Academic literature on the topic 'Expanding Knowledge through Studies of Human Society'

The article considers the process of expanding the subject and methods of research in modern environmental science. It is shown how, following the traditional biological science of ecology, new directions of ecological knowledge arise under the influence of research activities: social ecology, anthropoecology. Knowledge about a human being is achieved through the use of both natural and human sciences. A great step in expanding the subject of modern ecology was the intensive formation of human ecology in recent years, in which the need for the formation of a unity of natural science and socio-humanitarian research methods was reflected most clearly. In contrast to biological ecology, in which the main focus of research was the principles of natural science research, in social ecology, socio-humanitarian issues become dominant, and in human ecology-the synthesis of natural science and socio-humanitarian approaches. It's time to abandon the progressive illusions of the past and move on to the awareness of the specifics of sustainable civilizational development at the present stage. This sustainable development presupposes the co-evolution of society and nature, such a co-development of society and nature, in which both components of this single system do not oppose each other, do not conflict, but organically presuppose each other in their combined, harmonious development. Thus, now acting as a unified science that studies the interaction of the central coreof the system and its environment, ecology sets new guidelines for understanding the organization of scientific knowledge, the mood of the modern world picture is falling. A promising way for ecology is to grow into a modern universal organizational science. But this is a distant prospect. However, even now, such a renewed ecology can provide much for Russia’s search for its modern civilizational path, clarifying the organization of scientific knowledge, specifying the contours of the modern scientific picture of the world.

Abstract The life sciences underwent a dramatic transformation during the twentieth century, with an expansion in fundamental knowledge of the process of evolution and its molecular basis, through advances in health care that greatly extended human life, and by the combination of these advances to address the problem of conserving the many forms of life threatened by expanding human society. The essay highlights the worldwide emphasis on social welfare in the years 1945–1980 and the expanding role of international collaboration, especially in the International Biological Program and its advances in ecology and the notion of the biosphere, and in the emergence of molecular biology. This was also the era of the Cold War, yet military confrontation had fewer implications for life sciences than for the natural sciences in that era. After 1980, deregulation and neoliberalism weakened programs for social welfare, yet links among the varying strands of life sciences continued to grow, bringing the development of genomics and its many implications, expanding epidemiology to include reliance on social sciences, and deepening ecological studies as the Anthropocene became more and more prevalent. In sum, the experience of the life sciences should make it clear to world historians that scientific advance goes beyond the achievements of brilliant but isolated researchers: those same advances rely substantially on social movements, migration, and the exchange of knowledge across intellectual and physical boundaries.

Purpose Universities are expected to accelerate and optimize their role as economic growth engines. Technology transfer is a traditional way of expanding knowledge exchange, and it is typically used in hard sciences. This paper aims to discuss academic consultancy as a novel way to bring especially social sciences, humanities and arts (SSHA sciences) knowledge into the society. In addition, it seeks practical ways to combine both university’s and individual researcher’s needs in consultancy. Design/methodology/approach A case study comprising interviews at two Finnish universities was conducted. Literature on academic consulting was used as background knowledge. International benchmarking was done through interviews and desk top studies. Some background statistics was extracted from the financial database for received research funding from businesses and ministries. Findings Corporate funding is most prominent in hard sciences, and SSHA sciences seem to get their funding mainly from public sources. SSHA researchers provide services for firms, but these relationships are generally private. According to interviews, there is will to consult firms through university, but researcher’s time limitations, remuneration and academic merit related to consultancy are important factors when consultancy guidelines are drawn. The administration view is expanded from only research staff to include the entire university knowledge production ecosystem and its members. Originality/value Acknowledging the value of SSHA sciences is topical because the respect towards humanities and social studies seems to be in decline in some developed countries. However, according to this study, academic consulting could have great potential in bringing the human perspective into the digitalized society. The quantification of knowledge exchange would benefit from formal, institutionalized consultancy sales. More studies are needed to assess the impact of academic consultancy on society.

The purpose of this study was to determine the strategy and direction of government policies in the development of start-up startups supporting the new normal era of innovative eco-digital products. Through this research, it will be studied how the direction of Government policy in developing startup startups in Indonesia, as well as what government support is in keeping the eco-digital movement of innovative products stable in the new normal era, and what kind of startups can survive during a pandemic and new normal. This research method uses qualitative descriptive and literature studies based on primary data and secondary data from the results of data analysis from pilot business groups, groups of start-up policy makers, community policy users and startup business consumers. The results of the research show that the policy directions that must be the attention of the Indonesian government regarding the development of startups in Indonesia are as follows: Increasing Broadband access; Helping SMEs to switch to the online realm; Expanding the electronic payment system; Expanding access to finance (investment); Extending e-government services; socializing the Job Creation Law, which was recently passed to provide various impacts on the startup business ecosystem; The Creative Economy Agency (Bekraf), currently the government through the Indonesian Creative Economy Agency (Bekraf) is trying to build infrastructure to support the presence of startups in Indonesia. BEKuP (Bekraf for pre startup); In collaboration with MIKTI (IT Creative Industry Society) and Telkom Bekraf will hold intensive workshops for people who intend to build startups in 15 big cities; Making the University as a Startup Startup Incubator; Protecting MSME products from Curent Account Deficits (CAD) problems; Disseminating Government Regulation (PP) Number 74 of 2017; Prepare an electronic-based national trade road map (E-Commerce Road Map), hereinafter referred to as the 2017-2019 SPNBE Road Map; Funding programs, taxation, consumer protection, education and human resources (HR). Also communication infrastructure, logistics, cybersecurity, and the establishment of the SPNBE Roadmap implementing management; The government cuts the final PPh by 0.5% for MSMEs. Also through PMK Number 150, 2018, this digital industry can get income reduction incentives (PPh) or tax holidays; Facilitating creative ideas, innovations, originality ideas, and not end users through Grant activities and competitions in various aspects of local creative endeavors, academic research and technology; Provide liquidity, guarantee LPS Deposit insurance agency to owners of capital; Prepare financing in the technology sector. Prepare a law on the national knowledge and technology system; Evaluating educational curricula with graduate expertise, especially in tertiary and senior secondary education as well as developing research at universities.

The article is devoted to the problems of transformation and phenomenon of complication of intercultural communication models. The significance of the study lies in the fact that intercultural communication through the prism of cultural and civilizational developments reflects the sociocultural changes taking place at all levels of social development. The problem of application of theoretical knowledge about the communicative paradigm of modern culture with its polylogical core for the development of a specific model of intercultural communication and effective cultural policy relates to the difficulties of achieving compliance of the research results with the real state of the sociocultural environment. Basing on the previous and current research approaches and taking into consideration a systemic and synergistic approach as well as a dialogue concept, the authors aim to investigate theoretical modeling of intercultural interaction. As a result of investigation, the authors conclude that the study of models of intercultural interaction cannot be carried out without understanding the principles and factors of the dynamics of cultural changes in the modern world which allows us to consider the transition from a dialogue model to a polylogue model as a natural stage in the dynamics of culture. Also, the methodological set of philosophical and cultural studies of the dynamics of modern culture is proved as constantly expanding due to the new tendencies, like total digitalization. It is stated that overcoming outdated models of intercultural interaction and adopting the new ones is a long process that must be tested by the human society

The article clarifies the essence of the humanistic tradition in teaching foreign languages to students, substantiates the need for actualising the humanistic potential of foreign language training for the purpose of intellectual and spiritual enhancement of the individual, as a result of realizing the creative nature of language, which is an external manifestation of the spirit of the nation that enables thinking and cognition. Since each language structures objective reality and describes the familiar world in its own way, familiarization in the process of mastering a foreign language with another culture, another language system and means of interpreting reality constitutes the humanistic value of foreign language training, which takes the individual to a new level of world perception in the general cultural context, in which the highest priority is personality, humanity, dignity, freedom of choice, and the rule of law, etc. Thus, the relevance of this study lies in clarifying the regularities of foreign language training of students from the point of view of the intellectual and spiritual development of the individual in the process of his professional formation under the conditions of globalization and internationalization of modern society, whose security is ensured, first, by the professional and humanistic potential of the nation, accumulated in the context of high-quality education. In view of the demand for humanization of knowledge in the information society, the aim of this study is to highlight the need for actualizing the humanistic potential of foreign language training, which is considered through the prism of intellectual and spiritual improvement of the individual when learning foreign languages. The main tasks of the research are to clarify the essence of this potential and determine the mechanisms of its realisation, especially in the aspect of students' effective mastery of a foreign language in the process of personal and professional development, whose integral component is the improvement of cognitive-communicative and emotional-communicative spheres of personality. The methodological basis for consideration of the raised issues is the generalization of psychological-pedagogical and linguistic science about the role of language in learning and mastering socio-cultural experience, about the patterns of personality formation in the process of cognitive activity in the general cultural context. The results of the conducted research are a number of generalizations regarding the need for filling interaction in society, in particular professional communication with a humanistic meaning, which emphasizes the humanistic and therapeutic role of communicative culture, determined by certain value norms and principles, among which the priority is the principle of self-sufficiency of the individual, and the principle of tolerance, that is a friendly attitude towards dissimilar opinions and alternative beliefs. Consequently, this determines the realization of the humanistic potential of foreign language training of students, whose fundamental principle should be the humanization of knowledge, that is, turning to such a system of values and criteria, which proclaims treating a person as the highest value, protecting the individual's right to freedom, happiness, comprehensive development and manifestation of one's abilities, as well as the possibility of self-actualization and self-realization of one's nature, emphasizing, at the same time, the need for a reasonable approach to such concepts as freedom, human dignity, correct behaviour and a wide range of human rights as the basis of human existence. At the same time, highly important is the conclusion about improvement of consciousness and self-awareness of students in the process of foreign language training by means of expanding their intelligence and freedom from stereotypes and excessive restrictions to help them realize their inner essence, having the possibility of free choice, which is the main value for humanists.

Problem setting. Current events in Ukraine have forced a new look at the concept of “modernization of the legal system” and innovation processes. The process of modernization of the legal system is developed on the initiative and with the support of the state and through legal means of influence on society. This process has long had a great impact on the nature and state of Ukrainian statehood, the role of law in our society, the understanding of law by Ukrainians, their attitude to law and the state. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The analysis of modernization and innovation processes in politics is conditioned by the need to study the problem of political transformations of the Ukrainian state and society, changes in the political system, transformation of political life, search for alternative ways out of crisis situations. Innovative political development takes place in the context of global transformations on a global scale. This means the need to study and apply foreign, international experience in the development and implementation of innovations in political practice, taking into account Ukrainian conditions. Modernization and innovation processes in public and political life are studied in the works of T. Parsons, S. Eisenstadt, D. Lerner, W. Moore, A. Etzioni, W. Rostow, G. Almond, S. Verb, L. Binder, L. Pai, S. Huntington, A. Toynbee, P. Sorokin, K. Jaspers, Palamarchuk M.O., Glibko S.V., Simpson O.E. and others. Target of research. The process of modernization and innovation are of great importance in the life of Ukraine. The idea of modernization and innovation can be considered as an idea that unites Ukraine, as part of the state ideology, as the dominant development of Ukraine. These ideas influenced further progress in economic, scientific, technical, social and other relations. Studying the peculiarities of the processes of modernization of law in Ukraine is not only interesting but also useful from a practical point of view. The concept of innovative modernization is studied, which changes the type of socio-economic development of society and requires the transformation of the existing political system. Article’s main body. Modernization as a global process entails changes, including in the social sphere. These include increasing social mobility and quality of life, forming institutions of social policy and civil society, increasing the value of human capital, the need for constant investment in professional development and staff development, improving education, expanding access to tangible and intangible benefits. Competition and constant development are the main prerequisites for modernization processes. Innovation should be understood as a commitment to think and act in a way that promotes continuous improvement by identifying, disseminating and embracing creative ideas. Innovation should improve public policy, administration and the re-use of existing knowledge, as well as the creation and application of new knowledge. In a broad sense, innovations are the latest data that are implemented regardless of the scope; it is usually a product of intellectual activity of the actors who implement them. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, innovation is an innovation that radically transforms social reality. Today the country needs innovative modernization, which changes the socio-economic development of society and requires the transformation of the existing political system. Innovative modernization is a significant increase in the ability of the political system to stably and successfully adapt to new patterns of socio-political goals and create new types of relationships, institutions, practices based on innovation in economic, social, regional, international policy and other spheres of life.

Digital economy is an economy based on digital computer technology. The current stage of civilization is characterized by the formation of a new information society technological structure, the basic innovations of which are infocommunication technologies (ICT), network market architecture, the information resources domination. Infocommunication nature of new technological way of life and digital economy determines the development of adequate digital reality of scientific and methodological support of the management system in infocommunications and related industries, and in general the national digital economy. Understanding the phenomenon of digital economy and information society is based on the analysis of human society and technological systems evolution. Although the impact of the digital economy on economic processes and relations is obvious, this issue is not yet sufficiently studied and needs detailed consideration. Modern realities are such that the dynamic development of information technology, the widespread complexity of business processes, as well as the accumulation of significant amounts of data leads to the objective emergence of such a concept as the digital economy. The digital type of economy affects all industries without exception, from retail to education, energy, and so on. The onslaught of the new digital economy on the position of the old industrial economy testifies to a natural, natural-historical and objectively inevitable process. Accumulation and renewal of knowledge is accelerating, a single global socio-planetary memory is being formed and, expanding, deepening, various types of intellectual property are intensively developing. However, the digitalization of economic and social activities has not only positive aspects. Information attacks on state and commercial structures of individual countries, theft of information, personal data are among the main problems in the transition to the information society. It is necessary to analyze in detail the world experience in cybersecurity of critical infrastructure. At present, there is a significant potential for the use of modern digital technologies in the activities of modern companies. The phenomenon of the digital economy leads to the transformation of information resources into the main source of added value, the emergence on this basis of opportunities to ensure the intensive nature of economic development based on low-cost technologies, including information management technologies. The countries of the post-Soviet space in the field of digital economy lagged behind the advanced countries. They have a paradoxical economic situation, namely: with an excess of outdated information flows, there is a hunger for information on the latest flows. To overcome the information gap, the governments of these countries are trying to close this gap through government regulation.

Proper planning requires in-depth population studies and a broad knowledge of all aspects related to human resources in terms of their growth, distribution and characteristics. The size of the workforce in any human society is the true indicator of its economic and production potential and the power to drive it. The research dealt with the geographical distribution of the workforce in the field of primary education in Iraq according to For the latest statistics provided by the Iraqi Ministry of Education, in light of the Population Geography approach, which is concerned with analyzing and interpreting spatial differences, distribution patterns, and the factors that explain it. The study aims to analyze the geographical distribution of the workforce in the field of primary education at the governorate level, and the descriptive analytical approach has been relied on and the statistical method is used to show the variables of the characteristics of the workforce. It was found through the research that the governorate of Baghdad led the number and percentages of the educational workforce in the primary stage, which amounted to (24.8%) for the academic year 2018/2019, followed by the governorates of Dhi Qar and Basra with close proportions amounting to (7.8%) and (7.6%) respectively, then Babil Governorate. Diyala has a similar rate of (6.4%), and the proportions of the educational workforce varied in terms of gender, as it increased for females by (67.1%) compared to (32.9%) for males. As for the distribution of the educational workforce according to the environment, the urban environment came at a high rate of ( 67%) and a low rate for the rural environment amounting to (33%), which reflects the inequality of distribution according to the environment as a result of the concentration of educational services in urban areas compared to their limitations and decline in rural areas, and it became clear that the education sector suffers from a severe shortage of educational staff for some specializations at the level of education Primary. The research recommended the necessity of equitable distribution of the workforce to match the number with the population of the governorates, as well as expanding the establishment of a greater number of primary schools outside the governorates center and in rural areas. Keywords: Geographical Analysis, Primary Education, Educational Workforce.

The pandemic that transformed our lives in 2020 brought important reflections on way of seeing the world demanding new skills and behaviors to interact in an environment so common to innovation - virtual environment. In innovation processes, digital transformation that modifies, alters and creates ways of doing things, declares itself and presents itself as facilitating vehicle, also of interpersonal relationships, requiring us to learn to relate in different ways through digital world, using creativity to overcome social, institutional, political, religious, economic obstacles, among others.In science, researchers strive to understand or explain some transformational impacts and seek a perfect adaptation for transferring and exploitation of appropriate knowledge for each eminent need. However, we are still halfway there.Some relevant topics in academia also explored by IJI - International Journal Innovation, such as, innovative entrepreneurship, innovation and learning, innovation and sustainability, internationalization of innovation, innovation systems and digital transformation are now undergoing a new sieve, a new look at understanding of disruptive effects inherent to this theme on transformation and knowledge. A new window has opened in digital age, provided by new world context.In the past, a commonly observed resistance to including innovation in daily processes, and not only in organizational sphere, are now mandatory and our survival in society depends on them. So, what do we see? We can simply call it transformation, but if we broaden a perspective of events in the year 2020, we risk saying that we do live a cotransformation, that is, a rhythmic and continuous, joint and effective learning in creation of value in all global social spheres. It is no longer about transforming a process or creating a system to achieve desired performance, it is about integrating collective, learning by sharing, changing to be able to transform and, all of this, through an increasingly disruptive world.We highlight Moreira, Teixeira and Locatelli (2020) about influences of motivational goals, confirming Schwartz's (2005) theory that groups differ significantly in relative importance they attach to their values, that is, individuals and groups have priorities or axiological hierarchies different from values (Calvosa, Serra, Almeida, 2011). This understanding must support our challenges regarding how to address a co-transformation and transmission of knowledge to future generations, prioritizing care for preservation of our planet, human relations, adaptation of knowledge to current realities and, above all, ability to innovate at any time.As presented by Falaster et al. (2020) it is not for us to assign a mathematical value to life and health or to guide our research by addressing political agendas, nor to distort theory, method and argumentation to suit any situation. What should motivate us, especially in scientific research, is the understanding and strategic responses in times of crisis: our adaptation and compliance, stress with its effects on decision-making on acquisition of knowledge to co-transform and innovate. For this reason, we emphasize that we are in the middle of road because there are still notorious forces that demand permanence of more stable and static social models. Innovation takes on another level. With its disruptive character, it will continue to build future scenarios in improving performance of society's demands (Pol Ville, 2009) through process of cotransformation emphasized here.Efforts and studies aimed at innovation point to relationship networks as important channels for increasing efficiency (Pio, 2020). This is one of evidence regarding the need for a rhythmic and continuous, joint, and effective interconnection for cotransformation. We are not only pointing to innovation as a support for cotransformation, but as something inevitable in practical life of future generations.We must advance how to promote improvements that bring productivity and effectiveness to social relationships through innovation. This will facilitate our insertion in this “new normal” presented in almost all groups of society. We already know that we need to change at a fast pace, but we often get lost in timing of things, that is, the right time for change. Therefore, we must learn to work among diversity, producing new values that take our society to a new level of civility. And all of this translates into different ways of knowing and learning, transmitting, and assimilating, stretching, and making flexible.In fact, it is necessary to identify elements that determine existence of more dynamic capacities, such as, for example, set of behaviors, skills, routines, processes and mechanisms of learning and knowledge governance aimed at cotransformation. Articulation of these elements can result in varying degrees of innovation and dynamism and can manifest themselves in a more intense or more traditional way, where virtual can be more consolidated. Anyway, this is just an indication that, in a cotransformation model, all indicators are reflective (Meirelles Camargo, 2014).Innovations can lead us to co-transformation, reconfiguring activities requiring a greater evolutionary flow of existing capacities and requiring new experiences and management of these more dynamic capacities. Therefore, research must change its perspectives by establishing links between these capacities, to identify and react to innovations that are a contemporary landmark in recent history.The extent of cotransformation depends on some factors, such as perceived environmental pressure (Helfat et al., 2007) and adaptability (Madjdi Hüsig, 2011) that vary in degree, from small adaptations to major revisions or even a reconfiguration (O'Reilly Tushman, 2008). Generally, we know they are interconnected components that specify how we can survive all dynamism and disruption that exists in the world.In this context, the most important thing is not to know what will be the results of what you want, but to intensely take advantage of construction path of what you can have with appropriate use of capabilities to co-transform and innovate.We hope that in this editorial we have promoted important reflections on understanding of cotransformation, inspiring our readers about new knowledge and expanding a debate for better direction of academic and business society. The role of knowledge and transformation awakens a world of possibilities to be explored, which is why we are still halfway there.

This thesis analyses the ways in which recent changes in the global field of work have resonated in the lives of one group of retrenched workers. In order to conceptualise the relationships between changing conditions and changes in individual lives, the author has drawn from the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Of particular importance to the study are his notions of the ‘habitus’, the ‘field’ and the ’disposition’. The research focuses on workers leaving the textile industry, in which a diversity of individual ‘dispositions’ once flourished as part of another system or work ‘habitus’. This allows examination of how changing conditions of work have generated specific transformative possibilities for workers at the lower end of the economy. The author asks what transformations were undergone in the lives of seventeen retrenched textile workers and how adequately their learning process was supported by vocational education and training.

Content removed due to copyright restriction: Nixon, M. (2001). What are the potential benefits of eel consumption for Maori health? Te Taarere aa Tawhaki 1, 132-135.
This ground breaking doctoral thesis brings together science, history and the values derived from lore and tikanga to address a significant health issue for contemporary Maaori. The specific contribution of this research thesis is the combination of knowledge bases from two perspectives. The thesis first presents a scientific view, then a Maaori view, discovered through an interface of customary and contemporary knowledge. The method first examines Western academic theoretical methodologies, then, Kaupapa Maaori methodologies, then introduces and develops the concept of inherited knowledge supported by the mandatory Standards required in an academic context. Therefore the major findings present the syntheses of the two approaches. The framework used is reproducible through an accepted or approved example of something against which others are judged or measured. At this point the thesis explores the theoretical framework for a health intervention by surveying whether it is possible to combine knowledge traditions in a contemporary setting. Thus the accessed inherited traditional and scientific knowledge discovered in this thesis has been adapted for the nine point health intervention designed for Maaori participation. This thesis hypothesises that the staple long finned eel diet contained the essential fatty acid omega-3 and is presented as a metaphor for Hauora, thus being consistent with modern scientific knowledge where the scientific findings presented. The long finned eel was chemically assayed for the presence of the unsaturated essential fatty acid omega-3, and assayed again to assess the stability and quality of fresh and smoked eel. Type II diabetes mellitus is offered as a story and why it has suddenly occurred in Maaori subsequent to urban migration and thereafter. In addition a ten year study of Waikato hapuu supports the research that regular consumption of the long finned eel prevents Type II diabetes. And that prior to urban migration holistic practice, through established lifestyle choices and inherited knowledge, provided nutritional, other physiological benefits and broader wellness outcomes. The double vowel has been used for all te reo Maaori words in the thesis because that is the kawa or protocol of the Tainui Kiingitanga.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
In today's fast paced world, people have become increasingly interested in online communication to facilitate their lives and make it faster. This goes on from simple social interactions to more advanced actions like shopping on the internet. The presence of such activities makes it crucial for people to use their common sense and judgment to process all this information and evaluate what/who they trust and what/whom they do not. This process would have been much easier if the number of people in such networks is really small and manageable. However, there are millions of users who are hooked online every day. This makes the person very overwhelmed with his trusting decision, especially when it comes to interacting with strangers over the internet, and/or buying personal items, especially expensive ones. Therefore, many trust models have been proposed by computer scientists trying to evaluate and manage the trust between users using different techniques and combining many factors. What these computer scientists basically do is coming up with mathematical formulas and models to express trust in online networks and capture its parameters. However, social scientists are the people better trained to deal with concepts related to human behaviors and their cognitive thinking such as trust. Thus, in order for computer scientists to support their ideas and get a better insight about how to direct their research, people like social scientists should contribute. With this in mind, we realized in our group work the importance of such contribution, so we came up with the idea of my research work. In my search, I tried to find how these social scientists think and tackle a dynamic notion like trust, so we can use their findings in order to enhance our work and trust model. Through the chapters, I will discuss an already developed trust model that uses measurement theory in modeling trust. I will refer back to this model and see how other social scientists dealt with some of the issues encountered by the model and its functionality. Some small experiments have been done to show and compare our results with social scientists results for the same matter. One of the most important and controversial points to be discussed from social scientists' point of view is whether trust is transitive or not. Other points to be discussed and supported by social scientists' research include aggregation, reputation, timing effects on trust, reciprocity, and experience effects on trust. Some of these points are classified into trust mapping categories and others are related to trust management or decision making stages. In sum, this work is a multidisciplinary study of trust whose overall goal is to enhance our work and results, as computer scientists.

Why do people resort to plastic surgery to look young? Why are stepchildren at greatest risk of fatal abuse? Why do we prefer gossip to algebra? Why must Dogon wives live alone in a dark hut for five days a month? Why are young children good at learning language but not sharing? Over the past decade, psychologists and behavioral ecologists have been finding answers to such seemingly unrelated questions by applying an evolutionary perspective to the study of human behavior and psychology. Human Evolutionary Psychology is a comprehensive, balanced, and readable introduction to this burgeoning field. It combines a sophisticated understanding of the basics of evolutionary theory with a solid grasp of empirical case studies. Covering not only such traditional subjects as kin selection and mate choice, this text also examines more complex understandings of marriage practices and inheritance rules and the way in which individual action influences the structure of societies and aspects of cultural evolution. It critically assesses the value of evolutionary explanations to humans in both modern Western society and traditional preindustrial societies. And it fairly presents debates within the field, identifying areas of compatibility among sometimes competing approaches. Combining a broad scope with the more in-depth knowledge and sophisticated understanding needed to approach the primary literature, this text is the ideal introduction to the exciting and rapidly expanding study of human evolutionary psychology.

How is society being reshaped by the continued diffusion and increasing centrality of the Internet in everyday life and work? Society and the Internet provides key readings for students, scholars, and those interested in understanding the interactions of the Internet and society. This multidisciplinary collection of theoretically and empirically anchored chapters addresses the big questions about one of the most significant technological transformations of this century, through a diversity of data, methods, theories, and approaches. Drawing from a range of disciplinary perspectives, Internet research can address core questions about equality, voice, knowledge, participation, and power. By learning from the past and continuing to look toward the future, it can provide a better understanding of what the ever-changing configurations of technology and society mean, both for the everyday life of individuals and for the continued development of society at large. This second edition presents new and original contributions examining the escalating concerns around social media, disinformation, big data, and privacy. Following a foreword by Manuel Castells, the editors introduce some of the key issues in Internet Studies. The chapters then offer the latest research, in five focused sections: The Internet in Everyday Life; Digital Rights and Human Rights; Networked Ideas, Politics, and Governance; then Networked Businesses, Industries, and Economics; and finally, Technological and Regulatory Histories and Futures. This book is a valuable resource not only for students and researchers, but for anyone seeking a critical examination of the economic, social, and political factors shaping the Internet and its impact on society.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

This book demonstrates that the Mishneh torah, Maimonides' code of Jewish law, has the structure of a microcosm. Through this symbolic form, Maimonides presents the law as designed to perfect the individual and society by shaping them in the image of the divinely created cosmic order. The commandments of the law thereby bring human beings closer to fulfilling their ultimate purpose, knowledge of God. This symbolism turns the Mishneh torah into an object of contemplation that itself communicates such knowledge. In short, it is a work of art. The book unpacks the metaphysical and cosmological underpinnings of Maimonides' scheme of organization, allowing the reader to understand the Mishneh torah's artistic dimension and to appreciate its power. Moreover, as the book makes clear, uncovering this dimension casts new light on one of the great cruxes of Maimonides studies: the relationship of the Mishneh torah to his philosophical treatise The Guide of the Perplexed. A fundamental unity is revealed between Maimonides the codifier and Maimonides the philosopher that has not been fully appreciated hitherto. Maimonides' artistry in composition is repeatedly shown to serve his aims in persuading us of the coherence and wisdom of the halakhic system. The book sets in high relief the humane and transcendental purposes and methods of halakhah as Maimonides conceived of it, in an argument that is sure-footed and convincing.

Encounters in the field Applied conversation analysis in professional contexts Societal impact is an integral part of academic research today and researchers are expected to share their findings with research participants. Efforts to develop scientific research and science communication from one-way communication towards different forms of co-creation where the researcher and research participants produce knowledge and negotiate about its meaning and applicability through joint actions are in great demand. For the researcher, such developments have brought a new kind of access into the world of research participants and also novel reflections on one’s professional knowledge and identity and their boundaries. This book focuses on the human and social sciences and draws particular attention to the diverse encounters that occur between researchers and research participants at all stages of the research process when studying human subjects and activities. The book presents case studies of applied conversation analysis in a variety of professional contexts. The aim of the book is to shed light on the practices, possibilities, and challenges of applied research within the conversation analytic framework where the research participants’ authentic social situations become the target of the researcher’s detailed analysis. The articles of the book investigate social interaction in occupational health care, mental health rehabilitation, elderly care, welfare education, theatre rehearsals, social circus, military organization, software development, and workplace community break taking. These articles represent applied conversation analysis in different ways. The results of the research have been used in some of the articles, for example, in developing the professional practices of the workplace community whereas in some other articles the whole study has been undertaken collaboratively between researchers and professionals. Each article is divided into two parts: a conventional research report that analyses the patterns of social interaction in a particular professional setting is followed by a story where the authors reflect on how their study originated, how it progressed, and what kinds of encounters and choices it involved. The stories highlighting reciprocal interactions of the researcher and the research participants across the research process bring forth various voices and perspectives that conventionally are not considered as part of the research report. The book brings important information not only on the interactional phenomena examined in the articles but also on the diverse issues of conducting and applying research in professional contexts. It also discusses the practices and definitions of applied conversation analysis within the broader framework of applied research, universities’ third mission, and forms of knowledge and expertise in contemporary society.

How does natural order in the universe connect to social and political order on Earth? Pragmatically, answering such a fundamental question is key for society to confront global environmental and economic challenges. Earthly Order tackles this grand question of human inquiry for a broad audience through coverage of foundational knowledge for scientific literacy of the general public. The book argues that the complexity of current planetary processes requires us to embrace a hybrid form of order in which natural emergence from chaos and human technological innovations are intertwined. As a systems scientist and geographer, the author brings together his personal journey of intellectual growth from his childhood years in Pakistan to his studies in the natural sciences and environmental planning in the United States to weave a rich tapestry of learning that informs the parameters of global sustainability conversations. While resisting the temptation of environmental determinism, the narrative sets forth natural constraints and hierarchies under which trajectories of social, economic, and political systems must be charted to maintain an “earthly order” wherein humanity can thrive.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

AbstractThe chapter discusses the inclusive knowledge philosophy fundamental for different modes of experiencing living enterprises. We combine two related philosophical lenses to enable fundamental understanding of concerted practices and strategic accomplishments for leadership and management. The American pragmatist philosopher John Dewey pointed to the importance of restoring the continuity between the refined and intensified experiences in our practices and everyday doings. He based this restoring on “the inclusive philosophic idea”. By this idea he was acknowledging the possibilities of imagination and associations among the social, technological-physical, natural, and mental modes. Another philosopher, the Norwegian Arne Naess, also highlighted imaginative experience and the human/nature interconnectedness including its potential joy and perseverance for individuals as well as organizations. We provide examples drawing on our own studies of four art museums. Given that rich knowledge endeavours are necessary to develop arts for society, how can valuable exhibition practices be accomplished in inclusive, resourceful ways? The chapter introduces a philosophical framework for how this might work. Dynamic art, design, and innovation processes are imaginative practices where the past, the present, and the future melt together. The imaginative experiencing in each museum place might be crucial not only for its recurrent co-creation but also for the make-believe of sustainable arts thinking.

This chapter explores the potential benefits and opportunities for institutions of higher learning (HEIs) to advance human-centered intellectual scholarship through institutionalizing university-community partnerships. The chapter argues that the success of these partnerships are not only depended on respect and mutual understanding but also on collective envisioning by all partners in forging both the strategic and plan of action. Paying lip-service to community-civil engagement or service-learning-deprived students, universities' and respective learning communities generate transformative knowledge and use knowledge as a strategy to deal with their problems. The chapter uses service learning or community engagement-related programs and projects from different universities as case studies in South Africa. Informed opinions from experts from academic institutions and students will be engaged to extract primary data.

Technologies of datafication exert their societal influence through a recurring modern fantasy of “honeymoon objectivity,” wherein technoscience might purify complex social problems and human biases to produce a stable grounding for judgment. Although fulfillment is constantly deferred, this fantasy enrolls society in a fast-expanding data market. Problems of criminal justice, political will, self-knowledge, and economic success are subordinated to the logic of surveillance capitalism and its search for meaning-indifferent, commercially recombinable data.

In defining ‘effective HCI’ one may turn to the literature. While there can be no doubt that the ‘techno-vista’ has changed dramatically in the past decade; there are many new entries in the literature, which still elevate the mechanistic orientation of information communications technology (ICT), placing the social connectedness of human beings in a dependent context. Professor Bradley’s voice however shines through revealing her polite yet determined mindset that places human beings in the technological driving seat. This chapter presents a reprinted paper (McKay, 2007b) to acknowledge Professor Bradley’s dedicated encouragement for research into the interactive effects of ICT tools and computer literacy on the ‘multifaceted’ nature of human beings. As Professor Bradley explains that to test her ‘Convergence Model’, “…. we must develop new concepts to reflect the changes that are occurring, and grasp the latest new phenomena in depth” (Bradley, 2006, p.57). Effective HCI means having a trusted, interactive and communicative computing environment that lets users decide whether to trust it for a particular purpose, or not; furthermore, effective educational HCI is about knowing how to develop a learning design that provides access to an education information system that is easy to use, offering a safe environment for knowledge and cognitive skill development that supports the joy for life-long learning.”(McKay, 2007a, p.xii) The following reprinted McKay paper presents two such research projects that tap right into some of the issues that are faced by people through their basic right for unencumbered access to information, as described by Professor Bradley as “psychosocial life environment/quality of life and well being” (Bradley, 2006, p.61). In these funded research projects, McKay highlights the need to enhance access to Web-mediated information for those people who may need special help. Evidence gained through these projects suggests that unless we have input from the corporate sector, little progress will be forthcoming. Sadly however, this is not a new observation; the corporate sector has been on notice for several decades: “Family policy was also a part of constructive work environment actions when data processing systems were introduced” (Bradley, 2006, p.199). These two McKay research studies serve to reinforce Professor Bradley’s ‘Convergence Model’ as an effective HCI knowledge developing tool. It is however, incumbent upon the corporate sector to link the interrelating worlds of: globalisation, ICT, life environment, life role and their effects on humans.

As the title of this book suggests, the knowledge society is in a state of change and transition, rather than a being a fixed point in time and history. One of the greatest objectives (and challenges) in the 21st century is to complete the transition into a knowledge society within the ever expanding landscape of information, technological advancement, and ethical tensions. The western world has survived the fallout of the ‘information bomb” and the “collapse of globalization”. Society has struggled through information overload, extended work weeks, increased time and space compression, loss of personal meaning, and a variety of new inequalities created through eroding social institutions and fragmenting social relations at a global level. Throughout this struggle, technology has acted as a focal point and catalyst, spurring ethical debates and widespread concern over the direction of society and human life. Technoethics is a key component in the advancement of the evolving knowledge society because of the central importance of both technology and humans. As demonstrated in this book, technoethical inquiry provides important insights and direction to help refocus attention on key areas of technology related human activity that raise widespread ethical concern and debate which necessitate special attention and care.

As the title of this book suggests, the knowledge society is in a state of change and transition, rather than a being a fixed point in time and history. One of the greatest objectives (and challenges) in the 21st century is to complete the transition into a knowledge society within the ever expanding landscape of information, technological advancement, and ethical tensions. The western world has survived the fallout of the ‘information bomb” and the “collapse of globalization”. Society has struggled through information overload, extended work weeks, increased time and space compression, loss of personal meaning, and a variety of new inequalities created through eroding social institutions and fragmenting social relations at a global level. Throughout this struggle, technology has acted as a focal point and catalyst, spurring ethical debates and widespread concern over the direction of society and human life. Technoethics is a key component in the advancement of the evolving knowledge society because of the central importance of both technology and humans. As demonstrated in this book, technoethical inquiry provides important insights and direction to help refocus attention on key areas of technology related human activity that raise widespread ethical concern and debate which necessitate special attention and care.

Even though the study of the commons has been expanding rapidly in the past years, and there have been multiple cases of successful local conservation initiatives, still, significant gaps in knowledge remain. The Social-Ecological Systems framework attempts to analyse the linkages between the “human system” (society) and the “natural system” (ecosystems). In every conservation attempt, the interactions and feedback between the two systems become evident. By examining thoroughly this relationship through the SES lens, we can develop a deep and holistic understanding of the processes that should be taken into consideration before the implementation of conservation actions. This study, through the exploration of the fisheries management procedures in Japan, attempts to develop an understanding of how the adoption of the Social-Ecological Systems approach could promote local development in the insular periphery of the developed world, in countries like Greece, where public participation in the decision-making processes is limited.

Even though the study of the commons has been expanding rapidly in the past years, and there have been multiple cases of successful local conservation initiatives, still, significant gaps in knowledge remain. The Social-Ecological Systems framework attempts to analyse the linkages between the “human system” (society) and the “natural system” (ecosystems). In every conservation attempt, the interactions and feedback between the two systems become evident. By examining thoroughly this relationship through the SES lens, we can develop a deep and holistic understanding of the processes that should be taken into consideration before the implementation of conservation actions. This study, through the exploration of the fisheries management procedures in Japan, attempts to develop an understanding of how the adoption of the Social-Ecological Systems approach could promote local development in the insular periphery of the developed world, in countries like Greece, where public participation in the decision-making processes is limited.

Institutions of higher education in Mexico, play a role in human development systems, since they are the generators of academic and professional knowledge and skills to meet the challenges of the country and the world. In what has reflected the state as concern through the national education system is one that relates to the training of professionals with a profile that meets the expectations of an increasingly demanding business world and global day. Postgraduate studies have undergone a series of transformations due to its expansion, diversification, and the demands that today's society presents them, and that has forced them to make a thorough review of its programs in order to improve quality and meet the formation of high level human capital. The chapter aims to: Analyze the importance of knowledge management and its relationship with labor and that this contributes to train competent specialists, who know the technologies and tools for the sustainable management and protection of the environment.

Travel has been advocated as a fortifying ground for experiential learning that can engage individuals in numerous experiences through the observation of the destination society and culture. In spite of the vast literature available about the link between tourism and experiential learning outcomes, there are limited studies that gauge educational tourists' familiarity with the intangible cultural heritage of their host communities. Particularly, this study focuses on local food, which is known as a marker of the destination culture and an intangible heritage that plays an inevitable role in almost any tourism experience. Correspondingly, the current exploratory study took an experiential learning approach to understand educational tourists' knowledge about local foods in Cyprus. The findings of the research revealed that educational tourists have very meager knowledge of local foods. The discussion is accordingly provided.

With artificial intelligence being tirelessly trained and constantly learning about subjects and objects inhabiting given environments, whole new ecosystems have been rising and developing, where beings and things are equally entangled in boundaries, connections and relationships, capable of enacting their own agencies at any time.In fact, since everyday life becomes more and more home to smart objects related to the Internet of Things paradigm at different scales of innovation - private, social, urban systems -, the resulting overcrowded ecologies seem to ask to be tackled through design approaches focusing not only on artifacts understood at a limited stage of use and as passive tools related to human agency only. Autonomous vehicles, robots, sensing surfaces, recording devices are populating society in increasing numbers, pushing the social sphere towards its more-than-human futures. In this sense, the resulting computational environment produces a more-than-human experience, with all its clustering, classifying and patterning information happening almost instantaneously and often without the need of a perceiving subject. This leads to a significant change in the way information is experienced and used: examining the interlocking nature of humans and technology by looking at the way technology is humanised, and humans are technologised, it seems that smart objects are gaining complex features like being deliberative, reflectional, experiential and communicative, allowing them to produce both reflectional knowledge, - namely knowledge which humans can use to think about phenomena with new insights - and actionable knowledge - namely knowledge which non-human actants can use to do things and achieve goals. Thus, human knowledge and data-driven knowledge promote specific values, influencing collective life, launching a twofold challenge in overcrowded ecologies: from one side, designers might address thing factors so that they could sense and understand the world through more-than-human values; from the other side designers might address being factors to build meaning through shared values.As both beings and things learn and act, the world is full of extended agencies, where it is not worth distinguishing whether humans extend their own agency through objects or vice versa. According to the “hybrid” behaviorism making its way and leading to new insights for design culture, the contribution aims at investigating more-than-human factors and values in times of hyper-communication, where contemporary landscapes appear so heterogeneously populated, that embracing diversity and the radical interdependence it entails means grasping the diverse needs of design beneficiaries, be they beings or things. Synthetic and organic agency, natural and machinical ones: it is very likely that designers will not only design with them, but also for them: networks of natural and computational entities can in fact be thought of not only given objects - wheter they be enabler or disabler - but agents participating in the design space, triggering the development of corresponding design methods, frameworks, and practices to better address the challenges to be faced today as a planet. Thus, designing in overcrowded ecologies becomes a matter of care and inspires designers into shaping more-than-human communities, expanding their disciplinary areas of practice as an exercise of stewardship within society.

The state is a social community that represents a multitude of individuals and the interactions between them. From this, we conclude that the state is a legal and a social being. Max Weber claimed that the assignment of sociology is “to understand so­cial behavior through interpretation.” Both then and today, the subject of the sociology of law is social behavior. The legal order encompasses, analyzes, and acts on the actions performed by persons as citizens or bodies of the state who interpret their behavior. The state is a social reality within the legal order because all individuals be­longing to the same state constitute a unity, i.e., one state’s population. The population is one of the three basic elements of the state. According to these same constituents, the sociology that studies the state is interested in ana­lyzing that behavior. This paper will specifically analyze human behavior oriented towards the legal order, the normative character of the state, the problem of society in a globalized world, and the impact of globalization on the legal system through the movement of individuals in legal systems and societies.

Educational institutions consist of spaces for interaction and sociability, therefore, these spaces are composed of a multiplicity of people, each with their individualities, being, therefore, a locus of coexistence with diversity and of creating access opportunities for the equalization of opportunities. From this perspective, research on Human Rights Education means directing citizens in the fight for their rights and for a fairer society, as a form of full realization of citizenship. This research, at first, discusses the various forms of violence that occur in youth, especially those that occur in the school space, highlighting the causes and consequences of physical, psychological, symbolic violence and one of the most worrying in the world scenario: the " bullying". The general objective is to verify the existence and manifestations of violence in the school environment among students, teachers, managers and employees to understand the relationship that young people have with their peers, identifying the forms of violence called "bullying" that occur in the environment in an attempt to reflect on how such practices can be fought through Human Rights Education. Therefore, the methodology used will be qualiquantitative and will consist of a literature review, which will aim to situate human rights and bullying as objects in the field of socio-legal studies. Documentary analysis of laws dealing with human rights and education will be carried out, as well as field research, through which the questionnaire will be used as a data collection instrument to understand the perception of high school students about bullying and the disrespect for differences. The work will also involve quantitative analysis in the analysis of data to verify the incidence of bullying, its modalities and how Human Rights Education can contribute to respecting and valuing differences. With the completion of this research, it is expected to provide educators and students of educational institutions, an analysis of the importance of forming a culture of respect for human dignity, diversity, multiplying information and experiences that contribute to participatory awareness, rethinking the citizen reality of the population involved and reinforcing the socio-political-cultural identity of social segments and groups, based on the school reality and on Human Rights Education

In the pandemic scenario experienced since 2020, it was observed that the problems linked to education were worsened. Brazil, which has recently achieved universal primary education, is facing historical difficulties in terms of evasion, gaps, and growing differences in student learning levels. To quantify the consequences of the pandemic on education, the World Bank used the concept of learning poverty, an idea similar to the monetary poverty line. In the Latin American region, considering the impact on education until the beginning of 2021 and the closing of schools for 10 months, it could go from 55% to 71% of the population classified as learning poor.Aiming to contribute to issues related to the learning gap, it is intended, through gamification, to develop a digital game that encompasses the goals of sustainable development of the UN (2020). In addition, it will be developed with accessibility requirements. Accessibility in digital games is established as a way to remove all barriers that cause the game's target audience to be excluded. It seeks to maintain a challenging experience, so regardless of whether the player has a disability or not, one can finish the game without outside help. Thus, the task of bringing one of the 17 sustainable development goals proved to be a problem that is also faced by educators over time: how to work with scientific knowledge in a fun way?In recent years, the digital games industry has been concerned with expanding the possibilities of accessibility, and in the same way, it is possible to see a greater interest also by the academic area in this matter since there is a greater number of studies on this subject. The general objective of this article is to analyze the criteria that will need to be developed for a game to be fully accessible. As a hypothesis, it is believed that this analysis makes it possible to perceive strengths that the digital games industry has developed in terms of accessibility features and it will still be possible to identify gaps to be explored in this field, in order to reduce the exclusion rate of people with disabilities, in digital games. As a methodology, a crossing will be made between the defaults found and principles of accessibility and usability. As result, we found that the game industry has invested a lot in resources related to the principles "Information of Easy Perception" and "Comparable Usage" of Universal Design, while still lacking resources related to the principle of "Flexible Usage". We conclude that this work will contribute to filling the gaps found related to the inclusion of all people in digital games.

The Covid-19 pandemic has moved scientists from different areas of knowledge worldwide to bring reflections on the impacts caused by it, whose scope goes beyond human health in its physical and psychological aspects and affects the economy, politics, social relations at work, the educational system, etc. Therefore, this project, promoted by the Laboratory for the Study of Stigmatization Processes (LEPE) in partnership with the Racism Studies Line (LER) of the Psychology Course of the Higher Education Institutes at CENSA -ISECENSA, aims to promote the debate on the psychosocial effects of remote education on black youth, through an intersectional analysis between Covid-19 pandemic, gender, race and class. The objective of this research is to understand the ways in which black youth was affected in the psychosocial dimension with the establishment of remote education in the public state network with the Covid-19 pandemic. This is an exploratory research, in which a bibliographic review will be carried out to support the researchers' views on the proposed theme, using books and scientific articles on social psychology, remote education in the Covid-19 pandemic, racism and intersectionality. Besides field research, using the semi-structured interview technique. We intend to conduct group interviews, through Google Meet, with black students graduating from Liceu de Humanidades de Campos high school and from other public schools.. We hope to foster the discussion on structural racism that affects the Brazilian society focusing on the psychosocial vulnerability of black youth in the face of remote education established by the Covid-19 pandemic, and, finally, to publish two scientific articles in “Revista Perspectivas Online” with the obtained results

The New Degree in Design at the University of Navarra was launched in September 2016, and has recently completed the cycle of its first-generation students. The shaping process of this degree was intended to be flexible to forge the profile of a versatile and creative designer, a process that would lead to a new and innovative configuration of teaching methodologies based on the integration of contents and competences through projects.This article intends to explain how this Education Model works and which are its main principles, understood as the practical result of a permanent and ongoing research about ways of training designers for the needs of contemporary society. In fact, the scope of the text is to emphasize how this teaching methodology intends to help the students acquire the necessary skill set to face the hybrid challenges that the XXIst Century requests, challenges immersed in a world marked by an overwhelming technological development.In that sense, the entire system could be condensed into the intention of configuring mindsets of future designers in such a way that they are, at the same time, integrative and critical. That is, the development of integrative thinking is built through the aforementioned confluence of materials and knowledge in each project. And critical thinking is forged through numerous cultural subjects and through work on analysis of case studies and examples. From the combination of both faculties, the ability to integrate and the ability of critical thinking, the students will acquire the creative attitude that today’s society demands.Keywords: Teaching Methodology, Design Training, Creativity, Design Education, Integrative Thinking, Critical Thinking, Technology

The term design, used in the English language but whose origin goes back to Latin, “designare”, concentrates in itself a double meaning, that of “designating” and “drawing”. The concept of design entered the present world of communication and globalization from the nineteenth century through the three interconnected historical global processes: “Industrialization”, “Modern Urbanization” and “Globalization”, thus giving birth to a new form of represent and convey knowledge. Knowledge, in all contexts and situations, will only have to be available to everyone, in terms of ergonomics (but inclusive), accessibility and usability. Design, in a context of social equity, works on the needs of each individual and the same individual in the community, thus, it can be perceived as a tool that allows transforming spaces, equipment, and environments, according to the target audience requirements.As contemporary societies face global changes, so do the individuals. Studies show an increase of about 25% in cases of anxiety and depression in young people, motivated by the pandemic caused by Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19). UNICEF alerts of the high impact, on the mental health and well-being of children and young people, that the confinements, resulting from the current pandemic, continues to cause, as well as some type of loss in terms of education, in more than 1,6 billion children, as stated by Lusa (2021). The school emerges as a lifesaver, a space for education, socialization, and therapy, although not always equipped for the current reality that the world is going through. The classroom gives way to the therapy room, within the school itself, where students learn to deal with the new reality. Design emerges as an enabling tool to create suitable spaces for this new learning process. We intend to analyze existing cases, using a mixed theoretical, qualitative, and quantitative methodology, based on case study, survey and interviews, with the aim to assess the real potential of these therapy rooms in schools, their usability, and benefits for target audience. This article suggests a reflection on a concept of social design, for all, which may amaze everyone from the observational point of view, of sensoriocognitive comfort, in their contemplation and intellection in the hypothetical, revitalizing and multisensory ergonomic enjoyment of its beauty and personal and collective well-being. It is in this sense that we will make a journey through the “vital” importance that design represents for the human being as an integrating factor in society, in a conceptual perspective for the user, for his senses and multisensory, in the contexts and somatosensory and synesthetic situations, focusing on sensory and multisensory perception, where space, equipment, colour, and feeling take place.

The first two fundamental principles in the ASME Code of Ethics are that” engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by: I. Using their knowledge and skill for the advancement of human welfare; II. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients…” These principles involve the concept of “the public good” and are properly part of engineering ethics — yet it is difficult to find a good place in the curriculum to address these principles. This paper will present the idea of using community service in engineering as a context for teaching this aspect of engineering ethics. The author has considerable experience in community service projects — related to engineering courses in which project work is required and graded, and also related to projects that involve purely voluntary efforts. Specific examples of projects that have been used will be given. The projects have also been presented as part of the larger Honor Concept that the author has been instrumental in developing for the School of Engineering at Grand Valley State University. “The habit of apprehending a technology in its completeness: this is the essence of technological humanism, and this is what we should expect education in higher technology to achieve. I believe it could be achieved by making specialist studies the core around which are grouped liberal studies which are relevant to those specialist studies. But they must be relevant; the path to culture should be through a man’s specialism, not by-passing it…A student who can weave his technology into the fabric of society can claim to have a liberal education; a student who cannot weave his technology into the fabric of society cannot claim even to be a good technologist.” Lord Ashby, Technology and the Academics

Early Intervention and Local Content Optimization Esso Exploration and Production Guyana Limited ("ExxonMobil"), an affiliate of Exxon Mobil Corporation, and its co-venturers Hess Guyana Exploration Limited and CNOOC Petroleum Guyana Limited, discovered oil in the Stabroek block offshore Guyana during the first half of 2015. The success of safely drilling their first well (Liza-1), followed a history of 40 dry holes in the Guiana Basin prior to ExxonMobil beginning ultra-deepwater oil and gas exploration in 2008 (Varga et al. 2021). Guyana, with a small population of 750,000, was primarily economically focused on agriculture, manufacturing, and the mining of bauxite and gold. ExxonMobil identified the need for an early, focused, coordinated, and long-lasting approach to local content planning to provide tangible results for Guyana. Developing local businesses to actively participate in the industry and enter the supply chain while raising awareness of how the oil and gas industry operates was paramount, as was managing expectations of the Guyanese government and populace about local content. ExxonMobil recognized that the established mining sector in Guyana had the potential to provide a base of local suppliers able to transition into the emerging oil and gas sector. It subsequently undertook a number of assessments and studies on the local economy to further understand the local context. The finding of these assessments highlighted that most Guyanese companies were operating in the small local economy or working within the Caribbean region, limiting their exposure to international standards and providing little impetus to become globally competitive. Despite having technical competencies that could be utilized in the oil and gas industry, shortfalls were apparent in the areas of auditable systems, business processes, quality assurance, and safety. Closing the gaps would take time and investment, and a shift in culture in some parts. An internal assessment of ExxonMobil's supplier development programs was conducted, and a Guyana supplier development program was developed by drawing from best practices around the globe. ExxonMobil, with the support of its Stabroek Block co-venturers, took a proactive decision and devised a plan to engage an independent third party to run a "fit for purpose" enterprise development centre (EDC) to support the technical development in country through local content prior to final investment decision (FID). In order to be equipped to provide early roll out of local content development, and 6 months before FID for Liza 1, ExxonMobil released a Request for Proposal (RFP). Bidders were invited to submit proposals on how the EDC would function "fit for purpose" and compliment rather than compete with current Guyanese activities and vendors. The successful bidder, DAI Global LLC (DAI), had a proven track record of international socioeconomic project successes and was selected to form a unique and collaborative, strategic relationship with ExxonMobil. Although DAI had previous experience in nascent markets, the challenge in Guyana was to expand the Guyanese supplier base into a new sector. The global experience of both ExxonMobil and DAI worked in tandem to produce a flexible management structure with the capability to adapt to the ensuing exploration successes and expanding industry needs. Both short and long term programs would be utilized to engage businesses for the changing needs of businesses during varying developmental stages. Additionally, ExxonMobil's foresight to incorporate local content requirements and contractual use of the centre into prime contractor contracts provided support for the long-term viability of the EDC. The EDC established in Guyana was named The Centre for Local Business Development (Centre). The Centre design provides a supportive environment where seeking and acquiring information about the oil and gas sector is a comfortable experience. Inclusive of classrooms, meeting spaces, offices, and networking areas, the Centre sponsors engaging programs and provides mentorship for companies entering the industy. Drawing upon studies and data to drive the content and focus of its programs, the Centre addresses relevant needs in the business community. For example, a DAI baseline study on the international competitiveness of local businesses showed that two-thirds of Guyanese businesses were not internationally competitive and needed support with basic business systems (e.g. financial management, supply chain management and human resources). Other stakeholder focus group studies conducted by ExxonMobil determined that there was a lack of foundational knowledge about the oil and gas sector. Having access to this research pre-FID allowed for a head start on planning and enabled the implementation of a work program just 3 months after the Centre's opening.

Numerous studies have emerged so far on Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) across different disciplines. There is virtually no facet of human experience and relationships that have not been studied. In Nigeria, these studies include knowledge and attitude, risk perception, public perception of Covid-19 management, e-learning, palliatives, precautionary behaviours etc.,, Studies have also been carried out on public framing of Covid-19 discourses in Nigeria; these have explored both offline and online messaging and issues from the perspectives of citizens towards government’s policy responses such as palliative distributions, social distancing and lockdown. The investigators of these thematic concerns deployed different methodological tools in their studies. These tools include policy evaluations, content analysis, sentiment analysis, discourse analysis, survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, in depth-interviews as well as machine learning., These studies nearly always focus on the national government policy response, with little or no focus on the constituent states. In many of the studies, the researchers work with newspaper articles for analysis of public opinions while others use social media generated contents such as tweets) as sources for analysis of sentiments and opinions. Although there are others who rely on the use of survey questionnaires and other tools outlined above; the limitations of these approaches necessitated the research plan adopted by this study. Most of the social media users in Nigeria are domiciled in cities and their demography comprises the middle class (socio-economic) who are more likely to be literate with access to internet technologies. Hence, the opinions of a majority of the population who are most likely rural dwellers with limited access to internet technologies are very often excluded. This is not in any way to disparage social media content analysis findings; because the opinions expressed by opinion leaders usually represent the larger subset of opinions prevalent in the society. Analysing public perception using questionnaires is also fraught with its challenges, as well as reliance on newspaper articles. A lot of the newspapers and news media organisations in Nigeria are politically hinged; some of them have active politicians and their associates as their proprietors. Getting unbiased opinions from these sources might be difficult. The news articles are also most likely to reflect and amplify official positions through press releases and interviews which usually privilege elite actors. These gaps motivated this collaboration between Ekiti State Government and the African Leadership Centre at King’s College London to embark on research that will primarily assess public perceptions of government leadership response to Covid-19 in Ekiti State. The timeframe of the study covers the first phase of the pandemic in Ekiti State (March/April to August 2020).