Books: 'Exogenous source of carbon'

1

Aresta, M., and G. Forti, eds. Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3923-3.

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2

Falco, Marcello De, Gaetano Iaquaniello, and Gabriele Centi, eds. CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5119-7.

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3

NATO Advanced Study Institute on Carbon Dioxide: Chemical and Biochemical Uses as a Source of Carbon (1986 Pugnochiuso, Italy). Carbon dioxide as a source of carbon: Biochemical and chemical uses. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1987.

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4

Hill, Lionel Mark. The source of carbon for starch synthesis by amyloplasts from developing pea embryos. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1993.

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5

Evidence-based climate science: Data opposing CO2 emissions as the primary source of global warming. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011.

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6

Savoie, Jennifer. Analysis of carbon isotopes, determination of ground-water age, and estimated characteristics of the contaminant source at two fuel-spill plumes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1996. Northborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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7

A, Madore Monica, Lucas W. J, and University of California, Riverside. Dept. of Botany and Plant Sciences., eds. Carbon partitioning and source-sink interactions in plants: Proceedings, 17th annual Riverside Symposium in Plant Physiology, January 19-21, 1995, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside. Rockville, Md: American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1995.

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8

Savoie, Jennifer. Analysis of carbon isotopes, determination of ground-water age, and estimated characteristics of the contaminant source at two fuel-spill plumes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1996. Northborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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9

Macoritto, Michael. Characterization of the specific enzyme activity of the quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase from "pseudomonas aeruginosa" grown in a media with acetone as the sole carbon source. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1997.

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10

Pennsylvania. Dept. of Environmental Protection. and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O.], 2002.

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11

Cravotta, Charles A. Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania. Lemoyne, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, Colo., 1995.

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12

Centi, Gabriele, Gaetano Iaquaniello, and Marcello De De Falco. CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon. Springer, 2014.

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13

Centi, Gabriele, Gaetano Iaquaniello, and Marcello De De Falco. CO2: A Valuable Source of Carbon. Springer, 2013.

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14

Forti, M. Aresta G. Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon: Biochemical and Chemical Uses. Springer Netherlands, 2011.

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15

(Editor), M. Aresta, and G. Forti (Editor), eds. Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon: Biochemical and Chemical Use (NATO Science Series C:). Springer, 1987.

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16

Melissa, Chou Mei-In, ed. Hydrocarbon source potential and organic geochemical nature of source rocks and crude oils in the Illinois basin. Champaign, Ill. (615 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign 61820): Illinois State Geological Survey, 1991.

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17

J, Herzog Howard, California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Energy and the Environment., eds. West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership: Source-sink characterization and geographic information system-based matching : PIER collaborative report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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18

Hanneman, Thomas F. Effects of carbon source on bacterial expolysaccharide production under denitrifying conditions. 1994.

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19

Canada. Environmental Protection Service. Pollution Measurement Division., ed. Reference method for source testing: Measurement of releases of carbon monoxide from stationary sources. Ottawa, Ont., Canada: Environment Canada, 1990.

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20

Hogberg, Hans. Low-Temperature Deposition of Epitaxial Transition Metal Carbide Films and Superlattices Using C60 As Carbon Source. Uppsala Universitet, 1999.

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21

Evidence-Based Climate Science: Data Opposing CO2 Emissions As the Primary Source of Global Warming. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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22

Agency, International Energy, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., eds. Energy and climate change: An IEA source-book for Kyoto and beyond. Paris: OECD, 1997.

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23

Ying, Ouyang. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through soil with temperature and water content effects on sink/source strength. 1986.

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24

Tokoro, Nobuyuki. The Smart City and the Co-creation of Value: A Source of New Competitiveness in a Low-Carbon Society. Springer, 2015.

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25

Tokoro, Nobuyuki. The Smart City and the Co-creation of Value: A Source of New Competitiveness in a Low-Carbon Society. Springer, 2016.

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26

Morshed, Muhammad Monjur. Adhesion and cohesion properties of diamond-like-carbon coatings deposited on biomaterials by saddle field nuetral fast atom beam source: Measurement and modelling. 2003.

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27

McLaughlin, Eoin, Nick Hanley, David Greasley, Jan Kunnas, Les Oxley, and Paul Warde. Historical Wealth Accounts for Britain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0007.

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Estimates of Britain’s comprehensive wealth are reported for the period 1760–2000. They include measures of produced, natural, and human capital, and illustrate the changing composition of Britain’s assets over this time period. This chapter shows how genuine savings (GS—a year-on-year measure of the change in total capital and a claimed indicator of sustainable development) has evolved over time. Changes in total wealth are compared to alternative, investment-based measures of GS, including variants augmented with the value of exogenous technology. In addition, the possible effects of population change on wealth, and the implications of including carbon dioxide emissions in natural capital, are considered.

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28

Wang, Sigen, Otto Zhou, and Sha Chang. Carbon-nanotube field emission electron and X-ray technology for medical research and clinical applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.19.

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This article describes carbon-nanotube based X-ray technologies for medical research and clinical applications, including an X-ray source, microfocus X-ray tube, microcomputed tomography scanner, stationary digital breast tomosynthesis, microradiotherapy system, and single-cell irradiation system. It first examines electron field emission from carbon nanotubes before discussing carbon-nanotube field emission electron and X-ray technologies in greater detail. It highlights the enormous promise of these systems in commercial and research application for the future in diagnostic medical imaging; in-vivo imaging of small-animal modelsfor pre-clinical cancer studies; security screening; industrial inspection; cancer radiotherapy of small-animal models for pre-clinical cancer studies; and basic cancer research using single-cell irradiation.

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29

Palaver, Wolfgang. Mimetic Theories of Religion and Violence. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0036.

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This chapter concentrates on the mimetic theory of Rene Girard in evaluating foundational myths of violence. It shows Girard's notion of the scapegoating mechanism, whereby a substitute victim absorbs the mimetic animosities of the entire group and thereby promotes peace, as applicable to the disturbing tendency to direct violence outward toward exogenous groups. According to Girard, competition is the main source of human violence. His explanation, that violence has its roots in competition or mimetic rivalry, contributes to Thomas Hobbes, who also highlighted this cause of violence at the beginning of the modern era. The Abrahamic solidarity with the victim easily becomes an aggressive weapon if taking the side of the victim is not connected with the forgiveness of persecutors. Girard interprets the imitation of Christ in the context of rivalries prohibited in the tenth commandment of the First Testament.

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30

Shears, Paul, and David Harvey. The basics of infection microbiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0004.

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This chapter outlines the natural history of infections caused by a variety of organisms. These organisms may already colonize a patient (endogenous) or come from another source (exogenous). They vary in the time it takes to cause symptoms (incubation period). Some are more infective than others, and the infective period varies depending on the organism. A range of diagnostic methods are used to identify the disease, from growing the organism (culture) to using molecular techniques to identify characteristics unique to the organism. Understanding what is causing an infection is important in public health management to support outbreak identification and management. Advanced techniques can identify whether the organism is likely to be transmitted from one individual to another. Antimicrobial resistance is becoming more and more problematic and can lead to difficulties of treatment of even simple infections.

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31

Rello, Jordi, and Bárbara Borgatta. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0115.

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Airway colonization, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), and hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are three manifestations having the presence of micro-organisms in airways in common. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chest-X rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Bacteria are the main causes of HAP/VAP. During hospitalization there’s a shift of airway’s colonizing flora from core organisms to enteric and non-fermentative ones. Macro- and micro-aspiration is the most important source of pneumonia. Endotracheal tube secretion leakage is an important source, serving biofilm as a reservoir. Exogenous colonization is infrequent, but it may contribute to cross-infection with resistant species. Prevention of VAP can be achieved by implementing multidisciplinary care bundles focusing on oral/hand hygiene and control of sedation. Pneumonia develops when micro-organisms overwhelm host defences, resulting in a multifocal process. Risk and severity of pneumonia is determined by bacterial burden, organism virulence and host defences. Innate and adaptive immune responses are altered, decreasing clearing of pathogens. Some deficits of the complement pathway in intubated patients are associated with increased risk for VAP and higher mortality. Micro-arrays have demonstrated specific different immunological signatures for VAP and VAT. Early antibiotic therapy is associated with a decrease in early HAP/VAP incidence, but selects for MDR organisms. Attributable mortality is lower than 10%, but HAP/VAP prolongs length of stay, and dramatically increase costs and use of health care resources.

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32

Michel, Jean-Baptiste. Biology of vascular wall dilation and rupture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0016.

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Arterial pathologies, important causes of death and morbidity in humans, are closely related to modifications in the circulatory system during evolution. With increasing intraluminal pressure and arterial bifurcation density, the arterial wall becomes the target of interactions with blood components and outward convection of plasma solutes and particles, including plasma zymogens and leukocyte proteases. Abdominal aortic aneurysms of atherothrombotic origin are characterized by the presence of an intraluminal thrombus (ILT), a major source of proteases, including plasmin, MMP-9, and elastase. Saccular cerebral aneurysms are characterized by the interaction of haemodynamics and arterial bifurcation defects, of either genetic or congenital origin. They also develop an intrasaccular thrombus, implicated in rupture. Aneurysms of the ascending aorta (TAAs) are not linked to atherothrombotic disease, and do not develop an ILT. The most common denominator of TAAs, whatever their aetiology, is the presence of areas of mucoid degeneration, and increased convection and vSMC-dependent activation of plasma zymogens within the wall, causing extracellular matrix proteolysis. TAA development is also associated with an epigenetic phenomenon of SMAD2 overexpression and nuclear translocation, potentially linked to chronic changes in mechanotransduction. Aortic dissections share common aetiologies and pathology (areas of mucoid degeneration) with TAAs, but differ by the absence of any compensatory epigenetic response. There are main experimental animal models of aneurysms, all characterized by the cessation of aneurysmal progression after interruption of the exogenous stimuli used to induce it. These new pathophysiological approaches to aneurysms in humans pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

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33

Saskatchewan. Board of Highway Commissioners., ed. The carbonizing and briquetting of lignite: Report of investigations carried on by the government of the province of Saskatchewan with a view toward better methods of utilizing lignite, by way of drying, carbonizing, and briquetting it, to determine its value as a source of power, domestic and furnace fuel and hydro-carbon and ammonia hyproducts. Regina: J.W. Reid, 1997.

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34

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Reliability of EPA's mobile source emission model could be improved : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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35

Sawyer, Donald T., and R. J. P. Williams. Oxygen Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195057980.001.0001.

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This book places oxygen on the center stage of chemistry in a manner that parallels the focus on carbon by 19th century chemists. One measure of the significance of oxygen chemistry is the greater diversity of oxygen-containing molecules than of carbon-containing molecules. One of the most important compounds is water, containing the properties of being a unique medium for biological chemistry and life, the source of all the dioxygen in the atmosphere, and the moderator of the earth's climate. Sawyer first introduces the biological origins of dioxygen and role of dioxygen in aerobic biology and oxidative metabolism, and in separate chapters discusses the oxidation-reduction thermodynamics of oxygen species, and the nature of the bonding for oxygen in its compounds. Additional chapters focus on the reactivities of specific oxygen compounds. The book will be of interest to chemists and biochemists, as well as graduate students, life scientists, and medical researchers.

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36

Canfield, Donald Eugene. What Controls Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations? Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0005.

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This chapter deals with the fundamental question of why there is oxygen in the atmosphere at all. It seeks to identify the main processes controlling the oxygen concentration. Plants and cyanobacteria produce the oxygen, but it accumulates only because some of the original photosynthetically produced organic matter is buried and preserved in sediments. Another oxygen source is an anaerobic microbial process called sulfate reduction that respires organic matter using sulfate and produces sulfide. This process is quite common in nature but are most prominent in relatively isolated basins like the Black Sea, and in most marine sediments at depths where oxygen has been consumed by respiration. If there is iron around, the sulfide reacts with the iron, forming a mineral called pyrite. While organic carbon burial has been the main oxygen source to the atmosphere over the past several hundred million years, for some intervals further back in time, pyrite burial may well have dominated as an oxygen source.

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37

Burgin, Shelley, and Tor Hundloe, eds. Environmental Offsets. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486313198.

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We are currently facing significant challenges in environmental management that must be addressed to maintain the health of our planet and our population. While carbon offsetting in its various forms is widespread globally, few countries have fully legislated and put into operation other offset policies. This edited collection aims to fill the gap of knowledge on environmental offsets, from theory to practice. Environmental Offsets addresses four major forms of environmental offsets – biodiversity offsets, carbon offsets, offsetting the depletion of non-renewable resources and offsetting the destruction of built heritage. The authors discuss their research and provide case studies from around Australia and across the developing world. Using examples such as the Sydney Olympics, the Bakossi Forest Reserve in Cameroon and green roof gardens, this book highlights the strengths and weaknesses of environmental offsetting and illustrates how jobs can be created in the offsetting process. Environmental Offsets is both a historical source in our understanding of environmental offsetting and a guide to the way forward. It illustrates what works, what does not and what can be improved for the future.

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38

Taber, Douglass F., and Tristan Lambert. Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.001.0001.

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Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2011-2013 is a convenient, concise reference that summarizes the most important current developments in organic synthesis, from functional group transformations to complex natural product synthesis. The fifth volume in the esteemed State of the Art series, the book compiles two years' worth of Douglass Taber's popular weekly column Organic Chemistry Highlights. The series is an invaluable resource, leading chemists quickly and easily to the most significant developments in the field. The book is logically divided into two sections: the first section focuses on specific topics in organic synthesis, such as C-N Ring Construction and Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation. Each topic is presented using the most significant publications within those areas of research. The journal references are included in the text. The second section focuses on benchmark total syntheses, with an analysis of the strategy for each, and discussions of pivotal transformations. Synthetic organic chemistry is a complex and rapidly growing field, with additional new journals appearing almost every year. Staying abreast of recent research is a daunting undertaking. This book is an ideal tool for both practicing chemists and students, offering a rich source of information and suggesting fruitful pathways for future investigation.

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39

Gochfeld, Michael, and Robert Laumbach. Chemical Hazards. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0011.

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Building on the principles of toxicology, this chapter describes chemicals by structure, source, use, mechanism of action, environmental properties, and target organ. Major advances in toxic effects include more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals damage receptors at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. The chapter describes properties of various types of inorganic and organic chemicals and their adverse health effects. It discusses asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide; heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium; organic solvents, such as benzene and trichlorethylene; pesticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates; and a variety of other toxic chemicals to which people are exposed in the home, community, or workplace environment. Several cases are presented to illustrate various concepts concerning chemical hazards in occupational and environmental health.

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40

Lau, William K. M. Impacts of Aerosols on Climate and Weather in the Hindu-Kush-Himalayas-Gangetic Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.590.

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Situated at the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the Hindu-Kush-Himalayas-Gangetic (HKHG) region is under the clear and present danger of climate change. Flash-flood, landslide, and debris flow caused by extreme precipitation, as well as rapidly melting glaciers, threaten the water resources and livelihood of more than 1.2 billion people living in the region. Rapid industrialization and increased populations in recent decades have resulted in severe atmospheric and environmental pollution in the region. Because of its unique topography and dense population, the HKHG is not only a major source of pollution aerosol emissions, but also a major receptor of large quantities of natural dust aerosols transported from the deserts of West Asia and the Middle East during the premonsoon and early monsoon season (April–June). The dust aerosols, combined with local emissions of light-absorbing aerosols, that is, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust, can (a) provide additional powerful heating to the atmosphere and (b) allow more sunlight to penetrate the snow layer by darkening the snow surface. Both effects will lead to accelerated melting of snowpack and glaciers in the HKHG region, amplifying the greenhouse warming effect. In addition, these light-absorbing aerosols can interact with monsoon winds and precipitation, affecting extreme precipitation events in the HKHG, as well as weather variability and climate change over the TP and the greater Asian monsoon region.

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41

Wolf, E. L. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0001.

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An introduction to long-term climate-neutral energy makes clear that most arises from the Sun or the motions of the Sun-Earth system. Quantum physics is an essential part of understanding the Sun’s energy source, nuclear fusion. The expected depletion times of oil and other fossil fuels are discussed. The most recent 500,000 years of Earth temperature and sea level are surveyed and shown to correlate closely with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Sea level and temperature are correlated and move together on time scales of five thousand years. The definition of sustainable energy, the topic of this textbook, is very straightforward. This is the energy that will be available on (after) a timescale set by the earliest benchmarks of our civilization, let us say the timescale of the earliest pyramids or the Chinese Wall, visible from space.

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42

Jakob, Michael, Ottmar Edenhofer, Ulrike Kornek, Dominic Lenzi, and Jan Minx. Governing the Commons to Promote Global Justice: Climate Change Mitigation and Rent Taxation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0003.

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Climate change mitigation means restricting the use of the atmosphere as a disposal space for greenhouse gas emissions, which would create a novel scarcity rent. Appropriating this rent via fiscal policies, such as taxes, together with already existing scarcity rents of land and natural resources, could be an economically efficient source of public revenues to advance human development objectives. This chapter discusses how an international climate agreement would turn the atmosphere into a common property regime and describes equity principles that determine how the resulting climate rent is distributed. It then estimates how carbon pricing in combination with appropriate revenue recycling could advance human development goals. It also considers equity aspects of distributing land and natural resource rents as well as the potential of these rents to promote global justice. Finally, it assesses the political feasibility of combining rent taxation with targeted investment, drawing conclusions for the potential implementation of such an approach.

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43

Wilsey, Brian J. The Biology of Grasslands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.001.0001.

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This accessible text provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to the biology of global grasslands. Grasslands are vast in their extent, with native and non-native grasslands now covering approximately 50 percent of the global terrestrial environment. They are also of vital importance to humans, providing essential ecosystem services and some of the most important areas for the production of food and fibre worldwide. It has been estimated that 60 percent of calories consumed by humans originate from grasses, and most grain consumed is produced in areas that were formerly grasslands or wetlands. Grasslands are also important because they are used to raise forage for livestock, represent a source of biofuels, sequester vast amounts of carbon, provide urban green-space, and hold vast amounts of biodiversity. Intact grasslands contain an incredibly fascinating set of plants, animals, and microbes that have interested several generations of biologists, generating pivotal studies to important theoretical questions in ecology. As with other titles in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis is on the organisms that dominate this environment although restoration, conservation, and experimental aspects are also considered. The Biology of Grasslands is suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students (in departments of biology, geography, and environmental science) taking courses in grassland ecology, plant ecology, and rangeland ecology as well as the many professional ecologists and conservation biologists requiring an authoritative overview of the topic.

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44

Perry, Steven F., Markus Lambertz, and Anke Schmitz. Respiratory Biology of Animals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.001.0001.

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The aim of this book is to shed light on one of the most fundamental processes of life in the various lineages of animals: respiration. It provides a certain background on the physiological side of respiration, but it clearly focuses on the morphological aspects. In general, the intention of this book is to illustrate the impressive diversity of respiratory faculties (form–function complexes) rather than serving as an encyclopaedic handbook. It takes the reader on a journey through the entire realm of animals and discusses the structures involved in gas exchange, how they work, and most importantly, how all of this may be connected on an evolutionary scale. Due to the common problem, namely oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release, and the limited number of solutions, basically surface area, barrier thickness, and physical exchange model of the respiratory organ, it is not surprising that one finds a huge number of convergences. These include, for instance, the repeated origin of tubular tracheae among several lineages of arthropods, similar lung structures in snails and amphibians, and counter-current exchange gills in bivalves and fish. However, there are certain phylogenetic constraints evident and the respiratory faculty appears as a yet to be adequately exploited source of information for systematic considerations. The ultimate goal of this book is to stimulate further research in respiratory biology, because a huge number of questions remain to be tackled on all levels, ranging from molecular through functional to especially the evolutionary aspects.

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45

Mignon, B., and M. Monod. Zoonotic infections with dermatophyte fungi. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0077.

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Dermatophytes are highly specialized pathogenic fungi which are the most common agents of superficial mycoses. These fungi grow exclusively in the stratum corneum, nails or hair utilising them as sole nitrogen and carbon sources. Dermatophyte species are recognized and classified as antropophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic, depending on their major reservoir in nature (humans, animals, and soil, respectively). Zoophilic dermatophytes may result in zoonoses when humans are exposed to these organisms and dermatophytosis is considered to be one of the most common zoonotic diseases. The majority of zoonotic dermatophytoses are caused by four species: Microsporum canis (usually derived from pet animals, particularly cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum (usually derived from cattle), Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (usually derived from cats and dogs) and Arthroderma benhamiae (usually derived from guinea-pigs). Infection results most often from direct contact with an infected animal, but may be also acquired indirectly through contact with a contaminated environment. While clinical disease is rarely serious, the lesions can result in disfigurement and pain. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical appearance and diagnostic procedures, e.g. direct microscopic examination of scales, hair or nail and fungal culture. Specific treatment is generally required to resolve lesions, and this may be prolonged depending on the fungal species and the host status. Identifying animals as the source of infection for people can help in the prevention of recurrence or new infections, especially in children, by adequately treating affected pets and their environments. Immunoprophylaxis is an attractive means of controlling infection in animals, and the development and widespread use of efficacious T. verrucosum vaccines in certain countries has already proved valuable in the management of cattle ringworm.

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46

Dube, Opha Pauline. Climate Policy and Governance across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.605.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.Africa, a continent with the largest number of countries falling under the category of Least Developed Countries (LDCs), remains highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture that suffers from low intake of water, exacerbating the vulnerability to climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. The increasing frequency and severity of climate extremes impose major strains on the economies of these countries. The loss of livelihoods due to interaction of climate change with existing stressors is elevating internal and cross-border migration. The continent is experiencing rapid urbanization, and its cities represent the most vulnerable locations to climate change due in part to incapacitated local governance. Overall, the institutional capacity to coordinate, regulate, and facilitate development in Africa is weak. The general public is less empowered to hold government accountable. The rule of law, media, and other watchdog organizations, and systems of checks and balances are constrained in different ways, contributing to poor governance and resulting in low capacity to respond to climate risks.As a result, climate policy and governance are inseparable in Africa, and capacitating the government is as essential as establishing climate policy. With the highest level of vulnerability to climate change compared with the rest of the world, governance in Africa is pivotal in crafting and implementing viable climate policies.It is indisputable that African climate policy should focus first and foremost on adaptation to climate change. It is pertinent, therefore, to assess Africa’s governance ability to identify and address the continent’s needs for adaptation. One key aspect of effective climate policy is access to up-to-date and contextually relevant information that encompasses indigenous knowledge. African countries have endeavored to meet international requirements for reports such as the National Communications on Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities and the National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). However, the capacity to deliver on-time quality reports is lacking; also the implementation, in particular integration of adaptation plans into the overall development agenda, remains a challenge. There are a few successes, but overall adaptation operates mainly at project level. Furthermore, the capacity to access and effectively utilize availed international resources, such as extra funding or technology transfer, is limited in Africa.While the continent is an insignificant source of emissions on a global scale, a more forward looking climate policy would require integrating adaptation with mitigation to put in place a foundation for transformation of the development agenda, towards a low carbon driven economy. Such a futuristic approach calls for a comprehensive and robust climate policy governance that goes beyond climate to embrace the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Both governance and climate policy in Africa will need to be viewed broadly, encompassing the process of globalization, which has paved the way to a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The question is, what should be the focus of climate policy and governance across Africa under the Anthropocene era?

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Books on the topic 'Exogenous source of carbon'

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