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1
Pila, Justine. The Invention and Plant Variety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688616.003.0004.
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This chapter seeks to define the terms ‘invention’ and ‘plant variety’ as used by European and UK legal officials particularly. To that end, the nature of the objects identified by the legislature and courts as inventions and plant varieties is considered, as well as the nature of the objects excluded from protection, whether with reference to the requirement for an invention or plant variety or on other statutory grounds. The chapter also considers the law governing patent and plant variety right entitlement, and its implications for legal conceptions of the invention and plant variety. In its conclusion, the legal understandings of inventions and plant varieties are presented as answers to the questions identified in Chapter 3 concerning the categories and essential properties of the subject matter in question, their method of individuation, and the relationship between and method of establishing the existence of each individual subject matter and its tokens.
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Chapdelaine, Pascale. Why User Rights? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754794.003.0008.
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This chapter proposes a theory to justify the existence and scope of copyright user rights. The variety of identities and interests of copyright users, as well as the different means by which users experience copyright works call for a pluralistic theoretical approach to justify the existence and scope of user rights. Starting with the prima facie normative status of all ownership freedoms developed by James W. Harris (Property and Justice) the chapter refers to the instrumental justification of economic efficiency as a base for the existence and scope of user personal property rights in copies of copyright works. The influential instrumentalist justification of copyright to incent the creation and dissemination of works provides a theoretical basis to further define the existence and contours of user rights beyond the instances where users have property rights in copies of copyright works.
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de Cataldo, Mark Andrea, Luca Migliorini Lectures 1–3, and Luca Migliorini. The Hodge Theory of Maps. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0005.
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This chapter summarizes the classical results of Hodge theory concerning algebraic maps. Hodge theory gives nontrivial restrictions on the topology of a nonsingular projective variety, or, more generally, of a compact Kähler manifold: the odd Betti numbers are even, the hard Lefschetz theorem, the formality theorem, stating that the real homotopy type of such a variety is, if simply connected, determined by the cohomology ring. Similarly, Hodge theory gives nontrivial topological constraints on algebraic maps. This chapter focuses on the latter, as it considers how the existence of an algebraic map f : X → Y of complex algebraic varieties is reflected in the topological invariants of X.
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Elledge, C. D. Studying Resurrection Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0001.
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This chapter defines the parameters of the concept of resurrection in early Judaism and charts its reception within various literary genres. Within a diverse conceptual environment of attitudes toward death and human existence, resurrection made bold and selective claims about divine agency, the characteristics of embodied life, and the location of human existence within the larger spatial arena of the cosmos. The representation of resurrection in early Jewish literature is increasingly strong across a variety of literary genres and works of regionally diverse origins. The chapter criticizes the myth, however, that it was somehow dominant within early Judaism. Instead, resurrection emerged as a controversial theodicy within a larger conceptual arena in which attitudes toward death and the body became matters of intense dispute among competing scribal circles within the Hellenistic era.
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Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0053.
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This article discusses two problems in the study of political behaviours that support collective action. It reviews recent behavioural experiments documenting the variety and extent of these so called social preferences, as well as the manner in which the existence of individuals — even a minority — can affect group behaviour dramatically. This article shows that repeated interactions and kin-based altruism do not provide an adequate account of the forms of cooperation detected in natural and experimental settings.
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Etinson, Adam, ed. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0001.
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The introduction explains the main thematic preoccupations of the volume, starting principally with the observation that human rights have various “natures” or modes of existence: Human rights (plausibly) exist as moral rights, on the one hand, but also as socially, politically, and legally practised rights, on the other. The introduction uses this observation to pick out some of the sources of the Orthodox–Political debate, and to explain the broader variety of topics covered in the volume itself. The final sections of the introduction offer a comprehensive summary and analysis of the main arguments in the book.
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Bengson, John. The Unity of Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190469863.003.0002.
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Understanding comes in a variety of forms. This essay argues for the unity of these forms, against the common tendency to view them as fundamentally heteronomous, or disunified. After identifying ten core features of genuine understanding, which enable an argument for the existence of two distinct types of understanding, theoretical and practical, the essay poses a dilemma for theories that view them as disunified. Subsequently, it develops and defends a general account of understanding in terms of conceptions. What unifies diverse forms of understanding, on this account, is a generic cognitive structure—given by the notion of a noetic conception—that is realized in different ways in various cases.
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David, Eric. Internal (Non-International) Armed Conflict. Edited by Andrew Clapham and Paola Gaeta. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199559695.003.0014.
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The law of armed conflict previously applied only to international armed conflicts. Today, internal armed conflicts are regulated by Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, along with an increasing number of provisions. The second Additional Protocol of 1977 (AP II) to the 1949 GC contains 18 substantive provisions devoted entirely to non-international armed conflicts (NIACs). This chapter discusses the variety and complexity of international humanitarian law rules applicable to NIACs and the criteria used for identifying the existence of a NIAC. It considers how the nature of hostilities and the quality of the actors are used as defining criteria to distinguish an armed conflict from banditry, terrorism, and short rebellions.
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de Melo-Martín, Inmaculada, and Kristen Intemann. Dealing with Normatively Inappropriate Dissent. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869229.003.0006.
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This chapter considers whether the reliable identification of normatively inappropriate dissent (NID) would be helpful in addressing many of the adverse epistemic and social impacts that can result from it. It considers a variety of ways in which such identification could be used to minimize the epistemic and social damages that NID can inflict, including prohibiting the dissent in question, targeting it for special scrutiny, placing limits on scientists’ epistemic obligations, guiding public beliefs, emphasizing the existence of a consensus, and discrediting dissenters. It shows that although some of these strategies could be useful, others are unhelpful in limiting the negative impacts of NID, and may even exacerbate them or generate other equally serious problems.
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Zimmermann, Eva. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.003.0001.
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The phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation is introduced and defined and it is discussed why an investigation of this phenomenon is challenging and interesting for both morphological and phonological theory. For example, the existence of subtractive MLM—instances where the shortening or deletion of segments marks a morpheme—is the most obvious challenge that MLM poses for any theory of morphology that wants to maintain the theorem that morphology is additive. The chapter defines the empirical scope of this book and discusses why, for example, reduplication is disregarded for most parts and only morphological changes that add or subtract segmental length or segments are taken into account. The variety of attested MLM patterns is then illustrated with a range of examples.
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Schwarzwald, Ora (Rodrigue). Judaeo-Spanish Studies. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0023.
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Judaeo-Spanish (JS) is the language used by Jews originating from Spain. It flourished in the Ottoman Empire immediately after the expulsion from Spain and continued its existence there. Some of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa and used the JS variety known as Hakitía. In the beginning of the twenty first century, JS is in the process of becoming an endangered language for lack of new native speakers. In spite of the decreasing number of speakers, interest increases in the JS language and literature from an academic and folkloristic perspective. This article discusses several of the controversial issues: the names of the language; the history of JS; orthography and spelling; literary genres; JS dialects; JS learning and activities today; and perspectives for further research.
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Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Degenerate Diffusion Operators Arising in Population Biology (AM-185). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.001.0001.
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This book provides the mathematical foundations for the analysis of a class of degenerate elliptic operators defined on manifolds with corners, which arise in a variety of applications such as population genetics, mathematical finance, and economics. The results discussed in this book prove the uniqueness of the solution to the martingale problem and therefore the existence of the associated Markov process. The book uses an “integral kernel method” to develop mathematical foundations for the study of such degenerate elliptic operators and the stochastic processes they define. The precise nature of the degeneracies of the principal symbol for these operators leads to solutions of the parabolic and elliptic problems that display novel regularity properties. Dually, the adjoint operator allows for rather dramatic singularities, such as measures supported on high codimensional strata of the boundary. The book establishes the uniqueness, existence, and sharp regularity properties for solutions to the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat equations, as well as a complete analysis of the resolvent operator acting on Hölder spaces. It shows that the semigroups defined by these operators have holomorphic extensions to the right half plane. The book also demonstrates precise asymptotic results for the long-time behavior of solutions to both the forward and backward Kolmogorov equations.
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Ridley, Aaron. Nietzsche. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825449.003.0003.
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This chapter sets out to establish that Nietzsche’s other commitments do not preclude his having been an expressivist. This needs to be done because commentators often attribute to Nietzsche sceptical views about the very existence or possibility of agency—views which, if he held them and they were true, would undercut any substantive approach to the philosophy of agency (empiricism just as much as expressivism). The chapter considers a variety of these sceptical views and argues that Nietzsche held none of them; it then addresses some preliminary evidence for the conclusion that he was not just not a sceptic about agency, but that he may in fact have been an expressivist. The remainder of the book is devoted to testing this hypothesis in the context of Nietzsche’s conceptions of freedom, autonomy, morality, and the self.
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Nikoletta, Kleftouri. 2 The Limitations of Deposit Protection Systems. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743057.003.0002.
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This chapter first analyses the moral hazard problem arising from the provision of deposit insurance. Moral hazard is a powerful force distorting market behaviour, which demands a variety of regulatory techniques, as well as market incentives, to neutralize its destabilizing effects. Corporate governance issues are also relevant, because banks’ internal controls and balances have a key impact on the extent of moral hazard. In addition to a well-designed deposit protection system, it is necessary to enlist the support of banking regulation and supervision to combat moral hazard. Drawing on the UK deposit protection system, the chapter presents a number of ambiguities inherent to the design and functions of a deposit guarantee scheme. It concludes that the existence of effective prudential regulation and supervision are prerequisites for deposit insurance.
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Nash, Andrew. The Material History of the Novel II: 1973–Present. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0025.
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This chapter outlines the main developments in publishing, bookselling, and reading during a period which ended with the physical format of the novel beginning to undergo radical change. The year 1973 was a moment of ‘crisis’ in British and Irish fiction. Increasing costs of production and escalating retail prices, coupled with cuts to public library budgets, challenged the structures of the book trade and appeared to threaten the very existence of the ‘literary’ novel. For a variety of reasons, the book industry experienced more acutely than other trades the effects of the global recession that accompanied the world energy crisis of 1973–74. This chapter considers the changes occurring in the decades following the crisis of the 1970s: the intensification of ‘bestsellerdom’, the changes undergone by book retailers, the rise of the paperback, conglomeration in the publishing industry, among others.
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Guyer, Paul. Reason and Experience in Mendelssohn and Kant. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850335.001.0001.
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This work examines the lifelong intellectual relationship between Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86). Both engaged in a common project of striking the right balance between rationalism and empiricism, they sometimes borrowed from one another, often disagreed with one another, and can usefully be compared even when they did not directly interact. Their arguments and conclusions on metaphysical issues such as proofs of the existence of God, immortality, and idealism are examined; their works in aesthetics are compared; and the path-breaking work of both on the “religion of reason” and the separation of church and state are contrasted. Both philosophers turn out to have much to offer: Kant sometimes provides deeper insight into the underlying structure of human thought, but Mendelssohn is often the deeper student of the variety of human experience.
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Van Engeland, Anicée. “Be Karbala Miravim!”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the extent to which Islamic governance can integrate international humanitarian law (IHL) into its own legal system by examining the case of Iran. It addresses the consequences of the emergence of an Islamic-universal hybrid legal system. The stakes are high because IHL’s efficiency and necessity have been questioned: The existence of the Iranian hybrid system of law can be perceived as a threat by scholars arguing that international law is at risk of fragmentation due to the variety of domestic and regional approaches to fundamental legal standards. The importance of those stakes is illustrated by the Iran-Iraq War: The process of mixing a universal secular legal system with a religious domestic law occurred at a crucial time when Iran was at war with Iraq, with clear effects on the protection of civilians and the conduct of hostilities.
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Rea, Michael C. The Hiddenness of God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826019.001.0001.
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This book is about the hiddenness of God, and the problems it raises for belief and trust in God. Talk of divine hiddenness evokes a variety of phenomena—the relative paucity and ambiguity of the available evidence for God’s existence, the elusiveness of God’s comforting presence when we are afraid and in pain, the palpable and devastating experience of divine absence and abandonment, and more. Many of these phenomena are hard to reconcile with the idea, central to the Jewish and Christian scriptures, that God is deeply lovingly concerned with the lives and emotional and spiritual well-being of human creatures; and the philosophical problem of divine hiddenness ranks alongside the problem of evil as one of the two most important and widely discussed reasons for disbelieving in God. The central argument of the book is that the hiddenness problem, construed as an argument against the existence of God, rests on unwarranted assumptions and expectations about God’s love and goodness. In challenging those assumptions, however, the book also raises the question of why we should accept traditional positive characterizations of God’s love (God as perfect heavenly parent, for example) rather than the negative ones suggested by the phenomena of divine hiddenness (God as absent or neglectful parent, for example). The final four chapters aim to address this problem through discussion of God’s widespread experiential availability, God’s loving authorization of lament and protest, and the surprising ease of seeking and participating in a relationship with God.
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Pittelkow, Mark R., Charles L. Loprinzi, and Thomas P. Pittelkow. Pruritus and sweating in palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0112.
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Itching (pruritus) and sweating (perspiration, diaphoresis) are physiological functions of the skin that normally serve human existence well. Itching is the sensory input arising from the skin and mucous membranes that alerts man to potentially harmful insults from physical, chemical, and biological sources. The reflex of scratching is closely linked to the perception of itch, and in most situations functions effectively as an aversive motor response to relieve the sensation and protect the skin. Similarly, sweating is a well-developed and finely coordinated sudomotor response designed to regulate body temperature and prevent hyperthermia. However, both pruritus and sweating have the potential to function aberrantly and develop into pathological conditions that create significant suffering and morbidity. This chapter provides a practical overview of the normal function and pathophysiology of pruritus and sweating, and offer a variety of therapeutic options and general comforting measures for patients experiencing these maladies.
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Glennan, Stuart. Mechanisms and Causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779711.003.0006.
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This chapter motivates a theory of causation according to which causal claims are existential claims about mechanisms. The chapter begins with a review of the variety of causal claims, emphasizing the differences between singular and general claims, and between claims about causal production and claims about causal relevance. I then argue for singularism—the view that the truth-makers of general causal claims are facts about collections of singular and intrinsic causal relations, and specifically facts about the existence of particular mechanisms. Applying this account, I explore possible truth conditions for causal generalizations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between mechanistic and manipulability approaches to causation. I argue that Woodward’s manipulability account provides valuable insights into the meaning of causal claims and the methods we use to assess them, but that the underlying truth-makers for the counterfactuals in that account are in fact mechanisms.
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Zagorin, Perez. Religious Toleration. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0042.
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The fullest development of the concept of religious toleration in the West occurred in Christian Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The emergence and establishment of religious pluralism in modern societies, and most notably in the Western world, has been very largely the result of the evolution and gradual victory of the principle of religious toleration on a variety of grounds. Among the world's great monotheistic religions, Christianity has been the most intolerant. Early Christianity was intolerant of Judaism, from which it had to separate itself, and of ancient paganism, whose suppression it demanded. The New Testament recognized heresy as a danger to religious truth and the Christian communities. Heresy entailed the existence of its opposite, orthodoxy, which meant right thinking and true belief. Following World War II, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 named freedom of religion, conscience, and thought as basic human rights.
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Valentina, Cadelo, and Peterson Trudy Huskamp. Part II The Right to Know, C Preservation of and Access to Archives Bearing Witness to Violations, Principle 15 Measures for Facilitating Access to Archives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0019.
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Principle 15 requires States to adopt measures that facilitate access to archives for victims, persons implicated in human rights violations, and individuals undertaking historical research. Access to records/archives means making them available for consultation as a result both of legal authorization and the existence of finding aids. Authorizing access to archives, particularly those of governments, is a political act. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 15, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as its implementation, focusing on how international and national courts have taken a variety of positions on access. While the theoretical and best practice framework for access to archives exists, the chapter argues that implementation of Principle 15 is far from satisfactory. It also highlights important challenges that persist due to the reluctance of states to provide access to information, often linked to national security concerns.
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Gilbert, Margaret. Are There Any Moral Demand-Rights? Part II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813767.003.0013.
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The first part of this chapter addresses the question whether there are any generalized moral demand-rights, such as a moral demand-right of each person against each person that he not assault anyone. Moral demand-rights are demand-rights discovered by moral argument without any appeal to joint commitment as the immediate basis of the right. Discussion includes consideration of a variety of understandings of the idea of a moral community. No ground for any generalized moral demand-right is found. Several alternative definitions of “moral demand-right” are noted. If there are moral demand-rights in one of these senses, that does not show that there are moral demand-right in the sense at issue. Finally, a range of interpretations of the phrase “moral right” prevalent in moral theory are reviewed. The non-existence of moral demand-rights does not mean that there are no moral rights in any of these prevalent senses.
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Ridley, Aaron. The Deed is Everything. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825449.001.0001.
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Nietzsche is often held to be an extreme sceptic about human agency, keen to debunk it along every dimension. He dismisses the ideas of freedom, autonomy, and morality, we are told, and even the very existence of agents or selves. This book sets out the opposite view. It does so by arguing that Nietzsche was committed to an ‘expressivist’ conception of agency, a conception that contrasts with the ‘empiricist’ orthodoxy and which—partly in virtue of that fact—allows him to develop highly distinctive accounts not only of freedom, autonomy, and morality, but also of selfhood. In the course of the argument, a variety of central Nietzschean themes are revisited—for example, self-creation, the sovereign individual, will to power, Kantian and Christian morality, amor fati—often to unexpected effect. The Nietzsche who emerges from this book has a clear, if demanding, conception of human agency and a robust commitment to the value of human excellencein all of its forms.
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Olsen, Penny. Night Parrot. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486302994.
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For well over a century, the Night Parrot lured its seekers into Australia's vast, arid outback. From the beginning it was a mysterious bird. Fewer than 30 specimens were collected before it all but disappeared, offering only fleeting glimpses and the occasional mummified body as proof of its continued existence. Protected by spinifex and darkness, the parrot attained almost mythical status: a challenge to birdwatchers and an inspiration to poets, novelists and artists.
Night Parrot documents the competitiveness and secrecy, the triumphs and adventures of the history of the bird and its followers, culminating in the recent discovery of live birds at a few widely scattered locations. It describes what we are now unravelling about the mysteries of its biology and ecology and what is still left to learn. Complemented by guest essays, illustrations and photographs from a wide variety of sources, this book sheds light on Australia's most elusive bird.
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Field, Matt. Attentional biases in drug abuse and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0003.
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Drug abuse and addiction are associated with biases in selective attention for drug-associated stimuli. This chapter reviews this literature and discusses it within existing theoretical frameworks. Although the existence of attentional biases is well documented, a variety of different paradigms (that may tap different mechanisms) have been used, leaving the cognitive and attentional processes involved in attentional biases poorly understood and in need of clarification. Consistent with some theoretical predictions, the evidence suggests that attentional biases operate in early stages of attentional processing and thus they may be ‘automatic’. Attentional biases are closely associated with subjective drug craving, and recent research suggests that this relationship may be bidirectional in nature: elevated drug craving may make drug-related cues more salient, but pronounced attentional biases may promote further increases in craving. Theoretical predictions that attentional biases are ultimately caused by classical conditioning mechanisms, and the relationships between attentional biases and drug-use behaviours at different stages of addiction, are also discussed.
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Devji, Faisal, and Zaheer Kazmi, eds. Islam after Liberalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851279.001.0001.
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Forged in the age of empire, the relationship between Islam and liberalism has taken on a sense of urgency today, when global conflicts are seen as pitting one against the other. More than describing a civilizational fault-line between the Muslim world and the West, however, this relationship also offers the potential for consensus and the possibility of moral and political engagement or compatibility. The existence or extent of this correspondence tends to preoccupy academic as much as popular accounts of such a relationship. This volume looks however to the way in which Muslim politics and society are defined beyond and indeed after it. Reappraising the “first wave” of Islamic liberalism during the nineteenth century, the book describes the long and intertwined histories of these categories across a large geographical expanse. By drawing upon the contributions of scholars from a variety of disciplines – including philosophy, theology, sociology, politics and history – it explores how liberalism has been criticized and refashioned by Muslim thinkers and movements, to assume a reality beyond the abstractions that define its compatibility with Islam.
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Castaño, Javier, Talya Fishman, and Ephraim Kanarfogel, eds. Regional Identities and Cultures of Medieval Jews. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764678.001.0001.
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Though the existence of Jewish regional cultures is widely known, the origins of the most prominent groups, Ashkenaz and Sepharad, are poorly understood, and the rich variety of other regional Jewish identities is often overlooked. Yet all these subcultures emerged in the Middle Ages. Scholars contributing to the present study were invited to consider how such regional identities were fashioned, propagated, reinforced, contested, and reshaped — and to reflect on the developments, events, or encounters that made these identities manifest. They were asked to identify how subcultural identities proved to be useful, and the circumstances in which they were deployed. The resulting volume spans the ninth to sixteenth centuries, and explores Jewish cultural developments in western Europe, the Balkans, North Africa, and Asia Minor. In its own way, each chapter considers factors — demographic, geographical, historical, economic, political, institutional, legal, intellectual, theological, cultural, and even biological — that led medieval Jews to conceive of themselves, or to be perceived by others, as bearers of a discrete Jewish regional identity. Notwithstanding the singularity of each chapter, they collectively attest to the inherent dynamism of Jewish regional identities.
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Beaman, Lori G. Deep Equality in an Era of Religious Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803485.001.0001.
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While religious conflict receives plenty of attention, the everyday negotiation of religious diversity does not. Questions of how to accommodate religious minorities and of the limits of tolerance resonate in a variety of contexts and have become central preoccupations for many Western democracies. What might we see if we turned our attention to the positive narratives and success stories of the everyday working out of religious difference? Rather than ‘tolerance’ and ‘accommodation’, and through the stories of ordinary people, this book traces deep equality, which is found in the respect, humour, neighbourliness, and friendship of seemingly mundane interactions. Deep Equality in an Era of Religious Diversity posits that the telling of such stories can create an alternative narrative to that of diversity as a problem to be solved. It does so by exploring the non-event, or micro-processes of interaction that constitute the foundation for deep equality and the conditions under which deep equality emerges, exists, and sometimes flourishes. Although the focus of this book is deep equality and its existence and persistence in relation to religious difference, deep equality is located beyond the realm of religion. This book draws from the work of those whose primary focus is not in fact religion, and who are doing their own ‘deep equality’ work in other domains, illustrating especially why equality matters. By retelling and exploring stories of negotiation it is possible to reshape our social imaginary to better facilitate what works, which varies from place to place and time to time.
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Cook, Daniel Thomas. The Moral Project of Childhood. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479899203.001.0001.
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The Moral Project of Childhood argues and demonstrates that fundamental problems stemming from a growing acceptance of children’s moral, spiritual, intellectual, and behavioral pliability drive the assembly of a contemporary “moral architecture” of childhood from extensive maternal responsibility coupled with the increasingly hegemonic presence and existence of child subjecthood. Drawing on materials published in periodicals intended for women and mothers from the 1830s to the 1930s, the book examines how mothers—and, later, commercial actors—found themselves compelled to consider children’s interiorities: their perspectives, needs, wants, pleasures, and pains. In this process, the child’s subjectivity progressively, albeit unevenly, arises as a form of authority in a variety of contexts, including discourses about Christian motherhood, the elements of cultural taste, and the discipline and punishment of children, as well as in machinations about play and toys, questions of children’s property rights, and the uses of money by and for children. The book considers the Protestant origins of the child consumer—a somewhat unlikely pairing—and makes visible and relevant the prefigurative elements and rhetorics from which the child consumer emerges as a contemporary, dominant, and normative ideal.
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McDaniel, Kris. The Fragmentation of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.001.0001.
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This book attempts to answer some of the most fundamental questions in ontology. There are many kinds of beings but are there also many kinds of being? The world contains a variety of objects, each of which, let us provisionally assume, exists, but do some objects exist in different ways? Do some objects enjoy more being or existence than other objects? Are there different ways in which one object might enjoy more being than another? Most contemporary metaphysicians would answer “no” to each of these questions. So widespread is this consensus that the questions this book addresses are rarely even raised let alone explicitly answered. But this book carefully examines a wide range of reasons for answering each of these questions with a “yes.” In doing so, it connects these questions with many important metaphysical topics, including substance and accident, time and persistence, the nature of ontological categories, possibility and necessity, presence and absence, persons and value, ground and consequence, and essence and accident. In addition to discussing contemporary problems and theories, this book discusses the ontological views of many important figures in the history of philosophy, including Aquinas, Aristotle, Descartes, Heidegger, Husserl, Kant, Leibniz, Meinong, and many more.
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Christensen, Alan J., Julia R. Van Liew, and Quinn D. Kellerman. Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.013.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent medical condition posing a range of unique physical and self-management demands for patients and presenting a variety of patient management challenges for clinicians. Co-morbid depression and other psychiatric disorders represent a significant detriment to the quality of life and clinical outcomes of CKD patients. Evidence suggests that 12% to 40% of individuals in the later stages of CKD meet DSM (III, IV, or IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder. Moreover, the existence of comorbid depression has been associated with earlier patient mortality. Depression assessment is itself complicated by the physiologic and medical treatment status of the patient, and depression is believed to be both underdiagnosed and undertreated in this population. Rigorous empirical demonstrations of the safety and/or efficacy of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for depression are limited for this population. However, a number of important factors that should be considered in treating depression in kidney disease patients have been identified. This chapter summarizes these and other key clinical recommendations relevant to the evaluation and treatment of co-morbidity of depression in this population.
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Morosanu, Gabriela Adina. La dynamique hydro-sédimentaire du bassin de la rivière Jiu : approche systémique et multi-échelle. Editura Universitara, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062812034.
Full textAbstract:
The present book, titled “The Hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the Jiu River Watershed. A systemic and multi-scale approach” sets about to investigate the dynamics of liquid and solid flows in a challenging watershed represented by the Jiu River Basin. The Jiu River (with a length of 339 km) is one of the main tributaries of the Danube in its Romanian sector, and its watershed stretches over an area of 10,080 km2, in SW Romania. Jiu River Basin is defined by complex geographical features, determined by a variety of natural and socio-economic factors. From an economic standpoint, the element that makes Jiu’s watershed stand out among other comparable rivers is the presence and exploitation of coal in its upper sector (bituminous coal) and middle sector (lignite), as these activities have left their mark on the quality of the water and the quantity and origins of fine sediments. In this study, we relied upon the existence of coal resources in order to investigate the hydro-sedimentary dynamics in the Jiu River Basin and identify the fine sediment sources, by performing an analysis of coal particles found in the fine sediments, which was carried out through different laboratory methods.
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Ekstrom, Laura W. God, Suffering, and the Value of Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556412.001.0001.
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This book focuses on arguments from suffering against the existence of God and on a variety of issues concerning agency and value that they bring out. The central aim is to show the extent and power of arguments from evil. The book provides a close investigation of an under-defended claim at the heart of the major free-will-based responses to such arguments, namely that free will is sufficiently valuable to serve as the good, or to serve prominently among the goods, that provides a God-justifying reason for permitting evil in our world. Offering a fresh examination of traditional theodicies, it also develops an alternative line the author calls a divine intimacy theodicy. It makes an extended case for rejection of the position of skeptical theism. The book expands upon an argument from evil concerning a traditional doctrine of hell, which reveals a number of interesting issues concerning fault, agency, and blameworthiness. In response to recent work contending that the problem of evil is defanged since God’s baseline attitude toward human beings is indifference, the book defends the essential perfect moral goodness of God. Finally it takes up the question of whether or not it makes sense to live a religious life as an agnostic or as an atheist.
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Concha Cantú, Hugo A., Miguel Ángel Lara Otaola, and Jesús Orozco Henríquez. Towards a Global Index of Electoral Justice: International IDEA Discussion Paper 2/2020. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.29.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, a wide variety of indices and indicators evaluate and provide information on different aspects of democracy and electoral procedures. On the one hand, there are indices that measure the quality of democracy and its resilience over time, focusing on building blocks such as the existence of representative governments, civil and political rights and necessary power limits. Other indices evaluate the quality of elections and specific aspects, such as voter registration, campaign financing and the performance of electoral authorities. Finally, others evaluate rule of law and access to justice. However, none of these indices focuses on the dimension of electoral justice, understood as the means and procedural mechanisms that guarantee free and fair elections, carried out in accordance with the law, and that guarantee the exercise and fulfilment of political rights. This is about to change. International IDEA, with the support of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary of Mexico, makes an unprecedented proposal for the construction of a Global Index dedicated exclusively to electoral justice. This document includes a measurement proposal with normative design, process and result indicators, which will offer useful and comparative information on the electoral conflict resolution system of a given country or countries. It will provide comparative knowledge on electoral processes and institutions from around the world and assess the quality of their electoral justice.
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Ruthmann, S. Alex, and Roger Mantie, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Technology and Music Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199372133.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Few aspects of daily existence are untouched by technology. The learning and teaching of music is no exception, and arguably has been impacted as much or more than other areas of life. Digital technologies have come to affect music learning and teaching in profound ways, influencing everything from how we create, listen, share, consume, interact, and conceptualize musical practices and the musical experience. For a discipline as entrenched in tradition as music education, this has brought forth myriad views on what does and should constitute music learning and teaching. In order to tease out and elucidate some of the salient problems, interests, and issues, this volume sought to critically situate technology in relation to music education from a variety of perspectives: historical, philosophical, socio-cultural, pedagogical, musical, economic, policy, and so on, organized around four broad themes: (1) Emergence and Evolution, (2) Locations and Contexts: Social and Cultural Issues, (3) Experiencing, Expressing, Learning and Teaching, and (4) Competence, Credentialing, and Professional Development. The editors solicited essays from 22 “Core Perspective” and 19 “Further Perspective” authors based on their potential to contribute a diversity of perspectives on technology and music education in terms of gender, theoretical perspective, geographical distribution, and relationship to the field. The overall thrust was to provide contrasting perspectives and conversational voices rather than reinforce traditional narratives and prevailing discourses. The website http://ohotame.musedlab.org/ provides opportunities to participate and sustain the dialogue relating to technology and music education.
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Imlay, Talbot C. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641048.003.0012.
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In examining the practice of socialist internationalism, this book has sought to combine three fields of historical scholarship (socialism, internationalism, and international politics) in the aim of contributing to each one. The contribution to the first area, socialism, is perhaps the most obvious. Contrary to numerous claims, socialist internationalism did not die in August 1914 but survived the outbreak of war and afterwards even flourished at times. Indeed, during the two post-war periods, European socialists worked closely together on a variety of pressing issues, endowing the policymaking of the British, French, and German parties with an important international dimension. This international dimension was never all-important: it rarely, if ever, trumped the domestic political and intra-party dimensions of policymaking. But its existence means that the international policies of any one socialist party cannot be fully understood in isolation from the policies of other parties. The practice of socialist internationalism was rarely easy: contention was present and sometimes rife. Equally pertinent, idealism could be in short supply. Often enough, European socialists instrumentalized internationalism for their own ends, whether it was Ramsay MacDonald with the Geneva Protocol during the 1920s or Guy Mollet, who hoped to discredit internal party critics of his Algerian policy during the 1950s. Nevertheless, the attempts to instrumentalize socialist internationalism underscore the latter’s significance. After all, such attempts would be inconceivable unless socialist internationalism meant something to European socialists....
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Ossa-Richardson, Anthony. A History of Ambiguity. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167954.001.0001.
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Ever since it was first published in 1930, William Empson's Seven Types of Ambiguity has been perceived as a milestone in literary criticism—far from being an impediment to communication, ambiguity now seemed an index of poetic richness and expressive power. Little, however, has been written on the broader trajectory of Western thought about ambiguity before Empson; as a result, the nature of his innovation has been poorly understood. This book remedies this omission. Starting with classical grammar and rhetoric, and moving on to moral theology, law, biblical exegesis, German philosophy, and literary criticism, the book explores the many ways in which readers and theorists posited, denied, conceptualised, and argued over the existence of multiple meanings in texts between antiquity and the twentieth century. This process took on a variety of interconnected forms, from the Renaissance delight in the ‘elegance’ of ambiguities in Horace, through the extraordinary Catholic claim that Scripture could contain multiple literal—and not just allegorical—senses, to the theory of dramatic irony developed in the nineteenth century, a theory intertwined with discoveries of the double meanings in Greek tragedy. Such narratives are not merely of antiquarian interest: rather, they provide an insight into the foundations of modern criticism, revealing deep resonances between acts of interpretation in disparate eras and contexts. The book lays bare the long tradition of efforts to liberate language, and even a poet's intention, from the strictures of a single meaning.
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Eikelboom, Lexi. Rhythm. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828839.001.0001.
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This book argues that, as a pervasive dimension of human existence with theological implications, rhythm ought to be considered a category of theological significance. Philosophers and theologians have drawn on rhythm—patterned movements of repetition and variation—to describe reality, however, the ways in which rhythm is used and understood differ based on a variety of metaphysical commitments with varying theological implications. This book brings those implications into the open, using resources from phenomenology, prosody, and the social sciences to analyse and evaluate uses of rhythm in metaphysical and theological accounts of reality. The analysis relies on a distinction from prosody between a synchronic approach to rhythm—observing the whole at once and considering how various dimensions of a rhythm hold together harmoniously—and a diachronic approach—focusing on the ways in which time unfolds as the subject experiences it. The text engages with the twentieth-century Jesuit theologian Erich Przywara alongside thinkers as diverse as Augustine and the contemporary philosopher Giorgio Agamben, and proposes an approach to rhythm that serves the concerns of theological conversation. It demonstrates the difference that including rhythm in theological conversation makes to how we think about questions such as “what is creation?” and “what is the nature of the God–creature relationship?” from the perspective of rhythm. As a theoretical category, capable of expressing metaphysical commitments, yet shaped by the cultural rhythms in which those expressing such commitments are embedded, rhythm is particularly significant for theology as a phenomenon through which culture and embodied experience influence doctrine.
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Wachsmann, Shelley. Deep-Submergence Archaeology. Edited by Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton, and Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0009.
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Coastal waters represent the greatest danger to ships and seafarers, as ships are most commonly lost at the intersection of water and shore. Ships sinking in deep water undergo a gradual transition. Deep-submergence archaeology refers to the archaeological study of cultural resources beyond the limits of traditional diving. The totality of archaeological exploration at great depths—discovering, recording, excavating, and recovering—requires function-specific tools. Deep Submergence Archaeological Excavations (DSAE) takes advantage of a remarkable existent toolkit, designed for a variety of oceanographic purposes other than the study of ancient shipwrecks. What is lacking at present is a comprehensive methodology for deepwater excavation. The ultimate goal of DSAE is to develop the technologies and the skills that permit expeditions to excavate and safely raise the contents and hull of an entire ship for conservation, study, and display.
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McDaniel, Kris. A Return to the Analogy of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the metaphysics of what the author calls “analogous properties.” An analogous property is a non-specific property that is less natural than its specifications (called “analogue instances”) but is more natural as a merely disjunctive property. The author discusses and then applies two tests for being an analogous property: a property is analogous provided that it has more unity than a mere disjunction but yet systematically varies with respect to either its logical form or the axioms that govern its behavior. The notion of an analogous property is used to formulate several more versions of ontological pluralism. One kind of ontological pluralism appeals to a distinction between absolute and relative modes of existence. This distinction between modes of being is then used to articulate one kind of ontological superiority, which the author calls “orders of being.”
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Revell, Louise. Urban Monumentality in Roman Britain. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.043.
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This chapter investigates the character of the chartered towns in Roman Britain, their mature form in the late second/early third centuries, and the social use of urban space. It explores the activities fostered by the buildings within towns. The forum and the town are shown to be the centre of political organization, enabling the new system of elite magistracies. The religious structures of the towns allowed for varied forms of ritual experience engendered by the relationships between temple and urban layout. The buildings for leisure activities—theatres, amphitheatres, and baths—also formed an essential part of the urban existence. The final group of buildings to be considered are those for living and working in; these were an early part of urban construction and illustrate the continued investment throughout the Roman period. The chapter concludes by considering the nature of variability between the urban centres of the province.
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Newman, Abraham L., and Elliot Posner. Disruptive Soft Law and Post-Crisis US Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818380.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 examines the long-term effects of international soft law on policy in the United States since 2008. The extent and type of post-crisis US cooperation with foreign jurisdictions have varied considerably with far-reaching ramifications for international financial markets. Focusing on the international interaction of reforms in banking and derivatives, the chapter uses the book’s approach to understand US regulation in the wake of the Great Recession. The authors attribute seemingly random variation in the US relationship to foreign regulation and markets to differences in pre-crisis international soft law. Here, the existence (or absence) of robust soft law and standard-creating institutions determines the resources available to policy entrepreneurs as well as their orientation and attitudes toward international cooperation. Soft law plays a central role in the evolution of US regulatory reform and its interface with the rest of the world.
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Schuler, Christof. Local Elites in the Greek East. Edited by Christer Bruun and Jonathan Edmondson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.013.
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Roman rule in the provinces relied on cities, which were required to control their surrounding territory and had relative independence in all local matters. These cities also served as models of the Roman way of life and provided a framework for integrating the provincial population into the Roman imperial system. Rome relied on the wealthy local elite. In this regard, the eastern provinces did not differ substantively from Italy and the West, but there were important divergences (such as the existence of the polis and the politai, who enjoyed freedom and self-governance), which this chapter analyzes and outlines in full. The chapter stresses the importance of how the social prestige of elite groups and their families was advertised to contemporaries through a varied array of rituals and oral communications, and how inscribed monuments played a key role as permanent symbols of elite status within contemporary discourse.
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Bolin, Niklas, Nicholas Aylott, Benjamin von dem Berge, and Thomas Poguntke. Patterns of Intra-Party Democracy across the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0007.
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Despite the widespread recognition of the relevance of intra-party democracy (IPD), there has been a lamentable scarcity of empirical data suitable for large-N cross-sectional comparative analysis. This has changed with the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) project. Against this background this chapter sheds some light on questions about whether and how IPD varies systematically by country and party level criteria. The empirical analysis shows that country-level factors are generally more important than party-level factors. Most importantly, the existence of a party law and levels of trust and affluence are associated with higher levels of IPD. However, the authors also find that smaller parties, in terms of membership size, are associated with higher levels of IPD. While the results must be interpreted with some caution, the authors believe they constitute a first step towards reframing the scholarly debate on IPD from what is normatively desirable to a discussion about causes and consequences of variations in IPD.
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Zartaloudis, Thanos. The Birth of Nomos. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474442008.001.0001.
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The Birth of Nomos delves into the history of the fundamental ancient Greek word nomos (and its family and other related words) to extensively examine the varied co-existent uses of the terms from the archaic to the early classical period, before and beyond its later meaning of 'law' or 'law-making'. The Birth of Nomos draws on the literary evidence in the works of the poets, philosophers and tragedians including Homer, Hesiod, Alcman, Pindar, Archilochos, Theognis, Heraclitus, Plato, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. In doing so it critically reflects on how nomos and its complex genealogy have been used by contemporary philosophers, including Agamben, Foucault, Heidegger, Schmitt, Nancy, Deleuze and Axelos.
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Suthers, Iain, David Rissik, and Anthony Richardson, eds. Plankton. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486308804.
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Healthy waterways and oceans are essential for our increasingly urbanised world. Yet monitoring water quality in aquatic environments is a challenge, as it varies from hour to hour due to stormwater and currents. Being at the base of the aquatic food web and present in huge numbers, plankton are strongly influenced by changes in environment and provide an indication of water quality integrated over days and weeks. Plankton are the aquatic version of a canary in a coal mine. They are also vital for our existence, providing not only food for fish, seabirds, seals and sharks, but producing oxygen, cycling nutrients, processing pollutants, and removing carbon dioxide from our atmosphere.
This Second Edition of Plankton is a fully updated introduction to the biology, ecology and identification of plankton and their use in monitoring water quality. It includes expanded, illustrated descriptions of all major groups of freshwater, coastal and marine phytoplankton and zooplankton and a new chapter on teaching science using plankton. Best practice methods for plankton sampling and monitoring programs are presented using case studies, along with explanations of how to analyse and interpret sampling data.
Plankton is an invaluable reference for teachers and students, environmental managers, ecologists, estuary and catchment management committees, and coastal engineers.
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Pruss, Alexander R. Infinity, Causation, and Paradox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810339.001.0001.
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Infinity is paradoxical in many ways. A particular large family of paradoxes is examined that on its face iswidely varied. Some involve deterministic supertasks, such as Thomson’s Lamp where a switch is toggled an infinite number of times over a finite period of time, or the Grim Reaper, where it seems that infinitely many reapers can produce a result without doing anything. Others involve infinite lotteries. Yet others involve paradoxical results in decision theory, such as the surprising observation that if you perform a sequence of fair coin-flips that goes infinitely far back into the past but only finitely into the future, you can leverage information about past coin-flips to predict future ones with only finitely many mistakes. It turns out that these, and a number of other paradoxes have a common structure: their most natural embodiment involves an infinite number of items causally impinging on a single output. These paradoxes can all be solved with a single move: embrace causal finitism, the view that it is impossible for a single output to have an infinite causal history. The book exposits such paradoxes, defends causal finitism at length, and ends up considering connections with the philosophy of physics, where causal finitism favors, but does not require, discretist theories of space and time, and the philosophy of religion, where we get a cosmological argument reminiscent of the Kalām argument for the existence of God.
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Gold, Ann Grodzins. Food Values Beyond Nutrition. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.007.
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Cultural anthropologists have devoted considerable attention to multiple non-nutritional meanings and uses of food in diverse cultural worlds. This essay begins with a wide-ranging overview of some ways anthropology has portrayed food’s links to every aspect of human existence. Because this discipline’s prime method, fieldwork, is rooted in proximity and intimacy, sharing food with subjects of study has always been part of ethnographic experience. One major fascination lies in how biological food needs that are shared with all animals become culturally embellished with infinite variations that are evident in diverse aspects of life from cuisine to religious symbolism. The essay shifts focus to one ethnographic location in rural North India to examine three pervasive themes surrounding food in South Asian culture: solidarity, separation, and decline as a pervasive critique of modern tastelessness. Offering initially grounded examples of each theme, the essay moves to broader circles of related meanings in varied practices and narratives. Thus employing a classical interpretive mode in cultural anthropology, this chapter thinks through food values by tacking between far-reaching generalizations and highly localized specificities. In the context of a volume largely and properly focused on food materialities, conflicts, and policies, the chapter aims to evoke less concrete, less quantifiable aspects of comestibles in human cultures that may be nonetheless relevant to understanding interrelated workings of food, politics, and society. In many cultural worlds, moralities of sharing confront circumstances of inequity through acknowledging hunger as bodily knowledge common to all.
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Ferriz, José Luis Sepúlveda. A Liberdade e a Justiça: horizontes para uma racionalidade socioambiental. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-117-2.
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Freedom and Justice have always been challenged. Since the most remote times, and in the most varied circumstances of places and people, human beings have tried to clarify and put into practice these two controversial concepts. Freedom and Justice, in effect, are words, but also dreams, desires and practices that, not being imperfect, are less sublime and ambitious. Reflecting on them on the basis of an ethics of development and socioenvironmental sustainability is still a great challenge in our contemporaneity. This book is born from the need that we all have to reflect, understand what our role is in relation to the OTHER, understood as the other as Environment. Doing this from such disparate areas and at the same time as current as Economics, Philosophy and Ecology, is still a great opportunity to discuss complexity, transdisciplinarity and the inclusion of diverse themes, but which all converge in the Human Being and its relationship with the world. Endowing human beings with Freedom and a sense of Justice means RESPONSIBILITY. To be free and to want a better and fairer world is to endow our existence with meaning and meaning. Agency, autonomy, functioning, dignity, rights, are capacities that must be leveraged individually and collectively for authentic development to exist. Development as Freedom is a valid proposal for thinking about a socio-environmental rationality that interferes in the controversial relations between economics, ethics and the environment.