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1
Nielsen, Lars Tyge. Existence of equilibrium in CAPM: Further results. Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1990.
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2
Velichkov, Bozhidar. Existence and Regularity Results for Some Shape Optimization Problems. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-7642-527-1.
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3
Enrico, Serra, ed. Semilinear elliptic equations for beginners: Existence results via the variational approach. London: Springer Verlag, 2011.
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4
YAchin, Syergyey. The Human Existence Analytics: an Introduction to the Experience of Self-discovery. a Systematic Study. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3476.
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This paper aims to reveal the multidimensionality of human being-in-the-world within the human existence analytics and to show that human existence is reflexively correlated with the Other. The key question is how the subject ontologically lives and at the same time existentially experiences his relations to the world. The distinction between be-living and living through human’s being-in-the-world is substantiated as the principle of onto-phenomenological differentiation. Within the irreducible multiplicity of human relations to the world four modes of human experience are formed: the transcendent, the symbolic, the objective and the sensual ones. Ultimately, it is shown that the key to understanding the human existence is the highest form of its correlation with the Other: the ethical relation. Thus, the universal for the world philosophy understanding of man as ethical and, as such, reasonable being is expounded.
The paper can be of interest to anyone who is concerned with the problem of man and who is familiar with some basic philosophical approaches to it.
5
Borzyh, Stanislav. Universality of uniqueness. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1840173.
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The monograph is devoted to the uniqueness and universality of our being, earthly life, complexity, primarily multicellular organisms, intelligence and civilization. Despite the fact that all these phenomena are presented to us and in our person in the singular, their very existence indicates that, on the one hand, they obey the logic that runs through them all, and on the other hand, they observe certain universal rules for the implementation of something like this. That is, they are unique in their local representation, but they are constructed according to a template that applies to all such cases. The monograph consistently examines the multiplicity of hypostases of these realities and formulates the conclusion that, no matter how many of them there are, they must all fit into the mainstream of two principles — the embodied and the functional. Local conditions determine their final appearance, but the imperatives are the same for them all, and therefore these epithets do not contradict each other, but, on the contrary, are mutually complementary.
It is intended both for specialists in the field of epistemology, ontology and philosophy of life, and for the general public interested in real issues.
6
Orlik, Lyubov', and Galina Zhukova. Operator equation and related questions of stability of differential equations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1061676.
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The monograph is devoted to the application of methods of functional analysis to the problems of qualitative theory of differential equations. Describes an algorithm to bring the differential boundary value problem to an operator equation. The research of solutions to operator equations of special kind in the spaces polutoratonny with a cone, where the limitations of the elements of these spaces is understood as the comparability them with a fixed scale element of exponential type. Found representations of the solutions of operator equations in the form of contour integrals, theorems of existence and uniqueness of such solutions. The spectral criteria for boundedness of solutions of operator equations and, as a consequence, sufficient spectral features boundedness of solutions of differential and differential-difference equations in Banach space. The results obtained for operator equations with operators and work of Volterra operators, allowed to extend to some systems of partial differential equations known spectral stability criteria for solutions of A. M. Lyapunov and also to generalize theorems on the exponential characteristic.
The results of the monograph may be useful in the study of linear mechanical and electrical systems, in problems of diffraction of electromagnetic waves, theory of automatic control, etc.
It is intended for researchers, graduate students functional analysis and its applications to operator and differential equations.
7
Kondrat'ev, Sergey. Theory and practice of personalized learning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1098272.
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The monograph presents the psychological theory and organization of personalized learning in general education schools. The concept of integrative subjectivity of a person as a form of reflexive and areflexive self-existence is considered as the psychological basis of personalized learning. The author characterizes the personality and the social individual in the light of the humanitarian Christian paradigm: reveals the phenomenology of integrative subjectivity, its structural organization, levels and forms of development of the individual and the social individual. From the standpoint of the Christian psychology of education, the general psychological and socio-psychological aspects of personalized learning are revealed, the psychological typification of students and teachers is justified, the extraordinary pedagogical interaction as a psychological mechanism of personalized learning is presented, the experimental construction of psychological types of primary school students based on the perception of educational material, as well as the typological features of teachers. Technologies of personalized learning are presented. The monograph reflects the results of many years of theoretical and experimental research of the author. It is of interest to seminarians, students, postgraduates of Orthodox educational institutions, students of Higher theological courses, faculties of advanced training and retraining, as well as philosophers, psychologists, teachers, social workers, and specialists in the field of education.
8
High Order Boundary Value Problems: Existence, Localization and Multiplicity Results. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
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9
Haase, Christian, Andreas Paffenholz, Lindsay C. Piechnik, and Santos Francisco. Existence of Unimodular Triangulations-Positive Results. American Mathematical Society, 2021.
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10
Velichkov, Bozhidar. Existence and Regularity Results for Some Shape Optimization Problems. Scuola Normale Superiore, 2015.
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11
Velichkov, Bozhidar. Existence and Regularity Results for Some Shape Optimization Problems. Edizioni della Normale, 2015.
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12
R, Kleindorfer Paul, and Sertel Murat R. Equilibrium Existence Results for Simple Economies and Dynamic Games. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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13
LI, LIN, and SHU-ZHI SONG. SOLUTIONS OF NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: EXISTENCE RESULTS VIA THE VARIATIONAL APPROACH. WSPC, 2016.
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14
Serra, Enrico, and Marino Badiale. Semilinear Elliptic Equations for Beginners: Existence Results Via the Variational Approach. Springer, 2010.
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15
Alpay, Mehmet Emin. Existence and uniqueness results for ¾ -optimal linear dynamic controllers for discrete time SISO systems. 1995.
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16
Valente, Marco. Supersymmetric Beasts and Where to Find Them: From Novel Hadronic Reconstruction Methods to Search Results in Large Jet Multiplicity Final States at the ATLAS Experiment. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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17
Borodovsky, A. P., and S. V. Gorokhov. Umrevinsky ostrog: Results of the 2010–2017 archaeological research. IAET SB RAS Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/7803-0307-7.2020.
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Th e monograph is the fi rst source to fully introduce into scientifi c discourse the results of the comprehensive studies of the representative item of the Early Modern Period in the Upper Ob region, the Umrevinsky ostrog, that were conducted in 2010–2017 and are still under way. It is discovered that the cultural layer of this archaeological monument contains structures and artifacts dating back by their traditions to the Moscow Tzardom and the Peter I period. Th e research of an extensive necropolis of the Umrevinsky ostrog and analysis of the metal composition of those cross pendants discovered in the territory of the monument allowed attributing the chronology of its appearance and existence. Th e appendix dwells in detail upon the written sources related to the Umrevinsky ostrog and academic missions of the fi rst half of the 18th century, during which the fi rst items of the archaeological heritage in the territory of Novosibirsk region were found. Th e publication is meant for archaeologists, ethnographists, historians, local historians, museum employees, teachers, and students of the departments of history of higher education establishments.
18
Farriss, Nancy. Confusion of Tongues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190884109.003.0004.
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Missionaries rejected the royal policy of imposing Spanish as the medium of evangelization, judging that it would be easier for them to learn the Indians’ languages. The linguistic diversity of Oaxaca, the most extreme anywhere on the planet, combined with the tonal complexity of the Otomangue languages spoken by the great majority of the local population, served as a serious barrier to achieving this goal. The existence of over twenty distinct languages, and a plethora of individual dialects within them, stimulated the further spread of Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, as a lingua franca between Spaniards and Indians throughout the colony. Its failure to reach across all social strata and ethnicities led the missionaries to conclude that they would have to proselytize directly in all the indigenous languages despite their multiplicity and complexity.
19
Spiegel, Avi Max. Every Recruiter is a Reinterpreter. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159843.003.0008.
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This chapter considers how young Islamist activists construct religious authority. To engage these questions, the author asked and allowed activists to construct for themselves what authority meant to them, with some even drawing an evolving organizational chart of their movements. The author observed signs of ambiguity, multiplicity, and even inconsistency. Some activists sought to go out of their way to illustrate that they were not under the control of any kind of religious authority, even conceiving something called “religion” as very much distinct from their work. Others blurred these categories, preferring to place their activism under the domain of some kind of religious authority, both explaining and attempting to show how it is part and parcel of their everyday existence. Some failed to mention religion as important to their work at all. Others spoke solely of it.
20
Hermans, Hubert J. M. Heterogenizing and Enriching the Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687793.003.0007.
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A central feature of a democratic self is its heterogeneity, expressed in its diversity of positions and richness of experience. Heterogeneity is explored by examining three phenomena: the multiplicity of subjective well-being; the polarity between shadow and shining positions in the self; and the dynamic relationship between comfort, challenge and danger zones in the self-space. The existence of shadow positions is elaborated by a discussion of scapegoating and the construction of an enemy image. Furthermore, the concepts of homophily and heterophily are compared. Homophily refers to the finding that contact between similar people occurs at a higher rate than among dissimilar people. Heterophily refers to the tendency to communicate with people who are dissimilar to one’s own views, values, and experiences. Enlarging the communication channels between I-positions requires both tendencies, because homophily facilitates efficiency of communication, while heterophily stimulates innovation.
21
Faber, Roland. Uniting Earth to the Blue of Heaven Above: Strange Attractors in Whitehead’s Symbolism. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0004.
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Symbolism is maybe one of the most obscure books of Whitehead's oeuvre: in between grand projects, small in appearance, seemingly integrated in other works, less known, and, to a certain extent, considered superfluous. Yet, on second thought, it might be that in its fringe existence Symbolism holds some gems to be rediscovered and cherished. Relating in maybe the most immediate way to current questions of language, ecology, and political philosophy by, at the same time, elaborating a highly creative conceptual multiplicity of modes of perception, Symbolism exposes us to a series of strange attractors which, while not absent from other works, might be found to be more densely interwoven here than elsewhere. The following considerations will name and relate some of these strange attractors to the issues the book seems to be addressing while speaking to us today, about a hundred years after its writing.
22
Kirwan, James. Coleridge on Beauty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799511.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 examines Coleridge’s analysis of beauty in the ‘Principles of Genial Criticism’ (1814), which aimed to establish a religious dimension to aesthetic experience. Coleridge’s argument is traced through his Kantian account of aesthetic judgement, and his assertion of unity-in-multiplicity as the formal condition of beauty, to his grounding beauty in that which is ‘pre-configured’ to our faculties. Coleridge’s depends on eighteenth-century aesthetic axioms, despite deliberately avoiding explicit reference to such accounts, electing Plotinus instead as a precursor. It is suggested that Coleridge is therefore reluctant to explain aesthetic experience in purely psychological and, potentially, exclusively naturalistic terms. The appeal to Plotinus’s traditional notion of beauty as the soul’s recognition of its divine origin grounds aesthetic experience in religion. Concomitantly, in Coleridge’s reassertion of the claims of religion in the wake of the Enlightenment, aesthetic experience as contemplation of the world as it is becomes proof of the existence of the divine.
23
Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Performance and Efficiency of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0008.
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One of the most widespread critiques levelled against the welfare state is its inefficiency. In this chapter we try to tackle the question of definition and measurement of the efficiency and the performance of the welfare state. We show that there exist clear inefficiencies in the distribution of services. Because of administrative complexity or fear of stigmatization, the neediest people can fall outside the protection of the welfare state. As far as the administrative cost of social insurance, a single public provider tends to be cheaper than a multiplicity of private firms. In the production of some services, there are clear efficiency slacks, but these do not depend on ownership—public or private. What seems to matter is competition and autonomy. Finally, we study the performance of the welfare state as a whole, abstracting from social spending. The results indicate a clear process of convergence among European countries.
24
Silja, Schaffstein. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715610.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter discusses the judiciary problems that may arise from the increasing number of multi-fora disputes in the international arbitration. International arbitration is widely considered to be the principal method of dispute resolution for international commercial disputes, which commonly involve multiple parties, contracts, and issues. The multiplicity of the subjects involved in the disputes often results in conflicts concerning the proper forum to be applied, and give rise to the question: if a national court renders a decision on the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, would the arbitrators be bound by the prior decision, or could they decide anew whether they have jurisdiction? If the arbitrators are bound by a national court judgment, the parties’ arbitration agreement may be frustrated. On the other hand, if the arbitrators are not bound by the prior judgment and decide that there is a valid arbitration agreement, parallel court and arbitration proceedings may ensue.
25
Stone, Michael E. “Circles Behind . . .” and Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842383.003.0008.
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The fit among groups whose existence is inferred by scholars from the contents of written works and those groups attested in historical sources is discussed. We now acknowledge the contemporaneous existence of various groups. We detect the existence of secret groups and the influence their existence may have on our understanding of STPsociety. Once we accept the existence of secret knowledge and secret groups, then their existence in turn changes the character of knowledge in the society within whose boundaries given secret traditions exist. The existence of the secret society and the way it is structured are results of the existence of knowledge, whether conceptual or practical, that a group of people is convinced must be kept hidden.
26
Schram, Frederick R., and Stefan Koenemann. Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195365764.001.0001.
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The understanding of arthropod phylogeny and evolution in the past three decades has undergone major changes. These have arisen from new sources of data applicable across several fields of study. Developments within ontogenetic studies not only in regard to gross patterns of embryology but also regarding a revolution in the application of development genetics continue to generate remarkable insights into crustaceomorph evolution. Phylogeny techniques of analysis and new sources of data derived from molecular sequencing have forced consideration of new hypotheses concerning the interrelationships of all the pancrustaceans, both crustaceomorphs and Hexapoda. Furthermore, it is not uncommon that this multiplicity of sources for new data from opposing research teams can result in different hypotheses for phylogenetic relationships. This situation should not be treated as a defect, or an impediment, but rather as a source for multiple alternative hypotheses—the bases for further data gathering and analyses. Also, one should never view consideration of fossils as a vexing source of noise. Here, too, consideration of multiple hypotheses has proven useful. Often, fossils can produce deeper understanding of the paleodiversity of body plans. Nevertheless, some fossil groups still remain as enigmas, such as Thylacocephala. But even fossils incompletely understood can help fill in gaps in knowledge of paleobiodiversity that can prove useful, for example, in analyzing the the origin and early evolution of Hexapoda. Old ideas about pancrustacean evolution have served the field well, but results derived from all data inputs should be embraced.
27
Cook, Roy T. Predication, Possibility, and Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792161.003.0007.
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Bob Hale’s deflationary conception of truth equates the actual (and necessary) existence of a property or relation with the possible existence of a corresponding predicate with appropriate satisfaction conditions. After surveying recent work on developing a semi-formal framework within which to study the deflationary conception, and presenting extant results regarding the extent to which the account supports the second-order comprehension schema, this chapter examines the extent to which the deflationary account allows one to justify various second-order versions of the axiom of choice. The results are primarily negative: choice does not seem to be forthcoming on the deflationary approach, and even assuming the possibility of arbitrary countably infinite linguistic supertasks, a version of the countable axiom of choice seems to be the best that we can do.
28
Callender, Craig. Moving Past the ABCs of Time. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797302.003.0013.
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How do the views developed in this book connect with traditional work in analytic metaphysics on time? After giving a potted history of the field, the chapter then displays many connections and modifications between that work and the present one. It highlights one major problem with traditional analytic philosophy of time, namely, its focus on bare existence, i.e., what events exist as of when. Almost by definition, existence will play no role in science, so philosophy of time will never be threatened by scientific results. The irony about this maneuver is that creating this safety zone around time leaves philosophers of time unable to do their original job, explaining the temporal phenomena.
29
Bruno, Brunella, Alexandra D'Onofrio, and Immacolata Marino. Determinants of Bank Lending in Europe and the United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0006.
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We provide a comprehensive analysis of the main drivers of bank lending in Europe and the United States over the period from 2008 to 2014. We relate bank characteristics prior to the global financial crisis to their lending behaviour during and after the crisis period. Our analysis confirms the existence of a bank lending channel, that seems stronger in Europe than in the United States, especially if we look at corporate loans rather than at the whole loan portfolio. We uncover that the main bank characteristics affecting lending are size, capitalization, liquidity, and ownership structure, as well as, to a lesser extent, reliance on deposits and exposure to government bonds. Some of these factors have indeed shielded bank lending as predicted, but the results are not always in the expected direction, which points to the existence of a revised version of the traditional bank lending channel.
30
Duggan, John. Candidate Objectives and Electoral Equilibrium. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0004.
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This article looks at the known foundational results on spatial models of elections. The issues of equilibrium existence, the characterization of equilibria (in terms of their social welfare properties), and the distance between equilibrium policy and positions of the candidates are examined. It then discusses the results of the case where candidates are able to give precise predictions of voters' behaviour precisely; the article also introduces the ‘Downsian model’. The article looks at two models of probabilistic voting, before finally moving on to consider the most common objective functions that are used to model the electoral incentives of different types of candidates.
31
McDuff, Dusa, and Dietmar Salamon. Generating functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses generating functions in more detail. It shows how generating functions give rise to discrete-time analogues of the symplectic action functional and hence lead to discrete variational problems. The results of this chapter form the basis for the proofs in Chapter 11 of the Arnold conjecture for the torus and in Chapter 12 of the existence of the Hofer–Zehnder capacity. The final section examines generating functions for exact Lagrangian submanifolds of cotangent bundles.
32
Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Degenerate Diffusion Operators Arising in Population Biology (AM-185). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.001.0001.
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This book provides the mathematical foundations for the analysis of a class of degenerate elliptic operators defined on manifolds with corners, which arise in a variety of applications such as population genetics, mathematical finance, and economics. The results discussed in this book prove the uniqueness of the solution to the martingale problem and therefore the existence of the associated Markov process. The book uses an “integral kernel method” to develop mathematical foundations for the study of such degenerate elliptic operators and the stochastic processes they define. The precise nature of the degeneracies of the principal symbol for these operators leads to solutions of the parabolic and elliptic problems that display novel regularity properties. Dually, the adjoint operator allows for rather dramatic singularities, such as measures supported on high codimensional strata of the boundary. The book establishes the uniqueness, existence, and sharp regularity properties for solutions to the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat equations, as well as a complete analysis of the resolvent operator acting on Hölder spaces. It shows that the semigroups defined by these operators have holomorphic extensions to the right half plane. The book also demonstrates precise asymptotic results for the long-time behavior of solutions to both the forward and backward Kolmogorov equations.
33
Castillo-Diaz, Pablo, and Hanny Cueva-Beteta. The Promise and Limits of Indicators on Women, Peace and Security. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.15.
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This chapter focuses on the rapid proliferation of data-driven indicators to track the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 internationally, regionally, and nationally. The chapter presents both the critiques and the strengths of such indicators and summarizes current debates around them. It questions the adequacy of indicators primarily because they value process over results and can be manipulated to produce predetermined results. At the same time, indicators expose the shortcomings of governments and pressure them to meet or exceed gender targets. This chapter suggests that evidence gathering and application is a pivotal space to advance gender equality, and the mere existence of indicators makes accountability more possible.
34
Bencini, Giulia M. L. Psycholinguistics. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0021.
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This chapter focuses on psycholinguistics of language production. It provides empirical evidence for and against the two-stage model of language production, which assumes separate levels for functional (semantic and syntactic) processing, as well as for positional processing. The chapter also discusses the results of studies supporting the existence of lexically independent structure building operations in language production in addition to lexical representations. It also contends that lexically independent structural processes often receive a straightforward interpretation as abstract constructions in a Construction Grammar framework.
35
Kuzminova, E., ed. Ostrog Bible and the Development of the Slavic Biblical Tradition. LCC MAKS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3039.978-5-317-06829-5.
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The collective monograph summarizes the results of the latest scientific research on the Ostrog Bible of 1581. The sources of the first complete printed bible codex among the Eastern Slavs, the history and prehistory of its creation are investigated, the features of its existence and the nature of reception are considered, textual and linguistic parameters are highlighted, its place in the Slavic biblical tradition is determined. The publication is addressed to Biblical scholars, Palaeoslavists, specialists in Early Modern times and anyone interested in the history of Slavic literature and inter-Slavic cultural and linguistic ties.
36
Banal-Estanol, Albert, Enrique Benito, and Dmitry Khametshin. Asset Encumbrance and CDS Premia of European Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0021.
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Asset encumbrance refers to the existence of bank balance sheet assets being subject to arrangements that restrict the bank’s ability to freely transfer or realize them. Asset encumbrance has recently become a much discussed subject and policymakers have been actively addressing what some consider to be excessive levels of asset encumbrance. Despite its importance, the phenomenon of asset encumbrance remains poorly understood. We build a novel data set of asset encumbrance metrics based on information provided in the banks’ public disclosures for the very first time throughout 2015. We provide descriptive evidence of asset encumbrance levels by country, credit quality, size, and business model, using different encumbrance metrics. Our empirical results point to the existence of an association between CDS premia and asset encumbrance that is negative, not positive. That is, on average, encumbrance is perceived to be beneficial. Still, certain bank-level variables play a mediating role in this relationship. For banks that have high exposures to the central bank, high leverage ratios, and/or are located in southern Europe, asset encumbrance is less beneficial and could even be detrimental in absolute terms.
37
Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0001.
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This book proves the existence, uniqueness and regularity results for a class of degenerate elliptic operators known as generalized Kimura diffusions, which act on functions defined on manifolds with corners. It presents a generalization of the Hopf boundary point maximum principle that demonstrates, in the general case, how regularity implies uniqueness. The book is divided in three parts. Part I deals with Wright–Fisher geometry and the maximum principle; Part II is devoted to an analysis of model problems, and includes degenerate Hölder spaces; and Part III discusses generalized Kimura diffusions. This introductory chapter provides an overview of generalized Kimura diffusions and their applications in probability theory, model problems, perturbation theory, main results, and alternate approaches to the study of similar degenerate elliptic and parabolic equations.
38
de Cataldo, Mark Andrea, Luca Migliorini Lectures 1–3, and Luca Migliorini. The Hodge Theory of Maps. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0005.
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This chapter summarizes the classical results of Hodge theory concerning algebraic maps. Hodge theory gives nontrivial restrictions on the topology of a nonsingular projective variety, or, more generally, of a compact Kähler manifold: the odd Betti numbers are even, the hard Lefschetz theorem, the formality theorem, stating that the real homotopy type of such a variety is, if simply connected, determined by the cohomology ring. Similarly, Hodge theory gives nontrivial topological constraints on algebraic maps. This chapter focuses on the latter, as it considers how the existence of an algebraic map f : X → Y of complex algebraic varieties is reflected in the topological invariants of X.
39
Folawewo, Abiodun O., and Olusegun A. Orija. Informal–formal workers' transition in Nigeria: A livelihood analysis. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/903-7.
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This study evaluates the effects of the informal sector on Nigerian workers’ livelihoods and analyses workers’ transitions within the informal sector and between informal and formal employment. A binary logit model is applied to General Household Survey panel data for the periods 2010/11, 2012/13, and 2015/16. We find that informal employment has the greatest impact on workers’ livelihoods in terms of earnings. Results also indicate the existence of a high level of dynamic transition of workers within different types of informal employment. Our results further indicate that both self-employed and wage employed informal workers are likely to transit to formal employment, the likelihood being higher for the upper-tier informal wage employed. While informally employed workers have a very high chance of transiting to formal employment, formal workers have a much lower chance of transiting to informal employment. The policy implication of our results is the need to create better working conditions for informal workers.
40
Corry, Richard. Power and Influence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840718.001.0001.
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This book investigates the metaphysical presuppositions of a common—and very successful—reductive approach to dealing with the complexity of the world. The reductive approach in question is one in which we study the components of a complex system in relative isolation, and use the information so gained to explain or predict the behaviour of the complex whole. So, for example, ecologists explain shifts in species population in terms of interactions between individuals, geneticists explain traits of an organism in terms of interactions between genes, and physicists explain the properties of a gas in terms of collisions between the particles that make up the gas. It is argued that this reductive method makes substantive metaphysical assumptions about the world. In particular, the method assumes the existence of causal powers that manifest ‘causal influence’—a relatively unrecognized ontological category of which forces are a paradigm example. The success of the reductive method, therefore, is an argument for the existence of such causal influence. The book goes on to show that adding causal influence to our ontology gives us the resources to solve some traditional problems in the metaphysics of powers, causation, emergence, laws of nature, and possibly even normative ethics. What results, then, is not just an understanding of the reductive method, but an integrated metaphysical world view that is grounded in a novel ontology of power and influence.
41
Venkatesh, Bala, and Jeremy Cohen. Pathophysiology and management of adrenal disorders in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0261.
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The existence of the syndromes of relative adrenal insufficiency, or critical illness corticosteroid insufficiency, are debatable. In sepsis, there are alterations in plasma cortisol profiles, and corticotropin responsiveness with marked variability in responses between patients. It is probable that the spectrum of plasma and tissue glucocorticoid changes may represent a ‘sick euadrenal state’ analogous to the sick euthyroid state and may not reflect adrenocortical insufficiency. Treatment of acute adrenal crisis should not be delayed for the results of adrenal testing, and should consist of immediate supportive measures, fluid resuscitation, and high-dose intravenous glucocorticoid therapy. Admission to intensive care with a primary diagnosis of hyperadrenalism is uncommon. Patients usually present uncontrolled hypertension, electrolyte abnormalities or encephalopathy.
42
Mele, Alfred R. Libertarianism and Human Agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190659974.003.0009.
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This chapter’s guiding question is about indeterministic agent-internal processes that are still at work in a decision-producing causal stream when a decision results. The question is this: If incompatibilism is true, what contribution might such processes make to there being directly free decisions beyond being sufficient for the falsity of determinism? Two answers are offered, one for philosophers who believe that freely A-ing does not depend on being able to do otherwise than A and one for philosophers who reject this belief. Topics discussed in the course of developing these answers include Frankfurt-style cases, evidence of indeterministic processes in decision-producing causal streams, and evidence regarding the existence of agent-causal powers.
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Voisin, Claire. Integral coefficients. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160504.003.0006.
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This chapter turns to a number of birational invariants that can be defined using Z-coefficients. It is devoted in part to the study of the groups Z²ⁱ(X) measuring the failure of the Hodge conjecture with integral coefficients. Some vanishing and nonvanishing results are presented, together with a comparison of the group Z⁴(X) with the so-called unramified cohomology of X with torsion coefficients. This chapter also considers various forms of the existence of an integral cohomological decomposition of the diagonal of a threefold X with trivial CH₀ group. It shows that an affirmative answer to this question is equivalent to the vanishing of numerous birational invariants of X.
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M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Residually Pseudo-Split Buildings. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0033.
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This chapter presents results about a residually pseudo-split Bruhat-Tits building ΞL. It begins with a case for some quadratic space of type E⁶, E₇, and E₈ in order to identify an unramified extension such that the residue field is a pseudo-splitting field. It then considers a wild quaternion or octonion division algebra and the existence of an unramified quadratic extension L/K such that L is a splitting field of the quaternion division algebra. It also discusses the properties of an unramified extension L/K and shows that every exceptional Bruhat-Tits building is the fixed point building of a strictly semi-linear descent group of a residually pseudo-split building.
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Siff, Stephen. Research at the Intersection of Media and Medicine, 1957–1962. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039195.003.0005.
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This chapter explores cross-fertilization between researchers and media figures in the late 1950s, as LSD spread from controlled trials to the black market. News reporters gravitated toward research documenting astonishing results with LSD, even as those studies were becoming further removed from the scientific consensus about the drug. Scholars James Coleman, Elihu Katz, and Herbert Menzel launched the study of the diffusion of tetracycline that resulted in the landmark Medical Innovation, cementing the idea that innovations spread through interpersonal relationships. Allowing for a role for media in informing physicians of the existence of new drugs, the scholars emphasized the apparent importance of social relationships in spreading the determination to actually use them.
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Robertson, Lynn C. Balint’s Syndrome and the Study of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.029.
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Balint’s syndrome is the most severe neuropsychological disorder affecting spatial attention that has been observed. In humans, it can be observed after bilateral occipital-parietal damage. The signs and symptoms of this syndrome are first described and then discussed in terms of how research with patients with Balint’s syndrome has helped and/or limited our understanding of object-based attention, visual search, and feature binding in visual perception. The findings have also supported the existence of implicit spatial maps that are available in the face of severely limited conscious spatial awareness. The results of such studies have led to advancements in attentional theory, especially as related to spatial attention and its interaction with object perception.
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Herrnson, Paul S., and Justin H. Kirkland. Political Parties and Campaign Finance Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.16.
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This chapter argues that to accurately gauge the impact of political parties on elections, it is necessary to look beyond traditional party committees and consider these organizations’ impact on the thousands of other groups that participate in the financing of campaigns. Using social network analysis and federal campaign finance data, the chapter demonstrates the existence of two distinctive hierarchical extended party networks, each comprising formal party organizations, campaign committees associated with members of Congress and congressional candidates, and PACs allied with one party. It also provides evidence suggesting party organizations’ influence over hundreds of millions of dollars in contributions and expenditures that flow within their networks. The chapter’s results have implications for party and interest group development and behavior, as well as legislative and electoral politics.
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Levin, Frank S. Entanglement and the Elements of Reality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0015.
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Chapter 14 examines entangled quantum systems, hidden variable theories and Bell’s inequality. In 1935, Einstein and collaborators, postulating the existence of elements of reality, analyzed an entangled system and concluded that quantum theory was incomplete. Their analysis is described using spin singlets, which are entangled states of two spin ½ particles. A possible avoidance of their conclusion is by using hidden variable theories. In analyzing a class of local hidden variable theories, John Bell derived an equality that could test them. This was done by experiments using entangled photons; their results violated the inequality, thereby establishing that quantum mechanics, not local hidden variable theories, is the correct description. Later theoretical analysis, and relevant experimental results, strongly supported this. A further theoretical analysis, involving just a single measurement, led to a pronounced conclusion: farewell to the elements of reality. Ditto as well to the spooky-action-at-a-distance problem that had so bothered Einstein.
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Boudou, Alain, and Yves Romain. On Product Measures Associated with Stationary Processes. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.15.
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This article considers the connections between product measures and stationary processes. It first provides an overview of historical facts and relevant terminology, basic concepts and the mathematical approach. In particular, it discusses random measures, the projection-valued spectral measure (PVSM), convolution products, and the association between shift operators and PVSMs. It then presents the main results and their first potential applications, focusing on stochastic integrals, the image of a random measure under measurable mapping, the existence of a transport-type theorem, and the transpose of a continuous homomorphism between groups. It also describes the PVSM associated with a unitary operator, the convolution product of two PVSMs, the unitary operators generated by a PVSM, extension of the convolution product of two PVSMs, an equation where the unknown quantity is a PVSM, and the convolution product of two random measures. The article concludes with an analysis of mathematical developments related to the previous results.
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Cooray, Arusha, Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati, and Indra de Soysa. Do bigger health budgets cushion pandemics? An empirical test of COVID-19 deaths across the world. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/922-8.
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How has government healthcare spending prepared countries for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic? Arguably, spending is the primary policy tool of governments in providing effective health. We argue that the effectiveness of spending in reducing COVID deaths is conditional on the existence of healthcare equity and lower political corruption, because the health sector is particularly susceptible to political spending. Our results, obtained using ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation, suggest that higher spending targeted at reducing inequitable access to health has reduced COVID deaths. Consistent with the findings of others, our results indirectly suggest that health spending is necessary, but not sufficient unless accompanied by building resilience against the spread of deadly disease. Equitable health systems ease the effects of COVID presumably because they allow states to reach and treat people. Spending aimed at increasing health system capacity by increasing access thus seems a sound strategy for fighting the spread of disease, ultimately benefiting us all.