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Journal articles on the topic 'Exogenous and endogenous attention'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Grubb, M. A., A. White, D. J. Heeger, and M. Carrasco. "Does exogenous attention modulate endogenous attention?" Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.473.

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2

Wang, Teng, Haifeng Hu, and Chen He. "Image Caption with Endogenous–Exogenous Attention." Neural Processing Letters 50, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11063-019-09979-7.

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3

Santangelo, Valerio, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, Charles Spence, and Emiliano Macaluso. "Interactions between Voluntary and Stimulus-driven Spatial Attention Mechanisms across Sensory Modalities." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 12 (December 2009): 2384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21178.

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In everyday life, the allocation of spatial attention typically entails the interplay between voluntary (endogenous) and stimulus-driven (exogenous) attention. Furthermore, stimuli in different sensory modalities can jointly influence the direction of spatial attention, due to the existence of cross-sensory links in attentional control. Using fMRI, we examined the physiological basis of these interactions. We induced exogenous shifts of auditory spatial attention while participants engaged in an endogenous visuospatial cueing task. Participants discriminated visual targets in the left or right hemifield. A central visual cue preceded the visual targets, predicting the target location on 75% of the trials (endogenous visual attention). In the interval between the endogenous cue and the visual target, task-irrelevant nonpredictive auditory stimuli were briefly presented either in the left or right hemifield (exogenous auditory attention). Consistent with previous unisensory visual studies, activation of the ventral fronto-parietal attentional network was observed when the visual targets were presented at the uncued side (endogenous invalid trials, requiring visuospatial reorienting), as compared with validly cued targets. Critically, we found that the side of the task-irrelevant auditory stimulus modulated these activations, reducing spatial reorienting effects when the auditory stimulus was presented on the same side as the upcoming (invalid) visual target. These results demonstrate that multisensory mechanisms of attentional control can integrate endogenous and exogenous spatial information, jointly determining attentional orienting toward the most relevant spatial location.

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4

MacLean, Katherine A., Stephen R. Aichele, David A. Bridwell, George R. Mangun, Ewa Wojciulik, and Clifford D. Saron. "Interactions between endogenous and exogenous attention during vigilance." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 71, no. 5 (July 2009): 1042–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/app.71.5.1042.

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5

McCormick, C. R., R. S. Redden, M. A. Lawrence, and R. M. Klein. "The independence of endogenous and exogenous temporal attention." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 80, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-1575-y.

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6

Zhao, Chen, Kan Zhang, and Huahai Yang. "Studies on Endogenous and Exogenous Visual Selective Attention." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 1 (July 2000): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004400138.

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7

Lawrence, Michael A., and Raymond M. Klein. "Isolating exogenous and endogenous modes of temporal attention." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142, no. 2 (2013): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029023.

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8

Koenig-Robert, R., and R. VanRullen. "Spatio-temporal mapping of exogenous and endogenous attention." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 17, 2010): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.1280.

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9

Jigo, Michael, David J. Heeger, and Marisa Carrasco. "An image-computable model of how endogenous and exogenous attention differentially alter visual perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2106436118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106436118.

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Attention alters perception across the visual field. Typically, endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) attention similarly improve performance in many visual tasks, but they have differential effects in some tasks. Extant models of visual attention assume that the effects of these two types of attention are identical and consequently do not explain differences between them. Here, we develop a model of spatial resolution and attention that distinguishes between endogenous and exogenous attention. We focus on texture-based segmentation as a model system because it has revealed a clear dissociation between both attention types. For a texture for which performance peaks at parafoveal locations, endogenous attention improves performance across eccentricity, whereas exogenous attention improves performance where the resolution is low (peripheral locations) but impairs it where the resolution is high (foveal locations) for the scale of the texture. Our model emulates sensory encoding to segment figures from their background and predict behavioral performance. To explain attentional effects, endogenous and exogenous attention require separate operating regimes across visual detail (spatial frequency). Our model reproduces behavioral performance across several experiments and simultaneously resolves three unexplained phenomena: 1) the parafoveal advantage in segmentation, 2) the uniform improvements across eccentricity by endogenous attention, and 3) the peripheral improvements and foveal impairments by exogenous attention. Overall, we unveil a computational dissociation between each attention type and provide a generalizable framework for predicting their effects on perception across the visual field.

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10

Chong, Sang Chul, and Randolph Blake. "Exogenous attention and endogenous attention influence initial dominance in binocular rivalry." Vision Research 46, no. 11 (May 2006): 1794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.031.

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11

Theeuwes, Jan. "Endogenous and Exogenous Control of Visual Selection." Perception 23, no. 4 (April 1994): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230429.

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Among the most fundamental issues of visual attention research is the extent to which visual selection is controlled by properties of the stimulus or by the intentions, goals, and beliefs of the observer. Before selective attention operates, preattentive processes perform some basic analyses segmenting the visual field into functional perceptual units. The crucial question is whether the allocation of attention to these perceptual units is under the endogenous control of the observer (intentions, goals, beliefs) or under the exogenous control of stimulation. In this article evidence is discussed regarding the endogenous and exogenous control of attention in tasks in which subjects search for a particular ‘basic’ feature (eg search for a unique colour, shape, or brightness). In the present review it is suggested that selectivity in these types of search tasks is dependent on the relative saliency of the stimulus attributes. It is concluded that the visual system automatically calculates differences in basic features (eg difference in shape, colour, or brightness) and that visual information occupying the position of the highest saliency across stimulus dimensions is exogenously passed on to the ‘central representation’ that is responsible for further stimulus analysis. Alternative explanations of the present findings and tentative speculations resulting from the present approach are discussed.

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12

Reeck, Crystal, Kevin S. LaBar, and Tobias Egner. "Neural Mechanisms Mediating Contingent Capture of Attention by Affective Stimuli." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 5 (May 2012): 1113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00211.

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Attention is attracted exogenously by physically salient stimuli, but this effect can be dampened by endogenous attention settings, a phenomenon called “contingent capture.” Emotionally salient stimuli are also thought to exert a strong exogenous influence on attention, especially in anxious individuals, but whether and how top–down attention can ameliorate bottom–up capture by affective stimuli is currently unknown. Here, we paired a novel spatial cueing task with fMRI to investigate contingent capture as a function of the affective salience of bottom–up cues (face stimuli) and individual differences in trait anxiety. In the absence of top–down cues, exogenous stimuli validly cueing targets facilitated attention in low-anxious participants, regardless of affective salience. However, although high-anxious participants exhibited similar facilitation following neutral exogenous cues, this facilitation was completely absent following affectively negative exogenous cues. Critically, these effects were contingent on endogenous attentional settings, such that explicit top–down cues presented before the appearance of exogenous stimuli removed anxious individuals' sensitivity to affectively salient stimuli. fMRI analyses revealed a network of brain regions underlying this variability in affective contingent capture across individuals, including the fusiform face area (FFA), posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex, and SMA. Importantly, activation in the posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex and the SMA fully mediated the effects observed in FFA, demonstrating a critical role for these frontal regions in mediating attentional orienting and interference resolution processes when engaged by affectively salient stimuli.

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13

Berger, Andrea, and Avishai Henik. "The Endogenous Modulation of IOR is Nasal-Temporal Asymmetric." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (May 2000): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562246.

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Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to a reflexive mechanism mediated by phylogenetically primitive extrageniculate visuomotor pathways, which apparently serves to favor novel spatial locations by inhibiting those recently sampled. We demonstrate an asymmetry between temporal and nasal hemifields in the strategic modulation of IOR by endogenously controlled attention. Exogenous and endogenous precues were manipulated independently on each trial such that precues to initiate endogenous spatial orienting were presented after IOR had been activated by exogenous visual signals. Both types of precues manifested their characteristic effects on reaction time (RT) to detect subsequent targets: facilitation by endogenous precues, and IOR by exogenous precues. Under monocular viewing, an asymmetric interaction between these two mechanisms was observed. While endogenous allocation of attention to the nasal hemifield reduced IOR, no endogenous modulation of IOR was present in the temporal hemifield where the effects of the two types of precues were independent. These observations suggest a framework for understanding the neurobiology of automaticity and control—from an evolutionary perspective.

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14

Agaoglu, Sevda, Bruno Breitmeyer, and Haluk Ogmen. "Effects of Exogenous and Endogenous Attention on Metacontrast Masking." Vision 2, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision2040039.

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To efficiently use its finite resources, the visual system selects for further processing only a subset of the rich sensory information. Visual masking and spatial attention control the information transfer from visual sensory-memory to visual short-term memory. There is still a debate whether these two processes operate independently or interact, with empirical evidence supporting both arguments. However, recent studies pointed out that earlier studies showing significant interactions between common-onset masking and attention suffered from ceiling and/or floor effects. Our review of previous studies reporting metacontrast-attention interactions revealed similar artifacts. Therefore, we investigated metacontrast-attention interactions by using an experimental paradigm, in which ceiling/floor effects were avoided. We also examined whether metacontrast masking is differently influenced by endogenous and exogenous attention. We analyzed mean absolute-magnitude of response-errors and their statistical distribution. When targets are masked, our results support the hypothesis that manipulations of the levels of metacontrast and of endogenous/exogenous attention have largely independent effects. Moreover, statistical modeling of the distribution of response-errors suggests weak interactions modulating the probability of “guessing” behavior for some observers in both types of attention. Nevertheless, our data suggest that any joint effect of attention and metacontrast can be adequately explained by their independent and additive contributions.

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15

Şentürk, Gözde, Adam S. Greenberg, and Taosheng Liu. "Saccade latency indexes exogenous and endogenous object-based attention." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 78, no. 7 (May 25, 2016): 1998–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1136-1.

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16

Jones, Alexander, and Bettina Forster. "Independent effects of endogenous and exogenous attention in touch." Somatosensory & Motor Research 30, no. 4 (April 16, 2013): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08990220.2013.779243.

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17

Sætrevik, Bjørn, and Kenneth Hugdahl. "Endogenous and exogenous control of attention in dichotic listening." Neuropsychology 21, no. 3 (May 2007): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.3.285.

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18

Roelofs, Karin, Gerard P. van Galen, Paul Eling, Ger P. J. Keijsers, and Cees A. L. Hoogduin. "Endogenous and Exogenous Attention in Patients with Conversion Paresis." Cognitive Neuropsychology 20, no. 8 (December 2003): 733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290342000069.

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19

Berger, Andrea, Avishai Henik, and Robert Rafal. "Competition Between Endogenous and Exogenous Orienting of Visual Attention." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134, no. 2 (2005): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.207.

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20

CHEN, XIAOXI, QI CHEN, DINGGUO GAO, and ZHENZHU YUE. "Interaction between endogenous and exogenous orienting in crossmodal attention." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, no. 4 (June 4, 2012): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00957.x.

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21

Chennu, Srivas, Paola Finoia, Evelyn Kamau, Martin M. Monti, Judith Allanson, John D. Pickard, Adrian M. Owen, and Tristan A. Bekinschtein. "Dissociable endogenous and exogenous attention in disorders of consciousness." NeuroImage: Clinical 3 (2013): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.008.

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22

Le Bigot, Nathalie, and Marc Grosjean. "Exogenous and endogenous shifts of attention in perihand space." Psychological Research 80, no. 4 (July 2, 2015): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0680-y.

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23

Gowen, E., R. V. Abadi, E. Poliakoff, P. C. Hansen, and R. C. Miall. "Modulation of saccadic intrusions by exogenous and endogenous attention." Brain Research 1141 (April 2007): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.047.

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24

Collins, Lindsay, and James Schirillo. "Attention to endogenous and exogenous cues affects auditory localization." Experimental Brain Research 231, no. 1 (August 14, 2013): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3663-5.

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25

Renner, Peggy, Laura Grofer Klinger, and Mark R. Klinger. "Exogenous and Endogenous Attention Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Child Neuropsychology 12, no. 4-5 (October 2006): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09297040600770753.

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26

TANG, Xiaoyu, Jiageng TONG, Hong YU, and Aijun WANG. "Effects of endogenous spatial attention and exogenous spatial attention on multisensory integration." Acta Psychologica Sinica 53, no. 11 (2021): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.01173.

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27

FILOTEO, J. VINCENT, DEAN C. DELIS, DAVID P. SALMON, THERESA DEMADURA, MARY J. ROMAN, and CLIFFORD W. SHULTS. "An examination of the nature of attentional deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease: Evidence from a spatial orienting task." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 4 (July 1997): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797003378.

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Endogenous and exogenous shifts of attention were examined in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the endogenous condition, an arrow was used to cue participants' attention to the possible location of an impending target, whereas in the exogenous condition, a brightened box was used to cue attention. Cues were either valid (i.e., the target appeared in the cued location) or invalid (i.e., the target appeared in a noncued location). The time between cue onset and target onset (stimulus onset asynchrony or SOA) was varied in each condition. The results indicated that PD patients were not differentially impaired in shifting attention at the shorter SOAs relative to normal controls. However, at longer SOAs, the PD patients demonstrated less of an effect from cueing than did the normal control participants. PD patients' differential effect from cueing was evident in both exogenous and endogenous conditions. These results suggest that PD patients may experience a rapid decay of attentional inhibition and do not support the notion that a decrement in processing resources underlies their attentional deficits. Moreover, these findings further support the notion that the basal ganglia may play an important role in attentional functions. (JINS, 1997, 3, 337–347.)

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28

Jones, Alexander, and Bettina Forster. "Neural correlates of endogenous attention, exogenous attention and inhibition of return in touch." European Journal of Neuroscience 40, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 2389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12583.

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29

Chakravarthi, R., and R. VanRullen. "Bullet trains and steam engines: Exogenous attention zips but endogenous attention chugs along." Journal of Vision 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.4.12.

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30

Smith, Daniel T., Thomas Schenk, and Chris Rorden. "Saccade preparation is required for exogenous attention but not endogenous attention or IOR." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 38, no. 6 (December 2012): 1438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027794.

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31

Chakravarthi, R., and R. VanRullen. "Beam me up, Scotty! Exogenous attention teleports but endogenous attention takes the shuttle." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 3, 2010): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.244.

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32

Fernández, Antonio, Sara Okun, and Marisa Carrasco. "Differential Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Attention on Sensory Tuning." Journal of Neuroscience 42, no. 7 (December 27, 2021): 1316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0892-21.2021.

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33

Fernandez, Antonio, Sara Okun, and Marisa Carrasco. "Differential effects of endogenous and exogenous attention on sensory tuning." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2431.

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34

Jigo, Michael, and Marisa Carrasco. "Endogenous and exogenous covert attention differentially modulate second-order textures." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1259.

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35

Rohenkohl, Gustavo, Jennifer T. Coull, and Anna C. Nobre. "Behavioural Dissociation between Exogenous and Endogenous Temporal Orienting of Attention." PLoS ONE 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2011): e14620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014620.

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36

Chong, S. C., and R. Blake. "Exogenous and endogenous attention influence initial dominance in binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (September 1, 2005): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.1045.

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37

Ziegler, N. E., and D. Kerzel. "Exogenous and endogenous attention shifts during smooth pursuit eye movements." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 17, 2010): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.694.

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38

Hopfinger, Joseph B., and Vicki M. West. "Interactions between endogenous and exogenous attention on cortical visual processing." NeuroImage 31, no. 2 (June 2006): 774–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.049.

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39

Durand, Robert B., Manapon Limkriangkrai, and Lucia Fung. "Exogenous and Endogenous Attention and the Convergence of Analysts’ Forecasts." Journal of Behavioral Finance 20, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2018.1504783.

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40

Botta, Fabiano, Valerio Santangelo, Antonino Raffone, Juan Lupiáñez, and Marta Olivetti Belardinelli. "Exogenous and endogenous spatial attention effects on visuospatial working memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63, no. 8 (August 2010): 1590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210903443836.

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41

Schmidt, T., and A. Seydell. "Modulation of cortical feedfoward dynamics by endogenous and exogenous attention." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.745.

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42

Tang, Xiaoyu, Jinglong Wu, and Yong Shen. "The interactions of multisensory integration with endogenous and exogenous attention." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 61 (February 2016): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.002.

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43

Cohen, Michael A., Patrick Cavanagh, Marvin M. Chun, and Ken Nakayama. "Response to Tsuchiya et al.: considering endogenous and exogenous attention." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 2012): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.002.

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44

Rosen, Allyson C., Stephen M. Rao, Paolo Caffarra, Augusto Scaglioni, Julie A. Bobholz, Scott J. Woodley, Thomas A. Hammeke, Joseph M. Cunningham, Thomas E. Prieto, and Jeffrey R. Binder. "Neural Basis of Endogenous and Exogenous Spatial Orienting: A Functional MRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (March 1999): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563283.

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Whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine the neural substrates of internally (endogenous) and externally (exogenous) induced covert shifts of attention. Thirteen normal subjects performed three orienting conditions: endogenous (location of peripheral target predicted by a central arrow 80% of the time), exogenous (peripheral target preceded by a noninformative peripheral cue), and control (peripheral target preceded by noninformative central cue). Behavioral results indicated faster reaction times (RTs) for valid than for invalid trials for the endogenous condition but slower RTs for valid than for invalid trials for the exogenous condition (inhibition of return). The spatial extent and intensity of activation was greatest for the endogenous condition, consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous orienting is more effortful (less automatic) than exogenous orienting. Overall, we did not observe distinctly separable neural systems associated with the endogenous and exogenous orienting conditions. Both exogenous and endogenous orienting, but not the control condition, activated bilateral parietal and dorsal premotor regions, including the frontal eye fields. These results suggest a specific role for these regions in preparatory responding to peripheral stimuli. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46) was activated selectively by the endogenous condition. This finding suggests that voluntary, but not reflexive, shifts of attention engage working memory systems.

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45

Cansino, Selene. "The effects of endogenous and exogenus orienting of attention on source memory." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2018.2.07.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention on episodic memory. Thirty healthy participants performed a cueing attention paradigm during encoding, in which images of common objects were presented either to the left or to the right of the center of the screen. Before the presentation of each image, three types of symbolic cues were displayed to indicate the location in which the stimuli would appear: valid cues to elicit endogenous orientation, invalid cues to prompt exogenous orientation and neutral or uncued trials. The participants’ task was to discriminate whether the images were symmetrical or not while fixating on the center of the screen to assure the manifestation of only covert attention mechanisms. Covert attention refers to the ability to orient attention by means of central control mechanisms alone, without head and eye movements. Trials with eye movements were excluded after inspection of eye-tracker recordings that were conducted throughout the task. During retrieval, participants conducted a source memory task in which they indicated the location where the images were presented during encoding. Memory for spatial context was superior during endogenous orientation than during exogenous orientation, whereas exogenous orientation was associated with a greater number of missed responses compared to the neutral trials. The formation of episodic memory representations with contextual details benefits from endogenous attention.

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46

Magosso, Elisa, Andrea Serino, Giuseppe di Pellegrino, and Mauro Ursino. "Crossmodal Links between Vision and Touch in Spatial Attention: A Computational Modelling Study." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/304941.

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Many studies have revealed that attention operates across different sensory modalities, to facilitate the selection of relevant information in the multimodal situations of every-day life. Cross-modal links have been observed either when attention is directed voluntarily (endogenous) or involuntarily (exogenous). The neural basis of cross-modal attention presents a significant challenge to cognitive neuroscience. Here, we used a neural network model to elucidate the neural correlates of visual-tactile interactions in exogenous and endogenous attention. The model includes two unimodal (visual and tactile) areas connected with a bimodal area in each hemisphere and a competition between the two hemispheres. The model is able to explain cross-modal facilitation both in exogenous and endogenous attention, ascribing it to an advantaged activation of the bimodal area on the attended side (via a top-down or bottom-up biasing), with concomitant inhibition towards the opposite side. The model suggests that a competitive/cooperative interaction with biased competition may mediate both forms of cross-modal attention.

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47

Hurst, Austin J., Michael A. Lawrence, and Raymond M. Klein. "How Does Spatial Attention Influence the Probability and Fidelity of Colour Perception?" Vision 3, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020031.

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Existing research has found that spatial attention alters how various stimulus properties are perceived (e.g., luminance, saturation), but few have explored whether it improves the accuracy of perception. To address this question, we performed two experiments using modified Posner cueing tasks, wherein participants made speeded detection responses to peripheral colour targets and then indicated their perceived colours on a colour wheel. In E1, cues were central and endogenous (i.e., prompted voluntary attention) and the interval between cues and targets (stimulus onset asynchrony, or SOA) was always 800 ms. In E2, cues were peripheral and exogenous (i.e., captured attention involuntarily) and the SOA varied between short (100 ms) and long (800 ms). A Bayesian mixed-model analysis was used to isolate the effects of attention on the probability and the fidelity of colour encoding. Both endogenous and short-SOA exogenous spatial cueing improved the probability of encoding the colour of targets. Improved fidelity of encoding was observed in the endogenous but not in the exogenous cueing paradigm. With exogenous cues, inhibition of return (IOR) was observed in both RT and probability at the long SOA. Overall, our findings reinforce the utility of continuous response variables in the research of attention.

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48

Casteau, Soazig, and Daniel T. Smith. "Associations and Dissociations between Oculomotor Readiness and Covert Attention." Vision 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020017.

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The idea that covert mental processes such as spatial attention are fundamentally dependent on systems that control overt movements of the eyes has had a profound influence on theoretical models of spatial attention. However, theories such as Klein’s Oculomotor Readiness Hypothesis (OMRH) and Rizzolatti’s Premotor Theory have not gone unchallenged. We previously argued that although OMRH/Premotor theory is inadequate to explain pre-saccadic attention and endogenous covert orienting, it may still be tenable as a theory of exogenous covert orienting. In this article we briefly reiterate the key lines of argument for and against OMRH/Premotor theory, then evaluate the Oculomotor Readiness account of Exogenous Orienting (OREO) with respect to more recent empirical data. These studies broadly confirm the importance of oculomotor preparation for covert, exogenous attention. We explain this relationship in terms of reciprocal links between parietal ‘priority maps’ and the midbrain oculomotor centres that translate priority-related activation into potential saccade endpoints. We conclude that the OMRH/Premotor theory hypothesis is false for covert, endogenous orienting but remains tenable as an explanation for covert, exogenous orienting.

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Ogmen, Haluk, Sevda Agaoglu, and Bruno Breitmeyer. "How do Endogenous Attention, Exogenous Attention and Metacontrast Masking Operate in Controlling Stimulus Visibility?" Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.898.

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Şentürk, Gözde, Adam S. Greenberg, and Taosheng Liu. "Erratum to: Saccade latency indexes exogenous and endogenous object-based attention." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 78, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1165-9.

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