Academic literature on the topic 'Exogenous earth sciences'

Acute poisoning is defined as a pathological condition, being a result of the accumulation of toxic substances in the body. Intoxication can be of exogenous and endogenous origin [1]. One of the main causes of pediatric emergency admissions, at the European level, are such acute intoxications with an estimate of 10-20%. Pediatric poisoning is a common emergency worldwide. Acute intoxications represent a major problem in pediatric practice because of their severity and the high frequency of illnesses. Due to the fact that many toxins are absorbed quickly, the evolution can be lethal and followed by serious consequences [2]. Routine surveillance is necessary for public health authorities and physicians to update strategies for the prevention and management of pediatric poisonings [3]. Studies based on the epidemiology of acute poisoning in children carried out by institutions such as: "National Clearing House for Poison Control Center from the USA", specify the fact that in the urban environment, drug poisoning occurs more often, poisoning caused by the ingestion of detergents and cosmetic products. While in the rural environment, the most frequent are poisonings with pesticides, insecticides, plants [4]. In the USA, in 2021, on average, there were 6.4 acute poisonings/1000 people, and among children up to 6 years old – 37.9/1000 children. In this way, during the year, on average, one case of intoxication was reported every 15 seconds [5]. Annually, 1.2 million cases of poisoning are registered in children under the age of 5.

Exogenous RNAs alter interspecifically the transmission of signals in organisms by regulating the expression of their genes. This process leads to phenotypic cellular changes, thus representing a possible new tactic for the treatment of various diseases. Exogenous RNAs are a promising approach to the creation of a fundamentally new class of drugs or biologically active additives (for plant exogenous RNAs) with a promising pharmacological activity and minimal side effects.

The article discusses the evolution of the theory of long-run economic growth and the contribution of the 2018 Nobel prize winners Paul Romer and William Nordhaus. First, it describes the exogenous growth theory of the 1950s and 1960s, such as the Solow model, the Ramsey model, and the overlapping generations model, in which growth is determined by exogenously given technological progress. Then the paper turns to the contribution of the Nobel laureates, who were the first ones to develop the theory of endogenous growth. In the case of the Romer model, technological progress is the result of intentional actions of firms, which introduce new products and thereby raise the overall productivity. In case of the Nordhaus model, production causes environmental damage, which then stifles further growth. In both cases production causes externalities, which have either positive or negative effect on growth. Then, the article considers further developments in the theory of economic growth, such as the Schumpeterian theory , unified growth theory, and institutional theory. The paper concludes with some practical implications about policies needed to reignite the growth of the Russian economy.

Abstract. It is acceptable that earthquakes certain exogenous (cosmic) triggering factors may exist in every seismoactive (s/a) region and in Caucasus among them. They have to correct earthquake occurring moment or play the triggering role in case when the region is at the limit of the critical value of the geological medium of course. Our aim is to reveal some exogenous factors possible to initiate earthquakes, on example of Caucasus s/a region, taking into account that the region is very complex by the point of view of the tectonic stress distribution. The compression stress directed from North to South (and vice versa) and the spread stress directed from East to West (and vice versa) are the main stresses acted in Caucasus region. No doubt that action of the smallest external stress may "work" as earthquakes triggering factor. In the presented work the Moon and the Sun perturbations are revealed as initiative agents of earthquakes when the directions of corresponding exogenous forces coincide with the directions of the compression stress or the spreading tectonic stress in the region.

The behavior of the analytical solutions of the fractional differential equation described by the fractional order derivative operators is the main subject in many stability problems. In this paper, we present a new stability notion of the fractional differential equations with exogenous input. Motivated by the success of the applications of the Mittag-Leffler functions in many areas of science and engineering, we present our work here. Applications of Mittag-Leffler functions in certain areas of physical and applied sciences are also very common. During the last two decades, this class of functions has come into prominence after about nine decades of its discovery by a Swedish Mathematician Mittag-Leffler, due to the vast potential of its applications in solving the problems of physical, biological, engineering, and earth sciences, to name just a few. Moreover, we propose the generalized Mittag-Leffler input stability conditions. The left generalized fractional differential equation has been used to help create this new notion. We investigate in depth here the Lyapunov characterizations of the generalized Mittag-Leffler input stability of the fractional differential equation with input.

The exogenous characteristics of traffic participants, such as: alcoholism, fatigue and psychoactive substances, have a significant impact on a safe behaviour in traffic, especially the motor vehicle drivers. In that sense, they represent the factors that can directly influence the unsafe behaviour in traffic. The influence of the exogenous characteristics on a safe behaviour of traffic participants has been analysed on the basis of the statements in documents as well as the results of numerous empirical studies. For the purposes of this paper, there have been selected and analysed the statistical data on the influential factors of traffic accidents for the period from 2010 to 2019 in Republic of Serbia. After reviewing the statistical data, both a qualitative and quantitative content analyses were performed. In addition to the statistical method, there were also used the content analysis methods, empirical method, descriptive method, comparative methods, as well as deduction and induction methods, in order to analyse the trend and presence of these influential factors of traffic accidents in Republic of Serbia. The statistical data being processed in this paper, originated from the database of the Traffic Safety Agency of Republic of Serbia. The results of the research show the extent to which the exogenous characteristics affect a safe behaviour of traffic participants, as well as the severity of the consequences of traffic accidents. Observed individually, the listed characteristics have a different intensity of influence on a safe behaviour in traffic. In this regard, from the external characteristics of traffic delinquents, the most common is the drunk driving as an influential factor, which especially affects the severity of traffic accidents in Republic of Serbia.

In this paper, we explored the market and environmental factors that may drive an organization’s technology search efforts through patent applications under dynamic environments. Unlike previous studies which have mainly focused on the consequences of exploration and exploitation, this study draws attention to a more contextual perspective, as the antecedents of exploration and exploitation, to explain and to elaborate on organizational adaptation – i.e. exploration and exploitation. This study empirically investigated factors affecting organizations’ strategic choices for carrying out a distant search rather than a local search or factors driving a local search rather than a distant search. We hypothesized that different market and environmental factors, such as exogenous shock, volatility, and complexity, may also induce greater organizational search distance. First, this study explored exogenous shock affecting organizational adaptation not only exogenously but also endogenously. Next, the effect of market volatility has been examined for whether it suppresses organizational change. Last, environmental complexity has been established through organizations’ surroundings and an investigation was done for suspected effects on organizational decision-making. The results of our analysis of technology search processes in the Korean high-tech electronics industry from 1994 to 2008 showed that these three environmental factors affected the search distance when they explored new technology domains, as predicted in our hypotheses. General implications on organizational search processes for researchers and practitioners are discussed.

Vaping associated pulmonary injury (VAPI), a group of respiratory symptoms, sometimes accompanied by non-specific symptoms like generalized fatigue, body ache, fever, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and chills that has been previously categorized as a diagnosis of exclusion and best described as an exogenous lipoid pneumonia, or chemical pneumonitis. Here we describe the onset of an exogenous cause of lipoid pneumonia in an otherwise healthy patient using cannabis-containing products. We explore, similarities in the clinical case, identify common clinical features, characteristic radiologic findings along with cytological changes in the lungs.

Underground mining of the Kiirunavaara iron mineralization is causing large-scale deformation of the hangingwall of the orebody. To understand and possibly predict future deformation, a structural model of the hanging wall and a good understanding of the petrophysical and mechanical properties of the constituent rocks is necessary. This thesis presents results from the study of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS), magneto-mineralogy, fracture frequency (F/m), rock quality (RQD), rock strength (Point Load) and P-wave velocity and anisotropy of the rocks from the hanging wall, as well as seismic reflection surveying and gravity modelling. The results are combined into a structural model of the hanging wall and further used for analysis of the correlation between petrophysical and rock mechanical parameters.In total, 76 samples from 12 outcrops and 295 samples from three drillcores in the hanging wall have been included in the AMS study. Axial and diametrical P-wave velocity was measured on 25 water-saturated samples and 156 samples were used for the Point Load tests. F/m and RQD data for the drillcores already existed. The drillcores are located along the eastern end of the seismic profiles and consist of both crystalline and sedimentary rocks.A high degree of magnetic anisotropy observed in the crystalline rocks indicates a low degree of metamorphism. AMS data also indicates the presence of a magnetic foliation in the rocks. The dip of the magnetic foliation plane (F) and the degree of magnetic anisotropy (Pj) measured in samples from outcrops was plotted as iso-maps and shows that both F and Pj decreases towards the east, which was confirmed by data from the drillcores. The decrease in both parameters is primarily a reflection of a change in rock type, but is also changing within the crystalline rock sequence.A good correlation (r > 0.6) between Pj, and F and RQD, and F and F/m was observed in one drillcore for both crystalline and sedimentary rocks; and between the shape parameter (T) and F/m in crystalline rock in another drillcore. This suggests the AMS parameter may be used as an indicator of rock mechanical properties. AMS data was also correlated to joint strike orientations and it was concluded that AMS can also be used to predict joint orientation.Two parallel reflection seismic profiles were shot within the town of Kiruna i order to locate deformation zones and lithological boundaries in the hangingwall. No deformation zones were found, but five seismic reflectors corresponding to five lithological boundaries were located, and their strike and dip calculated. The result of the seismic survey was used to constrain the gravity model, as was density measurements of 230 samples from the drillcores. The gravity model has a depth of three km, and indicates that the crystalline rock in the hanging wall can be separated into two parallel N-S trending blocks.
Godkänd; 2011; 20111021 (maimos); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Tillämpad geofysik/Applied Geophysics Opponent: PhD Satu Mertanen, Geological Survey of Finland, Åbo Ordförande: Professor Sten-Åke Elming, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 19 december 2011, kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet

After mineral exploitation the residual grinded and milled material, rich in sulphide minerals and heavy metals, is often left exposed to the atmospheric variables. This weathered mine waste material can lead to the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) which has negative effects to the environment. The fractionation of stable isotope of metals such as Cu and Fe can be measured using innovative analytical techniques developed recently and could offer a detailed hindsight of the geochemical processes occurring in mine contaminated sites. Tailings profiles from Northern Sweden with high content of Cu and Fe sulphides and in different stages of weathering and/or remediation, along with plant and soil samples from a phytoremediation test site in Ronneburg, Germany were analysed using MC-ICP-MS to measure the isotope ratios of 65Cu/63Cu and 56Fe/54Fe. The analytical method used requires anion exchange chromatography to extract Cu and Fe from a complex matrix prior to the proper isotope ratio measurement. The samples from the tailings profile were useful to interpret the geochemical processes that can lead to a fractionation of Cu and Fe in the field, since redox-driven reactions such as rock oxidation and mineral precipitation are present in such environment. This study shows that precipitation of covellite in a redox-boundary zone in a mine tailings can cause a clear fractionation of Cu (Δ65Curock-covellite= -5.66±0.05‰) and a depletion of the lighter Cu isotope in the oxidised areas of the tailings due to dissolution of the remaining Cu-sulphides. Precipitation of Fe(oxy)hydroxides as a result of the oxidation process of sulphide-bearing rocks can also fractionate Fe, being the precipitated mineral slightly enriched in 56Fe.The influence of soil bacteria and plant uptake in the fractionation of Cu and Fe was investigated in pot and field experiments at the Ronneburg site, where organic amendments were used. The results showed that the plant material was enriched in the lighter Fe isotope compared to the substrate used in the pot and field experiments, in spite of the application of a bacterial consortium. Cu isotope fractionation is more susceptible to the changes in the amendments used, being those bacterial consortium, mychorriza or compost than Fe isotope fractionation. There are differences in the fractionation values in pot and field trials, regardless of the type of organic amendment applied. As an overall view, leaves are enriched in the heavier Cu isotope compared to the soils, regardless of the amendment usedThe application of the results obtained in this work would help not only to offer a view in the cycle of Fe and Cu in the surface environment, and the understanding of the (bio)geochemical processes occurring in sulphide soil surfaces. But also in the way that current remediation techniques of metal contaminated sites could be evaluated, having in mind that simplified systems show a different Cu and Fe fractionation compared to natural systems where more variables are needed to take into account.
Godkänd; 2012; 20120816 (natper); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Tillämpad geologi/Applied Geology Uppsats: Fractionation of Cu and Fe Isotopes in Metal-Rich Mine sites: Biotic and Abiotic Processes Examinator: Professor Björn Öhlander, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr., Project Manager Magnus Land, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien Tid: Tisdag den 25 september 2012 kl 10.00 Plats: F341, Luleå tekniska universitet

Natural gas, primarily methane (CH4), is produced in substantial amounts in ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. These systems could also generate oil (heavier hydrocarbons) and the first building blocks of life (prebiotic molecules). In the presence of iron bearing minerals, serpentinisation reactions generate H2. Subsequently, CH4 could be synthesised by Fischer-Tropsch Type (FTT) reaction (4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O) which is an abiotic process. This has lead to the idea of abiotic formation of larger organic molecules. Both thermodynamics and laboratory work support this idea, yet field data have been lacking. This study focuses on determining the organic content of fluids from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the origin of the compounds. Fluids were collected from the Lost City, Rainbow, Ashadze and Logatchev vent fields during the EXOMAR (2005), SERPENTINE (2007), MoMARDREAMnaut (2007) and MOMAR08-Leg2 (2008) cruises conducted by IFREMER, France. A SBSE-TD-GC-MS technique was developed and used to extract, concentrate, separate and identify compounds in the fluids. Hydrothermally derived compounds appeared to consist mainly of hydrocarbons and O-bearing molecules. In addition, some amino acids were detected in the fluids by ULPC-ESI-QToF-MS but their origin will need to be determined. The organic content of the Rainbow fluids did not show intra field variability unlike differences could be noted over the years. In order to address the question of the source of the molecules, compound specific carbon isotopic analyses were carried out and completed with a bacterial (Pyrococcus abyssi) hydrothermal degradation experiment. The δ13C data fall in the range of -40 to -30‰ (vs. V-PDB), but individual δ13C values preclude the identification of a biogenic or abiogenic origin of the compounds. The degradation experiment, however, suggests an abiogenic origin of a portion of saturated hydrocarbons whereas carboxylic acids would be biogenic, and aromatic compounds would be thermogenic.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.
MoMARnet

Impact cratering and aqueous alteration are two important processes that have modified the Earth’s surface over time and better understanding of these processes on Earth allow us to understand the surface evolution of other planetary bodies in the inner solar system. This thesis focuses on the study of terrestrial analogues and can be divided into two parts: the first part deals with the study of two terrestrial impact craters, namely Lonar and Dhala from India, and the second part deals with the formation of a unique aqueous alteration product called jarosite. The 1.8 Km diameter Lonar impact crater, hosted on the Deccan basalts formed ~0.5 Ma ago and is one of the best-preserved terrestrial impact craters on basalt. The impactor is rarely preserved at the cratering site because the impact process results in large-scale melting and vaporization. However, the products of impact cratering preserve information related to the cratering process. Chemical and isotopic compositions of the sub-mm sized impact spherules, collected from surface sediments near the south-eastern rim of the Lonar crater, were used to understand the cratering process at Lonar. High Ir and Cr concentrations in some of these spherules suggest 1-8 wt% contribution of a chondritic impactor at Lonar. Enrichment of the light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) in some other spherules and impact breccia samples, supported by Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of some of these samples, suggest up to 15 wt% contribution of the sub-basaltic granitic basement, which melted upon impact. Concentrations of relatively volatile elements like Cu and Zn in the Lonar spherules show evidence of volatile loss during impact, as well as re-condensation from a volatile-rich part of the vapor plume. The chemical heterogeneity observed in the Lonar spherules was further investigated by studying the morphology of spherules and non-spherical impact glasses (NSIG) using X-ray Micro-computed tomography. The results suggest that the smallest spherules (< 200 microns diameter) are more likely to preserve the impactor signature while the NSIG’s, are more likely to preserve the signatures of the sub-basaltic granitic basement. As part of this study, a second impact crater with contrasting features compared to the Lonar crater was studied. The 11 Km diameter Dhala impact crater is hosted on the Bundelkhand granite. The heavily eroded nature of the crater suggests that it formed a long-time ago and its age estimates range from 2.4 – 2.2 Ga, making it a rarely preserved example of a large crater formed in the Proterozoic. It is a complex crater with a central elevated area (CEA), which is the only well-preserved feature of this crater. The Nd isotopic compositions of the sedimentary rock samples from the CEA suggest that they belong to the Lower Vindhyan Supergroup. The Ni/Cr and Ni/Co ratios, measured in the melted and brecciated granite samples, suggest a chondritic impactor at Dhala. In addition, these rocks show evidences of alteration by a potassium-rich fluid. Strontium and Ca isotopic compositions of the melt breccia have been used to place chronological constraints on the alteration event by a K-rich fluid, which most-likely took place ~1.8 Ga ago. If this alteration event is related to the hydrothermal alteration that immediately follows an impact cratering event, it is possible that the formation age (2.4-2.2 Ga) for the Dhala impact crater has been over-estimated. The second part of this thesis investigates the origin of the mineral jarosite at Kutch, India. This mineral, widely reported on the surface of Mars, is an endmember of the hydroxy-sulfate mineral group, forms at low pH and high Eh conditions, and under specific water:rock ratios. The jarosites at Kutch are considered as a martian analog because of their spatial proximity with the Deccan basalt. Geochemical compositions of the hydroxy-sulfates from Kutch, collected from multiple stratigraphic sections, show clear signatures of precipitation from a sulfate-rich acidic fluid. Combined Nd and S isotopic compositions suggest that the low pH of the fluid is derived from weathering of pyrite while combined Sr and S isotopic compositions suggest that the source of the fluid, from which the hydroxy-sulfates precipitated at Kutch, is seawater. The 87Sr/86Sr and δ34S compositions of seawater over time have been used to constrain the age of the hydroxy-sulfates at Kutch to less than 20 Ma, which is much younger than the formation of the ~ 65 Ma old Deccan basalt. The inferred time of formation of the Kutch jarosites coincides with the timing of widespread aridity in other parts of the world.