significantly more than Americans residing in China. This suggests that people who adopt a certain trust framework are those who have chosen to live abroad, but more research is needed to understand the differences between resident and expatriate Americans.

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KRYSKO, MICHAEL A. "Homeward Bound." Pacific Historical Review 74, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 511–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.4.511.

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This article explores KGEI, an American shortwave station established in 1939 to broadcast American programming to American listeners in East Asia. At its founding,KGEI (initially called W6XBE) captured widespread enthusiasm about radio's believed ability to promote beneficial cross-cultural and economic exchanges across international borders. In practice, however, KGEI did little to further that idealistic vision. Listener reaction to this station's entertainment and news programming indicates that it became a vehicle for Americans abroad to strengthen their connections to their distant homeland and solidify their expatriate identities as American citizens. As war approached, KGEI discouraged the very international exchange it was thought to promote. KGEI's story remains pertinent today as Americans continue to debate the promises and perils of growing global entertainment and news networks.

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Montgomery, Michael. "Eighteenth-Century Sierra Leone English." English World-Wide 20, no. 1 (November 5, 1999): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.20.1.01mon.

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This essay examines the language of an expatriate community as found in letters and petitions written by African Americans who migrated to Sierra Leone by way of Nova Scotia in 1792. These documents provide some of the earliest first-hand evidence of African American English and contribute to debates about the history of that variety. The paper compares selected grammatical features in that variety to modern-day African Nova Scotian English for insights to the history of African American English and develops a case for the principled use of manuscript documents for reconstructing earlier stages of colloquial English.

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Rose, V. Joy. "China: An Expatriates Discovery Of Culture And Customs." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 8, no. 2 (November 13, 2013): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v8i2.8233.

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The purpose of this research paper is to share and uncover the differences between American and Chinese culture and customs. These revelations illustrate the culture and customs of various Chinese provinces and how they differ from those of the United States. Moreover, an analysis of etiquettes, business practices, the concept of face, and teaching experiences are provided. In conclusion, this paper will touch upon the experiences of an expatriate while teaching at a renowned Chinese university. The viewpoints are based on experiences and observations only and, in no way, reflect the nature and culture of China as a whole. The findings of this paper will also help Americans, either traveling or teaching overseas, to prepare themselves, and will enable the reader to form his or her own perception and draw conclusions from an individual perspective.

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Salama, Ashraf M., and Florian Wiedmann. "Editorial: Evolving Urbanism of Cities on the Arabian Peninsula." Open House International 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2013-b0001.

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Covering about three million square kilometres, the Arabian Peninsula is mainly a diverse landscape of hot humid sandy coasts, arid desert, sparse scrubland, stone-strewn plains, and lush oases, as well as rocky and sometimes fertile mountain highlands and valleys. In addition to the indigenous local populace, the population is composed of large groups of expatriate Arabs and Asians, in addition to smaller groups of Europeans and North Americans; these expatriate groups represent a major workforce community of skilled professionals and semi-skilled or unskilled labourers from over sixty countries. The region's contemporary economy, dominated by the production of oil and natural gas has created unprecedented wealth, which in turn has led to a momentous surge in intensive infrastructural development and the construction of new environments (Wiedmann, 2012). The ensuing impact of this fast track development on the built environment, in conjunction with the continuous and seemingly frantic quest for establishing unique urban identities (Salama, 2012), is seen as a trigger for introducing this special edition of Open House International.

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MCKAY, DANIEL. "Camera Men: Techno-orientalism in Two Acts." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 3 (July 12, 2017): 939–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875817000548.

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During the years of Japan's “bubble” economy, writers and artists in the United States became increasingly susceptible to “Japan-bashing,” a discourse that objectified Japanese for their trade practices, overseas purchases, and tourist presence. In the following article, I draw upon a range of cultural texts, from Truman Capote's novellaBreakfast at Tiffany'sto Michael Crichton's novelRising Sun, in order to investigate how the trope of the camera-toting Japanese expatriate encapsulated the fears of the era. I then move to explore the ways in which Japanese Americans negotiated these tropes in their writings, paying particular attention to Ruth Ozeki's novelMy Year of Meats. I hypothesize that Japanese Americans remained aware of the phenomenon of “Japan-bashing” throughout the era, yet did not confront it in a sustained fashion. Instead, tropes were either dismissed out of hand or, as in Ozeki's case, incorporated into a narrative before undergoing a process of gradual dismantlement.

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Karpinsky, Nicole D., Shelby K. Long, and James P. Bliss. "The Relationship of The Penny Beliefs Weapons Scale to Robotic Peacekeeper Compliance and Trust." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601759.

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Military personnel have focused their efforts on delegating dangerous duties to robots and other automated devices. Such duties include complex tasks such as peacekeeping. The current study explores the use of robotic peacekeepers across different cultures wielding non-lethal weapons (NLWs) in a virtual environment. We predicted that weapon acceptability would differ as a function of culture, compliance rate, and citizenship (native vs. expatriate). Results showed that participants complied significantly more often when the robotic peacekeeper requested an item that was not a weapon than when the item itself was a weapon. Further, Chinese and Americans reported highest weapons approval. Implications for future research are discussed.

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Miller, Michael T. "The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem and Ben Ammi’s Theology of Marginalisation and Reorientation." Religions 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11020087.

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This paper will look at the way the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem have utilised the theological narrative of marginalisation in their quest for identity and self-determination. The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem are an expatriate black American group who have lived in Israel since 1969, when their spiritual leader, Detroit-born Ben Ammi, received a vision commanding him to take his people back to the Promised Land. Drawing on a long tradition in the African American community that self-identified as the biblical Israelites, the African Hebrew Israelites are marginalised in their status as Americans, as Jews, and as Israelis. We will examine the writings of Ben Ammi in order to demonstrate that this biblically based motif of marginalisation was a key part of his theology, and one which enabled his movement to grow and sustain itself; yet, in comparison with other contemporaneous theological movements, Ben Ammi utilised a specific variant of this motif. Rejecting the more common emphasis on liberation, Ammi argued for an eschatological reorientation around the marginalised. This article will conclude that Ben Ammi’s theology is key to understanding how the community has oriented itself and how it has proved successful in lasting 50 years against both internal disputes and external attacks.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, Umair Ahmed Khan, and Shozab Ali Raza Abbasi. "Cultural Assimilation Leading to Third Space Identity: A Postcolonial Analysis of The Reluctant Fundamentalist." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. II (June 30, 2023): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(viii-ii).55.

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The present paper analyzes the novel ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ (2007) from the postcolonial perspective in terms of Cultural Assimilation and Third Space Identity. Postcolonial theory features cultural hybridity and conflictive and conflated identities with a specific focus on theorists like Frantz Fanon’s ‘The Wretched of the Earth’ (1961), Edward Said’s, ‘Orientalism’ (1978) and Homi K. Bhabha’s 8‘Location of Culture’(1994). In the postcolonial context, cultural assimilation refers to cultural domination where the dominant culture seeks to erase indigenous culture and identity, whereas the Third Space Identity is the in-between space where cultural identities are hybridized. In ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ Pakistani expatriate, Changes is filled to the brim with the issue of an identity crisis. After 9/11 he questions his American Dream when he experiences the prejudice of Americans against Muslims. The paper will explore the theme of identity consciousness and crisis that leads to hybridization in the selected text by applying postcolonial theory. The focus of the study will be on Cultural assimilation and Third Space identity and will examine ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ the in pre and post-9/11 literary and socio-political milieu.

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Haufs-Brusberg, Maren. "Literary Negotiations in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Literature: Zainichi Korean Postcoloniality and its Entanglement with Global History." Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 36, no. 2 (December 2023): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/seo.2023.a916928.

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Abstract: Zainichi Korean literature, which addresses questions concerning the Zainichi Korean minority, can be considered as one among many postcolonial literatures. By examining works of Sagisawa Megumu, Kaneshiro Kazuki, and Kim Masumi as case studies, I position contemporary Zainichi Korean literature within the broader context of postcolonial global history. Sagisawa's novel Saihate no futari (Two persons at the margins, 1999) narrates the relationship between a Japanese woman, whose father is an American GI, and a Zainichi Korean man. After the man succumbs to leukemia, the woman discovers that his mother was a survivor of the atomic bomb. The silencing of his mother's voice can be analyzed using Spivak's concept of the subaltern. Kaneshiro's novel GO (2000) addresses Korea's division as a consequence of imperialism and the Cold War. Furthermore, it draws connections between African Americans in the United States and the Zainichi Korean minority, which can be interpreted as an allusion to Bhabha's concept of mimicry. In Kim Masumi's novel Nason no sora (The sky of Nason, 2001), a Zainichi Korean woman residing in the United States engages with both the Japanese expatriate community and Asian Americans, contending with essentialist concepts of ethnicity. I argue that in the selected novels both the literary negotiations of Zainichi Korean postcoloniality and its entanglement with global history as well as the references to other diasporas, namely, the Asian and African diasporas in the United States, contribute to a subversive reframing of some prevailing narratives concerning the Zainichi Korean minority in Japan.

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Felix, Bruno, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, and Moises Balassiano. "Who adapts better to Brazil: Expatriates from developed or Latin American countries? Revisiting cultural distance." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595819839749.

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This study aimed to compare transcultural adaptation for expatriates from Latin American countries with those from developed countries, with the intent of evaluating the premise of a negative association between cultural distance and adaptation for the Brazilian context. A final valid sample of 217 cases was reached. Our results suggest that the theory of cultural distance as a predictor of difficulties in transcultural adaptation cannot be generalized for the Brazilian expatriate host environment context. Participants’ responses show that expatriates originating from developed countries adapt in a more satisfactory manner than Latin American expatriates, even though they are more culturally distant.

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Bliss, James P., Shelby K. Long, and Nicole Karpinsky-Mosley. "Cross-Cultural Reactions to Peacekeeping Robots Wielding Non-Lethal Weapons." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631189.

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Robots may represent a safer alternative to using only human peacekeepers. However, it is unclear how civilian populations will react to such robots given the cultural diversity of affected civilians and the possibility of non-lethal or lethal weapon use by robot peacekeepers. We investigated compliance rates to simulated armed peacekeeping robots by native and expatriate Americans, Chinese, and Japanese. We predicted that compliance to robot demands would vary as a function of lethal weapon availability, robot patrol orders, and cultural background of the participants. One hundred and forty participants representing seven cultural groups performed a virtual shopping task. They were randomly interrupted six times by an anthropomorphic robotic peacekeeper requesting personal items. Participants decided to “comply” or “not comply” with the robot after each interaction and indicated their trust of the robot. Results showed that participants were more likely to comply with robotic peacekeepers wielding backup lethal weapons than those armed with only a non-lethal weapon. Chinese participants residing in America complied most; Americans living in China complied least. Older participants and those with greater nonlethal weapon familiarity showed more positive attitudes towards weapons. These results suggest that lethality, culture, and familiarity may influence interactions with armed robotic peacekeepers.

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Maria Zajenkowska, Anna, and Jeffrey M. Zimmerman. "Relative culture." Baltic Journal of Management 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-05-2013-0087.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to advance the understanding of the effect of extraversion on an expatriate's level of contexting (adopting a higher or lower level of context) while abroad. Particularly, this study focused on Polish expatriates in the US and American expatriates in Poland. Design/methodology/approach – The participants were 30 American expatriates living in Poland and 41 Polish expatriates living in the USA. Findings – The results from the regression analysis suggest that extraversion has a different effect on contexting among Polish expatriates than American expatriates, the higher the level of extraversion, the more context dependent the American expatriates were. Moreover, Polish and American expatriates differ in terms of contexting related to the universalism and the particularism dimensions of the seven cultural dimensions from Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars. Originality/value – This advanced understanding led the researchers to give practical implications on the training of expatriates for their abroad assignments.

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Qadri, Farheen Akhtar, Sajjad Hussain, and Muhammad Asaf Amir. "Chronic Inter-play of Identity and Choice: A Zero-sum Competition in Shamsie's Home Fire." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-ii).34.

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The issues of globalization and economic and social dependency have penetrated into modern postcolonial literature, especially in the literature of expatriate Pakistani writers. Home Fire explicitly covers the issue of zero-sum competition between the immigrants and the locals. The attitude of the Americans and the Britishersin the perspective of post 9\11 era highlighted this issue. The Zero-sum competition is situational and chronic. The major factor that constitutes this competition is the national identity. There are certain discursive events in the novel that propagate the fallacy of zero-sum competition. Zero-sum situations force Is ma to adopt the Other attitude towards her brother Pervaiz and sister Aneeka because of the (BIOPTIONAL CHOICE) two options of choice and future. Eamon gains choice and, after that, realizes and refuses the future. This study shows the zero-sum events as highlighted in the work Home Fire and analyzes the situational and chronic interplay of national identity, choice, and sense of future.

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BRICK, HOWARD. "ACHIEVING THE AMERICAN SOUL." Modern Intellectual History 14, no. 2 (October 19, 2016): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244316000354.

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In 1963—as good a date as any to serve as a pivot between “fifties” and “sixties” America—James Baldwin remarked, “The American Negro has the great advantage of having never believed the collection of myths to which white Americans cling: that their ancestors were all freedom-loving heroes, that they were born in the greatest country the world has ever seen, or that Americans are invincible in battle and wise in peace.” It was a bracing declaration, a bit gentler than Malcolm X's designation of Negroes as “victims of Americanism” and perhaps by now, as historians focus ever greater attention on the nationally constitutive role of slavery and white supremacy, almost a commonplace. Yet Baldwin's idea remains challenging to plumb and to fully inhabit. For at that moment, which both Kevin Schultz and Andrew Hartman suggest was preoccupied with “the very question of America and its meaning,” Baldwin's little book, The Fire Next Time, upended the whole debate. He was no black nationalist and, notwithstanding his expatriate life in France, no “emigrationist,” for he believed that blacks in the United States were, socially and culturally, wholly of, if not in, this country; and yet, given the deep corruption in the national past, there was no “meaning” to return to, reclaim, realize, or vindicate as a promise of black freedom. The verb Baldwin chose, in a determinedly existentialist vein, was to “achieve our country”—to create a viable moral meaning for national identity where none as yet existed. If Schultz's subjects, William F. Buckley Jr, and Norman Mailer, were “vying for the soul of the nation” and Hartman's warriors fighting “for the soul of America,” they were—in Baldwin's perspective—chasing a chimera. Such a thing wasn't there; it was yet to come, if at all.

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Black, J. Stewart, and Gregory K. Stephens. "The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment and Intent to Stay in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments." Journal of Management 15, no. 4 (December 1989): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500403.

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Past international human resource management literature has suggested that most American multinationalfirms that employ expatriate managers have difficulty successfully retaining these managers in overseas assignments. Although some scholars have suggested that the inability of the spouse to adjust is one of the major reasons expatriate managers return early from their overseas assignments, few researchers have attempted to verify empirically a relationship between the spouse's adjustment and the adjustment and intentions to stay or leave of the expatriate manager. This study found that a favorable opinion about the overseas assignment by the spouse is positively related to the spouse's adjustment and the novelty of the foreign culture has a negative relationship with the spouse's adjustment. Additionally, the adjustment of the spouse is highly correlated to the adjustment of the expatriate manager and the adjustment of the spouse and the expatriate are positively related to the expatriate's intention to stay in the overseas assignment.

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Ciuk, Sylwia, and Doris Schedlitzki. "Host country employees’ negative perceptions of successive expatriate leadership: the role of leadership transference and implicit leadership theories." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 10, no. 1 (October 13, 2021): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-04-2021-0044.

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PurposeDrawing on socio-cognitively orientated leadership studies, this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of host country employees’ (HCEs) negative perceptions of successive expatriate leadership by exploring how their memories of shared past experiences affect these perceptions. Contrary to previous work which tends to focus on HCEs’ attitudes towards individual expatriates, the authors shift attention to successive executive expatriate assignments within a single subsidiary.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on an intrinsic case study carried out in a Polish subsidiary of an American multinational pharmaceutical company which had been managed by four successive expatriate General Managers and one local executive. The authors draw on interview data with 40 HCEs. Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff who had been managed by at least three of the subsidiary’s expatriate leaders.FindingsThe authors demonstrate how transference triggered by past experiences with expatriate leaders as well as HCEs’ implicit leadership theories affect HCEs’ negative perceptions of expatriate leadership and lead to the emergence of expatriate leadership schema.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that explores the role of transference and implicit leadership theories in HCEs’ perceptions of successive executive expatriate assignments. By focussing on retrospective accounts of HCEs who had been managed by a series of successive expatriate leaders, our study has generated a more nuanced and contextualised understanding of the role of HCEs’ shared past experiences in shaping their perceptions of expatriate leadership. The authors propose a new concept – expatriate leadership schema – which describes HCEs’ cognitive structures, developed during past experiences with successive expatriate leaders, which specify what HCEs believe expatriate leadership to look like and what they expect from it.

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Grover, Shalini. "English-speaking and Educated Female Domestic Workers in Contemporary India." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (July 20, 2018): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118788008.

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This article foregrounds a labour market for English-speaking and educated female domestic workers and their Western expatriate employers. Many women in this anthropological study had left office jobs and institutional environs connoting dignity to take up employment in Euro-American households performing what is widely perceived as low-status work. Using the narratives of domestic workers, this article scrutinizes motivations for opting for a stigmatized occupation and finds women’s accounts to be multilayered and provocative, thereby challenging established generalizations. In the intimate space of the expatriate household, these female workers diligently perform the tasks of an ‘all-rounder’ that represents a new managerial role in globalizing India. As part of expanding niche labour markets, the article highlights how these roles demand eclectic skill sets, professionalism, certified training, transnational experience and gender-specific expertise. Nonetheless, a key leitmotif is how domestic service with expatriates’ remains embedded in power relations and class-race hierarchies. In developing the anthropology of domestic labour, this article illuminates the continuation of persistent inequality and stratification in a locally functioning transnational labour market.

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Byer, Tia. "Transatlantic Flirtation and Cultural Insecurity: A Postcolonial Reading of Cosmopolitanism in Henry James’s Daisy Miller." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v3i2.456.

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This article interrogates cosmopolitanism in Henry James’s ‘Daisy Miller’, arguing that transatlantic mobility and travel expose America’s residual postcolonial insecurity. Fear of transatlantic acculturation undermines the national ideology and identity of the American Adam, as incorruptible in his fundamental innocence. By tracing the language of contagion surrounding biological pollution, this analysis examines how anxieties surrounding transatlantic flirtation, acculturation, and sexual union, in James’s text, expose America’s post-revolutionary fear of cultural permeability and fragility. When cosmopolitanism reveals American culture to be porous, this threatens its ideological self-definition, attesting to the imaginary and mythologized nature of the founding Adamic belief. I argue that ‘Daisy Miller’, focuses on the question of what happens to Americans when they have lived too long in Europe and how acculturation affects self-knowledge. Told from the perspective of Europeanized Americans, these American expatriates in the cosmopolitan residences of Geneva and Rome appear unaware of the extent of their acculturation until the naïve all-American girl Daisy, through her unfamiliar and highly ambiguous manners of flirting, appears to disrupt codes of female propriety and the Europeanized Americans’ perceived nativist loyalty. The novel acts as provocations to American characters who have very fixed ideas about what national identity is, and this article will trace how transatlantic flirtation and the subsequent relationships it produces, become a disruptive force. This article will show how fear of cultural flirtations derives from fear of potential sexual contact and thus interbreeding.

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Matsumoto, Kazuko, and David Britain. "Diaspora Japanese: transnational mobility and language contact." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2022, no. 273 (January 1, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0009.

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Abstract In introducing this special issue on Japanese outside of Japan, this article sets the scene by providing an overview of the genesis and trajectories of the Japanese diaspora which examines the history of international population movements, demographic transitions, educational orientations and language situations in the resulting communities. It touches upon: (a) the disappearance of the oldest nihon machi (Japan towns) formed by fleeing samurai and traders as refugee and trade diasporas; (b) the emergence of Nikkei (Japanese ancestry) identities in Japanese labour diaspora communities; (c) the obsolescence of varieties of Japanese learnt/acquired during childhood in imperial diaspora contexts, along with the employment and integration of Japanese borrowings in the local languages; (d) the contrast in the social lives and language situations in global Japanese diaspora communities between affluent long-term residents living within Japanese norms, on the one hand, and, on the other, permanent residents seeking personal freedom from these norms; and (e) the contrasting social realities in contemporary Japan of returnee children of Japanese diplomats and expatriate Japanese business executives as a new privileged class, on the one hand, and returnee Nikkei Latin Americans working as foreign labourers in Japan, on the other. Given the wide range of historical and socio-economic contexts in which the Japanese diaspora found itself, we conclude that it continues to provide a rich seam of potential sociolinguistic enquiry, which may provide an illustrative framework serving as a possible model for the historicised analysis of diasporic sociolinguistic complexities in other world contexts.

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Ahmed, Hussein. "Archival Sources on the Yemeni Arabs in Urban Ethiopia: The Dessie Municipality." History in Africa 27 (January 2000): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172105.

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During the summer of 1998 I undertook a preliminary survey of archival materials relating to the Yemeni Arab residents of Dessie kept in the town's municipality. Until 1969, when the Arab immigrants in the entire country were subjected to a state-orchestrated public call for their expulsion—a call which manifested itself in a wave of anti-Arab demonstrations triggered by a bomb explosion on an aircraft belonging to the national carrier at Frankfurt Airport in which the Syrian Front for the Liberation of Eritrea was implicated—Dessie was the home of a large, relatively prosperous, and conspicuous Yemeni community, whose members were concentrated in several distinct quarters, one of which is still popularly known as Arab Ganda. The other areas are Sharf Tara, Taqa Tara, and Mugad, near the main daily market of Arada.The archive of the Municipality (or Town Council) of Dessie, capital of South Wallo administrative zone in northern Ethiopia, is perhaps unique among other town archives in the country, including that of the capital, Addis Ababa, in terms of the care and sense of duty that the office has shown towards preserving materials pertaining to expatriate residents. Until recently, the vast majority of these had been of Yemeni and Hadrami origin, although there were also some Hijazis and Libyans, and a significant number of non-Arabs: Italians, Greeks, Americans, Englishmen, Indians, and Czechs/Slovaks.I consulted all but two of the existing registers entitled Yawuch Agar Zegoch Mazgab (Register of Foreign Nationals), which seem more likely to have been misplaced than lost altogether, perhaps during the move of the Municipality to its present premises.

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Wang, Yuanjiang. "Legendary Expatriation of American Women Writers: Salon Coteries in Adventures of the Mind and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 9, no. 4 (August 2023): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2023.9.4.420.

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The expatriate life of American women writers based upon salon coteries in Paris in the early 20th century is probed into in this paper. The expatriate American women writers constructed an impressive female community through artistic salons led by Natalie Clifford Barney and Gertrude Stein as well as cosmopolitan bookshops run by Sylvia Beach and Adrienne Monnier. When post-war despair and cultural bankruptcy prevailed, they found a new approach in a different world, far from their hometown, and thus promoting American-European cultural exchanges, diversifying modernist ecosphere. The influx of expatriate women also benefited gender equality and feminist writing. Salon coteries reflected their quest for emancipation under constraints and nurtured collective creativity. In the modernist hemisphere belonging to them, the expatriate women writers shared new modes of language, and found their own freedom to write, to voice, to live. The innovation of the paper is the detailed study of salon hostesses Barney’s memoir Adventures of the Mind and Stein’s life narrative The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, with the analysis of public sphere theory and life-writing theory to highlight the memory of collaborative salon space—a created gender-equal sphere of women writers, and their self-discovery spirit in the legendary expatriation.

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Enatto, Habib E. "Cross-Cultural Training and the Performance of American Expatriates in Nigeria." European Journal of Business and Innovation Research 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejbir.2013/vol12n12941.

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Due to the increased level of international competition, expatriates must continue their cross-cultural training because international jobs are likely to require more frequent cross-border job shifts and assignments. Thus, this study looked into how American expatriates working in Nigeria are affected by cross-cultural training. The study's specific goal was to investigate how language training and cultural sensitivity training affected American expatriates' performance in Nigeria. Survey design was used in the study. 89 American expatriates from seven American companies in Nigeria contributed data for the study. A questionnaire was chosen as the main tool for collecting first-hand information. The multiple regression analysis t-values and p-values were used to analyze the impact of independent factors on the dependent variable. The test's outcome demonstrated that cultural sensitivity and language instruction both have a major favorable impact on American expatriates' performance in Nigeria. Given the stark differences in culture between Nigeria and the United States, this study suggests that cross-cultural training is a strong predictor of American expatriates' performance in Nigeria. It is also recommended that this topic be tested in cultural contexts other than American and Nigerian in future studies.

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Black, J. Stewart. "Socializing American Expatriate Managers Overseas." Group & Organization Management 17, no. 2 (June 1992): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601192172005.

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Harzing, Anne‐Wil. "An analysis of the functions of international transfer of managers in MNCs." Employee Relations 23, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425450110409248.

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Aims to get a clearer picture of why multinational companies (MNCs) send out expatriates. Identifies three organisational functions of international transfers: position filling, management development and coordination and control. Based on an empirical study with results from 212 subsidiaries of MNCs from nine different home countries, located in 22 different host countries, shows that the importance that is attached to these functions differs between subsidiaries in MNCs from different home countries, between subsidiaries in different host regions and in addition varies with the level of cultural difference. Sees position filling as most important for subsidiaries of US and British MNCs and in the Latin American and Far Eastern regions. Sees management development as most important for subsidiaries of German, Swiss and Dutch MNCs and as tending to occur more in Anglo‐Saxon countries than in the Far Eastern region. Transfers for coordination and control seem to be most important for subsidiaries of German and Japanese MNCs and in host countries that are culturally distant from headquarters. Argues that these differences might have important consequences for expatriate management.

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Tuffnell, Stephen. "Engineering inter-imperialism: American miners and the transformation of global mining, 1871–1910." Journal of Global History 10, no. 1 (February 18, 2015): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000369.

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AbstractThis article examines the transnational circulation of American mine engineers between the United States, southern Africa, and the Americas in the late nineteenth century. Technology and knowledge was diffused worldwide with the circulation of American engineers who styled themselves as expert race managers as they compared the labour practices of mines across the world. The article's focus is the extension of the United States’ global footprint to South Africa, where an expatriate ‘colony’ of American engineers created a resilient form of Anglo-American inter-imperial collaboration. As they worked the Rand, American engineers made transnational comparisons of South African and North and South American mines. In the process, they led a global discussion of the efficiency of mining labour that reified white management of other races. After leaving the Rand, American engineers migrated across the globe, many to Mexico, where the interwoven networks of expert knowledge, industrial capitalism, and transnational race-making that characterized late nineteenth-century global mining followed.

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Luef, Eva Maria. "North American Academics in East Asia: Life in the English-speaking Enclave." Journal of Intercultural Communication 20, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v20i2.305.

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While the hiring of international faculty is increasing among competitive universities, some universities face a major challenge in doing so: their foreign hires do not speak the primary language of instruction of that university. This study examines the host country language skills of expatriate academics in two countries: Korea and Japan. Specifically, this study investigates (a) the study effort invested and (b) the language proficiency achieved by native English-speaking professors on tenure track positions. Expatriate faculty had several predictors of their language learning success. Specifically, the well-known factors facilitating language learning played important roles. The findings are discussed within the framework of sociocultural adjustment and career prospects that exist for expatriate professors in Korean and Japanese higher education.

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Becker, Susan. "Treating the American Expatriate in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Mental Health 20, no. 2 (June 1991): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1991.11449198.

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Takeuchi, Riki, Cuili Qian, Jieying Chen, and Jeffrey P. Shay. "Moderating effects of decision autonomy and culture novelty on the relationship between expatriate manager leadership styles and host country managers’ job satisfaction: Evidence from the global hotel industry." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 21, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14705958211013408.

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While the use of expatriate managers to control and manage the foreign subsidiary is well recognized, there is a paucity of literature that considers how expatriate managers’ leadership behaviors affect host country nationals (HCNs). By incorporating leadership contingency perspective into expatriation literature, we examine the boundary conditions of two leadership (planning and consulting) behaviors on HCN managers’ job attitude (i.e., job satisfaction). Specifically, we investigate the moderating effects of decision autonomy and culture novelty of expatriate managers on the aforementioned relationships, using survey data collected from 103 expatriate general managers and 276 HCN managers working in nine American-based multinational hotel chains and found both planning and consulting leadership behaviors to be positively related to HCN managers’ job satisfaction. Decision autonomy and culture novelty acted as boundary conditions of such relationships such that decision autonomy moderated the planning-job satisfaction relationship while culture novelty moderated the consulting-job satisfaction relationship.

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AlMazrouei, Hanan, and Robert Zacca. "Expatriate leadership competencies and performance: a qualitative study." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 23, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-07-2014-0781.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate leadership competencies of expatriate managers working within the UAE and identify if these competencies are unique from those needed in their home country. Additionally, the paper aims to identify how new competencies expatriate leaders have developed while in their current position and how this enhances their ability to better manage staff in the UAE. Leadership competencies are skills and behaviors that contribute to enhanced performance. While some leadership competencies are essential to all firms, some distinctive leadership attributes may be particularly relevant to organizations possessing a large expatriate community. Design/methodology/approach – Personal interviews and stratified sampling were used to examine the qualities and skills relating to expatriate managers’ success in leading UAE organizations. The research design did not differentiate between the origins and ethnicities of the leaders. The leaders, whether American, European, Indo-Pakistani or Asian, were treated as one entity. Findings – Factors such as communication ability, team building qualities and ability to handle local nationals were found to have a significant effect on expatriate adjustment and success in managing UAE organizations. Practical implications – By investigating specific competencies and skills that expatriate managers need to lead organizations in the UAE and the broader Gulf region, the study informs organizations on how they can better identify and develop leadership skills that lead to enhanced performance. Originality/value – The study focuses on leadership competencies within the expatriate community of the UAE.

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Dr. Padmini Sahu. "From Alienation to Assimilation: Exploring Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake." Creative Launcher 6, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.4.23.

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Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Namesake is a kaleidoscope of the different shades of the individual relationships, the conflicts and confusions of the characters along with the cultural dilemma of the immigrants. The novel explores the diasporic conflict of the hyphenated identities of Indian-Americans. The immigrants in the novel live a confused existence as Indian-American, American-Indian and Overseas-Born-Indian. Being a foreigner is a sort of lifelong pregnancy for Ashima- a perpetual wait, a constant burden and an on-going responsibility. The novel focuses on cross-cultural conflicts, trauma and aspirations of the two generations of expatriates, Ashoke and Ashima who are not inclined towards getting Americanised, while Gogol and Sonia, the second-generation migrants face the intense pressure to be loyal to the old world and fluent to the new.

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Schneider, Susan C., and Kazuhiro Asakawa. "American and Japanese Expatriate Adjustment: A Psychoanalytic Perspective." Human Relations 48, no. 10 (October 1995): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679504801001.

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37

Culpan, Refik, and Oya Culpan. "American and European expatriate managers: An empirical investigation." International Executive 35, no. 5 (September 1993): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060350505.

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38

Roff, J. C., L. P. Fanning, and A. B. Stasko. "Distribution and Association of Larval Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) on the Scotian Shelf." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-070.

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Thirty-five taxa of neustonic larval Brachyura were distinguished and identified to stage of development in 3055 samples from the Scotian Shelf taken from north of Cape Breton to Georges Bank. A maximum of 17 species of larvae was taken in a single tow, with a norm of about 4 per tow. The most abundant species, collected in all stages of development, were the indigenous Chionoecetes opilio, Hyas araneus and Hyas coarctatus, Cancer borealis and Cancer irroratus, and Carcinus maenas. Biomass was dominated by the Hyas and Cancer species. Distributions of the three Majidae species indicated that larvae drift southwest along the shelf, and that they are indigenously derived. Twenty-six expatriate species occurred as megalopas only, predominantly offshore. Reciprocal averaging and factor analysis showed that there was considerable separation of the indigenous and expatriate larval species, but did not reveal strong relationships to environmental variables or ecological gradients. Recurrent group analysis indicated that community structure was weak and variable, but confirmed the virtual separation into indigenous and expatriate associations. An examination of co-occurrences of indigenous and expatriate species by stage of development showed strong patterns. We suggest that concurrent analysis of larval lobster and larval crab distribution patterns on the Scotian Shelf could indicate recruitment origin of lobsters (Homarus americanus).

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Liu, Lydia H. "The Ghost of Arthur H. Smith in the Mirror of Cultural Translation." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, no. 4 (2013): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02004004.

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Arthur H. Smith’s Chinese Characteristics (1890) remained the most widely read American book on China until Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth (1931). Smith’s collection of pungent and humorous essays, originally written for white expatriates in Asia, was accepted by Americans at home as a wise and authentic handbook. The book was soon translated into Japanese (1896), classical Chinese (1903), and at least three more times into Chinese since 1990. The characteristics Smith identified reflect his conception of the American Way of Life, racial hierarchy, the idea of progress, and the middle-class values with which he was brought up. He used race and “national character” to explain Chinese food, dress, body care, music, art, language, and architecture, as well as politics and religion. Lu Xun, the preeminent Chinese cultural critic of the early twentieth century, pondered why his country had been defeated and came to believe that the character of his countrymen was the key to their future survival. Smith’s criticisms were valuable for this task of introspection but Lu Xun took him to task for misunderstanding the concept of “face” because he did not grasp it in the social context of unequal power. The ghost of Arthur Smith thus haunts both Chinese and Americans.

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&NA;. "Ivermectin successfully treats onchocerciasis in American expatriates." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 774 (February 1991): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199107740-00019.

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41

Tung, Rosalie L. "American expatriates abroad: From neophytes to cosmopolitans." Journal of World Business 33, no. 2 (June 1998): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(98)90002-5.

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Mohr, Alexander T., and Simone Klein. "Exploring the adjustment of American expatriate spouses in Germany." International Journal of Human Resource Management 15, no. 7 (November 2004): 1189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958519042000238400.

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43

Kobrin, Stephen J. "Expatriate reduction and strategic control in American multinational corporations." Human Resource Management 27, no. 1 (1988): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930270104.

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44

Chang, Young‐Chul. "Cross‐cultural adjustment of expatriates: Theory & research findings on American and Japanese expatriates." Journal of East and West Studies 25, no. 1 (April 1996): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265089608422850.

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45

Chang, Young‐Chul. "Cross‐cultural adjustment of expatriates: Theory and research findings on American and Japanese expatriates." Global Economic Review 26, no. 4 (December 1997): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265089708422882.

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46

Leith, Murray Stewart, and Duncan Sim. "Second Generation Identities: The Scottish Diaspora in England." Sociological Research Online 17, no. 3 (August 2012): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2628.

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Scotland has often had an almost absent relationship with its diaspora, with expatriate Scots often viewed from the ‘homeland’ as being ‘more Scottish than the Scots’. Expatriate Scottish identities are not only strong, but may be rooted in an overly romantic view of Scotland. Most research into the Scottish diaspora, however, has focused on North America and Australasia, although a diaspora exists much nearer home, elsewhere in the UK. Limited previous work suggests that the Scottish diaspora in England does not adopt the overly romantic view of Scotland characteristic of North American Scots and indeed, there is evidence that feelings of Scottish identity begin to fade within a generation of emigration to England. There is also evidence that Scottish organisations within England are declining. This paper therefore explores the continuing sense of a Scottish identity within the Scottish diaspora in England, through a series of interviews exploring the identities of second-generation ‘Scots’ - the offspring of Scottish migrants. The findings suggest that Scottish identity does indeed appear to weaken quite quickly in contrast to the overseas experience, perhaps because proximity to Scotland means that the preservation of an expatriate identity is considered to be relatively unimportant.

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Bossard, Annette B., and Richard B. Peterson. "The repatriate experience as seen by American expatriates." Journal of World Business 40, no. 1 (February 2005): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2004.10.002.

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Curnutt, Kirk, and Donald Pizer. "American Expatriate Writing and the Paris Moment: Modernism and Place." South Central Review 15, no. 3/4 (1998): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3189835.

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OLNESS, KAREN, RALPH A. FRANCIOSI, MARGARET M. JOHNSON, and DAVID O. FREEDMAN. "Loiasis in an Expatriate American Child: Diagnostic and Treatment Difficulties." Pediatrics 80, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.6.943.

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On the basis of this experience, we recommend the following when faced with possible filariasis in an expatriate from Western Central Africa: (1) Attempt a clinical differentiation between L loa and other filarial infections present in West Africa. It is important to suspect loiasis because this is the only filarial infection that is readily curable; (2) ophthalmologic assessment to diagnose onchocerciasis; (3) if L loa is suspected, thick blood smears should be obtained from midmorning to midafternoon and stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin stains, after a concentration technique is used. Nighttime blood specimens should be obtained if the patient has been in an area where W. bancrofti is prevalent; (4) skin snip biopsies prepared as follows: Bilateral symmetrical skin snips should be taken. In the case of suspected West African filariasis, the pelvic girdle, iliac crest, and back of scapula are thought to have the highest yield. One snip from each of six different sites should be obtained. Each skin snip should be approximately 2 to 3 mm (a cornealoscleral biopsy forceps can be used). Each skin snip is placed in 100 µL (approximately one drop) of normal saline in a flat-bottomed microtiter plate. The plate is incubated at room temperature and checked periodically for 24 hours under a dissecting microscope (x20 to x40). If present, the small worms will be seen wiggling and squirming in the drop of saline; (5) serologic diagnostic methods are most efficient if human filarial antigens are used; (6) if treatment is with diethylcarbamazine, the initial dose should be small. During treatment with diethylcarbamazine, WBCs, differentials, and renal function must be monitored.

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Choi, Soochan. "Understanding American and Korean Workers' Adaptations to Expatriate Work Environments." Employee Assistance Quarterly 17, no. 3 (March 2001): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v17n03_03.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Expatriate Americans'

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