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Academic literature on the topic 'Expansive soils'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Yang, Hai Ying, and Yun Liu. "Methods of Support Vector Machine on Classification of Expansive Soils." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.562.

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The classification of the grade of shrink and expansion for the expansive soils was the initial and essential work for engineering construction in expansive soil area. Based on the principle of support vector machine analysis, a classification model of expansive was established in this paper, including five indexes reflecting the shrink and expansion of expansive soil, liquid limit, swell-shrink total ratio, plasticity index, water contents and free expansive ratio and functions were obtained through training a large set of expansive samples. It was shown that the classification model of SVM analysis is an effective method performed excellently with high prediction accuracy and could be used in practical engineering.
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Samidurai, V. "Influence of Flyash on expansive Soils." International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 03, no. 03 (March 22, 2017): 4998–5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i3.03.

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Xu, Li Li, Xiang Min Qu, and Li Jia Liu. "Experimental Study on Expansion Characteristics, Frost Heaving Characteristics of EPS Beads Improved Expansive Soils." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.80.

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Proposed EPS beads for the improvement of expansive soil in cold regions. Based on laboratory soil test study the feasibility and mechanism of the EPS beads improving expansive soils. Through four sets of comparative test with different contents of the EPS beads, the result indicates: The expansion rate of the soil, frost heave amount decreases with the increase in EPS beads content, EPS beads can effectively inhibit the expansion of expansive soil and frost heaving, proposed the optimal dosage.
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Wang, Ming Wu, Kang Ge, and Da Rong Zhu. "Experimental Study of Engineering Behaviors on Improved Expansive Soils in the Xinqiao Airport Runway of Hefei." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1329.

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Foundation treatment of expansive soils is a complex worldwide problem. Herein engineering behaviors of expansive soils and improved expansive soils with lime (IESL) in the runway area of Xinqiao international airport of Hefei were investigated by means of laboratory experiments and field tests. It was concluded that the expansive soils of mean plasticity index 24.2, and optimum moisture content of 16% in the engineering area, behaved weak and medium expansive potential. The plastic index of improved expansive soil of 7% lime mixed indoor and of 8% lime incorporated on site dropped to 20 and 13. At the same time, the free swelling ratios of IESL reduced up to 6.31 % and 3% relative to 46.5% of expansive soil, and the swelling pressure also decreased from 67.5 kPa to 4.05 and 11.28 kPa, respectively. The mean unconfined compression strength of improved expansive soil of 7 % lime on site was 853 kPa, 71% stronger of that of expansive soils. And the soil response modulus was up to 235.2 MN/m3, 9 times of expansive soils. It was also found form the immersion tests on site that the swell value of IESL was only 30% at most of expansive soils at the same depth. These results indicate that the compacted IESLs have a good bearing capacity, strength and water stability, so the engineering behaviors of IESLs are much better than those of expansive soils, and prove that the modification plan, expansive soils incorporated 7% lime on site could meet the design requirements.
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Yang, He-Ping, Jian-Long Zheng, and Rui Zhang. "Addressing Expansive Soils." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 77, no. 3 (March 2007): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000112.

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Chakravarthy, Thokala, and K. Shyam Chamberlin. "Fly ash and bagasse ash embankment in flexible pavements for the analysis and strengthening of black cotton soil’s strength stabilized properties." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101005.

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Soil stabilization is necessary to increase the soil’s durability, volume stability, and engineering expansion strength. Expansive soils (also known as black cotton soil), a problem that affects the entire world and poses various challenges for civil engineers, are extremely hard while dry but completely lose their strength when wet. In this study, fly ash has been employed to stabilize the soil. Five, ten, twenty, and twenty-five percent of fly ash was used in the experiments. Bagasse ash is an easily accessible byproduct of the sugar cane refining process that has negative environmental effects. In this study, any potential pozzolanic benefits are evaluated while taking into account bagasse ash. material that stabilizes elongated soil In order to examine the soils’ geotechnical characteristics, the experimental investigation focuses on altering the fly ash content of the soils. The goal is to learn more about the characteristics of black cotton soil’s tensile strength. The primary goal of this research is to examine the effects of bagasse ash on the engineering expansive soil’s properties as revealed by various lab tests, and after improving the treated soil through embankment work at various civil engineering activities, such as roadways.
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Zamin, Bakht, Hassan Nasir, Muhammad Ali Sikandar, Waqas Ahmad, Beenish Jehan Khan, Mahmood Ahmad, and Muhammad Tariq Bashir. "Comparative Study on the Field- and Lab-Based Soil-Water Characteristic Curves for Expansive Soils." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 2, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6390442.

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Expansive soils are problematic and viewed as a potential hazard for buildings and structures due to swell and shrink phenomena. The damaging effect of these soils is strongly correlated with the soil-water characteristics of expansive soils present in the shallow depth. The seasonal wetting-drying cycle is vital in fluctuating moisture content in the surficial soils. As such, soils remain unsaturated most of the time due to high absorption capacity. Therefore, it is crucial to assess them as unsaturated soil, and the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an essential tool for measuring unsaturated soils’ mechanical and hydraulic properties. The main objective of this study was to establish both field- and lab-based SWCCs for the expansive soils and compare them for determining the possible difference between them. For this purpose, eight sites of expansive soils were selected for sampling and in situ testing. These sites include three locations of Karak, three locations of Kohat, and two locations of D.I areas. Based on the experimental results, Karak’s expansive soil indicated a high suction value of 705 kPa, while D. I Khan’s soil showed the least suction equal to 595 kPa. The comparison of field and lab SWCCs for the potential sites presented a close agreement in the matric suction values beyond the air entry values (AEVs), particularly in the residual suction zones. It was also concluded that for expansive soils, the field- and lab-based SWCCs are comparable beyond the AEVs. The established curves can be successfully utilized to assess local expansive soils in the framework of unsaturated soils.
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Wei, Jianhu, Jianmeng Wei, Qijun Huang, Sheikh Mohd Iqbal Bin S. Zainal Abidin, and Zhenjie Zou. "Mechanism and Engineering Characteristics of Expansive Soil Reinforced by Industrial Solid Waste: A Review." Buildings 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2023): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041001.

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Expansive soils exhibit detrimental swelling and shrinking characteristics in response to variations in water content, posing a threat to engineering safety. Utilizing industrial solid waste for improving the engineering properties of expansive soil presents a promising solution due to its low pollution and high recoverability. This paper reviews the progress of research on various industrial solid wastes in stabilizing expansive soil. The review comprehensively discusses the microscopic characteristics and mechanism of industrial solid waste-stabilized soils, as well as their impact on the compressive strength, shear, compaction characteristics, consistency, swelling and shrinkage properties, and durability of expansive soils. The addition of appropriate curing agents or the combination with other stabilizing materials can enhance the strength of expansive soil, mitigate volume changes, and improve the durability and stability of expansive soils. The mechanisms of stabilization of expansive soils by industrial solid waste involve cation exchange, flocculation-agglomeration, pozzolanic reaction, and carbonation. Additionally, microscopic characterization analysis reveals that the formation of C-S-H and C-A-H is the primary contributor to the improvement of soil geotechnical properties.
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Zhang, Shaowei, and Dongdong Li. "The Effects of Salt-Lake Salt Solution on the Strength of Expansive Soil." Geofluids 2022 (April 19, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2798281.

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Expansive soils are widely distributed and often cause serious damage to structures. Hanzhong expansive soil and Yulin salt-lake solution were adopted to investigate the effect of salt-lake salt solution on the strength of expansive soil. Expansive soils modified with salt-lake salt solutions with different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol/L) were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atterberg limit, free swelling, no load swelling ratio, and triaxial compression tests. The improved expansive soil research using salt-lake salt solution was carried out based on the macroscopic mechanical characteristics. Test results showed that the addition of salt-lake solution effectively inhibited the expansibility of soil. With the increase of the concentration of salt-lake solution, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, free expansion rate, no load swelling, cohesion, and internal friction angle of expansive soil were decreased in varying degrees, and stress-strain relationship curve gradually showed strain softening trend. The reason for the above results was believed to be that salt-lake salt solution reduced the force between particles on shear surface and reduced mutual hindrance.
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Houston, Sandra, and Xiong Zhang. "Review of expansive and collapsible soil volume change models within a unified elastoplastic framework." Soils and Rocks 44, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2021.064321.

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Numerous laboratory tests on unsaturated soils revealed complex volume-change response to reduction of soil suction, resulting in early development of state surface approaches that incorporate soil expansion or collapse due to wetting under load. Nonetheless, expansive and collapsible soils are often viewed separately in research and practice, resulting in development of numerous constitutive models specific to the direction of volume change resulting from suction decrease. In addition, several elastoplastic models, developed primarily for collapse or expansion, are modified by add-on, such as multiple yield curves/surfaces, to accommodate a broader range of soil response. Current tendency to think of unsaturated soils as either expansive or collapsible (or, sometimes, stable), has likely contributed to lack of development of a unified approach to unsaturated soil volume change. In this paper, common research and practice approaches to volume change of unsaturated soils are reviewed within a simple macro-level elastoplastic framework, the Modified State Surface Approach (MSSA). The MSSA emerges as a unifying approach that accommodates complex volume change response of unsaturated soil, whether the soil exhibits collapse, expansion, or both. Suggestions are made for minor adjustments to existing constitutive models from this review, typically resulting in simplification and/or benefit to some of the most-used constitutive models for unsaturated soil volume change. In the review of practice-based approaches, the surrogate path method (SPM), an oedometer/suction-based approach, is demonstrated to be consistent with the MSSA framework, broadly applicable for use with expansive and collapsible soils, and yielding results consistent with measured field stress-path soil response.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Hamadto, Mohammed El Fatih Mukhtar. "Expansive soil behaviour and the development of a knowledge based system associated with foundations in expansive soils." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/526.

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Srinivasamurthy, Lakshmikanth. "Initial Swelling Mechanism of Expansive Clays: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26647.

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Expansive soils are widely found in many parts of the world. Highly active smectite clay mineral Montmorillonite is the major constituent in these clays and can expand or contract up to 15 times of their original volume. Constrained swelling exert large amount of stress causing damage to structures, pavements etc. These clays are also used as barrier materials, Nano-materials in polymer clay Nano composites and drug delivery systems. Several factors influence the swelling potential such as water content, density, voids, electrolyte content and cation exchange capacity. However, molecular scale mechanisms that control swelling behavior in these clays need to be understood. Objectives of this research are to provide an insight into mechanisms that result in swelling of these clays. Molecular modeling is used to build and study solvation of Na-Montmorillonite system. Trajectories of water molecules are captured and the evolutions of interaction energies with swelling are calculated.
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Udukumburage, Rajitha Shehan. "Investigation of climatic-induced ground responses in expansive soils." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/198195/1/Rajitha%20Shehan_Udukumburage_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis presents a practical approach for geotechnical practitioners to investigate the climatic-induced ground responses in expansive soils. The method is based on a novel long-term operable instrumented soil column (ISC). This research investigated the applicability of the current displacement models to the Australian context. As a result, the structural damages and maintenance costs due to cracking of light-weight structures founded on such soils can be minimised, and more importantly, the hazards to human lives can be prevented by improved decisions.
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Thomas, Pamela J. "Quantifying Properties and Variability of Expansive Soils in Selected Map Units." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30441.

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A study of 12 expansive soils in four major physiographic provinces in Virginia was initiated to examine and quantify the relationship between shrink-swell potential, shrink-swell indices, and soil properties. The mineralogy classes, soil series, and (physiographic provinces, parent materials) examined include smectitic -- Jackland and Waxpool (Triassic, diabase), Iredell (Piedmont, hornblende); vermiculitic -- Kelly (Triassic, thermal shale); kaolinitic -- Cecil (Piedmont, granite gneiss), Davidson (Triassic, diabase); and mixed -- Carbo and Frederick (Valley and Ridge, limestone), Craven and Peawick (Coastal Plain, fluvial and marine sediments), and Mayodan and Creedmoor (Triassic, sandstones). Three sites in each of the 12 map units were described and major horizons sampled for physical, chemical, and mineralogical laboratory analysis. An expansive soil rating system, termed the Expansive Soil Index (ESI), was developed using the soil properties best correlated with shrink-swell potential. The sum of swelling 2:1 minerals, swell index, liquid limit, and CEC gave expansive soil potential ratings (ESI) for each soil series. The higher the ESI, the greater the shrink-swell potential. Smectite distributions within the soil profiles were investigated. Smectite concentration in the clay fraction increases with depth in soils formed from diabase and thermally altered shale. Smectite weathers to kaolinite and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite with increasing proximity to the soil surface thus accounting for the observed decrease in smectite toward the soil surface. The highest amount of smectite from the granite gneiss, limestone, sandstones and shales, and Coastal Plain sediments were in the Bt2 horizon where maximum expression of the argillic horizon occurs. Smectite contents decrease away (upwards and downwards) from the maximum in the Bt2 horizon. A satellite study focused on locating and quantifying the variability within five map units in the Culpeper (Triassic) Basin in northern Virginia. Variability of the shrink-swell indices and related properties are high in all map units. Dissimilar inclusions could adversely affect foundations if a home is sited on both moderate and high shrink-swell soils. Although there is extreme variability in the map units, the variability occurs within the delineations of each map unit. Each delineation within an individual map unit contains similar levels of variability.
Ph. D.
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Sapaz, Burak. "Lateral Versus Vertical Swell Pressures In Expansive Soils." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu/upload/1053040/index.pdf.

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Expansive or swelling soils, exist in many part of the world, show excessive volume changes with increasing water content. As a result of this volume increase, expansive soils apply vertical and lateral pressures to the structures located or buried in these regions. Many researchs have been carried out on vertical swelling pressures helping to the engineers to design structures withstanding on these stresses. However, lateral swell behaviour of swelling soils have not been fully understood yet. Structures such as
basement walls, water tanks, canals, tunnels, underground conduits and swimming pools which will be built in expansive soils have to be designed to overcome the lateral swelling pressures as well as the other lateral pressures exerted by the soil. For this aim accurate and reliable methods are needed to predict the magnitude of lateral swelling pressures of expansive soils and to understand the lateral swelling behaviour of expansive soils. In this experimental study, the lateral swelling behaviour of an highly expansive clay is investigated using a modified thin wall oedometer which was developed in the METU Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics Laboratory earlier. Statically compacted samples were used in constant volume swell (CVS) tests to measure the magnitude of the lateral and vertical swelling pressures. To study the relationship between the lateral and vertical sweeling pressures, they were measured simultaneously. The samples having different initial water contents and different initial dry densities were used to study the effects of these variables on the vertical and the lateral swelling pressures. It is observed that both lateral and vertical pressures increases with increasing initial dry density and they decrease with increasing initial water content. Swell pressure ratio, the ratio of lateral swelling pressure to the vertical one, is increasing with increasing initial water content. Time needed to obtain the magnitude of maximum lateral and vertical pressures decreases with increasing initial water content and increases with increasing initial dry density.
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Baser, Onur. "Stabilization Of Expansive Soils Using Waste Marble Dust." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610339/index.pdf.

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Expansive soils occurring in arid and semi-arid climate regions of the world cause serious problems on civil engineering structures. Such soils swell when given an access to water and shrink when they dry out. Several attempts are being made to control the swell-shrink behavior of these soils. Soil stabilization using chemical admixtures is the oldest and most widespread method of ground improvement. In this study, waste limestone dust and waste dolomitic marble dust, by-products of marble industry, were used for stabilization of expansive soils. The expansive soil is prepared in laboratory as a mixture of kaolinite and bentonite. Waste limestone dust and waste dolomitic marble dust were added to the expansive soil with predetermined percentage of stabilizer varying from 0 to 30 percent. Grain size distribution, consistency limits, chemical and mineralogical composition, swelling percentage, and rate of swell were determined for the samples. Swelling percentage decreased and rate of swell increased with increasing stabilizer percentage. Also, samples were cured for 7 days and 28 days before applying swell tests. Curing of samples affects swell percentages and rate of swell in positive way.
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Shuai, Fangsheng. "Simulation of swelling pressure measurements on expansive soils." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24015.pdf.

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De, Sousa Vinagre Tiberio J. V., and Sousa Vinagre Tiberio J. V. De. "Expansive and collapsing behaviour of volume change soils." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23594.

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This thesis is designed to achieve three goals: Goal One - to introduce the reader to soils exhibiting expansive and/or collapsing behaviour; Goal Two - to provide an in depth understanding of aspects of this behaviour, obtained from an extensive study of these soil types; and, Goal Three - to serve as a reference for future research work (a recommendation for further research proposed in Chapter Ten of this thesis). The thesis is divided in two main parts. In the first part representative soil types were selected on the basis of their properties and expected engineering behaviour. The soil structure and clay minerals were also studied in part one of this thesis. The second part of the thesis deals with aspects of expansive and collapsing behaviour of soils. Chapter three provides the introduction to the subsequent chapters on expansive and collapsing behaviour of volume change soils.
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Habibbeygi, Farzad. "Experimental Study on the Behaviour of Expansive Soils." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75688.

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In this research, laboratory-based experiments were conducted to investigate the volumetric and mechanical behaviour of expansive soils. The effects of clay mineralogy, initial water content and preconsolidation stress on the compressibility and shear strength of expansive clays were investigated. Predictive models based on regression analysis and artificial neural networks are proposed to estimate the compression and shear behaviour of expansive soils. Additionally, a green stabiliser was introduced to reduce the swell potential of expansive clays.
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Byiringiro, Alfred. "Effect of paper mill ash on properties of expansive soils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86287.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Expansive soils, one of the problematic soils, are encountered on all continents with exception of polar continents. Problems caused by their heaving and shrinking behaviour, particularly to light structures, have been reported from different countries to place large financial burden on developers. For this reason, many techniques have been developed and applied to prevent and/or remediate the damage caused by these soils. Soil stabilization with traditional chemical additives has been applied successfully since ancient times. In addition to traditional additives such as lime, cement, fly ash, etc., some non-traditional additives, such as polymer based products, salts, etc. have been used effectively for soil treatment. On the other hand, industries are increasingly challenged by waste management in an acceptable and environmentally friendly manner. In this regard, a number of researches have been done on using industrial waste for soil improvement purposes. The study and understanding of basic reactions involved in lime-soil stabilization persuaded many researchers to study the applicability of lime-rich products for soil treatment. Studies conducted by Khalid et al. (2012); Muchizuki et al. (2004) and Thacker (2012) showed that lime-rich products such as pulp fly and bottom ashes and CaO by-products, can be applied for soil stabilization. This research was thus performed to investigate the effect of lime-rich paper mill waste ash on expansive soil properties. Two commonly listed soil engineering properties namely volume change and strength were investigated. Soil strength was examined in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), due to its correlations with a number of other soil properties, and the volume change in terms of free swell and swelling pressure. In addition to these two engineering properties, dry density and moisture content were also studied due to their involvement in structural design, as well as gradation, Atterberg limits and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The choice of these properties was also influenced by the availability of a standard (ASTM D4609-08) specifically developed to assess the effectiveness of admixtures for soil stabilization. Two main types of materials were used namely three clay materials and paper mill ash. According to the index properties, commonly used for expansive soil classification, three clays were classified into low, medium and high degrees of potential expansiveness. The ash results from the combustion of paper mill sludge, sawdust, bark, coal ash and bituminous coal in a multi-fuel boiler for the purpose of electricity and steam production. The tests mentioned above were conducted on both untreated and treated clays and the results were compared. Since the study was carried out on this material based on the fact that it contains lime, the procedure applied for lime-soil stabilization was considered. In general, it was observed that ash-soil treatment has a number of effects similar to lime-treatment and almost all studied properties were enhanced for all clays. It can thus be concluded that the paper mill ash from a multi-fuel boiler can be efficiently used for expansive soil treatment. For optimum use of this material for expansive soil treatment, more tests and further researches have been recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uitsettende gronde, een van die probleemtipe-gronde, kom op alle kontinente voor, behalwe die twee poolkontinente. Probleme veroorsaak deur uitswellende en inkrimpende gedrag van hierdie gronde, veral finansiële onkostes van ligte strukture is al in baie lande aangemeld. Vir hierdie rede is baie tegnieke ontwikkel en toegepas om skade wat deur hierdie tipe gronde veroorsaak is, te voorkom en/of herstel. Hierdie tegnieke sluit grondstabilisasie met chemiese bymengsels in, veral tradisionele bymengsels, wat met groot sukses in die verre verlede toegepas en na moderne tye oorgedra is. Bykomend tot tradisionele bymengsels soos kalk, sement, vlieg-as ensovoorts is ʼn aantal nie-tradisionele bymiddels soos polimeergebaseerde produkte, soute en ander produkte ontwikkel vir grondstabilisasie. Aan die ander kant raak industrieë toenemend daarmee gemoeid om afvalstowwe op ʼn aanvaarbare en omgewingsvriendelike wyse te bestuur. Op hierdie gebied is ʼn aantal navorsingsprojekte al uitgevoer om industriële afval vir grondverbetering te gebruik en sodoende die las op nywerhede te verlig. Navorsing is onderneem om die basiese reaksies wat onstaan tydens stabilisasie van grond met tradisionele en moderne middels te bepaal en om die geskiktheid van kalkryke produkte vir grondstabilisasie te ondersoek. Baie navorsing is uitgevoer wat aangetoon het dat kalkhoudende produkte soos pulp vlieg- en oondresidu-as, asook CaO neweprodukte gebruik kan word vir stabilisasie. Gebaseer hierop is hierdie projek onderneem om die effek van papiermeulas, verkry deur die verbranding in ʼn veelvuldige brandstof-stoomketel, op die gedrag van uitsettende grond te ondersoek. Tydens hierdie studie is twee algemene ingenieurseienskappe van grond, naamlik sterkte en volumeverandering ondersoek. Grondsterkte is geëvalueer in terme van eenassige druksterkte (EDS) as gevolg van ? deur middel van die korrelasie met ʼn aantal ander grondeienskappe, en die volumeverandering in terme van vry-swel en sweldruk. Addisioneel tot hierdie twee grondeienskappe is droë digtheid en waterinhoud ook bestudeer aangesien beide in struktuurontwerp betrokke is. Verdere eienskappe wat ondersoek is, is gradering, Atterberggrense en Kaliforniese drakragverhouding (KDV). Die keuse van hierdie eienskappe is beïnvloed deur die beskikbaarheid van ʼn toetsstandaard (ASTM D4609-08) wat spesifiek ontwikkel is om die effektiwiteit van bymengsels vir grondstabilisasie te evalueer. Hierdie standaard is deurgaans as verwysing tydens die projek gebruik. Daar is waargeneem dat as-behandeling van grond ʼn aantal effekte het soortgelyk aan kalkbehandeling, met die uitsondering van die droë digtheid en optimum waterinhoud van een van die gronde wat getoets is. Byna al die eienskappe wat ondersoek is, soos EDS, KDV, ensovoorts, is verbeter behalwe in die geval van die eerste klei waarvan die plastisiteitsindeks verhoog het en die grond meer plasties geraak het. Daar kan dus afgelei word dat papiermeule-as vanaf ʼn stoomketel wat veelvuldige tipes brandstof gebruik geskik is vir die behandeling van uitsettende grond. Om die optimumgebruik van hierdie materiaal vir die stabilisasie van swellende klei te bepaal, is meer toetse en projekte nodig.
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Books on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Chen, F. H. Foundations on expansive soils. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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International Conference on Expansive Soils. Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Expansive Soils. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1988.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., ed. Evaluation and control of expansive soils. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1985.

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Ali, Al-Rawas Amer, and Goosen Mattheus F. A, eds. Expansive soils: Recent advances in characterization and treatment. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Sorochan, E. A. Construction of buildings on expansive soils. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1991.

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McCartney, John S., and Laureano R. Hoyos, eds. Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3.

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Nelson, John D., Kuo Chieh Geoff Chao, Daniel D. Overton, and Erik J. Nelson. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118996096.

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N.S.W.) Asia Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soils (4th 2009 Newcastle. Unsaturated soils: Experimental studies in unsaturated soils and expansive soils. [Place of publication not identified]: CRC Press, 2009.

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International Conference on Expansive Soils. (6th 1987 New Delhi, India). Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Expansive Soils =: 6 ème Conferénce Internationale des Sols Expansifs. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1988.

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K, Wray Warren, ed. So your home is built on expansive soils: A discussion of how expansive soils affect buildings. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Jones, Lee. "Expansive Soils." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_118-1.

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Osman, Khan Towhid. "Expansive Soils." In Management of Soil Problems, 117–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75527-4_6.

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Jones, Lee. "Expansive Soils." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 314–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_118.

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Look, Burt G. "Expansive soils." In Earthworks, 310–69. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003215486-10.

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Dasog, Ghulappa S., and Ahmet R. Mermut. "Expansive Soils and Clays." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 297–300. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_124.

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Duncan, Chester I. "Expansive Clay." In Soils and Foundations for Architects and Engineers, 323–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5417-2_13.

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Duncan, Chester I. "Expansive Clay." In Soils and Foundations for Architects and Engineers, 285–307. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6545-8_11.

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Gonawala, Radha J., Rakesh Kumar, and Krupesh A. Chauhan. "Stabilization of Expansive Soil with Corex Slag and Lime for Road Subgrade." In Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_1.

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Al-Khafaji, Amir. "Explicit Model for Excess Porewater Pressure Computation in Fine-Grained Soils with Arbitrary Initial Conditions." In Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils, 119–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_10.

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Assadollahi, Hossein, and Hossein Nowamooz. "The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Stability of Residential Buildings Built on Expansive Clays." In Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils, 132–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Reed, Ronald F. "Alternative Earthwork Procedure for Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)21.

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Hong, G. T., C. P. Aubeny, R. Bulut, and R. L. Lytton. "Design of Pavements on Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)31.

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Miao, Linchang, Fei Jing, and Sandra L. Houston. "Soil-Water Characteristic Curve of Remolded Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)80.

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Madhyannapu, Raja Sekhar, Anand J. Puppala, Venkat Bhadriraju, and Soheil Nazarian. "Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) Treatment of Expansive Soils." In U.S.-China Workshop on Ground Improvement Technologies 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41025(338)14.

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Arega Yitagesu, Fekerte, F. D. van der Meer, Harald van der Werff, and Wolter Zigterman. "Spectroscopy to characterize expansive soils." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423033.

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Kurup, G. Surya Narayana, Sona P. S., Luthfa U, Varsha Manu, and Amal Azad Sahib. "Undrained Strength Characteristics of Fibre Reinforced Expansive Soils." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.19.

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Expansive soils are those whose volume changes take place while it comes in contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during summer season. Expansive soils owe their characteristics due to the presence of swelling clay minerals. Expansive soils cover nearly 20% of landmass in India and include almost the entire Deccan plateau, western Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The properties that describe the expansive behaviour of soils are free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure. This behaviour has an impounding effect on the bearing capacity and strength of foundation lying on such a soil. Some of the stabilization techniques which are currently being used are physical alternations, sand cushioning, belled piers, under reamed piers, granular pile anchors, chemical stabilization, and fibre reinforcement techniques. This paper focuses on improvement in the strength characteristics of stabilized Chittur soil. The commonly used stabilizer for expansive soils is lime. This paper looks upon alternative materials such as fly ash and polypropylene fibres in order to reduce the lime content. It was concluded from the trials that an optimum combination of 1.5% lime, 10% fly ash and 0.2% polypropylene fibres contribut
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Garcia, Elizabeth Silva, and Eduardo Rojas. "Estimation of soil-water retention curve for expansive soils." In 2021 XVII International Engineering Congress (CONIIN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coniin54356.2021.9634707.

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Hong, G. T., R. Bulut, C. P. Aubeny, R. Jayatilaka, and R. L. Lytton. "Prediction of Roughness of Pavements on Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)30.

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Khan, Md Adnan, Jay X. Wang, and William B. Patterson. "Swelling–Shrinkage Properties of Expansive Moreland Clay." In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481707.011.

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Steinberg, Malcolm. "Expansive Soils and the Geomembrane Remedy." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40510(287)31.

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Reports on the topic "Expansive soils"

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Jung, Sochan, and Maria Santagata. Mitigating the Expansive Behavior of Chemically Treated Soils. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314303.

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D. D. Romero, P. R. Fresquez. Baseline Radionuclide and Nonradionuclide Concentrations in Soils, Vegetation, and Small Mammals at the Proposed Expansion Area at TA-54 Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921278.

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Michalopoulos, C. D. PR-175-420-R01 Submarine Pipeline Analysis - Theoretical Manual. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012171.

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Describes the computer program SPAN which computes the nonlinear transient response of a submarine pipeline, in contact with the ocean floor, to wave and current excitation. The dynamic response of a pipeline to impact loads, such as loads from trawl gear of fishing vessels, may also be computed. In addition, thermal expansion problems for submarine pipelines may be solved using SPAN. Beam finite element theory is used for spatial discretization of the partial differential equations governing the motion of a submarine pipeline. Large-deflection, small-strain theory is employed. The formulation involves a consistent basis and added mass matrix. Quadratic drag is computed using a nonconventional approach that involves the beam shape functions. Soil-resistance loads are computed using unique pipeline-soil interaction models which take into account coupling of axial and lateral soil forces. The nonlinear governing equations are solved numerically using the Newmark Method. This manual presents the discretized equations of motion, the methods used in determining hydrodynamic and soil-resistance forces, and the solution method.
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Zhou. L52284 Upheaval Buckling Limit State Function for Onshore Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010669.

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For buried pipelines a well established problem has been that of upheaval buckling. This occurs because the fluid is usually pumped through the pipes at elevated temperatures causing the pipeline to experience thermal expansion which, if restrained, leads to an increase in the axial stress in the pipeline possibly resulting in a buckling failure. A secondary phenomenon that has also been identified, particularly in loose sands and silts, involves floatation of pipelines through the backfill material, usually shortly after burial. The upheaval buckling limit state function developed in this project employs the critical upheaval buckling force and applied compressive force due to temperature and pressure. It applies to pipe sections containing a hill-crest type of imperfection over which the pipeline is routed using a series of cold formed bends. The critical buckling force is calculated using an empirical equation developed by Boreas based on the results of parametric finite element analyses (FEA) on 252 design cases. The input parameters for the empirical equation are pipe diameter, diameter-over-wall-thickness (D/t) ratio, grade, pressure, soil download and imperfection angle. The development of the equation is described in a technical report prepared by Boreas.
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M. J. Appel. Cleanup Verification Package for the 118-H-6:2, 105-H Reactor Ancillary Support Areas, Below-Grade Structures, and Underlying Soils; the 118-H-6:3, 105-H Reactor Fuel Storage Basin and Underlying Soils; The 118-H-6:3 Fuel Storage Basin Deep Zone Side Slope Soils; the 100-H-9, 100-H-10, and 100-H-13 French Drains; the 100-H-11 and 100-H-12 Expansion Box French Drains; and the 100-H-14 and 100-H-31 Surface Contamination Zones. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945302.

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Mohr. L52241 Strain-Based Design - Strain Concentration at Girth Welds. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010386.

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Strain-based design is used for many situations for pipelines where the loadings from forces other than the internal pressure can be the largest generators of stress and strain in the pipe wall. Such loadings can be generated by soil subsidence, frost heave, thermal expansion and contraction, landslides, pipe reeling, pipe laying, and several other types of environmental loading. Designing based on strain for these cases has an advantage over designing based on stress because these loadings tend to apply a given displacement rather than a given force to the pipe. Standards are much better developed for stress-based design than for strain-based design. While several standards are available that have some coverage of strain-based design, there is a tendency to cover only limited types of loading, as in API RP 1111 for offshore pipe laying. This program aimed to improve guidelines for strain-based design of pipelines by studying cases with combinations of internal pressure and axial plastic strain in tension. Softened heat-affected zone (HAZ) regions have been observed to concentrate strain, particularly under internal pressure. HAZ softening has been observed for welds on X-70 and X-80 steels. Cases with little or no softening have also been observed for other welds in these same grades. This project extended these findings to X-100 steels, with cases of obvious softening and little or no softening observed. Higher heat inputs and larger weld volumes per pass associated with submerged arc welding (SAW) as compared to gas metal arc welding (GMAW) have been correlated with greater softening in each of these pipe grades.
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Rosenfeld, Hart, and Zulfiqar. L51994 Acceptance Criteria for Mild Ripples in Pipeline Field Bends. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010395.

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Field bends in large diameter pipe are routinely used in the construction of oil and gas pipelines. Mild ripples along the intrados are often unavoidable where such bends have a high D/t or high yield strength. Present regulations and industry standards differ in their treatment of mild ripples, ranging from silence to prohibition, depending upon interpretation. Consequently, the application of acceptance standards for such features is inconsistent, leading to variable standards of inspection and probable scrapping of otherwise sound bends. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to estimate the effect of ripple magnitude and spacing on stresses due to pressure and bending. Stress concentration factors derived from the models were used with a suitable fatigue damage rule to estimate the effect of ripple parameters on service life. Results were benchmarked against the available test data. The results indicate that (1) mild or shallow ripples up to 2 percent of the pipe diameter in crest-to-trough dimension would not be expected to be harmful in gas transmission pipelines operating under conditions normally encountered in the gas transportation industry; (2) mild or shallow ripples up to 1 percent of the pipe diameter in crest-to-trough dimension would not be expected to be harmful in hazardous liquid transportation pipelines operating under conditions normally encountered in the liquid transportation industry; (3) the presence of ripples could eventually be harmful to long-term integrity in a severe cyclic loading (pressure, thermal expansion, flow-induced vibration) environment, or where soil movement could take place. Recommendations are made for ASME Code criteria specifically permitting mild ripples within stated limits.
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Leis, Sherry, and Lloyd Morrison. Plant community trends at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: 1998–2018. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294512.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network monitors plant communities at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve and evaluates a variety of environmental variables that affect vegetation patterns, including climate and ecological disturbances such as fire and grazing. Here we report on 2002–2018 trends in management actions (fire and grazing) and key plant community indicators. Temperature has increased over the past 50 years in the region. Precipitation and a standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index included a high degree of interannual variability and did not demonstrate directional change. We documented a decline in disturbance intensity (i.e., less frequent prescribed fire and lower stocking rates) since 2006. A preserve goal is to maintain 30 to 60% of the area as bare ground (soil and rock) for ideal greater prairie-chicken habitat. Bare areas have been in decline and minimally meet the goal preserve wide. Bare areas vary by pasture and year, with bare areas exceeding the threshold in earlier years and Big Pasture and Red House Pasture falling short in some recent years. Although the preserve-scale mean minimally met the objective, there was a great deal of heterogeneity across monitoring sites. Litter cover and depth were greater than ecological recommendations for the greater prairie-chicken, especially in 2018. Litter depth demonstrated a great deal of variability and included deep litter. Woody plants were targeted to remain below 5% cover. Preserve- and pasture-scale cover means were well below this threshold but are increasing. Species richness on a per site basis (alpha diversity) and preserve-wide richness (gamma diversity) showed no apparent directional change when corrected for differences in sample size. Comparison of native species composition between 2002 and 2018 revealed a 36.9% difference in the Sørensen Index, although observer error accounted for almost 2/3 of this apparent change. The preserve continues to have characteristic tallgrass prairie species, and nonnative species continue to be low. Similar to targeted invasive plant monitoring, we found the target species Kentucky bluegrass to be below park thresholds. Continued evaluation of fire frequency and grazing intensity will be critical to achieving ecological goals including conserving the greater prairie-chicken. Development of a grazing plan may assist with prescribing stocking rates that are consistent with the preserve’s ecological and cultural objectives and could include alternative herbivores, such as goats or expansion of bison.
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Ginzberg, Idit, and Walter De Jong. Molecular genetic and anatomical characterization of potato tuber skin appearance. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587733.bard.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) skin is composed of suberized phellem cells, the outer component of the tuber periderm. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify genes that control tuber skin appearance - smooth and shiny skin is highly preferred by the customers while russeted/netted skin potatoes are rejected. The breeding program (at Cornell University) seeks to develop smooth-skin varieties but has encountered frequent difficulties as inheritance of russeting involves complementary action by independently segregating genes, where a dominant allele at each locus is required for any degree of skin russeting. On the other hand, smooth-skin varieties frequently develop unsightly russeting in response to stress conditions, mainly high soil temperatures. Breeding programs in Israel aimed towards the improvement of heat tolerant varieties include skin quality as one of the desired characteristics. At the initiation of the present project it was unclear whether heat induced russeting and genetically inherited russeting share the same genes and biosynthesis pathways. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that russeting might result from increased periderm thickness, from strong cohesion between peridermal cells that prevents the outer layers from sloughing off, or from altered suberization processes in the skin. Hence, the original objectives were to conduct anatomical study of russet skin development, to isolate skin and russeting specific genes, to map the loci that determine the russet trait, and to compare with map locations the candidate russet specific genes, as well as to identify marker alleles that associated with russet loci. Anatomical studies suggested that russet may evolve from cracking at the outer layers of the skin, probably when skin development doesn’t meet the tuber expansion rate. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis and transcript profiling (cDNA chip, potato functional genomic project) indicated that in comparison to the parenchyma tissue, the skin is enriched with proteins/genes that are involved in the plant's responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and further expand the concept of the skin as a protective tissue containing an array of plantdefense components. The proteomes of skin from heat stressed tubers and native skin didn’t differ significantly, while transcript profiling indicated heat-related increase in three major functional groups: transcription factors, stress response and protein degradation. Exceptional was ACC synthase isogene with 4.6 fold increased level in the heat stressed skin. Russeting was mapped to two loci: rusB on chromosome 4 and rusC on chromosome 11; both required for russeting. No evidence was found for a third locus rusA that was previously proposed to be required for russeting. In an effort to find a link between the russeting character and the heat-induced russeting an attempt was made to map five genes that were found in the microarray experiment to be highly induced in the skin under heat stress in the segregating russet population. Only one gene was polymorphic; however it was localized to chromosome 2, so cannot correspond to rusB or rusC. Evaluation of AFLP markers tightly linked to rusB and rusC showed that these specific alleles are not associated with russeting in unrelated germplasm, and thus are not useful for MAS per se. To develop markers useful in applied breeding, it will be necessary to screen alleles of additional tightly linked loci, as well as to identify additional russet (heat-induced and/or native) related genes.
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PR-224-064504-R01 Guidelines for Reliability Based Design and Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010743.

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A set of guidelines for the application of Reliability Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) to onshore natural gas transmission pipelines. The guidelines describe the reliability analysis framework and give detailed guidance on how to develop the deterministic and probabilistic models required to apply it to specific pipelines. They also contain state-of-the-art models for key design conditions and failure causes including the following: yielding; burst or excessive plastic deformations under internal pressure; local buckling due to restrained thermal expansion; leak and burst failures at corrosion, seam-weld, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and dent-gouge defects; burst and puncture due to equipment impact; excessive axial strains due to soil movement parallel to the axis of the pipe; and seismic loading. To facilitate use by pipeline practitioners, the guidelines provide explicit procedures and illustrative examples for the various steps involved in applying reliability-based design and assessment methods. The methodology described in this document can be used to guide decisions that influence the structural integrity of a given pipeline. These include design decisions for new pipelines, fitness-for-service evaluations for existing lines, assessment of changes in operational parameters (e.g. location class changes, fluid changes, damage) and evaluation of maintenance alternatives.
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