Academic literature on the topic 'Expanding laminar flames'
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Journal articles on the topic "Expanding laminar flames"
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Tran, Vu Manh. "USING EXPANDING SPHERICAL FLAMES METHOD TO MEASURE THE UNSTRETCHED LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITIES OF LPG-AIR MIXTURES." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 8 (April 28, 2009): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i8.2270.
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In the present study, a technique making expanding spherical flames in a constant volume combustion bomb is presented for determining burning velocities of unstretched laminar flames, and applied to liquefy petroleum gas (LPG)-air mixtures. The experimental setup consists of a cylindrical combustion chamber coupled to a classical schlieren system. Flame pictures are recorded by a high speed camera. The laminar burning velocities of LPG-air mixtures are measured over a wide range of preheat temperatures, initial pressures and equivalence ratios. The effects of these initial conditions on the laminar burning velocities are also examined in this paper.
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Yousif, Alaeldeen Altag, and Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman. "Experimental Study on Laminar Flame Speeds and Markstein Length of Methane-Air Mixtures at Atmospheric Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.714.
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Accurate value of laminar flame speed is an important parameter of combustible mixtures. In this respect, experimental data are very useful for modeling improvement and validating chemical kinetic mechanisms. To achieve this, an experimental characterization on spherically expanding flames propagation of methane-air mixtures were carried out. Tests were conducted in constant volume cylindrical combustion chamber to measure stretched, unstretched laminar flame speed, laminar burning velocity, and flame stretch effect as quantified by the associated Markstein lengths. The mixtures of methane-air were ignited at extensive ranges of lean-to-rich equivalence ratios, under ambient pressure and temperature. This is achieved by high speed schlieren cine-photography for flames observation in the vessel. The results showed that the unstretched laminar burning velocity increased and the peak value of the unstretched laminar burning velocity shifted to the richer mixture side with the increase of equivalence ratio. The flame propagation speed showed different trends at different equivalence ratio for tested mixtures. It was found that the Markstein length was increased with the increase of equivalence ratio.
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JOMAAS, G., C. K. LAW, and J. K. BECHTOLD. "On transition to cellularity in expanding spherical flames." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 583 (July 4, 2007): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007005885.
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The instant of transition to cellularity of centrally ignited, outwardly propagating spherical flames in a reactive environment of fuelx–oxidizer mixture, at atmospheric and elevated pressures, was experimentally determined using high-speed schlieren imaging and subsequently interpreted on the basis of hydrodynamic and diffusional–thermal instabilities. Experimental results show that the transition Péclet number, Pec = RcℓL, assumes an almost constant value for the near-equidiffusive acetylene flames with wide ranges in the mixture stoichiometry, oxygen concentration and pressure, where Rc is the flame radius at transition and ℓL the laminar flame thickness. However, for the non-equidiffusive hydrogen and propane flames, Pec respectively increases and decreases somewhat linearly with the mixture equivalence ratio. Evaluation of Pec using previous theory shows complete qualitative agreement and satisfactory quantitative agreement, demonstrating the insensitivity of Pec to all system parameters for equidiffusive mixtures, and the dominance of the Markstein number, Ze(Le – 1), in destabilization for non-equidiffusive mixtures, where Ze is the Zel'dovich number and Le the Lewis number. The importance of using locally evaluated values of ℓL, Ze and Le, extracted from either computationally simulated one-dimensional flame structure with detailed chemistry and transport, or experimentally determined response of stretched flames, in the evaluation of Pec is emphasized.
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Zhao, Haoran, Chunmiao Yuan, Gang Li, and Fuchao Tian. "The Propagation Characteristics of Turbulent Expanding Flames of Methane/Hydrogen Blending Gas." Energies 17, no. 23 (November 28, 2024): 5997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17235997.
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In the present study, the effect of hydrogen addition on turbulent flame propagation characteristics is investigated in a fan-stirred combustion chamber. The turbulent burning velocities of methane/hydrogen mixture are determined over a wide range of hydrogen fractions, and four classical unified scaling models (the Zimont model, Gulder model, Schmidt model, and Peters model) are evaluated by the experimental data. The acceleration onset, cellular structure, and acceleration exponent of turbulent expanding flames are determined, and an empirical model of turbulent flame acceleration is proposed. The results indicate that turbulent burning velocity increases nonlinearly with the hydrogen addition, which is similar to that of laminar burning velocity. Turbulent flame acceleration weakens with the hydrogen addition, which is different from that of laminar flame acceleration. Turbulent flame acceleration is dominated by turbulent stretch, and flame intrinsic instability is negligible. Turbulent stretch reduces with hydrogen addition, because the interaction duration between turbulent vortexes and flamelets is shortened. The relative data and conclusions can provide useful reference for the model optimization and risk assessment of hydrogen-enriched gas explosion.
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Huo, Jialong, Sheng Yang, Zhuyin Ren, Delin Zhu, and Chung K. Law. "Uncertainty reduction in laminar flame speed extrapolation for expanding spherical flames." Combustion and Flame 189 (March 2018): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.10.032.
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Wu, Fujia, Wenkai Liang, Zheng Chen, Yiguang Ju, and Chung K. Law. "Uncertainty in stretch extrapolation of laminar flame speed from expanding spherical flames." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35, no. 1 (2015): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.065.
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Володин, В. В., В. В. Голуб, and А. Е. Ельянов. "Влияние начальных условий на скорость фронта ламинарного пламени в газовых смесях." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 2 (2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.02.50358.215-20.
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The scatter in laminar flame front speed caused by both an error in the composition of the combustible mixture and initial disturbances is reported. It's shown how the configuration of the initially planar front in laminar flame initial disturbances in a gas mixture of the same composition affects the scatter of speeds of expanding spherical flames. The experimental results previously obtained by the authors, demonstrating the scatter in the speed of the laminar flame front in an initially quiescent gas mixture of constant composition under the same conditions, are explained by integrating the Sivashinsky equation with various initial disturbances. The influence of combustible mixture composition errors on the parameters determining the speed of the flame front is analyzed. These parameters were recalculated for a possible scatter in the mixture composition, obtained based on data on the accuracy of the equipment used in previously published experiments.
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Shu, Tao, Yuan Xue, Wenkai Liang, and Zhuyin Ren. "Extrapolations of laminar flame speeds from expanding spherical flames based on the finite-structure stretched flames." Combustion and Flame 226 (April 2021): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.037.
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Yang, Sheng, Abhishek Saha, Zirui Liu, and Chung K. Law. "Role of Darrieus–Landau instability in propagation of expanding turbulent flames." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 850 (July 10, 2018): 784–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.426.
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In this paper we study the essential role of Darrieus–Landau (DL), hydrodynamic, cellular flame-front instability in the propagation of expanding turbulent flames. First, we analyse and compare the characteristic time scales of flame wrinkling under the simultaneous actions of DL instability and turbulent eddies, based on which three turbulent flame propagation regimes are identified, namely, instability dominated, instability–turbulence interaction and turbulence dominated regimes. We then perform experiments over an extensive range of conditions, including high pressures, to promote and manipulate the DL instability. The results clearly demonstrate the increase in the acceleration exponent of the turbulent flame propagation as these three regimes are traversed from the weakest to the strongest, which are respectively similar to those of the laminar cellularly unstable flame and the turbulent flame without flame-front instability, and thus validating the scaling analysis. Finally, based on the scaling analysis and the experimental results, we propose a modification of the conventional turbulent flame regime diagram to account for the effects of DL instability.
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Liao, S. Y., D. L. Zhong, C. Yang, X. B. Pan, C. Yuan, and Q. Cheng. "The Temperature and Pressure Dependencies of Propagation Characteris-tics for Premixed Laminar Ethanol-Air Flames." Open Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 1 (August 10, 2012): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501206010055.
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Laminar burning velocity is strongly dependent on mixture characteristics, e.g. initial temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. In this work, spherically expanding laminar premixed flames, freely propagating from a spark ignition source in initially quiescent ethanol-air mixtures, have been imaged and then the laminar burning velocities were obtained at initial temperatures of 358 K to 500K, pressure of 0.1 to 0.2 MPa and equivalence ratio of 0.7 to 1.4. The measured re-sults and literature data on ethanol laminar burning velocities were accumulated, to analyze the effects of initial tempera-ture and pressure on the propagation characteristics of laminar ethanol-air flames. A correlation in the form of ul=ulo(Tu/Tu0)αT (Pu/Pu0)βP , and validated over much wide temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio ranges. The global activation temperatures were determined in terms of the laminar burning mass flux for ethanol-air flames. And the Zel’dovich numbers were estimated as well. The dependencies of global activation temperature and Zel’dovich number on initial mixture pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio were explored. Additionally, an alterna-tive correlation of laminar burning velocities, from the view of theoretical arguments, was proposed on the basis of the de-termined ethanol-air laminar mass burning flux. Good agreements were obtained in its comparison with the literature data.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Expanding laminar flames"
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Varea, Emilien. "Experimental analysis of laminar spherically expanding flames." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800616.
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Laminar burning velocity is very useful for both combustion modeling and kinetic scheme validationand improvement. Accurate experimental data are needed. To achieve this, the spherical flame method was chosen. However various expression for burning velocity from the spherically expanding flame can be found. A theorical review details all the expressions and models for the burning veolcity and shows how they can be obtained experimentally. These models were comparated considering basic fuels - various Lewis numbers. As a result, it is shown that the pure kinematic measurement method is the only one thet does not introduce any assumptions. This kinematic measurement had needed the development and validation of an original post-processing tool. Following the theorical review, a parametric experimental study is presented. The new technique is extended to extract burning velocity and Markstein length relative to the fresh gas for pure ethanol, isooctane and blended fuels at high pressure.
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Villenave, Nicolas. "Étude expérimentale des propriétés fondamentales de la combustion de l'hydrogène pour des applications de propulsion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025ORLE1001.
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En vue d'atteindre la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050, l’Union européenne envisage l'hydrogène comme un vecteur énergétique prometteur afin de réduire la consommation des ressources fossiles. Alors que les piles à combustible et les véhicules électriques occupent déjà une place importante dans la décarbonation du secteur des transports, l'hydrogène est également considéré comme une alternative aux carburants conventionnels pour les véhicules lourds. Toutefois, de nombreux obstacles liés aux propriétés physico-chimiques ainsi qu’à la combustion pauvre en hydrogène sont encore à l’étude : apparition de phénomènes de combustion anormale, production d'oxydes d'azote, instabilités dues aux effets thermodiffusifs. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension du processus d’auto-inflammation des mélanges pauvres hydrogène/air ainsi qu’au phénomène de propagation des flammes prémélangées laminaires et turbulentes. Dans une première partie, des mesures de délais d’auto-inflammation hydrogène/air et hydrogène/air/oxydes d’azote sont réalisées à l’aide d’une machine à compression rapide afin de revisiter et valider un mécanisme cinétique dans des conditions similaires à celles rencontrées dans un moteur à allumage commandé. Dans une deuxième partie, des flammes laminaires prémélangées en expansion sont étudiées au sein d’une chambre de combustion sphérique à volume constant, en faisant varier la température initiale ainsi que la dilution à la vapeur d’eau et en considérant les instabilités intrinsèques liées aux propriétés physico-chimiques de l’hydrogène : instabilités thermodiffusives, hydrodynamiques et liées à la pesanteur. Dans une dernière partie,des flammes turbulentes prémélangées en expansion sont caractérisées par génération d’une turbulence homogène et isotrope au sein d’une chambre sphérique. Une étude paramétrique est réalisée par rapport à un cas de référence en faisant varier l’intensité turbulente, la pression initiale et la richesse. Finalement, une corrélation turbulente est proposée afin de décrire la propagation de ces flammes et en vue d’être utilisée dans des modèles numériquesIn order to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, the European Union is considering hydrogen as a promising energy carrier to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. While fuel cells and electric vehicles already play an important role in decarbonizing the transport sector, hydrogen is also seen as an alternative to conventional fuels for heavy-duty vehicles. Yet, a number of challenges linked to the physico-chemical properties of lean hydrogen combustion are still under investigation: abnormal combustion phenomena, production of nitrogen oxides,instabilities due to thermodiffusive effects, to state a few. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the auto-ignition process in lean hydrogen/air mixtures, as well as the propagation of laminar and turbulent premixed flames. First, measurements of hydrogen/air and hydrogen/air/nitrogen oxides ignition delay times are carried out using a rapid compression machine, to update and validate a kinetic mechanism under spark ignition engine-like conditions. Second, outwardly propagating spherical premixed laminar flames were studiedin a constant-volume combustion chamber, varying the initial temperature and steam dilution, and considering the intrinsic instabilities linked to the physico-chemical properties of hydrogen namely thermodiffusive,hydrodynamic and gravity-related instabilities. Then, expanding premixed turbulent flames are characterized by the generation of a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence zone within a spherical chamber. A parametric study is conducted by varying turbulent intensity, initial pressure and equivalence ratio. Finally, a turbulent correlation is proposed to describe the turbulent propagation of such flames, for use in numerical models
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Galmiche, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation expérimentale des flammes laminaires et turbulentes en expansion." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069403.
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Le moteur downsizé à allumage commandé constitue l'une des voies principales explorées par les constructeurs automobiles pour améliorer le rendement et réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone des motorisations essence. Il s'agit de combiner une réduction de la cylindrée avec une forte suralimentation afin d'améliorer le rendement du moteur, en particulier à faibles et moyennes charges. Leur mise au point est limitée par l'augmentation des combustions anormales, dont le contrôle par forte dilution peut également entraîner l'apparition de variabilités cycliques importantes. Actuellement, la compréhension des nombreux paramètres intervenant dans l'apparition de ces phénomènes et de leurs interactions, reste encore imparfaite. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de propagation des flammes turbulentes. Cette étude est réalisée dans une enceinte de combustion sphérique haute pression haute température, équipée de ventilateurs générant une turbulence homogène et isotrope. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l'étude de la combustion prémélangée laminaire isooctane/air. Dans un deuxième temps, l'aérodynamique de l'écoulement dans l'enceinte est finement caractérisée par Vélocimétrie Laser Doppler et Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules. Enfin, la propagation des flammes turbulentes est étudiée en termes de vitesse à partir de visualisations par ombroscopie. Une loi unifiée, permettant de décrire la propagation des flammes turbulentes indépendamment des conditions thermodynamiques initiales, de l'intensité de la turbulence et de la nature du mélange réactif est notamment proposée.
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Mannaa, Ossama. "Burning Characteristics of Premixed Flames in Laminar and Turbulent Environments." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/630077.
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Considering the importance of combustion characteristics in combustion applications including spark ignition engines and gas turbines, both laminar and turbulent burning velocities were measured for gasoline related fuels.
The first part of the present work focused on the measurements of laminar burning velocities of Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) gasolines and their surrogates using a spherical constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) that can provide high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) combustion mode up to 0.6 MPa, 395 K, and the equivalence ratios ranging 0.7-1.6. The data reduction was based on the linear and nonlinear extrapolation models considering flame stretch effect. The effect of flame instability was investigated based on critical Peclet and Karlovitz, and Markstein numbers. The sensitivity of the laminar burning velocity of the aforementioned fuels to various fuel additives being knows as octane boosters and gasoline extenders including alcohols, olfins, and SuperButol was investigated. This part of the study was further extended by examining exhaust gas re-circulation effect. Tertiary mixtures of toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF) were shown to successfully emulate the laminar burning characteristics of FACE gasolines associated with different RONs under various experimental conditions. A noticeable enhancement of laminar burning velocities was observed for blends with high ethanol content (vol ≥ 45 %). However, such enhancement effect diminished as the pressure increased. The reduction of laminar burning velocity cause by real EGR showed insensitivity to the variation of the equivalence ratio.
The second part focused on turbulent burning velocities of FACE-C gasoline and its surrogates subjected to a wide range of turbulence intensities measured in a fan-stirred CVCC dedicated to turbulent combustion up to initial pressure of 1.0 MP. A Mie scattering imaging technique was applied revealing the mutual flame-turbulence interaction. Furthermore, considerable efforts were made towards designing and commissioning a new optically-accessible fan-stirred HPHT combustion vessel. A time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) technique was applied for the characterization of turbulent flow revealing homogeneous-isotropic turbulence in the central region to be utilized successfully for turbulent burning velocity measurement. Turbulent burning velocities were measured for FACE-C and TPRF surrogate fuels along with the effect of ethanol addition for a wide range of initial pressure and turbulent intensity. FACE-C gasoline was found to be more sensitive to both primarily the primary contribution of turbulence intensification and secondarily from pressure in enhancing its turbulent burning velocity. Several correlations were validated revealing a satisfactory scaling with turbulence and thermodynamic parameters.
The final part focused on the turbulent burning characteristics of piloted lean methane-air jet flames subjected to a wide range of turbulence intensity by adopting TR-SPIV and OH-planar laser-induced florescence (OH-PLIF) techniques. Both of the flame front thickness and volume increased reasonably linearly as normalized turbulence intensity, u^'/ S_L^0, increased. As u^'/ S_L^0 increased, the flame front exhibited more fractalized structure and occasionally localized extinction (intermittency). Probability density functions of flame curvature exhibited a Gaussian like distribution at all u^'/ S_L^0. Two-dimensional flame surface density (2D-FSD) decreased for low and moderate u^'/ S_L^0, while it increased for high u^'/ S_L^0Turbulent burning velocity was estimated using flame area and fractal dimension methods showing a satisfactory agreement with the flamelet models by Peters and Zimont. Mean stretch factor was estimated and found to increase linearly as u^'/ S_L^0increased. Conditioned velocity statistics were obtained revealing the mutual flame-turbulence interaction.
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De, Vries Jaap. "A STUDY ON SPHERICAL EXPANDING FLAME SPEEDS OF METHANE, ETHANE, AND METHANE/ETHANE MIXTURES AT ELEVATED PRESSURES." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-601.
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High-pressure experiments and chemical kinetics modeling were performed for laminar spherically expanding flames for methane/air, ethane/air, methane/ethane/air and propane/air mixtures at pressures between 1 and 10 atm and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.7 to 1.3. All experiments were performed in a new flame speed facility capable of withstanding initial pressures up to 15 atm. The facility consists of a cylindrical pressure vessel rated up to 2200 psi. Vacuums down to 30 mTorr were produced before each experiment, and mixtures were created using the partial pressure method. Ignition was obtained by an automotive coil and a constant current power supply capable of reducing the spark energy close to the minimum ignition energy.
Optical cine-photography was provided via a Z-type schlieren set up and a high-speed camera (2000 fps). A full description of the facility is given including a pressure rating and a computational conjugate heat transfer analysis predicting temperature rises at the walls. Additionally, a detailed uncertainty analysis revealed total uncertainty in measured flame speed of approximately +-0.7 cm/s. This study includes first-ever measurements of methane/ethane flame speeds at elevated pressures as well as unique high pressure ethane flame speed measurements.
Three chemical kinetic models were used and compared against measured flame velocities. GRI 3.0 performed remarkably well even for high-pressure ethane flames. The C5 mechanism performed acceptably at low pressure conditions and under-predicted the experimental data at elevated pressures.
Measured Markstein lengths of atmospheric methane/air flames were compared against values found in the literature. In this study, Markstein lengths increased for methane/air flames from fuel lean to fuel rich. A reverse trend was observed for ethane/air mixtures with the Markstein length decreasing from fuel lean to fuel rich conditions.
Flame cellularity was observed for mixtures at elevated pressures. For both methane and ethane, hydrodynamic instabilities dominated at stoichiometric conditions. Flame acceleration was clearly visible and used to determine the onset of cellular instabilities. The onset of flame acceleration for each high-pressure experiment was recorded.
Book chapters on the topic "Expanding laminar flames"
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Ghosh, Abeetath, Sourav Sarkar, and Achintya Mukhopadhyay. "Effect of Heat Loss on Spherically Expanding Laminar Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flame." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 515–20. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6970-6_86.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Expanding laminar flames"
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Turner, Mattias A., Waruna D. Kulatilaka, and Eric L. Petersen. "Laminar Flame Speeds of Oxy-Methane Flames With CO2 Dilution at Elevated Pressures." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14441.
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Abstract Spherically expanding, laminar flame experiments have been conducted for oxy-methane mixtures diluted in CO2. Test conditions consisted of pressures of 5 atm and 10 atm, an ambient initial temperature of 298 K, and a full range of equivalence ratios from lean to rich. Schlieren imaging was used to image the flames. The mixtures tested in this study contained helium for the purpose of increasing the Lewis number to suppress onset of thermal-diffusive instabilities. Flame speeds ranged from 24.3 to 30.4 cm/s at 5 atm initial pressure and from 17.9 to 22.6 cm/s at 10 atm, resulting in an approximately 26% decrease in flame speed across all tested equivalence ratios as a result of the doubling in initial pressure. Predicted flame speeds from AramcoMech2.0 tended to be higher than the experimental data by 3% at 5 atm initial pressure and 8% at 10 atm initial pressure, indicating that the performance of the mechanism is quite good for this mixture, but diminishes slightly as pressure increases.
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Parajuli, Pradeep, Tyler Paschal, Mattias A. Turner, Eric L. Petersen, and Waruna D. Kulatilaka. "High-Speed Spectrally Resolved Imaging Studies of Spherically Expanding Natural Gas Flames Under Gas Turbine Operating Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91752.
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Abstract Natural gas is a major fuel source for many industrial and power-generation applications. The primary constituent of natural gas is methane (CH4), while smaller quantities of higher order hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) can also be present. Detailed understanding of natural gas combustion is important to obtain the highest possible combustion efficiency with minimal environmental impact in devices such as gas turbines and industrial furnaces. For a better understanding the combustion performance of natural gas, several important parameters to study are the flame temperature, heat release zone, flame front evolution, and laminar flame speed as a function of flame equivalence ratio. Spectrally and temporally resolved, high-speed chemiluminescence imaging can provide direct measurements of some of these parameters under controlled laboratory conditions. A series of experiments were performed on premixed methane/ethane-air flames at different equivalence ratios inside a closed flame speed vessel that allows the direct observation of the spherically expanding flame front. The vessel was filled with the mixtures of CH4 and C2H6 along with respective partial pressures of O2 and N2, to obtain the desired equivalence ratios at 1 atm initial pressure. A high-speed camera coupled with an image intensifier system was used to capture the chemiluminescence emitted by the excited hydroxyl (OH*) and methylidyne (CH*) radicals, which are two of the most important species present in the natural gas flames. The calculated laminar flame speeds for an 80/20 methane/ethane blend based on high-speed chemiluminescence images agreed well with the previously conducted Z-type schlieren imaging-based measurements. A high-pressure test, conducted at 5 atm initial pressure, produced wrinkles in the flame and decreased flame propagation rate. In comparison to the spherically expanding laminar flames, subsequent turbulent flame studies showed the sporadic nature of the flame resulting from multiple flame fronts that were evolved discontinuously and independently with the time. This paper documents some of the first results of quantitative spherical flame speed experiments using high-speed chemiluminescence imaging.
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Rokni, Emad, Ali Moghaddas, Omid Askari, and Hameed Metghalchi. "Measurement of Laminar Burning Speeds and Investigation of Flame Stability of Acetylene (C2H2)/Air Mixtures." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6448.
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Laminar burning speeds and flame structures of spherically expanding flames of mixtures of acetylene (C2H2) with air have been investigated over a wide range of equivalence ratios, temperatures, and pressures. Experiments have been conducted in a constant volume cylindrical vessel with two large end windows. The vessel was installed in a shadowgraph system equipped with a high speed CMOS camera, capable of taking pictures up to 40,000 frames per second. Shadowgraphy was used to study flame structures and transition from smooth to cellular flames during flame propagation. Pressure measurements have been done using a pressure transducer during the combustion process. Laminar burning speeds were measured using a thermodynamic model employing the dynamic pressure rise during the flame propagation. Burning speeds were measured for temperature range of 300 to 590 K and pressure range of 0.5 to 3.3 atmospheres, and the range of equivalence ratios covered from 0.6 to 2. The measured values of burning speeds compared well with existing data and extended for a wider range of temperatures. Burning speed measurements have only been reported for smooth and laminar flames.
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Haq, M. Z. "Prediction of Instabilities of Spherically Propagating Flames in Laminar Premixture." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47484.
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A spherically expanding flame in a quiescent premixture is a bifurcation phenomenon, in which the flame becomes unstable at a radius, greater than some critical value, while remaining stable below that critical radius. Beyond this critical radius, developing instabilities are initiated by propagating cracks to form a coherent structure covering the entire flame surface and flame accelerates. The present paper reports a schlieren photographic study of spherical flame propagation in methane–air, iso-octane–air and n-heptane–air premixtures at different initial conditions where the onset of instability and the flame acceleration are clearly perceived. Hence, elapsed time and flame radius for onset of instability are correlated with the flame parameters. Predicted critical time and flame radius for the onset of instability are in good agreement with available experimental data obtained from a large-scale unconfined explosions in methane-air premixture.
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Susa, Adam J., Lingzhi Zheng, Zach D. Nygaard, Alison M. Ferris, and Ronald K. Hanson. "Laminar Flame Speed Measurements of Primary Reference Fuels at Extreme Temperatures." In ASME 2022 ICE Forward Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2022-90501.
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Abstract Experimentally measured values of the laminar flame speed (SL) are reported for the primary reference fuels over a range of unburned-gas temperatures (Tu) spanning from room temperature to above 1,000 K, providing the highest-temperature SL measurements ever reported for gasoline-relevant fuels. Measurements were performed using expanding flames ignited within a shock tube and recorded using side-wall schlieren imaging. The recently introduced area-averaged linear curvature (AA-LC) model is used to extrapolate stretch-free flame speeds from the aspherical flames. High-temperature SL measurements are compared to values simulated using different kinetic mechanisms and are used to assess three functional forms of empirical SL–Tu relationships: the ubiquitous power-law model, an exponential relation, and a non-Arrhenius form. This work demonstrates the significantly enhanced capability of the shock-tube flame speed method to provide engine-relevant SL measurements with the potential to meaningfully improve accuracy and reduce uncertainty of kinetic mechanisms when used to predict global combustion behaviors most relevant to practical engine applications.
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Duva, Berk Can, Yen-Cheng Wang, Lauren Elizabeth Chance, and Elisa Toulson. "Laminar Flame Characteristics of Sequential Two-Stage Combustion of Premixed Methane/Air Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14114.
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Abstract Due to their high load flexibility and air-quality benefits, axial (sequential) stage combustion systems have become more popular among ground-based power gas turbine combustors. However, inert combustion residuals passing from the initial stage onto the secondary stage affects the reactivity and stability of the flame in the second stage of the combustor. The present study investigates laminar flame characteristics of the combustion within the second stage of a sequential combustor. The method of constant pressure for spherically expanding flames was employed to obtain laminar burning velocities (LBV) and burned gas Markstein lengths (Lb) of premixed methane/air mixtures diluted using flue gas at 3 bar and 423 K. Combustion residuals were imitated using a 19.01% H2O + 9.50% CO2 + 71.49% N2 mixture by volume, while tested dilution ratios were 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Experimental results showed that the LBV was decreased by 18–23%, 36–42%, and 50–52% with additions of 5%, 10%, and 15% combustion products, respectively. As the dilution and equivalence ratios increased, the Lb values increased slightly, suggesting that the stability and stretch of the CH4/air flames increased at these conditions. Numerical results were obtained from CHEMKIN using the GRI-Mech 3.0, USC Mech II, San Diego, HP-Mech, NUI Galway, and AramcoMech 1.3 mechanisms. The GRI-Mech 3.0 and HP-Mech performed best, with an average of 2% and 3% difference between numerical and experimental LBVs, respectively. The thermal-diffusion (TD), dilution (D), and the chemical (C) effects of inert post-combustion gases on the LBV were found using numerical results. The dilution effect was primarily responsible, accounting for 79–84% of the LBV reduction.
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Baust, Tobias, Peter Habisreuther, and Nikolaos Zarzalis. "Determination of Laminar Flame Speed and Markstein Numbers Deduced From Turbulent Flames Using the Bomb Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57305.
Full textAbstract:
The flame speed is a central element not only in theoretical combustion and basic research but also a key parameter for several combustion models. Various methods to define and measure laminar flame speed have been applied. One method that is being relevant to determine flame speed and flame stretch (quantified by Markstein numbers) under high pressure and high temperature conditions is the bomb method, where an unsteady spherical expanding flame is investigated in a closed vessel. Especially for higher pressures, instabilities occur in the flame front of spherically expanding flames, due to the decreased flame thickness and diffusion processes. These so called cellular structures increase the flame surface and therefore the laminar flame speed cannot be determined in the usual manner. As high pressures are common under engine conditions, there is a need to be still able to determine the flame speed within these pressure ranges. By exposing the flame to a turbulent flow field, the vortex interactions are mainly responsible for the deformation of the flame surface. This fact can be used to deduce the laminar flame speed from a turbulent flame. In the present work, a turbulent flame speed model to determine unstretched laminar flame speed and Markstein numbers is introduced and validated. For this purpose the flame is exposed to a well-known turbulent flow field that is nearly homogenous and isotropic. By estimating the flame surface, the laminar flame speed can be calculated, using a turbulent stretch model as well as the flamelet assumption in an implicit approach. A high speed 2D laser imaging technique is used to capture the flame propagation. The most significant issue of this method is to correctly identify the surface and the volume of the flame, because solely a cross section of the flame surface can be visualized in the laser sheet. In case of spherical flames, the radius of the cross section corresponds to the flame surface and volume whereas a single radius is not sufficient to quantify a turbulent flame. The idea is to use the circumference of the cross section in a power law approach to quantify the cellular structures as a mean. The implicit model has been validated for methane and hydrogen flame speed at various equivalence ratios at atmospheric and elevated pressure. The results are in a good agreement with laminar determined flame speed and also the Markstein number is obtained qualitatively correct. Although the flame surface and volume cannot be determined directly by 2D measurement techniques, a model has been developed to determine laminar unstretched flame speed and Markstein numbers by investigating unsteady propagating flames in a turbulent flow field.
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Nawaz, Behlol, Md Nayer Nasim, Shubhra Kanti Das, and J. Hunter Mack. "Cellular Instabilities in Spherically Expanding Hydrogen-Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Flames." In ASME 2023 ICE Forward Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2023-110157.
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Abstract Hydrogen (H2) has several properties that make it a promising alternative fuel. It is carbon-free, has a high gravimetric energy density, and can be compatible with some existing conversion technologies. However, there are several challenges in its large-scale use, such as a high flammability envelope and fundamentally different combustion properties compared with existing fuels such as natural gas. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a working fluid in place of nitrogen (N2) can help mitigate some of these issues such as the laminar burning velocity (LBV). It can help mitigate the challenges to the use of H2 in an internal combustion engine (ICE), such as the flame backfiring into the intake manifold, pre-ignition from hotspots and rapid pressure rise. It is important to understand how this working fluid substitution affects other properties. One important intrinsic property of a mixture is the propensity to form wrinkles and cellular structures on the surface of spherically expanding flames, which are indicative of intrinsic instabilities. In this study, images from experiments of spherically expanding H2-O2-CO2 flames were obtained experimentally in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC); the schlieren images are processed to detect wrinkles on the flame surface and determine their length. The composition of the mixture is varied in terms of the fraction of CO2 in the mixture, as well as the oxy-combustion equivalence ratio. The experiments were conducted at an initial mixture pressure of 1 bar. It is generally observed that while all flames display wrinkles relatively quickly and further develop into cellular structures, the behavior is more pronounced at lower equivalence ratios. Furthermore, the results also indicate that mixtures with higher fractions of CO2 are more prone to instabilities.
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Kochar, Yash, Jerry Seitzman, Timothy Lieuwen, Wayne Metcalfe, Sine´ad Burke, Henry Curran, Michael Krejci, William Lowry, Eric Petersen, and Gilles Bourque. "Laminar Flame Speed Measurements and Modeling of Alkane Blends at Elevated Pressures With Various Diluents." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45122.
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Laminar flame speeds at elevated pressure for methane-based fuel blends are important for refining the chemical kinetics that are relevant at engine conditions. The present paper builds on earlier measurements and modeling by the authors by extending the validity of a chemical kinetics mechanism to laminar flame speed measurements obtained in mixtures containing significant levels of helium. Such mixtures increase the stability of the experimental flames at elevated pressures and extend the range of laminar flame speeds. Two experimental techniques were utilized, namely a Bunsen burner method and an expanding spherical flame method. Pressures up to 10 atm were studied, and the mixtures ranged from pure methane to binary blends of CH4/C2H6 and CH4/C3H8. In the Bunsen flames, the data include elevated initial temperatures up to 650 K. There is generally good agreement between model and experiment, although some discrepancies still exist with respect to equivalence ratio for certain cases. A significant result of the present study is that the effect of mixture composition on flame speed is well captured by the mechanism over the extreme ranges of initial pressure and temperature covered herein. Similarly, the mechanism does an excellent job at modeling the effect of initial temperature for methane-based mixtures up to at least 650 K.
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Turner, Mattias A., and Eric L. Petersen. "High-Pressure Laminar Flame Speeds and Markstein Lengths of Syngas Flames Diluted in Carbon Dioxide and Helium." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81188.
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Abstract New laminar flame speed and burned-gas Markstein length data for H2-CO-O2-CO2-He mixtures have been measured from spherically expanding flames. Experiments were conducted at 10 atm and room temperature for H2:CO ratios ranging from 2:1 to 1:4 and for overall CO2 mole fractions from 0 to 30%. CO2 dilution had little effect on Markstein length, but CO2 dilutions of 10%, 20%, and 30% caused average reductions in flame speed of 47%, 73%, and 89% respectively, regardless of H2:CO ratio. The study was designed to isolate the dilution effect of CO2 on flame speed, and a detailed analysis using the FCO2 method was used to show that the chemical-kinetic participation of CO2 was responsible for up to 20% of the reduction in flame speed. Hence, the majority (80% or more) of the reduction in flame speed due to CO2 is from the thermal effect. Accurate flame speed predictions were produced by five different chemical kinetics mechanisms for most conditions, with the slight exception of high-CO, high-CO2 mixtures. A thorough sensitivity analysis highlighted the larger effect of CO2 dilution on the important kinetics reactions than the effect of changing H2:CO. Sensitivity analysis also showed that the chain branching reaction H2O+O⇌OH+OH could be modified (albeit beyond its uncertainty) to achieve more accurate flame speed predictions, but also indicated that further improvement of flame speed modeling would require changes to many lesser reactions.