Academic literature on the topic 'Exorbitant charges'
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Journal articles on the topic "Exorbitant charges"
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Tammisto, Tuomas, and Heikki Wilenius. "Editors' note: On rent extraction in academic publishing and its alternatives." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 47, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.127230.
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In this editorial we introduce new members of our editorial team and the contents of this issue. In addition we discuss open access developments of the journal, namely our new license policy, which allows authors to choose a Creative Common license that best suits their needs or the requirements of their funders. This change in licenses makes our journal also compliant with the Plan S programme, which several large European research funders have signed, in order to promote open access publishing. We support such initiatives, but note that they are designed mainly to push large commercial publishers to publish publicly funded research in open access. While the Plan S is a welcome program, commercial for-profit publishers charge exorbitant charges for open access, usually paid for by the researchers' institutions. We note that these charges are a form of rent extraction, which produces little added value, as the commercial publishers rely on the free labor of researchers and publicly funded research to fill their journals' pages. More so, due to these charges the public ends up paying again for the research it funded in the first place. We argue that public support for both institutional and independent non-profit open access publishing is a socially more just and sustainable model.
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Falola, Toyin. "‘My Friend the Shylock’: Money-Lenders and their Clients in South-Western Nigeria." Journal of African History 34, no. 3 (November 1993): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033739.
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As older ways of raising credit declined or were re-defined, the acquiring of loans from a specialized group of money-lenders flourished in colonial Western Nigeria. Money-lenders charged exorbitant interest and insisted on loan repayment at a fixed date. Borrowing from the modern banking system, the money-lenders prepared legal documents and required surety. Debt recovery was generally painful to defaulters; they were humiliated, harassed, and had their property confiscated. The practice generated many conflicts. The debtor was generally unhappy, especially if the money was used for consumption. Lenders cheated with high interest rates and other charges and promoted for their own ends indiscriminate lending to poor and vulnerable people. To minimize conflicts and protect debtors, the colonial administration decided to regulate the trade with ordinances, especially the Moneylenders' Ordinance of 1938 which set limits to interest and forced lenders to obtain licences. In general, lenders subverted the ordinance, creditors and debtors became more cunning as documents were falsified to protect lenders, and those who needed money continued to accept harsh terms.
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Hirsch, Asher Lazarus, Khanh Hoang, and Anthea Vogl. "Australia’s Private Refugee Sponsorship Program: Creating Complementary Pathways Or Privatising Humanitarianism?" Refuge 35, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1064823ar.
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This article provides the first history and critique of Australia’s private refugee sponsorship program, the Community Support Program (CSP). As more countries turn to community sponsorship of refugees as a means to fill the “resettlement gap,” Australia’s model provides a cautionary tale. The CSP, introduced in 2017, does not expand Australia’s overall resettlement commitment but instead takes places from within the existing humanitarian resettlement program. The Australian program charges sponsors exorbitant application fees, while simultaneously prioritizing refugees who are “job ready,” with English-language skills and ability to integrate quickly, undermining the principle of resettling the most vulnerable. As such, we argue that the CSP hijacks places from within Australia’s humanitarian program and represents a market-driven outsourcing and privatization of Australia’s refugee resettlement priorities and commitments.
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Maity, Sudarshan, Tarak Nath Sahu, and Nabanita Sen. "COVID-19 and Digital Primary Education: Impact and Strategies for Sustainable Development." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 7, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 10–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24551333211049630.
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The present study is based on primary data of 720 students from primary schools in West Bengal, India. With adherence to the Logistic Regression Model, the study investigates and analyses the factors that influence digital learning of primary students during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. Further with the application of Welch’s t-test, comparative study have been conducted based on parameters as village and city school students, private and government school students and gender discrimination. The findings conclude that the school structure; willingness of the school and teachers to conduct virtual classes; availability and accessibility of high-speed internet and economic capability of parents to bear the exorbitant internet charges are significant dimensions in virtual learning of primary section students. The study also confirms that during the pandemic girl students and students from village government schools are the worst hit in comparison to boys who are from city-based schools and private schools respectively.
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Peng, Martin Khor Kok, and Jomo K. S. "Surplus Transfers from British Colonial Malaya." Indian Economic Journal 71, no. 1 (January 2023): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662221145288.
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Martin Khor’s 1983 book on Malaysian economic dependence provided the first comprehensive estimates of the ‘colonial surplus’ from British Malaya. Khor described how Great Britain secured this from the colonial Malayan economy and estimated various types of surplus extracted via different means. Unsurprisingly, super-profits for privileged foreign capital owners are well known. The terms of trade have been important determinants of the colonial trade surplus. Financial surpluses are distinguished by those secured through the colonial currency board system, foreign commercial banks and colonial public finances, involving fiscal policy. The wealthy Malayan colony transferred funds to London at very low interest rates, but borrowed from British banks at exorbitant rates, besides paying high transactions charges. Colonial managerial privilege was also significant. Such surplus transfers were enabled by various colonial arrangements. Thus, colonial Malaya lost significant financial resources. Only some have changed in the post-colonial era, sometimes rather slowly. JEL Codes: B27, N15
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Tang, Mao, Shiji Lu, Lili He, Xiaodong Zhu, Wei Feng, and Wanming Zhang. "Preparation, Characterization of ZnTiO3/ZnO Composite Materials and Their Photocatalytic Performance." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081345.
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With zinc acetate and butyl titanate as raw materials, pure ZnO and ZnTiO3/ZnO composite photocatalysts were synthesized by a sol–gel method and calcined at 550 °C. The crystal structure, morphology, surface area, optical property, and element valence states of samples were characterized and the photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalysts were assessed by the degradation of rhodamine B. Results show that the crystal structure of ZnO is a hexagonal wurtzite phase with a band gap of 3.20 eV. When the Zn/Ti molar ratio reaches 0.2, ZnTiO3 phase appears and ZnTiO3/ZnO composite forms, which advances the transfer of photogenerated charges. ZnTiO3/ZnO (Ti/Zn = 0.2) exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity, and the degradation degree of RhB reaches 99% after 60 min, which is higher than that of pure ZnO (90%). An exorbitant Ti/Zn molar ratio will reduce the crystallinity and form more amorphous components, which is not conducive to photocatalytic performance. Therefore, when the Ti/Zn molar ratio exceeds 0.2, the photocatalytic activities of ZnTiO3/ZnO composites decrease.
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Azmat, Saad, Ayesha Bhatti, and M. Kabir Hassan. "Understanding “Riba” (interest): the religious and the rational." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2020-0288.
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Learning outcomes The case explores Ayesha’s reasoning, who is also a financial expert, regarding how she approaches the question of Riba (interest) so that she can maximize her financial returns and remain true to her religious identity. The discussion in the case revolves around alternate rationalizations as to why Riba (interest) continues to remain important for many Islamic investors. Case overview/synopsis Historically, the prohibition of Riba (interest) prevented the exploitation of the poor borrower who was charged exorbitant interest rates by wealthy lenders. In the modern day, a banking system which operates in a regulated setup and charges market-based interest rates, the rationale regarding the exploitation of the poor seems less compelling. Furthermore, other economic realities such as inflation and currency fluctuations further lend support to protecting one’s investments through prudent financial decisions. In this case the authors approach this decision regarding the prohibition of Riba (interest) in Islam from the point of view of the protagonist, Ayesha Bhatti, who is religiously conscious and is faced with certain personal investment choices. Complexity academic level The case focuses on one of the core issues of Islamic finance (IF), that of the prohibition of charging Riba (interest) on debt and the reasons behind this ruling. The relevance of this prohibition to modern day financial markets is essential to understand IF. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.
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Lens, Joshua. "Operation Varsity Blues and the NCAA’s Special Admission Exception." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 147–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24923.
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“Operation Varsity Blues,” the university admissions scandal and ensuing federal investigation, made national news and captivated the public. Fascination with the scandal could have stemmed from the involvement of celebrities such as Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman and/or the sheer ridiculousness of the scheme, in which wealthy and prominent families paid exorbitant amounts of money to secure their childrens’ admission to elite universities. Others may have closely followed the resulting legal proceedings that included federal criminal charges like racketeering against 50 individuals and civil lawsuits against elite universities and celebrities with one suit seeking $500 billion in damages. Lawmakers’ attempts at preventing future university admissions scandals legislatively may have also caused curiosity.
This article, though, explores the scandal’s intricate ties to college athletics and seeks to determine the most effective and practical means to mitigate the likelihood of a future similar admissions scandal. More specifically, the article explores how head coaches and an athletics administrator used their positions at academically elite universities to exploit a little-known NCAA rule permitting universities to use more lenient admissions standards for incoming student-athletes. Scheme participants falsely indicated dozens of applicants were incoming student-athletes in order to trigger the less rigorous standards and secure admission to elite universities. The criminal proceedings resulting from the scandal have yielded relatively light sentences for involved coaches, and civil suits against universities have been unsuccessful. California attempted to address the scandal legislatively, but, as this article explains, its reform package contains holes that fail to address many of the scheme’s key components.
The article concludes that the NCAA, as opposed to lawmakers, the legal system, or individual universities, is in the best position to prevent, or mitigate the likelihood of, a future university admissions scheme like Operation Varsity Blues. Doing so would require only eliminating a single NCAA rule that is inconsistent with myriad other NCAA rules and principles and has resulted in decades of poor academic results.
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Bansal, Dhruv, and John Wong. "Prostate cancer cost-of-care and evaluation of traditional cost control measures." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.7_suppl.163.
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163 Background: In the current era of rapid advances in cancer care, economic burden of these treatments is becoming increasingly apparent. Measures taken by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) such as closely monitoring length of inpatient stay might be inadequate in their goal to curtail costs. SEER analysis shows a 5-year overall survival for prostate cancer of 98.2 % and incidence of 179.1 in 2000 versus 97.8 in 2015 per 100,000, respectively. This encouraging result comes at the cost of increasing healthcare costs. Methods: We used National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to extract data for patients hospitalized with primary diagnosis of prostate cancer using ICD-9 code 185. The 15-year time from 2000 till 2014 was analyzed. The metrics focused on were mean length of stay (LOS), mean cost of hospitalization and rate of discharges. Results: Discharge rate was 32.2 +/- 1.3 in 2000 versus 20.4 +/- 0.8 in 2014 per 100,000, respectively. Mean LOS declined from 3.7 +/- 0.115 days in 2000 to 2.2 +/- 0.044 days in 2014. During this same time period mean hospitalization charges increased from $14,680 +/- 466 to $49,464 +/- 1,019. The average annual inflation rate during this time period was 2.26%. After adjusting for inflation, the cost of stay in 2000 was $20,072 versus $49,464 in 2014. This effect is magnified when analyzing the cost per day of hospitalization. Cost per day in 2000 was $5,424 versus $22,483 in 2014. Conclusions: The increase in cost of inpatient stay is likely due to the advances in multi-modality treatment in prostate cancer. With the aging population and focus on cost conscious allocation of resources, this increase in costs will remain a challenge for hospital decision makers and insurance companies. We have to apply models such as the Markov model that are increasingly used to justify exorbitant prices of individual drugs. Also, given the complexity of health care costs, more variables should be included to rationalize health care spending. Cost metrics such as LOS are out dated given costs of treatments will continue to exceed costs such as nursing care and room and board costs. These complex analyses might be feasible with advances in deep learning which enable consideration of multiple variables in the decision-making process.
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deMontigny, Danielle, Rachael A. Lee, Joshua Radney, and Ellen Eaton. "139. The Morbidity and Financial Burden of Infective Endocarditis in Persons Who Inject Drugs in the Deep South." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S97—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.214.
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Abstract Background In the context of the opioid epidemic, infective endocarditis (IE) poses an economic challenge in Alabama. The objective of this proposal is to analyze the outcomes and financial burden of IE in persons who inject drugs (PWID) at The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Hospital, the largest tertiary referral center in this rural, Southern state. We hypothesized that those with the most severe substance use disorder would be most costly. Methods This is a retrospective study of PWID receiving care for IE at UAB Hospital from October 1, 2016 to March 1, 2019. IE was defined by Infectious Diseases consultation. Clinical data were obtained from the electronic medical record (EMR). Deaths were obtained from both the EMR and the regional medical examiner. Hospital costs (direct costs, overall charges) were obtained from financial accounts. To stratify patients by severity of substance use disorder, we used a 9-item risk assessment for PWID (see table). We then evaluated the association between clinical factors and outcomes (death, cost) using parametric and nonparametric tests when appropriate. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 69 persons met criteria (Table 1). The average length of stay was 30.8 days. Thirty-four (52%) had documentation of antibiotic completion (in or outpatient). Seventeen received surgery: 16 with valve replacement and one device removal. Overall, 14 (20%) died over the study period. There was no significant association between antibiotic completion or 9-item risk and death. When stratified into low risk (<4 items) vs. high risk (≥5), there was no difference in overall direct costs, LOS, or whether patients received surgery. Conclusion PWID with IE at a hospital serving a rural, Southern population have a greater length of stay, discharges against advice, surgical interventions, and costs than other regions, relative to existing literature. The lack of association between 9-item risk and outcomes suggests that death and high costs are attributable to factors beyond substance use. Costs of providing care for this population are exorbitant and likely devastating for rural county hospitals within the context of the current public health and payment framework, including Medicaid non-expansion. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Book chapters on the topic "Exorbitant charges"
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Davis, David A. "Faulkner’s Stores: Microfinance and Economic Power in the Postbellum South." In Faulkner and Money, 156–68. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822529.003.0011.
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After the Civil War, stores played a crucial role in the redevelopment of the South's economy. Landowner-merchants used crop liens, loans against the value of a crop, as contracts to bind laborers to the land through debt and dependency. The landowner-merchants provided food, seeds, fertilizer, and all of the other items necessary to live and raise a crop for a season, but they charged exorbitant interest on the items, and the cost of the charges was deducted from the value of their share of the crop. Faulkner depicts the stores as a system of coercive microfinance in several of his novels. In Absalom, Absalom, Thomas Sutpen opens a store when he returns from the war to rebuild his plantation. In The Hamlet, Flem Snopes uses Jody Varner's store as the vehicle for his social mobility, and in The Sound and the Fury, Jason Compson works in a store while investing in the cotton commodities market.
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Kuka, Musa Gambo Kasuwar. "Factors Determining the Price of Umra Package among Travel Agencies in Kano Metropolis." In Emerging Research on Islamic Marketing and Tourism in the Global Economy, 217–47. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6272-8.ch010.
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The incessant complaints by civil society organizations and the general public in Nigeria against exploitative charges by tour operators and travel agencies on hapless Hajj and Umrah pilgrims call for careful examination. Previously, some of these unscrupulous tour operators have hidden under the excuse of the high cost of visas to charge exorbitant fees. However, with the recent clarification from the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Nigeria that both Hajj and Umrah visas are free, it is clear that some travel agencies have been exploiting Nigerian pilgrims. This chapter is conducted in order to address this issue. Consequently, the chapter attempts to provide relevant insights on Islamic tourism in Nigeria with specific emphasis on the reasons behind the high cost and variations in the prices of Umra packages among travel agencies in Kano State of Nigeria. It is an exploratory study that uses a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with senior officers of selected travel agencies in Kano. Findings from the study reveal that Umra pilgrims in Kano pay higher and different fares. It has also been established that there are variations in Umra prices due to some direct and indirect factors that determine Umra package fares. Consequently, it is recommended that there is a need for the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON) to properly regulate Umra pilgrimage like that of Hajj and to embark on an aggressive enlightenment campaign to educate potential and present Umra pilgrims on the necessary factors that affect the price of a typical Umra package and how they can identify a registered travel agency from a quack one so as to protect themselves against undue exploitation.
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Van Woensel, William, Brett Taylor, and Syed Sibte Raza Abidi. "Towards an Adaptive Clinical Transcription System for In-Situ Transcribing of Patient Encounter Information." In MEDINFO 2021: One World, One Health – Global Partnership for Digital Innovation. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220052.
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Electronic patient charts are essential for follow-up and multi-disciplinary care, but either take up an exorbitant amount of time during the patient encounter using a key-stroke entry system, or suffer from poor recall when made long after the encounter. Transcribing in-situ, natural dictations by the clinician, recorded during the encounter, with minimal workflow impact, is a promising solution. However, human transcription requires significant manual resources, whereas automated transcription currently lacks the accuracy for specialized clinical language. Our ultimate goal is to automate clinical transcription, particularly for Emergency Departments, with as an end-result a structured SOAP report. Towards this goal, we present the Adaptive Clinical Transcription System (ACTS). We compare the accuracy and processing times of state-of-the-art speech recognition tools, studying the feasibility of streaming-style dynamic transcription and opportunities of incremental learning.
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Aguilar, Emiliano. "The Ratio of Inclusion in East Chicago, Indiana." In Building Sustainable Worlds, 204–23. University of Illinois Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044540.003.0012.
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This chapter explores the work of the Concerned Latins Organization (CLO), an affiliate with the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), to gain municipal employment in East Chicago, Indiana. In the 1970s, Latinas and Latinos organized and advocated for municipal employment, particularly in East Chicago’s Fire Department. Many of the Latino and African American applicants found themselves placed on waitlists for interviews, relegated to low-ranking positions, or unable to pay the exorbitant costs that were part of the application process. The chapter details the multi-pronged effort by the CLO in the streets and the court system, to force the city to pass an affirmative action hiring plan for municipal employment. This occurred at a time when industrial employment began to decrease and was coupled by the desire for the middle-class livelihood that city employment would provide. Influenced by the tactics of Saul Alinsky and the IAF, Latinas and Latinos initiated an avid grassroots campaign to pass city ordinance allowing for the hiring of more underrepresented groups into the city’s workforce. Through analyzing the CLO’s records, local city council meeting minutes, ordinances, newspapers, and court proceedings, this chapter charts the multifaceted organizing devoted to establishing an affirmative action hiring plan. The activists in the streets and the defendants in the courts articulated for their place within the city through their occupation and the opportunities that it held.
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Agarwal, Nitin, Huan Liu, and Jianping Zhang. "A Study of Friendship Networks and Blogosphere." In E-Collaboration, 1078–100. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-652-5.ch081.
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In Golbeck and Hendler (2006), authors consider those social friendship networking sites where users explicitly provide trust ratings to other members. However, for large social friendship networks it is infeasible to assign trust ratings to each and every member so they propose an inferring mechanism which would assign binary trust ratings (trustworthy/non-trustworthy) to those who have not been assigned one. They demonstrate the use of these trust values in e-mail ?ltering application domain and report encouraging results. Authors also assume three crucial properties of trust for their approach to work: transitivity, asymmetry, and personalization. These trust scores are often transitive, meaning, if Alice trusts Bob and Bob trusts Charles then Alice can trust Charles. Asymmetry says that for two people involved in a relationship, trust is not necessarily identical in both directions. This is contrary to what was proposed in Yu and Singh (2003). They assume symmetric trust values in the social friendship network. Social networks allow us to share experiences, thoughts, opinions, and ideas. Members of these networks, in return experience a sense of community, a feeling of belonging, a bonding that members matter to one another and their needs will be met through being together. Individuals expand their social networks, convene groups of like-minded individuals and nurture discussions. In recent years, computers and the World Wide Web technologies have pushed social networks to a whole new level. It has made possible for individuals to connect with each other beyond geographical barriers in a “flat” world. The widespread awareness and pervasive usability of the social networks can be partially attributed to Web 2.0. Representative interaction Web services of social networks are social friendship networks, the blogosphere, social and collaborative annotation (aka “folksonomies”), and media sharing. In this work, we brie?y introduce each of these with focus on social friendship networks and the blogosphere. We analyze and compare their varied characteristics, research issues, state-of-the-art approaches, and challenges these social networking services have posed in community formation, evolution and dynamics, emerging reputable experts and in?uential members of the community, information diffusion in social networks, community clustering into meaningful groups, collaboration recommendation, mining “collective wisdom” or “open source intelligence” from the exorbitantly available user-generated contents. We present a comparative study and put forth subtle yet essential differences of research in friendship networks and Blogosphere, and shed light on their potential research directions and on cross-pollination of the two fertile domains of ever expanding social networks on the Web.
Conference papers on the topic "Exorbitant charges"
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Manzar, Osama, and Saurabh Srivastava. "Developing Indigenous Women Leaders through Digital Mentorship: Experiences from the GOAL Program, India." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.4544.
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Critical social and organisational skills are increasingly becoming a desired quality in most of the service sector jobs in India. Personality development, self-improvement and public speaking are now marketed in urban India through several educational enterprises that charge an exorbitant amount of money from the customers. People from rural and marginalised backgrounds often lack the sophistication and confidence to compete with their privileged counterparts in urban India despite having technical and vocational skills. Digital Empowerment Foundation (DEF) initiated the program Going Online as Leaders (GOAL) —to connect urban volunteers with rural women online to provide them guidance and support in digital skills to bridge the information gap. Initially, the program connected four women from the rural indigenous community with 25 skilled urban women, the program is now expanded to— states. Data comparing the baseline and end-line survey of the program shows that the number of those who want to pursue higher education has doubled. Also, at 26 per cent, the largest number of mentees wanted to work towards establishing digital connectivity and engagement in their communities, a nine per cent increase from registration. Remarkably, there was a 44 per cent rise in mentees who want to do social work showing their aspiration to be the change-makers in their community. // The programme‘s provision of smartphones is a transformative experience for mentees. None of the mentees interviewed had owned a phone prior to GOAL, while their brothers and fathers did. Mentees described that interacting with mentors had enabled them to speak ‘my mind‘, ‘not be shy' and ‘dream big'. They started using WhatsApp, Facebook and YouTube to connect with the larger world. They browse the internet avidly for information, supplement studies, and learn crafts. They also download apps for English translations to karaoke singing. Music, films and serials are routinely sourced online. Mentors have taught them to use technology safely and responsibly. Mentors and trainers observe that the mentees’ ‘quality of conversations’ has improved sharply and that they have learnt to think about themselves’. The GOAL program was adopted by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India and is now being replicated in several states. Using the GOAL program as an example, the presentation will demonstrate how digital technology, with planned programs can bridge the geographical inequalities in accessing education and acquiring skills.