Relevant bibliographies by topics / Existence of equilibrium

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Existence of equilibrium'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Existence of equilibrium"

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DEGHDAK, MESSAOUD, and MONIQUE FLORENZANO. "ON THE EXISTENCE OF BERGE'S STRONG EQUILIBRIUM." International Game Theory Review 13, no. 03 (September 2011): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198911003027.

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In this paper, we establish the existence of Berge's strong equilibrium for games with n persons in infinite dimensional space in the case where the payoff function of each player is quasi-concave. Moreover, we study the continuity of Berge's strong equilibria correspondence and essential games.
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Moghadas, S. M., and A. B. Gumel. "An epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of HIV and another pathogen." ANZIAM Journal 45, no. 2 (October 2003): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100013250.

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AbstractA five-dimensional deterministic model is proposed for the dynamics between HIV and another pathogen within a given population. The model exhibits four equilibria: a disease-free equilibrium, an HIV-free equilibrium, a pathogen-free equilibrium and a co-existence equilibrium. The existence and stability of these equilibria are investigated. A competitive finite-difference method is constructed for the solution of the non-linear model. The model predicts the optimal therapy level needed to eradicate both diseases.
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Becker, Robert A., John H. Boyd III, and Ciprian Foias. "The Existence of Ramsey Equilibrium." Econometrica 59, no. 2 (March 1991): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938264.

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Bos, Iwan, and Dries Vermeulen. "Equilibrium existence with spillover demand." Economics Letters 208 (November 2021): 110061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110061.

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Dastidar, Krishnendu Ghosh. "Existence of Bertrand equilibrium revisited." International Journal of Economic Theory 7, no. 4 (September 21, 2011): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7363.2011.00166.x.

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Dasgupta, Partha Sarathi, and Eric S. Maskin. "Debreu’s social equilibrium existence theorem." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 52 (December 23, 2015): 15769–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522640113.

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Kim, Won Kyu. "A new equilibrium existence theorem." Economics Letters 39, no. 4 (August 1992): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(92)90172-u.

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Patriche, Monica. "Equilibrium existence under generalized convexity." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Matematica 20, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10309-012-01058-8.

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Abstract We introduce, in the first part, the notion of weakly convex pair of correspondences, we give its economic interpretation, we state a fixed point and a selection theorem. Then, by using a tehnique based on a continuous selection, we prove existence theorems of quilibrium for an abstract economy. In the second part, we define the weakly biconvex correspondences, we prove a selection theorem and we also demonstrate the existence of equilibrium for a generalized quasi-game (2003 Kim's model). In the last part of the paper, we give other applications in the game theory, finding equilibrium for abstract economies having correspondences with weakly convex graph. We show that the equilibrium exists without continuity assumptions.
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Grimaud, A., and J. J. Laffont. "Existence of a spatial equilibrium." Journal of Urban Economics 25, no. 2 (March 1989): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(89)90035-1.

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Wang, S. Y. "Existence of a pareto equilibrium." Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 79, no. 2 (November 1993): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00940586.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Existence of equilibrium"

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STEINERT, MARIANO. "GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM EXISTENCE WITH ASSET-BACKED SECURITIZATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6533@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Propomos um modelo de equilíbrio geral com securitização de ativos pro- tegidos por colateral físico e discutimos o papel do colateral para evitar, em equilíbrio, expectativas pessimistas em relação as taxas futuras de default. As promessas dos ativos garantidos por colateral são securitizadas em famílias de derivativos Pass-through, que dividem o default de forma prorata, ou de Collateralized Loans Obligations (CLO), que permitem diferentes níveis de prioridade entre os ativos dentro de uma mesma família. No caso de default, os tomadores de empréstimo podem sofrer penalidades extra-econômicas, que são internalizadas nas suas preferências não ordenadas. Nesse contexto, provamos a existência de um equilíbrio no qual os investidores não são muito pessimistas sobre os pagamentos dos derivativos.
We propose a specification of a general equilibrium model with securitization of collateral-backed promises and discuss the role of physical collateral to avoid, in equilibrium, pessimistic beliefs about the future rates of default. Promises are pooled in either pass-through securities or collateralized loans obligations (CLO), allowing the existence of different seniority levels among tranches in the same CLO. In case of default, borrowers may also suffer extra-economic penalties, which are internalized into a structure of nonordered preferences. In this context, we prove the existence of an equilibrium in that investors are not over-pessimistic about the payments of derivatives.
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Xotyeni, Zukisa Gqabi. "A study of the existence of equilibrium in mathematical economics." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1114/.

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Routledge, Robert Richard. "On the existence and structure of equilibrium in price-setting games." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/on-the-existence-and-structure-of-equilibrium-in-pricesetting-games(952d5301-dc9d-40cd-8e86-3feed89abb94).html.

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In this work the problematic issue of price determination in economic theory is re-examined. In the first chapter a state-of-the-art survey regarding the existence of equilibrium and the structure of the equilibrium set in price-setting games is provided. In chapter two a new core concept, the Bertrand core, is introduced and characterized. In chapter three a revealed preference perspective upon the Nash equilibria in price-setting games is provided. In chapter four, the issue of Bayesian equilibrium existence is addressed when traders have incomplete information regarding each others' types. Finally, a summary of possible future avenues for research in this area is provided.
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Afghani, Obaidah M. "M-convexity, extension and equilibrium existence theorems in G-convex spaces." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0022/NQ36548.pdf.

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Klimm, Max [Verfasser], and Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] Harks. "Competition for Resources: The Equilibrium Existence Problem in Congestion Games / Max Klimm. Betreuer: Tobias Harks." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027798209/34.

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Kuennen, Nicholas Francis. "Existence and uniqueness of Cournot equilibrium for an oligopoly under linear and nonlinear demand a channel model for one manufacturer-two retailers with substitutes /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Tristani, Isabelle. "Existence et stabilité de solutions fortes en théorie cinétique des gaz." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090013/document.

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Cette thèse est centrée sur l’étude d’équations issues de la théorie cinétique des gaz. Dans tous les problèmes qui y sont explorés, une analyse des problèmes linéaires ou linéarisés associés est réalisée d’un point de vue spectral et du point de vue des semi-groupes. A cela s’ajoute une analyse de la stabilité non linéaire lorsque le modèle est non linéaire. Plus précisément, dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons aux équations de Fokker-Planck fractionnaire et Boltzmann sans cut-off homogène en espace et nous prouvons un retour vers l’équilibre des solutions de ces équations avec un taux exponentiel dans des espaces de type L1 à poids polynomial. Concernant l’équation de Landau inhomogène en espace, nous développons une théorie de Cauchy de solutions perturbatives dans des espaces de type L2 avec différents poids (polynomiaux ou exponentiels) et nous prouvons également la stabilité exponentielle de ces solutions.Nous démontrons ensuite pour l’équation de Boltzmann inélastique inhomogène avec terme diffusif le même type de résultat dans des espaces L1 à poids polynomial dans un régime de faible inélasticité. Pour finir, nous étudions dans un cadre général et uniforme des modèles qui convergent vers l’équation de Fokker-Planck du point de vue de l’analyse spectrale et des semi-groupes
The topic of this thesis is the study of models coming from kinetic theory. In all the problems that are addressed, the associated linear or linearized problem is analyzed from a spectral point of view and from the point of view of semigroups. Tothat, we add the study of the nonlinear stability when the equation is nonlinear. More precisely, to begin with, we treat the problem of trend to equilibrium for the fractional Fokker-Planck and Boltzmann without cut-off equations, proving an exponential decay to equilibrium in spaces of type L1 with polynomial weights. Concerning the inhomogeneous Landau equation, we develop a Cauchy theory of perturbative solutions in spaces of type L2 with various weights such as polynomial and exponential weights and we also prove the exponential stability of these solutions. Then, we prove similar results for the inhomogeneous inelastic diffusively driven Boltzmann equation in a small inelasticity regime in L1 spaces with polynomial weights. Finally, we study in the same and uniform framework from the spectral analysis point of view with a semigroup approach several Fokker-Planck equations which converge towards the classical one
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Lee, Ji Young Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Existence of competitive equilibria in combinatorial auctions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97814.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-65).
Competitive equilibrium provides a natural steady state for iterative combinatorial auctions that maximize social welfare, and therefore the first step in auction design is to establish its existence. Recent work by Baldwin and Klemperer (2012) has proved that the "demand type" of valuations being "unimodular" is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a competitive equilibrium, but under the general setting where both buyers and sellers as well as multiple copies of items may exist, and the supply could be any combination of items available. In this work, we investigate the same condition under the more restrictive but standard setting for combinatorial auctions, where only buyers and a single copy of each distinct item are allowed and the supply is fixed to be the set of all available items. First, we provide an alternative proof of the sufficiency result for unimodular "complements" demand type, which defines a subclass of valuations for which a competitive equilibrium exists according to Baldwin and Klemperer (2012). While their original proof and analysis use tools from tropical geometry, our approach is based on linear programming. Relying on a result from Bikhchandani and Mamer (1999) that a competitive equilibrium exists if and only if a related linear program has an integral optimal solution, we provide a direct proof that the linear program has an integral optimal solution. Our analysis provides a fundamental understanding of the structure of the linear program and leads to various properties which may be helpful in auction design. Second, we provide an algorithm to determine the demand types of sign-consistent tree graphical valuations, for which competitive equilibria are known to exist due to Candogan et al. (2013). We then analyze the relationship between the set of the demand types of sign-consistent tree graphical valuations and the set of unimodular demand types. Our analysis implies that the unimodularity of demand type is not necessary for the existence of a competitive equilibrium in combinatorial auctions.
by Ji Young Lee.
S.M.
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Drees, Maximilian [Verfasser]. "Existence and properties of pure nash equilibria in budget games / Maximilian Drees." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110714650X/34.

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Ndao, Mamadou. "Estimation de la vitesse de retour à l'équilibre dans les équations de Fokker-Planck." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV036/document.

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Ce mémoire de thèse est consacré à l’équation de Fokker-Planckpartial_ f=∆f+div(Ef).Il est subdivisé en deux parties :une partie linéaire et une partie non linéaire. Dans la partie linéaire on considère un champ de vecteur E(x) dépendant seulement de x. Cette partie est constituée des chapitres 3, 4 et 5. Dans le chapitre 3 on montre que l’opérateur linéaire Lf :=∆ f + div(E f ) est le générateur d’un semi-groupe fortement continu (SL(t))_{t≥0} dans tous les espaces L^p. On y établit également que le semi-groupe (SL(t))_{t≥0} est positif et ultracontractif. Dans le chapitre 4 nous montrons comment est qu’une décomposition adéquate de l’opérateur L permet d’établir certaines propriétés du semi-groupe (SL(t))_{t≥0} notamment sa bornitude. Le chapitre 5 est consacré à l’existence d’un état d’équilibre. De plus on y montre que cet état d’équi- libre est asymptotiquement stable. Dans la partie non linéaire on considère un champ de vecteur de la forme E(x,f) := x+nabla (a*f) ou a et f sont des fonctions assez régulières et * est l’opérateur de convolution. Cette parties est contituée des chapitre 6 et 7. Dans le chapitre 6 nous établissons que poura appartenant à W^{2,infini}_locl’équation de Fokker-Planck non linéaire admet une unique solution locale dans l’espace L^2_{K_alpha} (R^d). Dans le dernier chapitre nous montrons que le problème non linéaire admet une solution globale. De plus cette solution dépend continument des données
This thesis is devoted to the Fokker-Planck équation partial_t f =∆f + div(E f).It is divided into two parts. The rst part deals with the linear problem. In this part we consider a vector E(x) depending only on x. It is composed of chapters 3, 4 and 5. In chapter 3 we prove that the linear operator Lf :=∆f + div(Ef ) is an in nitesimal generator of a strong continuous semigroup (SL(t))_{t≥0}. We establish also that (SL(t))_{t≥0} is positive and ultracontractive. In chapter 4 we show how an adequate decomposition of the linear operator L allows us to deduce interesting properties for the semigroup (SL(t))_{t≥0}. Indeed using this decomposition we prove that (SL(t))_{t≥0} is a bounded semigroup. In the last chapter of this part we establish that the linear Fokker-Planck admits a unique steady state. Moreover this stationary solution is asymptotically stable.In the nonlinear part we consider a vector eld of the form E(x, f ) := x +nabla (a *f ), where a and f are regular functions. It is composed of two chapters. In chapter 6 we establish that fora in W^{2,infini}_locthe nonlinear problem has a unique local solution in L^2_{K_alpha}(R^d); . To end this part we prove in chapter 7 that the nonlinear problem has a unique global solution in L^2_k(R^d). This solution depends continuously on the data
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Books on the topic "Existence of equilibrium"

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Nielsen, Lars Tyge. Existence of equilibrium in CAPM. Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1990.

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General equilibrium analysis: Existence and optimality properties of equilibria. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

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Florenzano, Monique. General equilibrium analysis: Existence and optimality properties of equilibria. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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Nielsen, Lars Tyge. Existence of equilibrium in CAPM: Further results. Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1990.

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Aliprantis, Charalambos D. Existence and optimality of competitive equilibria. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Coles, Jeffrey Link. Walrasian equilibrium without survival: Existence, efficiency and remedial policy. Stanford, Calif: Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1986.

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Neven, Damien J. "On the existence of equilibrium in Hotelling's model". Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1986.

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Caplin, Andrew. Aggregation and imperfect competition: On the existence of equilibrium. London: Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1989.

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Dekel, Eddie. Existence and dynamic consistency of Nash equilibrium with non-expected utility preferences. Toronto: Dept. of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1991.

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Lasselle, Laurence. On the existence of a Cournot equilibrium with endogenous income. St. Andrews: St. Salvator's College, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Existence of equilibrium"

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Debreu, Gerard. "Existence of General Equilibrium." In General Equilibrium, 131–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19802-3_13.

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Hens, Thorsten, and Beate Pilgrim. "Existence of Equilibria." In General Equilibrium Foundations of Finance, 39–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5317-2_2.

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Hens, Thorsten, and Beate Pilgrim. "Existence of Equilibria." In General Equilibrium Foundations of Finance, 235–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5317-2_8.

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Borglin, Anders. "Existence and Determinacy." In Economic Dynamics and General Equilibrium, 177–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05197-9_5.

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Debreu, Gerard. "Existence of General Equilibrium." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 4171–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_487.

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Debreu, Gerard. "Existence of General Equilibrium." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–6. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_487-1.

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Debreu, Gerard. "Existence of General Equilibrium." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–6. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_487-2.

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Szép, J., and F. Forgó. "Existence theorems of equilibrium points." In Introduction to the Theory of Games, 22–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5193-8_3.

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Reny, Philip J. "Non-cooperative Games (Equilibrium Existence)." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 9563–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2572.

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Reny, Philip J. "Non-cooperative Games (Equilibrium Existence)." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–7. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2572-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Existence of equilibrium"

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Baldwin, Elizabeth, Omer Edhan, Ravi Jagadeesan, Paul Klemperer, and Alexander Teytelboym. "The Equilibrium Existence Duality." In EC '20: The 21st ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3391403.3399463.

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Zhukovskii, Vladislav Iosifovich, and Lidiya Viktorovna Smirnova. "Existence of Aumann equilibrium in mixed strategies." In International conference "Systems Analysis: Modeling and Control" in memory of Academician A. V. Kryazhimskiy. Moscow: Steklov Mathematical Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4213/proc20613.

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Wang, Jing-hai, and Qiaohong Jiang. "The existence of solutions for economic equilibrium." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5885331.

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Xiao-Jun Yu. "On existence of vector equilibrium flows for multiclass multicriteria traffic equilibrium problems." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5622760.

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Yali Zhao and Yang Yang. "Existence of solutions for generalized vector equilibrium problems." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering (CSAE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csae.2011.5952889.

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Mignanego, F. "Existence theorems of equilibrium points in constrained Stackelberg games." In 1986 25th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1986.267310.

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VILLAR, ANTONIO. "MATHEMATICS AND MARKETS: EXISTENCE AND EFFICIENCY OF COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM." In Proceedings of the Third International School. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818454_0011.

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Wang, Wei, Yali Zhao, and Lin Zhu. "On existence results of generalized strong vector equilibrium problem." In 2013 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation & Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imsna.2013.6743317.

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Wang, Wei, Yali Zhao, and Lin Zhu. "On existence results of generalized strong vector equilibrium problem." In 2013 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation & Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imsna.2013.6743325.

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Dube, Parijat, and Rahul Jain. "N-player Bertrand-Cournot games in queues: Existence of equilibrium." In 2008 46th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2008.4797598.

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Reports on the topic "Existence of equilibrium"

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Nechyba, Thomas. Existence of Equilibrium and Stratification in Local and Hierarchical Tiebout Economies with Property Taxes and Voting. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0190.

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Gelain, Paolo, and Marco Lorusso. The US banks’ balance sheet transmission channel of oil price shocks. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202233.

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We document the existence of a quantitative relevant banks' balance-sheet transmission channel of oil price shocks by estimating a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with banking and oil sectors. The associated amplification mechanism implies that those shocks explain a non-negligible share of US GDP growth fluctuations, up to 17 percent, instead of 6 percent absent the banking sector. Also, they mitigated the severity of the Great Recession’s trough. GDP growth would have been 2.48 percentage points more negative in 2008Q4 without the beneficial effect of low oil prices. The estimate without the banking sector is only 1.30 percentage points.
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Cuberes, David, Florencia Saravia, and Marc Teignier. Gender Gaps in STEM Occupations in Costa Rica, El Salvador and Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004578.

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This paper documents the existence of significant gender gaps in STEM occupations in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico and estimates the aggregate costs associated with these gaps in Mexico. For Mexico we calibrate and simulate a version of the general equilibrium occupational choice model of Hsieh et al. (2019) to estimate the output losses associated with these differences since 1992. We find that if barriers in STEM occupations were eliminated aggregate output would have been between 1% and 10% larger, depending on the year. If female-specific social norms were also eliminated, the rise in aggregate output would be between 1.4% and 14%. For comparison purposes, we also compute the gains of eliminating all the distortions in high-skilled occupations as well as in all occupations. We find that aggregate output would rise between 16.5% and 3.6% in the first case and between 36.7% and 12% in the latter.
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G.W. Hammett, S.C. Jardin, and B.C. Stratton. Non-existence of Normal Tokamak Equilibria with Negative Central Current. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/812029.

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Singh, Ram. On the Existence and Efficiency of Equilibria Under Liability Rules. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12625.

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Garcimartín, Carlos, Jhonatan A. Astudillo, and Christian Schneider. Inclusión financiera en Panamá. La importancia de la calidad institucional y las brechas territoriales, de ingreso y de género. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004207.

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Abstract:
La inclusión financiera ha venido adquiriendo un interés creciente, tanto a nivel académico, como por parte de las autoridades, el sector privado y la sociedad civil. Es así porque la inclusión financiera favorece el desarrollo económico, la reducción de la pobreza, el aumento de la equidad y ayuda a cerrar las brechas de género. El primer objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar un índice de inclusión financiera que permita analizar la situación relativa de Panamá. Los resultados muestran que la inclusión financiera de los hogares panameños es relativamente menor a lo que cabría esperar, dado el nivel de desarrollo alcanzado por el país. En segundo lugar, hemos estimado el índice por grupos sociales, encontrando que existe un sesgo de género, de nivel de ingresos y en contra de las áreas rurales en la inclusión financiera. Posteriormente, hemos analizado los factores que explican que la relativamente baja inclusión financiera en Panamá. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, las principales causas son el peso relativo del empleo en la agricultura, la desigualdad de ingresos, la brecha de género, la calidad institucional y los desequilibrios territoriales que existen en el país; factores que remiten a desafíos estructurales que enfrenta Panamá. Por último, hemos analizado la inclusión financiera digital, encontrando que, al igual que sucede con la general, los resultados de Panamá son inferiores a lo que se esperaría, dado su nivel de desarrollo, siendo las causas similares a las anteriores, junto al bajo nivel educativo promedio y el escaso desarrollo de las industrias fintech. Todo ello pone de manifiesto que aumentar la inclusión financiera pasa por seguir mejorando en esos desafíos estructurales del país: equidad de género, distribución del ingreso, calidad institucional, equilibrio territorial y educación, además de las fintech en el caso digital. Panamá ha realizado avances en estos ámbitos a lo largo de los últimos años. Seguir progresando permitirá la inclusión financiera de un mayor número de panameños y, especialmente, de panameñas que aún no tienen acceso a los servicios financieros, lo cual, a su vez, contribuirá no solo al crecimiento económico, sino, además, a que éste sea más inclusivo.
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