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1
Noviardi, Harry, Sitaresmi Yuningtyas, and Lydia Agustin. "INDUCED BREAST CANCER MCF-7 CELLS APOPTOSIS FROM EXTRACT COMBINATION OF JENGKOL PODS (Archidendron jiringa) AND PETAI CINA LEAVES (Leucaena leucocephala)." Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis 6, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v6i2.3426.
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The jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leaves potentially as breast anticancer due to its highly toxic. The activity of cytotoxicity to the MCF-7 cells by the combination of jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leaves is included in the potential category. The research aimed to determine the influence of the combination of jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leaves on induction of the MCF-7 breast cancer apoptosis. Induction cell apoptosis of MCF-7 from a combination of extracts by using a double staining method. The cytotoxicity test from the extract combination of jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leaves was determined by the MTT method. The extracts were made by comparing the mass of jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leaves with comparisons of 5:1, 7:1, and 9:1. The IC50 values of the combination of jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leave the ratio of 5:1, 7:1, and 9:1 were 11.7; 7.5; and 1.9 ppm, respectively. Apoptosis activity of the extract combination of the double staining test results showed MCF-7 cells experiencing orange and bright green fluorescence. The cellular form becomes wrinkled from the initial condition of the cell. Based on the results of the study showed a combination of jengkol pod exocarp and petai cina leaves could induce the MCF-7 breast cancer apoptosis cell.
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Wang, Jiaqi, Wenxin Xu, Xiaoyu Tang, Yuan Yao, Bozhi Wang, Xinyao Jiang, Yifei Gao, Yan Han, and Bo Xiong. "Accumulation characteristics of total flavonoids in Sanhongmiyou and Huangjinmiyou." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016503056.
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The experiment was conducted to study the tendency of the change of flavonoids content in pomelo during its growth and development and the characteristics of flavonoids accumulation in different cultivars Guanximiyou. The dried samples of the exocarp, mesocarp, and pulp of Sanhongmiyou and Huangjinmiyou were used for measuring the content of total flavonoids. The results showed that the content of total flavonoids in exocarp decreased first and then increased during growth and development, while the content in mesocarp did not change obviously. Furthermore, the content in pulp showed a decreasing trend. The content in exocarp was the highest at the earlystage, while in mesocarp was the highest at the mature stage of the fruit. The content of total flavonoids in exocarp and pulp of Sanhongmiyou was higher than that of Huangjinmiyou, total flavonoids content in the exocarp of Sanhongmiyou was similar to Huangjinmiyou within 150 days after anthesis. In addition, the variation trend of the two cultivars was consistent throughout the whole growth and development.
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Zhu, Zehua, Cheng Cheng, Debin Zhu, Dewen Liu, and Yafei Zhang. "Compressive strength and microstructure of modified coffee exocarp cement-based composites." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 9059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9059-9074.
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Portland cement-based composites were prepared with coffee exocarp (pretreated with water or NaOH) via vacuum extraction technology. An orthogonal test was adopted to analyze the influence of various factors on mechanical properties of the composite. The morphology and composition of the pretreated coffee exocarp and composites were analyzed via environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The results showed that the coffee exocarp content and vacuum extraction time significantly affected the compressive strength. An addition of 10% coffee exocarp had a slight negative effect on the mechanical properties but enhanced the crack inhibition and overall toughness of the composite. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that the composite containing coffee exocarp pretreated with 4% NaOH solution had the highest density and exhibited the best properties due to mechanical interlocking between the coffee exocarp and cement. After 28 d of curing, the composites exhibited a maximum compressive strength of 15.72 MPa, a mass that was approximately 37% less than that of ordinary Portland cement samples, and a bulk density of 1.5 g/cm3 to 1.6 g/cm3. Hence, the produced biocomposites could be used for low-load pavements, providing a new type of economical building material.
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Mendili, Moahamed, Mohamed Ali Smach, Nedaa Husein, and Ayda Khadhri. "Comparison of Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activities of Different Extracts of Tunisia Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schneid Fruit In Vitro and In Vivo." Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajmb.2020.10.
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Background: Maclura pomifera a member of Moraceae family, is a tropical plant with ethnobotanical uses. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of different extracts of Tunisia M. pomifera (Rafin.) Schneid fruit in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Organic extracts in different polarities (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone) were extracted from different parts of the fruit of M. pomifera (exocarp, mesocarp, and pips). Phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and anti-AChE activity were determined. The anti-amnesic effects of ethyl acetate extract of the exocarp of M. pomifera were measured in galactose-induced memory deficit mice by the Y maze. The levels of biomarkers and AChE activity were determined in brain tissues. Results: The obtained results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of exocarp contains the highest content of flavonoids and polyphenols 22.3mg quercetin equivalents per g of dry weight and 718.6 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of dry weight. The evaluation of antioxidant activities highlighted that the ethyl acetate extract of exocarp was the most active element. The study of the AChE inhibitory power demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract of the exocarp had the greatest inhibitory activity. The ethyl acetate extract from the exocarp ameliorated cognitive performance and reversed the oxidative damage as compared to galactose group. Conclusion: M. pomifera fruit is a good source of natural antioxidants, which might help prevent oxidative stress-related damage and memory impairment in such mental disorders as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Tinoco, Hector A., Jaime Buitrago-Osorio, Luis Perdomo-Hurtado, Juliana Lopez-Guzman, Carlos A. Ibarra, Alexander Rincon-Jimenez, Olga Ocampo, and Lina V. Berrio. "Experimental Assessment of the Elastic Properties of Exocarp–Mesocarp and Beans of Coffea arabica L. var. Castillo Using Indentation Tests." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040502.
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The development of selective coffee harvesting technologies requires detailed knowledge of the geometrical, physical, and mechanical properties of the subsystems of the coffee bush, including the elastic properties of the substructures of fruit and the coffee bean, which are directly related to the selectivity problem. The elastic properties of the mesocarp–exocarp and bean are not described in the literature due to the difficulty of characterizing these locally, since measuring each component of the coffee fruit structure (mesocarp–exocarp and bean) is not an easy task. However, determining the elastic properties (of the mesocarp–exocarp and bean) could help create realistic simulations as an initial estimation for selective coffee harvesting studies. The present work aims to bridge the gap in the mechanical characterization of the sub-structures of the coffee fruits by assessing the elastic properties of the mesocarp–exocarp and bean. Indentation tests were performed on eighty Coffee arabica L. var. Castillo fruits and beans, which were previously classified into four ripening stages using fruit color data in the CIELab color space. Young’s modulus and indentation hardness of the mesocarp–exocarp structure and beans were calculated, applying the Oliver and Pharr indentation model and Hertz contact theory.
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Hassan, Rodiah Mohd, Nur Asma Fhadhila Zulrushdi, Aziah Mohd Yusoff, Nurhafizah Ibrahim, and Norakma Mohd Nor. "Phytochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Colorant Extracted from Mesocarp and Exocarp of Cocos nucifera." Journal of Nutritional Biology 4, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18314/jnb.v4i2.1251.
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Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the natural colorant extracted using the microwave-assisted extraction which performed at a microwave power of 300 watts for 2 minutes. The pigment compound was extracted from mesocarp and mesocarp of Cocos nucifera by using 0.1 M NaOH as extracting agent. The qualitative analysis that was carried out for these natural colorants confirmed that flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and phenol/tannins were present in both plant parts (mesocarp and exocarp) tested whereas alkaloids, saponins, steroids and anthraquinone were not detected. Quantitative analysis showed that tannin content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (134.82 mg TAE/g) in the mesocarp extract compared to the exocarp extract (33.90 mg TAE/g). The amount of flavonoids was low in both extracts (mesocarp: 15.48 mg QE/g and exocarp: 28.45 mg QE/g, respectively). The antimicrobial study discovered that the mesocarp and the exocarp extract were not effective as antibacterial agents.
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Grimm, Eckhard, Stefanie Peschel, Tobias Becker, and Moritz Knoche. "Stress and Strain in the Sweet Cherry Skin." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, no. 6 (November 2012): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.137.6.383.
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Rain-cracking of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit involves failure of the exocarp caused by excessive stress and strain. The objective of our study was to quantify exocarp strain in developing cherries. The release of linear elastic strain was followed in vivo using a gaping assay, whereas the release of biaxial elastic strain was followed in vitro after excision of small exocarp segments (ESs) that were submerged in silicone oil and strain release quantified by image analysis. When mature sweet cherry fruit were cut (by making two or more deep, longitudinal incisions parallel to the stylar/pedicel axis and on opposing sides of the fruit down to the pit), the incisions rapidly “gaped.” The gaping wounds continued to widen as they progressively released the linear elastic strain in the skin. By 24 hours the combined widths of two gapes represented 8.8% ± 0.1% of the fruit circumference. Increasing the number of cuts from two to 12 increased the cumulative gape widths to 14.9% ± 0.2%. In ES, monitoring the time course of relaxation after excision revealed a rapid release of biaxial strain, having a half-time of ≈2.7 minutes. Relaxation continued, but at a decreasing rate, for up to 48 hours. Across eight cherry cultivars, the biaxial strain in the exocarp at maturity ranged from 18.7% ± 1.9% in ‘Lapins’ to 36.0% ± 1.8% in ‘Katalin’. Elastic strain in the ES was always lower than that measured in an isolated cuticular membrane (CM). Increasing the temperature from 2 to 35 °C increased the rate of strain release and also the total percent strain released at 96 hours. In developing ‘Hedelfinger’ sweet cherry fruit, there was essentially no elastic strain in the exocarp at 45 days after full bloom (DAFB). Thereafter, significant elastic strain developed, reaching a maximum of 47.6% ± 2.5% at 87 DAFB. The effect of exocarp cell turgor on strain in the ES (evidenced by the difference in the reversible strain between ES with and without turgor) was closely and positively related to the relative area growth rate of the skin (r2 = 0.957). Strain release peaked at ≈59 DAFB, and there was no effect of turgor on strain release in mature fruit. Our data demonstrated the following: 1) the exocarp is a viscoelastic material composite; 2) at maturity, plastic and elastic strain components make up 66% and 34% of the total percent strain, respectively; 3) elastic strain in the exocarp increases during Stage III development; and 4) the strain in the exocarp is unaffected by strain in the CM. Thus, the epidermis and hypodermis layers must represent the main, load-bearing structure in sweet cherry fruit with the cuticle making a mechanically insignificant contribution.
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Asma, F. Z., M. H. Rodiah, M. Y. Aziah, M. N. Norakma, and I. Nurhafizah. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Dye from Exocarp and Mesocarp of Cocos nucifera." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.477.
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There is an abundance of waste contributed by most agricultural industries. Coconut industry wastes such as the (exocarp) outer layer and (mesocarp) husk can be exploited and turned into useful products such as natural dyes. In the present work, solvent extraction of natural dye from exocarp and mesocarp of Cocos nucifera using ultrasound has been studied. Methanol, ethanol and acetone with varying concentration (20%-70%) were used in the extraction process which was carried out at 30°C for 1 hour. Aqueous extraction was also performed with the same condition and acts as a control sample. The extraction of pigment from exocarp using 50% acetone produced the highest percentage of the yield of colorant (11.6%), while for mesocarp extraction, both 50% and 60% acetone yielded the highest percentage of colorant which was 9.2%. In addition, control sample (aqueous extraction of mesocarp and exocarp) showed lower percentages of the yield of colorant which was 6.4% and 6.8%, respectively. The results indicate that there was a significant improvement in the percentage of yield of natural colorant obtained due to the use of ultrasound.
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Garrido, Andreia, Jasper Engel, Roland Mumm, Artur Conde, Ana Cunha, and Ric C. H. De Vos. "Metabolomics of Photosynthetically Active Tissues in White Grapes: Effects of Light Microclimate and Stress Mitigation Strategies." Metabolites 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040205.
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The effects of climate change are becoming a real concern for the viticulture sector, with impacts on both grapevine physiology and the quality of the fresh berries and wine. Short-term mitigation strategies, like foliar kaolin application and smart irrigation regimes, have been implemented to overcome these problems. We previously showed that these strategies also influence the photosynthetic activity of the berries themselves, specifically in the exocarp and seed. In the present work, we assessed the modulating effects of both canopy-light microclimate, kaolin and irrigation treatments on the metabolic profiles of the exocarp and seed, as well as the potential role of berry photosynthesis herein. Berries from the white variety Alvarinho were collected at two contrasting light microclimate positions within the vine canopy (HL—high light and LL—low light) from both irrigated and kaolin-treated plants, and their respective controls, at three fruit developmental stages (green, véraison and mature). Untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) profiling of semi-polar extracts followed by multivariate statistical analysis indicate that both the light microclimate and irrigation influenced the level of a series of phenolic compounds, depending on the ripening stage of the berries. Moreover, untargeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling of polar extracts show that amino acid and sugar levels were influenced mainly by the interaction of irrigation and kaolin treatments. The results reveal that both photosynthetically active berry tissues had a distinct metabolic profile in response to the local light microclimate, which suggests a specific role of photosynthesis in these tissues. A higher light intensity within the canopy mainly increased the supply of carbon precursors to the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway, resulting in increased levels of phenolic compounds in the exocarp, while in seeds, light mostly influenced compounds related to carbon storage and seed development. In addition, our work provides new insights into the influence of abiotic stress mitigation strategies on the composition of exocarps and seeds, which are both important tissues for the quality of grape-derived products.
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Macnee, Nikolai C., Ria Rebstock, Ian C. Hallett, Robert J. Schaffer, and Sean M. Bulley. "A review of current knowledge about the formation of native peridermal exocarp in fruit." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 12 (2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19135.
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The outer skin layer in any plant is essential in offering a protective barrier against water loss and pathogen attack. Within fleshy fruit, the skin supports internal cell layers and can provide the initial cues in attracting seed-dispersing animals. The skin of a fruit, termed the exocarp, is a key element of consumer preference and a target for many breeding programs. Across fruiting species there is a huge diversity of exocarp types and these range from a simple single living cell layer (epidermis) often covered with a waxy layer, to complex multicellular suberised and dead cell layers (periderm), with various intermediate russet forms in between. Each exocarp can be interspersed with other structures such as hairs or spines. The epidermis has been well characterised and remains pluripotent with the help of the cells immediately under the epidermis. The periderm, in contrast, is the result of secondary meristematic activity, which replaces the epidermal layers, and is not well characterised in fruits. In this review we explore the structure, composition and mechanisms that control the development of a periderm type fruit exocarp. We draw upon literature from non-fleshy fruit species that form periderm tissue, from which a considerable amount of research has been undertaken.
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Li, Chengyue, Lifang Chen, Quan Fan, Pengfei He, Congqiao Wang, Huaxing Huang, Ruyan Huang, et al. "Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis to Explore Hub Genes of Resveratrol Biosynthesis in Exocarp and Mesocarp of ‘Summer Black’ Grape." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030578.
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Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound beneficial to human health, and its main source is grapes. In the present study, the molecular regulation of resveratrol biosynthesis in developing grape berries was investigated using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). At the same time, the reason for the resveratrol content difference between grape exocarp (skin) and mesocarp (flesh) was explored. Hub genes (CHS, STS, F3’5’H, PAL, HCT) related to resveratrol biosynthesis were screened with Cytoscape software. The expression level of hub genes in the exocarp was significantly higher than that in the mesocarp, and the expressions of the hub genes and the content of resveratrol in exocarp peaked at the maturity stage. While the expression levels of PAL, CHS and STS in the mesocarp, reached the maximum at the maturity stage, and F3′5′H and HCT decreased. These hub genes likely play a key role in resveratrol biosynthesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis further indicated that resveratrol biosynthesis was related to flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and stilbene biosynthesis pathways. This study has theoretical significance for exploring genes related to resveratrol biosynthesis in the exocarp and mesocarp of grapes, and provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent function and regulatory mechanism of hub genes.
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Garrido, Andreia, João Serôdio, Ric De Vos, Artur Conde, and Ana Cunha. "Influence of Foliar Kaolin Application and Irrigation on Photosynthetic Activity of Grape Berries." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110685.
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Climate changes may cause severe impacts both on grapevine and berry development. Foliar application of kaolin has been suggested as a mitigation strategy to cope with stress caused by excessive heat/radiation absorbed by leaves and grape berry clusters. However, its effect on the light micro-environment inside the canopy and clusters, as well as on the acclimation status and physiological responses of the grape berries, is unclear. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of foliar kaolin application on the photosynthetic activity of the exocarp and seeds, which are the main photosynthetically active berry tissues. For this purpose, berries from high light (HL) and low light (LL) microclimates in the canopy, from kaolin-treated and non-treated, irrigated and non-irrigated plants, were collected at three developmental stages. Photochemical and non-photochemical efficiencies of both tissues were obtained by a pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. The maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) data for green HL-grown berries suggest that kaolin application can protect the berry exocarp from light stress. At the mature stage, exocarps of LL grapes from irrigated plants treated with kaolin presented higher Fv/Fm and relative electron transport rates (rETR200) than those without kaolin. However, for the seeds, a negative interaction between kaolin and irrigation were observed especially in HL grapes. These results highlight the impact of foliar kaolin application on the photosynthetic performance of grape berries growing under different light microclimates and irrigation regimes, throughout the season. This provides insights for a more case-oriented application of this mitigation strategy on grapevines.
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Corelli-Grappadelli, Luca, and D. C. Coston. "Thinning Pattern and Light Environment in Peach Tree Canopies Influence Fruit Quality." HortScience 26, no. 12 (December 1991): 1464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.12.1464.
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The effects of shoot length, fruit density, thinning patterns, and light levels on crop quality of peach (Prunus persica Batsch.) were investigated. On shoots 50 and 75 cm long, fruits were thinned to produce several distribution patterns, with peaches concentrated in the bottom, middle, or distal portion of the shoot, or uniformly spaced along the shoot at two fruit densities (≈10 or 15 cm between fruit). The lower fruit density on the longer shoots resulted in larger fruits. At the same fruit density, fruits clustered in the distal section of the shoot were smaller, with lower soluble solids concentration (SSC) and a smaller percentage of the exocarp colored red than for the other spacing patterns. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was negatively correlated with the percentage of green exocarp and positively correlated with the percentage of red exocarp. However, the low correlation coefficients (0.45 and 0.50, respectively) indicate that even low light levels can result in substantial red pigment development in peach fruit.
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Crisosto, Carlos H., R. Scott Johnson, Juvenal Luza, and Kevin Day. "Incidence of Physical Damage on Peach and Nectarine Skin Discoloration Development: Anatomical Studies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.796.
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Skin discoloration (SD) formation in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, var. nectarine] was related to physical damage (abrasion) to the fruit during fruit handling (harvest and hauling operations) within the orchard and during transport to the packinghouse. Vibration and rubbing treatments increased SD formation indicating that tissue damage is involved in SD formation. Anatomical studies comparing sound and SD-injured tissues done by scanning electron and light microscopy indicated that very-low-intensity physical damage could induce brown and/or black spots because of cell disruption in the epidermal and hypodermal layers. The fact that injury was specific to the exocarp tissues (cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis), and that mesocarp tissue located below the exocarp cells remained sound and turgid, indicated that abrasion injury is associated with SD. Similar types of visible and anatomical injury characteristics were induced by a rubbing treatment, demonstrating that physical abrasion damage affecting just exocarp cells was enough to induce SD:
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Mardawilis and Eddiwan. "The Effect of Rainfall on Yellow Crude on Mangosis Fruit (Garciniamangostana L.)." Research in Agriculture 4, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): p29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ra.v4n1p29.
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The research was carried out through case studies at six locations of mangosteen production centers in West Sumatra during the 2018 harvest season. The results showed that mangosteen fruit damage by yellow sap was distinguished from yellow sap in exocarp and endocarp with varying percentages between research locations. There was no correlation between yellow sap in exocarp and endocarp (r=0.0656). Yellow sap in exocarp and endocarp correlate with rainy days. The intensity of rainfall during the fruit development period does not correlate with yellow latex in the endocarp but the fluctuation in rainfall is very influential. Yellow sap at the lowest endocarp (15%) was found at the location of Station-5 with the lowest rainy day (44 days) and low rainfall fluctuations (40-240 mm/month) and the highest (47%) at Station-3 (104 days rain and rainfall fluctuations 96-512 mm/month). The Station-4 area with lower rainy days (80 days) but has high rainfall fluctuations (73-954 mm/month) also shows yellow latex at a higher endocarp (35%) compared to other locations. Yellow gum at the lowest exocarp (32%) found in Station-2 (63 rainy days, 00 m asl) and highest (69%) in Station-6 (94 rainy days, 490 m asl). Effect of rainy days and altitude on the sap yellow on the skin of the fruit can be explained through its relationship with environmental conditions needed for the proliferation of insects that cause yellow sap on the mangosteen rind.
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Oranusi, Solomon, Adeola Onibokun, Oluwatoyosi Afolabi, Chineme Okpalajiaku, Anita Seweje, Bunmi Olopade, and Yemisi Obafemi. "Chemical, microbial and antioxidant activity of Cola lepidota K. Schum fruits." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 38, No. 1 (February 29, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/360/2018-cjfs.
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This research was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microbial profiles of Cola lepidota fruits. One hundred grams each of the fruit exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp were blended and analyses were carried out by the following standard methods. Active acidity and vitamin C contents were 5.5 and 6.34 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> in endocarp, 4.5 and 14.39 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> in mesocarp and 6.7 and 10.02 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> for exocarp. Moisture and carbohydrate contents of 12.31 and 68.72% were in the mesocarp while protein and crude fibre contents of 8.13 and 26.18% were in the exocarp and endocarp. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents were 1.79, 0.27 and 0.57 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> in exocarp while lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were absent in the endocarp. Predominant isolates were Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. C. lepidota had no antimicrobial effect against the tested organisms. Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins and anthocyanins were present while alkaloids, quinolones, glycosides, steroids and cardiac glycosides were absent. The fruit was observed to have antioxidant property by hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. This study presents C. lepidota as good for human consumption and can be exploited for animal feed production.
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Tisserat, Brent, and Paul D. Galletta. "Adventitious Juice Vesicles Produced from the Exocarp in the Citrinae (Aurantioideae)." HortScience 27, no. 7 (July 1992): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.843.
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Some cultivars of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], and trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were found to have adventitious juice vesicles originating from their exocarp (peel). Several hundred green vesicles may be initiated from curvilinear stylar peel depressions of immature fruit. These vesicles develop similarly to juice vesicles from the endocarp except that, as the fruit matures, exocarp adventitious vesicles die prematurely and degenerate into a fruit surface blemish. Evidence suggests that juice vesicles and oil glands are homologous and merit reconsideration in ontological studies.
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Reis, Sarah Barbosa, Maria Olívia Mercadante-Simões, and Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro. "Pericarp development in the macaw palm Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae)." Rodriguésia 63, no. 3 (September 2012): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-78602012000300005.
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The anatomy of the pericarp of the macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) was followed during development. Ovaries of flowers collected at anthesis of the bracts as well as pericarps were evaluated at different development phases using traditional plant anatomy techniques. The ovary wall has two meristematic regions, one adjacent to the external epidermis and the other surrounding the seminal cavity. The external meristematic region gives rise to the woody exocarp, and the internal meristematic region is responsible for thickening of the oily/fibrous mesocarp as well as the hard endocarp. Sclerification of the exocarp and endocarp occurs approximately 70 days after anthesis and defines the final fruit volume. Lignification of the exocarp cell layers is incomplete, lending porosity to the structure. Numerous canals develop in the mesocarp that are formed by the fusion of raphide-containing idioblasts. Lignification of the sclereids and their generally random arrangement confers impermeability and rigidity to the endocarp. In mature fruits, lipidic reserves are observed in parenchymatic cells of the mesocarp, and the germination pore in the endocarp is composed of parenchymatic cells.
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Riffle, Michael S., W. Eugene Thilsted, Don S. Murray, Robert M. Ahring, and George R. Waller. "Germination and Seed Production of Unicorn-Plant (Proboscidea louisianica)." Weed Science 36, no. 6 (November 1988): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075846.
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Field and laboratory experiments were conducted with unicorn-plant to determine conditions required for germination and to measure seed production. Field-grown plants produced an average of 122 pods/plant with an average of 71 seed/pod. The highest percent germination from seed harvested in 1980 occurred following a 2-week prechill treatment of 4 C. Germination increase was greater by removing the seed coat and the membrane enclosing the embryo than by removing the seed coat alone. Germination of seed from all pod compartments was similar. Aqueous extracts of unicorn-plant testa, leaf, stem, root, and exocarp were inhibitory in petri dish bioassays to cotton radicle growth. Extracts of stem, root, and exocarp were inhibitory to wheat radicle growth, and extracts of endocarp, leaf, and exocarp were inhibitory to unicorn-plant radicle growth. Seed buried in the field 10 cm deep for 1 to 8 months showed increased germination over time. Germination was lower when seed were stored at 4 C for 1 to 8 months in a soil having 25% (v/v) water.
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Graham, Effin T. "Staining Tomato Fruit Cuticle and Exocarp Tissues." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 72, no. 3 (January 1997): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520299709082223.
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Cui, Na, Liangliang Zhang, Meiping Quan, and Jianguo Xu. "Profile of the main bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activity of different solvent extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp." RSC Advances 10, no. 73 (2020): 45105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09490k.
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Xue, Mingyue, Jingjin Zhao, Zhihua Zhan, Shulin Zhao, Chuanqing Lan, Fanggui Ye, and Hong Liang. "Dual functionalized natural biomass carbon dots from lychee exocarp for cancer cell targetable near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy." Nanoscale 10, no. 38 (2018): 18124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr05017a.
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Carmello-Guerreiro, Sandra Maria, and Adelita A. Sartori Paoli. "Ontogeny and Structure of the Pericarp of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 45, no. 1 (March 2002): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132002000100012.
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The fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a globose red drupe with friable exocarp when ripe and composed of two lignified layers: the epidermis and hypodermis. The mesocarp is parenchymatous with large secretory ducts associated with vascular bundles. In the mesocarp two regions are observed: an outer region composed of only parenchymatous cells and an inner region, bounded by one or more layers of druse-like crystals of calcium oxalate, composed of parenchymatous cells, secretory ducts and vascular bundles. The mesocarp detaches itself from the exocarp due to degeneration of the cellular layers in contact with the hypodermis. The lignified endocarp is composed of four layers: the outermost layer of polyhedral cells with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, and the three innermost layers of sclereids in palisade.
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Serra, Sara, Brendon Anthony, Andrea Masia, Daniela Giovannini, and Stefano Musacchi. "Determination of Biochemical Composition in Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Accessions Characterized by Different Flesh Color and Textural Typologies." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101452.
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The rising interest in beneficial health properties of polyphenol compounds in fruit initiated this investigation about biochemical composition in peach mesocarp/exocarp. Biochemical evaluation of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid were quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in relation to three flesh colors (white, yellow and red) and four flesh typologies (melting, non-melting, slow softening and stony hard) within six commercial cultivars and eight breeding selections of peach/nectarine in 2007. While in 2008, quality and sensorial analyses were conducted on only three commercial cultivars (‘Big Top’, ‘Springcrest’ and ‘Ghiaccio 1’). The red flesh selection demonstrated the highest levels of phenolic compounds (in mesocarp/exocarp) and ascorbic acid. Total phenolic concentration was approximately three-fold higher in the exocarp than the mesocarp across all accessions. Breeding selections generally reported higher levels of phenolics than commercial cultivars. Flesh textural typologies justified firmness differences at harvest, but minimally addressed variations in quality and phenolic compounds. Flesh pigmentation explained variation in the biochemical composition, with the red flesh accession characterized by an abundancy of phenolic compounds and a high potential for elevated antioxidant activity. Sensorial analyses ranked the cultivar with high soluble solids concentration:titratable acidity (SSC:TA) and reduced firmness the highest overall. Red flesh is a highly desirable trait for breeding programs aiming to improve consumption of peaches selected for nutraceutical properties.
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Sun, Zuosong, Shaodian Shen, Limeng Ma, Dongsen Mao, and Guanzhong Lu. "Controlled synthesis of N-doped carbon spheres with different morphologies for supercapacitors." RSC Advances 6, no. 106 (2016): 104642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22424e.
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A facile and general strategy has been developed to synthesize nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon nanospheres, newly nitrogen doped lychee exocarp-like mesoporous carbon spheres and nitrogen doped core–shell mesoporous carbon spheres.
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Garrido, Andreia, Ric C. H. De Vos, Artur Conde, and Ana Cunha. "Light Microclimate-Driven Changes at Transcriptional Level in Photosynthetic Grape Berry Tissues." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091769.
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Viticulture practices that change the light distribution in the grapevine canopy can interfere with several physiological mechanisms, such as grape berry photosynthesis and other metabolic pathways, and consequently impact the berry biochemical composition, which is key to the final wine quality. We previously showed that the photosynthetic activity of exocarp and seed tissues from a white cultivar (Alvarinho) was in fact responsive to the light microclimate in the canopy (low and high light, LL and HL, respectively), and that these different light microclimates also led to distinct metabolite profiles, suggesting a berry tissue-specific interlink between photosynthesis and metabolism. In the present work, we analyzed the transcript levels of key genes in exocarps and seed integuments of berries from the same cultivar collected from HL and LL microclimates at three developmental stages, using real-time qPCR. In exocarp, the expression levels of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (VvSuSy1), phenylpropanoid (VvPAL1), stilbenoid (VvSTS1), and flavan-3-ol synthesis (VvDFR, VvLAR2, and VvANR) were highest at the green stage. In seeds, the expression of several genes associated with both phenylpropanoid (VvCHS1 and VvCHS3) and flavan-3-ol synthesis (VvDFR and VvLAR2) showed a peak at the véraison stage, whereas that of RuBisCO was maintained up to the mature stage. Overall, the HL microclimate, compared to that of LL, resulted in a higher expression of genes encoding elements associated with both photosynthesis (VvChlSyn and VvRuBisCO), carbohydrate metabolism (VvSPS1), and photoprotection (carotenoid pathways genes) in both tissues. HL also induced the expression of the VvFLS1 gene, which was translated into a higher activity of the FLS enzyme producing flavonol-type flavonoids, whereas the expression of several other flavonoid pathway genes (e.g., VvCHS3, VvSTS1, VvDFR, and VvLDOX) was reduced, suggesting a specific role of flavonols in photoprotection of berries growing in the HL microclimate. This work suggests a possible link at the transcriptional level between berry photosynthesis and pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, and provides relevant information for improving the management of the light microenvironment at canopy level of the grapes.
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K. Yazıcı, L. Kaynak, and M.S. Cevik. "ANATOMY OF POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L. 'HICAZNAR') FRUIT EXOCARP." Acta Horticulturae, no. 890 (March 2011): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.890.29.
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Chen, Jingjing, Tao Zhang, Bo Jiang, Wanmeng Mu, and Ming Miao. "Characterization and antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides." Carbohydrate Polymers 87, no. 1 (January 2012): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.083.
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Woolf, Allan B. "Reduction of Chilling Injury in Stored `Hass' Avocado Fruit by 38 °C Water Treatments." HortScience 32, no. 7 (December 1997): 1247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1247.
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`Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit were heat treated in water at 38 °C for 0 to 120 minutes, and stored at 0.5 °C for up to 28 days. After storage, fruit were ripened at 20 °C and their quality evaluated. External chilling injury (CI) developed during storage in nonheated fruit. Skin (exocarp) sectioning showed that browning developed from the base of the exocarp, and with longer storage, this browning moved outwards toward the epidermis. Longer durations of hot water treatment (HWT) progressively reduced CI; 60 minutes was the optimal duration that eliminated external CI, while best maintaining fruit quality. Concomitantly, electrolyte leakage of heated skin tissue increased ≈70% during storage, whereas electrolyte leakage of nonheated skin tissue increased ≈480% over the same period. Thus, significant protection was conferred by HWTs against low temperature damage to avocados and these effects are reflected in the morphology and physiology of the skin tissue.
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Cvetkovic, Zika, Vesna Nikolic, Ivan Savic, Ivana Savic-Gajic, and Ljubisa Nikolic. "Development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for quantification of trans-resveratrol in the plant extracts." Chemical Industry 69, no. 6 (2015): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140917004c.
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New, simple, cost effective, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of trans-resveratrol in the extracts of grape exocarp and seeds. The method has proved to be simpler and faster than available methods. Methanol was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 cm3 min-1, while the quantification was effected at 306 nm. The separation was performed at 35?C using a C18 column. The results showed that the peak area response was linear in the concentration range of 1-40 ?g cm-3. The values of LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.125 and 0.413 ?g cm-3, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined using DPPH assay. The ability of DPPH radicals inhibition decreases in the following order: the extract of grape exocarp > trans-resveratrol standard > the extract of grape seeds.
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Ibrahim, Ayman, Hussin Daood, Zsuzsanna Bori, and Lajos Helyes. "Using Infrared Spectroscopy for Tracking and Estimating Antioxidant in Tomato Fruit Fractions." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 5 (May 16, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.5.736.
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Infrared technology has brought a quantum leap in the specialization of non-destructive systems for internal quality inspection of agricultural and food products. Applying near-infrared spectroscopy technique (NIRs) for tracking and estimating some antioxidants such as (Lycopene, β-carotene, Phytoene and Phytofluenxe) in tomato fruit fractions (Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp and Tomato pomace) with prediction model. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device showed the antioxidant concentrations values within tomato fractions. Where, the maximum and minimum values observed in the mesocarp and exocarp fractions. Also, tomato fractions color analysis confirmed these results. Meanwhile, mesocarp fraction within range dark red color with h°≈ 31.7°, due to increased lycopene concentration, whereas, exocarp fraction was 77.29° for h°, within yellow range. In addition to HPLC and color reference methods were consensus significantly with the different of spectral transformations by the regression of partial least square (PLS). NIR spectra and antioxidant in tomato fractions were taken to establish calibration models for tracking and estimating antioxidant in tomato fractions by using partial least squares (PLS) model. The obtained Coefficients of prediction model (R2p) were 0.95, 0.91, 0.93 and 0.94 for Lycopene, β-Carotene, Phytoene and Phytofluenxe respectively. The values of (RPD) ratio obtained from the standard deviation to the standard error of prediction and also (RER) obtained from the standard error range of prediction model were varied for different tomato fractions and antioxidant content, and found that the NIR model suitable not only for screening the different concentrations values of antioxidants for tomato fractions, but also suitable for most applications including quality assurance.
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Ibrahim, Ayman, Hussin Daood, Zsuzsanna Bori, and Lajos Helyes. "Using Infrared Spectroscopy for Tracking and Estimating Antioxidant in Tomato Fruit Fractions." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 5 (May 16, 2018): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.5.736.
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Infrared technology has brought a quantum leap in the specialization of non-destructive systems for internal quality inspection of agricultural and food products. Applying near-infrared spectroscopy technique (NIRs) for tracking and estimating some antioxidants such as (Lycopene, ?-carotene, Phytoene and Phytofluenxe) in tomato fruit fractions (Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp and Tomato pomace) with prediction model. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device showed the antioxidant concentrations values within tomato fractions. Where, the maximum and minimum values observed in the mesocarp and exocarp fractions. Also, tomato fractions color analysis confirmed these results. Meanwhile, mesocarp fraction within range dark red color with h°? 31.7°, due to increased lycopene concentration, whereas, exocarp fraction was 77.29° for h°, within yellow range. In addition to HPLC and color reference methods were consensus significantly with the different of spectral transformations by the regression of partial least square (PLS). NIR spectra and antioxidant in tomato fractions were taken to establish calibration models for tracking and estimating antioxidant in tomato fractions by using partial least squares (PLS) model. The obtained Coefficients of prediction model (R2p) were 0.95, 0.91, 0.93 and 0.94 for Lycopene, ?-Carotene, Phytoene and Phytofluenxe respectively. The values of (RPD) ratio obtained from the standard deviation to the standard error of prediction and also (RER) obtained from the standard error range of prediction model were varied for different tomato fractions and antioxidant content, and found that the NIR model suitable not only for screening the different concentrations values of antioxidants for tomato fractions, but also suitable for most applications including quality assurance.
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Nikolic, Natasa, Ljiljana Merkulov, Borivoj Krstic, Slobodanka Pajevic, Milan Borisev, and Sasa Orlovic. "Variability of acorn anatomical characteristics in Quercus robur L. genotypes." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 118 (2010): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1018047n.
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The aim of this study was to examine variability of acorn anatomical characteristics in seventeen Quercus robur L. genotypes. Acorns were collected in clonal seed orchard Banov Brod (Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia). Microscopic measurements were done for pericarp (total thickness, thickness of exocarp and mesocarp), seed coat (total thickness, thickness of outer epidermis, parenchyma, and inner epidermis), and embryo axis (diameter, thickness of cortical region, and diameter of stellar zone). Obtained results revealed certain divergence between genotypes. The thickness of pericarp varied from 418 to 559 mm (genotypes 20 and 22, respectively). On average, the participation of exocarp in the total thickness of pericarp was 36.3%, of mesocarp 61.0%, while of endocarp 2.6%. The thickness of seed coat for individual genotypes ranged from 71 mm (genotype 28) to 157 mm (genotype 38). In addition, anatomic parameters of embryo axis varied among studied genotypes. The lowest cortical zone thickness and stellar zone diameter were measured in genotype 40, while the highest values in genotype 33.
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Yao, Yuan, Wenxin Xu, Jiaqi Wang, Bozhi Wang, Xiaoyu Tang, Tiantian Dong, Bo Xiong, et al. "Study on the color difference of Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou in different planting areas." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 03059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016503059.
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In order to study the effect of different planting areas on the color of Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou fruit, Pujiang and Guang’an Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou were used in this experiment. Brightness, red and green deviation and blue and yellow deviation of exocarp, mesocarp and pulp parts in the test samples were measured, and the composite index of color difference was calculated. The results showed that the comprehensive index of color difference in the exocarp and pulp of Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou from the two planting areas changed almost synchronously. But it was negative at 90 days after anthesis and positive at 120 days after anthesis in the mesocarp of Pujiang pomelo. It was still negative at 150 days after anthesis in the mesocarp of Guang’an pomelo until 180 days after anthesis. It reflects the comprehensive index of fruit color displayed by the accumulation of carotenoids. The external environment stimulates the accumulation of carotenoids. Therefore, color variation difference may be caused by different environmental factors in the two regions.
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Huang, Lan-Jie, and Wen-Long Fu. "A water drop-shaped slingshot in plants: geometry and mechanics in the explosive seed dispersal of Orixa japonica (Rutaceae)." Annals of Botany 127, no. 6 (February 20, 2021): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab017.
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Abstract Background and Aims In angiosperms, many species disperse their seeds autonomously by rapid movement of the pericarp. The fruits of these species often have long rod- or long plate-shaped pericarps, which are suitable for ejecting seeds during fruit dehiscence by bending or coiling. However, here we show that fruit with a completely different shape can also rely on pericarp movement to disperse seeds explosively, as in Orixa japonica. Methods Fruit morphology was observed by hard tissue sectioning, scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography, and the seed dispersal process was analysed using a high-speed camera. Comparisons were made of the geometric characteristics of pericarps before and after fruit dehiscence, and the mechanical process of pericarp movement was simulated with the aid of the finite element model. Key Results During fruit dehydration, the water drop-shaped endocarp of O. japonica with sandwich structure produced two-way bending deformation and cracking, and its width increased more than three-fold before opening. Meanwhile the same shaped exocarp with uniform structure could only produce small passive deformation under relatively large external forces. The endocarp forced the exocarp to open by hygroscopic movement before seed launching, and the exocarp provided the acceleration for seed launching through a reaction force. Conclusions Two layers of water drop-shaped pericarp in O. japonica form a structure similar to a slingshot, which launches the seed at high speed during fruit dehiscence. The results suggest that plants with explosive seed dispersal appear to have a wide variety of fruit morphology, and through a combination of different external shapes and internal structures, they are able to move rapidly using many sophisticated mechanisms.
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Grimm, Eckhard, Stefanie Peschel, and Moritz Knoche. "Mottling on Sweet Cherry Fruit Is Caused by Exocarp Strain." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 1 (January 2013): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.1.18.
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Mottling (pale spots) is clearly visible to the naked eye in all regions of the surface in all except for yellow cultivars of sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.). The objective was to characterize these spots and their distribution on the exocarp. Within the spots, anthocyanins were limited to the epidermal cell layer but, in areas immediately adjacent to the spots, anthocyanins were present in the epidermal and in the hypodermal cell layers (making these areas darker). In ‘Sam’ sweet cherries, the median length and width of a spot in the cheek region were 390 and 162 μm, respectively, and the median area was 0.053 mm2 per spot. The spatial density in the cheek region averaged 1.94 (± 0.13) spots per mm2 and the percentage of surface area covered by the spots was 12.5% (± 1.07%). Epidermal cells within a spot had slightly larger projected surface areas than those in the adjacent region and thicker cell walls. The margins of the spots did not align with the anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells. The spots’ long axes were oriented parallel with the stem/stylar scar axis, whereas the slightly elongated epidermal cells within and adjacent to the spots were orientated perpendicular to the stem/stylar scar axis. The spatial density of spots and the cumulative spot area were highest in the region of the stylar scar, intermediate in the cheek and stem cavity, and lowest in the suture region. Spot spatial density on small fruit exceeded that on larger fruit, but the areas of individual spots was smaller. When an exocarp segment was excised from the cheek of a fruit, it contracted slightly as elastic strain was released. The projected surface area of the spots and that of the whole segment decreased to a similar extent. Our data suggest that spots result from a tensional failure during Stage III development in which the anthocyanin-containing hypodermal cell layer tears (schizogenously) and separates from the epidermis. This being the case, the pale spots (mottling) can be referred to as “strain spots.”
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Xu, Ai-Hua, Hua-Sheng Chen, Bu-Chan Sun, Xiao-Ren Xiang, Yun-Fei Chu, Fan Zhai, and Ling-Chang Jia. "Therapeutic mechanism of ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on gastric cancer." World Journal of Gastroenterology 9, no. 11 (2003): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v9.i11.2424.
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Feuereisen, Michelle M., Julia Hoppe, Benno F. Zimmermann, Fabian Weber, Nadine Schulze-Kaysers, and Andreas Schieber. "Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifoliusRaddi) Exocarp." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 26 (June 23, 2014): 6219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf500977d.
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Sanxter, Suzanne S., Harry Y. Yamamoto, David G. Fisher, and Harvey T. Chan Jr. "Development and decline of chloroplasts in exocarp of Carica papaya." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-049.
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Photosynthetic and ultrastructural changes of plastids in papaya fruit exocarp (Carica papaya L.) from immature to ¾-ripe stages were characterized. Pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorometry indicated primary photochemical yield developed maximally by the dead-green stage and did not decrease thereafter, even in ¾-ripe fruit. Nonphotochemical quenching, a reflection of ΔpH, also developed maximally by the dead-green stage but began declining at the ¼-ripe stage. The pattern of photochemical quenching, an indicator of oxidation of primary electron acceptors, was similar to nonphotochemical quenching. Chlorophyll a to b ratio was 2.25 in immature fruits and about 1.70 in more mature stages. Immature fruit plastids contained loosely appressed thylakoids with few grana, whereas more mature fruits up to the ¼-ripe stage had well-developed grana. Grana of ¾-ripe fruit were destacked; thylakoids often formed vesicles. These results, along with the fluorescence properties, suggest papaya-fruit chloroplasts are mature at the dead-green and mature-green stages and at these stages resemble chloroplasts in green leaf mesophyll tissue. When internal fruit ripening began (¼-ripe), photosynthetic and ultrastructural qualities of the exocarp remained relatively unchanged, indicating external ripeness lagged considerably behind internal ripeness. Although grana of ¾-ripe fruits were structurally disorganized, the ability for primary photochemistry was retained. Key words: chlorophyll fluorescence, ultrastructure, fruit development, ripening.
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Li, Zhiguo, Pingping Li, Hongling Yang, Jizhan Liu, and Yunfeng Xu. "Mechanical properties of tomato exocarp, mesocarp and locular gel tissues." Journal of Food Engineering 111, no. 1 (July 2012): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.01.023.
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Valentina, Ayu, Yohanes Hendro Agus, and Maria Marina Herawati. "STUDY OF PINEAPPLE EXOCARP, GADUNG TUBER AND LIQUID OF PULP COCOA FERMENTATION AS LATEX COAGULANTS TOWARD RUBBER QUALITY." Agric 32, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2020.v32.i1.p1-12.
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Some rubber farmers in Indonesia use un-recommended latex coagulant and it causes bad quality of rubber. The utilization of organic latex coagulants has the potential way to improve rubber quality. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple exocarp extract, gadung tuber extract and liquid of pulp cocoa fermentation as latex coagulants toward rubber quality. The study was using Randomized Completely Block Design with six treatments and four replications the treatments tested was 10 ml and 20 ml pineapple exocarp extract, 10 ml and 20 ml gadung extract and 10 ml and 20 ml liquid of pulp cocoa fermentation. The parameters observed were contact time, weight of rubber and rubber characteristic which are comprised of serum clarity, rubber color and rubber stinky smell produced, ash content and volatile matter compared to Standart Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20. The result of this study showed that 20 ml latex coagulant had faster contact time than others and increased weight of the rubber. It showed that rubbers produced a bit stinky smell as well, it was better than rubbers produced by inorganic latex coagulant.
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Alzohairy, Safa A., Raymond Hammerschmidt, and Mary K. Hausbeck. "Changes in Winter Squash Fruit Exocarp Structure Associated with Age-Related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0128-r.
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Phytophthora capsici is a destructive pathogen of cucurbits that causes root, crown, and fruit rot. Winter squash (Cucurbita spp.) production is limited by this pathogen in Michigan and other U.S. growing regions. Age-related resistance (ARR) to P. capsici occurs in C. moschata fruit but is negated by wounding. This study aimed to determine whether structural barriers to infection exist in the intact exocarp of maturing fruit exhibiting ARR. Five C. moschata cultivars were evaluated for resistance to P. capsici 10, 14, 16, 18, and 21 days postpollination (dpp). Scanning electron microscopy imaging of Chieftain butternut fruit exocarp of susceptible fruit at 7 dpp and resistant fruit at 14 and 21 dpp revealed significant increases in cuticle and epidermal thicknesses as fruit aged. P. capsici hyphae penetrated susceptible fruit at 7 dpp directly from the surface or through wounds before 6 h postinoculation (hpi) and completely degraded the fruit cell wall within 48 hpi. Resistant fruit remained unaffected at 14 and 21 dpp. The high correlation between the formation of a thickened cuticle and epidermis in maturing winter squash fruit and resistance to P. capsici indicates the presence of a structural barrier to P. capsici as the fruit matures.
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Shuraki, YD, and M. Sedgley. "Fruit Development of Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae) in Relation to Embryo Abortion and Abnormalities at Maturity." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 1 (1996): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960035.
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This study investigated fruit development of the Pistacia vera L. cultivars Kerman and Sirora using bright field microscopy. Normal fruit development was compared with that of seedless (blank) and small seeded (semi-blank) fruits to identify the stages at which degeneration occurred. In normal fruits, pericarp growth took place up to week 4 after pollination and preceded embryo, endosperm and funicle proliferation between weeks 4 and 16. Endocarp (shell) and exocarp (hull) development occurred between weeks 8 and 16. Blank and semi-blank fruits were identified by slower growth and lack of exocarp colouration. Blank fruits resulted from one of five patterns of ovule degeneration caused by funicle degeneration, embryo sac absence, embryo sac degeneration, lack of pollen tube penetration of the embryo sac, or failure of endosperm cellularisation. Funicle degeneration was the most common cause of blanking and was observed either at the site of pollen tube penetration or at the chalazal end of both pollinated and unpollinated ovules. Degeneration of funicular tissue extended towards the vascular bundles. Small seeded or semi-blank fruit resulted from degeneration of the cotyledons during the latter stage of embryo development.
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Fagundes, Natividad Ferreira, and Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath. "Morphoanatomy and ontogeny of fruit in Bromeliaceae species." Acta Botanica Brasilica 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062010000300020.
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This study aims to give an overall view of fruit structure in Bromeliaceae, since these studies are extremely scarce in this family, showing the morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of fruits of six species belonging to six different genera, representing three subfamilies. All species studied have a tricarpellary and trilocular ovary, with an obturator covering the placental region. Dyckia maritima, Pitcairnia flammea, Tillandsia aeranthos and Vriesea carinata have capsular fruits (septicidal or biscidal), characterized mainly by the presence of macrosclereids in the exocarp or endocarp, fibers in the ventral region of the carpels, six dehiscence lines and three vascular bundles in each carpel. Aechmea calyculata and Billbergia nutans have fruits classified as berries, presenting exocarp and hypodermis as mechanical layers and many vascular bundles in each carpel. Many useful characters for taxonomy of Bromeliaceae were revealed, so fruits are excellent tools for delimitation of genera and subfamilies. In relation to Bromeliaceae capsules, macrosclereids are conspicuous structures of the pericarp and fruit anatomy is greatly related to dehiscence type. The U-shaped cell wall thickenings are a very common character in this family and can be identified as structures also occurring in monocot fruits.
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Emanuele, Sonia, Antonietta Notaro, Antonio Palumbo Piccionello, Antonella Maggio, Marianna Lauricella, Antonella D’Anneo, Cesare Cernigliaro, Giuseppe Calvaruso, and Michela Giuliano. "Sicilian Litchi Fruit Extracts Induce Autophagy versus Apoptosis Switch in Human Colon Cancer Cells." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101490.
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Litchi chinensis Sonnerat is a tropical tree whose fruits contain significant amounts of bioactive polyphenols. Litchi cultivation has recently spread in Sicily where the climate conditions are particularly favorable for this crop. Recent findings have shown that Litchi extracts display anti-tumor and pro-apoptotic effects in vitro, but the precise underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we report for the first time the effects of Sicilian litchi fruit extracts on colon cancer cells. The results indicated that litchi exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp fractions reduce the viability and clonogenic growth of HT29 cells. These effects were due to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase followed by caspase-dependent cell death. Interestingly, litchi exocarp and endocarp triggered a precocious autophagic response (16–24 h), which was accompanied by an increase in the level of autophagy related 1/autophagy activating kinase 1 (ATG1/ULK1), beclin-1, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and p62 proteins. Autophagy inhibition by bafilomycin A1 or beclin-1 silencing increased cell death, thus suggesting that autophagy was initially triggered as a pro-survival response. Significant effects of Litchi extracts were also observed in other colon cancer cells, including HCT116 and Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, differentiated Caco-2 cells, a model of human enterocytes, appeared to be insensitive to the extracts at the same treatment conditions. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole-Time-Of-Flight HPLC/ESI/Q-TOF evidenced the presence of some polyphenolic compounds, specifically in exocarp and endocarp extracts, that can account for the observed biological effects. The results obtained suggest a potential therapeutic efficacy of polyphenolic compounds purified from Sicilian Litchi fractions for the treatment of colon cancer. Moreover, our findings indicate that modulation of autophagy can represent a tool to improve the effectiveness of these agents and potentiate the anti-tumor response of colon cancer cells.
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Razali, Nur Azlin, Steven A. Sargent, Charles A. Sims, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Adrian D. Berry, and Guiwen Cheng. "Potential of Postharvest Coatings to Maintain Freshness of Red-Fleshed Pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis)." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090892.
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Pitaya is a non-climacteric fruit that has white or red flesh with numerous small, black seeds. It has a high moisture content; however, water loss during handling and storage negatively affects the fresh weight, firmness and appearance of the fruit, decreasing market value. Application of compatible postharvest coatings has been shown to benefit postharvest quality of many crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two commercial coatings on weight loss and quality of pitaya during storage. Pitaya fruit were commercially harvested and sorted for uniformity of size and freedom from defects. Fruit were briefly immersed in either a vegetable oil-based coating (VOC; Sta-Fresh® 2981) or a carnauba-based coating (CC; Endura-Fresh™ 6100) according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Fruit immersed in tap water served as a control. Fruit were fan-dried at room temperature for 20 min, then stored at 7 °C with 85% relative humidity (RH) and evaluated for selected physical quality parameters each 5 days during 20 days. After each evaluation, fruit were peeled and frozen for later analysis of soluble solids content (SSC), total titratable acidity (TTA); on day 15 fresh samples were evaluated by an untrained consumer sensory panel. CC prevented exocarp shriveling for 15 days of storage, compared to uncoated pitaya (16.3% area affected); shriveling in VOC was intermediate and not significantly different from the other treatments. Mesocarp firmness remained constant throughout 15 days of storage regardless of treatment. Fruit exocarp h* angle increased slightly by day 20, becoming slightly less red, and there were no negative treatment effects for the other quality factors measured: SSC (11.33%), TTA (0.25%), weight loss (5.5%) or sensory evaluations (appearance, flavor, texture, firmness, and juiciness). After 20 days storage, appearance for fruit from all treatments was rated unacceptable due to development of anthracnose lesions. It was concluded that both CC and VOC maintained quality of pitaya for 15 days at 7 °C and 85% RH by delaying exocarp shriveling.
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Duan, Yishan, Min-A. Kim, Han-Soo Kim, Seong-Ho Jang, and Dong-Soo Kang. "Screening of Antioxidant Activity from Exocarp of Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.)." Journal of Environmental Science International 23, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2014.23.7.1233.
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Osman, Muhamad, Norazian Mohd Hassan, Alfi Khatib, and Siti Tolos. "Antioxidant Activities of Dialium indum L. Fruit and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the Active Fractions." Antioxidants 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7110154.
Full textAbstract:
The fruit of Dialium indum L. (Fabaceae) is one of the edible wild fruits native to Southeast Asia. The mesocarp is consumed as sweets while the exocarp and seed are regarded as waste. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the fruit by using four assays, which measure its capabilities in reducing phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, neocuproine, 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation. The active fractions were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the seed methanol fraction (SMF) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity with significantly higher (p < 0.05) gallic acid equivalence (GAE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 31.71; 0.88 µg/mL) than the other fractions. The exocarp dichloromethane fraction (EDF) was the discriminating fraction by having remarkable linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition (IC50 121.43; 2.97 µg/mL). A total of thirty-eight metabolites were detected in derivatized EDF and SMF with distinctive classes of phenolics and amino acids, respectively. Bioautography-guided fractionation of EDF afforded five antioxidant-enriched subfractions with four other detected phenolics. The results revealed the antioxidant properties of D. indum fruit, which has potential benefits in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.
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Tsarenko, O. M., Z. M. Tsymbalyuk, O. V. Bulakh, and L. M. Nitsenko. "Morphological peculiarities of flowers, pollen grains and fruits of Valeriana tuberosa (Valerianaceae)." Ukrainian Botanical Journal 77, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj77.05.369.
Full textAbstract:
The results of the study of flowers, pollen grains and fruits of Valeriana tuberosa (sect. Tuberosae, Valerianaceae) are presented. Materials of the National Herbarium of the M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KW) were studied. The morphological structures of flowers, pollen grains and fruits were examined using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; detailed descriptions of the elements of the flower, pollen grains and fruits were made and their specific features were established. The morphological features of the inflorescence, bracteoles, and the elements of the hermaphrodite flowers have been clarified. The pollen grains of V. tuberosa are 3-colpate, suboblate to subprolate (P/E = 0.85–1.33), medium- or large-sized. Their outline in equatorial view is elliptic, rarely circular, in polar view slightly trilobate or trilobate. Exine sculpture is echinate-microechinate with verrucae. The known and new carpological features are specified. In particular, papillate growth of periclinal walls of exocarp with stroke-shaped, jet and warty cuticular formations of the surface were noted the first time; details of exocarp stomatal system were revealed; features of trichomes and their cuticular structure on fruit wall are described. The obtained data are important additional characters for identification of the species and for the issues of taxonomy and phylogeny.
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Krasnow, Charles S., and Mary K. Hausbeck. "Evaluation of Winter Squash and Pumpkin Cultivars for Age-related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici Fruit Rot." HortScience 51, no. 10 (October 2016): 1251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11173-16.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora capsici annually threatens production of cucurbit and solanaceous crops. Long-lived oospores produced by the pathogen incite primary infection of susceptible plants when conditions are wet. Limiting the rot of winter squash and pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) fruits is difficult due to the long maturation period when fruits are often in direct contact with infested soil. Genetic resistance to fruit rot is not widely available within Cucurbita sp.; however, age-related resistance (ARR) to P. capsici fruit rot develops in specific cultivars during maturation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fruits of 12 cultivars of Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita moschata, and Cucurbita maxima for ARR to P. capsici using a mycelial-plug inoculation method. All Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita moschata cultivars displayed ARR; 7 days postpollination (dpp) fruits were susceptible, limited lesion development occurred on fruits 22 dpp, and lesions did not develop at 56 dpp. Disease developed on both Cucurbita maxima cultivars tested at 7, 14, 22, and 56 dpp. Firmness of fruit exocarps was measured with a manual penetrometer. Exocarp firmness of all cultivars increased during maturation; however, there was no correlation between firmness and disease incidence among cultivars at 22 dpp (R2 = −0.01, P = 0.85). When fruits of cultivars expressing ARR at 22 dpp were wounded before inoculation, fruit rot developed.