Dissertations / Theses: 'Exhaust gas treatment system'

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Kleman, Björn, and Henrik Lindgren. "Evaluation of model-based fault diagnosis combining physical insights and neural networks applied to an exhaust gas treatment system case study." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176650.

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Fault diagnosis can be used to early detect faults in a technical system, which means that workshop service can be planned before a component is fully degraded. Fault diagnosis helps with avoiding downtime, accidents and can be used to reduce emissions for certain applications. Traditionally, however, diagnosis systems have been designed using ad hoc methods and a lot of system knowledge. Model-based diagnosis is a systematic way of designing diagnosis systems that is modular and offers high performance. A model-based diagnosis system can be designed by making use of mathematical models that are otherwise used for simulation and control applications. A downside of model-based diagnosis is the modeling effort needed when no accurate models are available, which can take a large amount of time. This has motivated the use of data-driven diagnosis. Data-driven methods do not require as much system knowledge and modeling effort though they require large amounts of data and data from faults that can be hard to gather. Hybrid fault diagnosis methods combining models and training data can take advantage of both approaches decreasing the amount of time needed for modeling and does not require data from faults. In this thesis work a combined data-driven and model-based fault diagnosis system has been developed and evaluated for the exhaust treatment system in a heavy-duty diesel engine truck. The diagnosis system combines physical insights and neural networks to detect and isolate faults for the exhaust treatment system. This diagnosis system is compared with another system developed during this thesis using only model-based methods. Experiments have been done by using data from a heavy-duty truck from Scania. The results show the effectiveness of both methods in an industrial setting. It is shown how model-based approaches can be used to improve diagnostic performance. The hybrid method is showed to be an efficient way of developing a diagnosis system. Some downsides are highlighted such as the performance of the system developed using data-driven and model-based methods depending on the quality of the training data. Future work regarding the modularity and transferability of the hybrid method can be done for further evaluation.

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Fuller, Andrew D. "A flow rate measurement system for a mobile emissions measurement system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1903.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 111 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91).

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Sherman, Jay Michael. "Inhalation exposure system for diesel exhaust particulates." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2844.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-112).

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4

Bernier, Bryan. "Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Gas Turbine Exhaust Diffuser with an Accompanying Exhaust Collection System." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5126.

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The effects of an industrial gas turbine's Exhaust Collector Box (ECB) geometry on static pressure recovery and total pressure loss were investigated in this study experimentally and computationally. This study aims to further understand how exit boundary conditions affect the performance of a diffuser system as well as the accuracy of industry standard computational models. A design of experiments approach was taken using a Box-Behnken design method for investigating three geometric parameters of the ECB. In this investigation, the exhaust diffuser remained constant through each test, with only the ECB being varied. A system performance analysis was conducted for each geometry using the total pressure loss and static pressure recovery from the diffuser inlet to the ECB exit. Velocity and total pressure profiles obtained with a hotwire anemometer and Kiel probe at the exit of the diffuser and at the exit of the ECB are also presented in this study. A total of 13 different ECB geometries are investigated at a Reynolds number of 60,000. Results obtained from these experimental tests are used to investigate the accuracy of a 3-dimensional RANS with realizable k-[epsilon] turbulence model from the commercial software package Star-CCM+. The study confirms the existence of strong counter-rotating helical vortices within the ECB which significantly affect the flow within the diffuser. Evidence of a strong recirculation zone within the ECB was found to force separation within the exhaust diffuser which imposed a circumferentially asymmetric pressure field at the inlet of the diffuser. Increasing the ECB width proved to decrease the magnitude of this effect, increasing the diffuser protrusion reduced this effect to a lesser degree. The combined effect of increasing the ECB Length and Width increased the expansion area ratio, proving to increase the system pressure recovery by as much as 19% over the nominal case. Additionally, the realizable k-[epsilon] turbulence model was able to accurately rank all 13 cases in order by performance; however the predicted magnitudes of the pressure recovery and total pressure loss were poor for the cases with strong vortices. For the large volume cases with weak vortices, the CFD was able to accurately represent the total pressure loss of the system within 5%.
M.S.M.E.
Masters
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering; Thermofluids

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Meyer, Eric Todd. "Evaluation of exhaust flowrate measurement techniques for a mobile emissions monitoring system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1855.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 89 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68).

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Shade, Benjamin C. "A performance evaluation of the MEMS an on-road emissions measurement system study /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1592.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 118 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-104).

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Tiwari, Aseem. "Design, development and qualification of Compact Mobile Emissions Measurement System (CMEMS) for real-time on-board emissions measurement." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4944.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 125 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-125).

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Cirillo, Emily D. "Development of a micro-dilution tunnel system for in-use, on-board heavy duty vehicle particulate matter emissions measurement." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2085.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 147 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-124).

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Riddle, Wesley C. "Design and evaluation of the emissions measurement components for a heavy-duty diesel powered vehicle mobile emissions measurement system (MEMS)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1939.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 167 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-130).

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10

Tober, M. Lyn. "Exhaust gas emissions from a prototype scrap tire incinerator/wastewater treatment plant sludge dryer." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08292008-063306/.

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Hitchen, David John. "A microwave plasma system for the treatment of vehicle exhaust emissions." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421033.

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Ravikumar, Aneesh. "Mechanical modelling of gaskets in exhaust after-treatment system of trucks." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik och hållfasthetslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168162.

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With the world proceeding towards a clean and sustainable environment,the creation of technology and its implementation also needs to be sustain-able. The importance of combustion engine vehicles to meet more stringentemission standards puts a requirement on the industry to develop suitableafter-treatment systems to meet those standards. It is a matter of quality,technical soundness and the brand reputation of Scania to ensure effectivetreatment of the exhaust gases before being emitted into the environment.Thus the components involved in the after-treatment system (also called si-lencer) need to be designed accordingly. The scope of this work deals withthe second stage of after-treatment systems called the Diesel Particulate Fil-ter Assembly. This assembly consists of a filter tube with a graphite gasketaround it resting against a support ring welded to the tube. The weld cre-ates a tube distortion that contributes to tolerance issues. This work dealswith developing robust and efficient simulation methodologies to predict thesealing performance of the gasket. Component tests were done to understandthe material behavior in compression, shear and tension. A friction test tostudy the tangential behavior was also performed. Using the test data, dif-ferent material models were developed to recreate the behavior of the gasket.Parameter optimization was used to optimize the material model for a hyper-elastic reduced polynomial model of degree 3 (or Yeoh model) to minimizethe error between the test curve and the predicted simulation curve.

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Walder, John. "Transient Flow Simulations in Exhaust After Treatment Systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168799.

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The exhaust after treatment system is responsible for removing particulates and contaminants from the exhaust gases. The flow entering the SCR, a catalyst utilizing ammonia to reduce NOx emissions, was studied. The quality and distribution of flow entering the SCR plays an important role in the efficiency of the systems. A CFD study was completed initially investigating the impact on solution accuracy of different modeling approaches with respect to pressure drop and flow uniformity entering SCRs. Next, multi-species simulations were completed to analyze different modeling approaches impact on ammonia distribution and flow rates through SCRs. RANS, URANS, and DES simulations were compared in both stages. An in depth analysis of the current methodology utilized at Scania to investigate pressure drop and velocity uniformity index concluded that there is minimal benefit in changing the current methodology. DDES and URANS simulations yielded results containing less than 2% difference when compared with the current methodology. Expanding the investigation to include ammonia mixing yielded interesting disparities between simulation methods with respect to multispecies flow characteristics. This difference was attributed to disparities between the initial mixing of ammonia within the domain. The RANS and URANS simulations contained a much larger dispersion of ammonia, accredited to an increased false diffusion. DDES simulations are very computationally costly but by following time reducing processes, DDES simulations could be used early in the design and analysis phase of exhaust after treatment systems to analyze ammonia distribution and mixing.

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Bush, Philip David. "Development of guidelines for exhaust system design from fundamental gas dynamics studies." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24271.

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This thesis details an experimental and computational investigation of the relationship between exhaust system geography, the exhaust port pressure history and the gas exchange process in reciprocating four-stroke engines. The study was conducted in four phases. In the first phase, an extensive experimental programme was undertaken, during which key engine performance indicators together with exhaust and intake system manifold pressure and temperature data were recorded on a Rover 1.4 litre 16-valve K series engine. Measured data from each test were used to validate computational predictions. In the second phase the effect of the phasing of pressure waves at the exhaust port was systematically studied using a modified version of the validated model. The relationships between key engine performance indicators and the pressure at the exhaust port during specific periods of the exhaust event were identified. In the third phase, exhaust system gas dynamics were studied and the effect of exhaust system junctions and components on the transmitted and reflected characteristics of pressure waves were investigated. A method was identified by which the dynamic pressure history at the exhaust port could be broken down into its principal incident and reflected pressure wave components.

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15

Soares, António César Galvão. "Fatigue life assessment of exhaust systems for naval gas turbines." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6919.

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Klingstedt, Fredrik. "Development of catalysts for exhaust after-treatment of natural gas powered vehicles and biofuel combustion /." Åbo : Åbo akademi university, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40124623b.

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Graff, Christopher Dominic. "System modeling, analysis, and optimization methodology for diesel exhaust after-treatment technologies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35681.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-155).
Developing new aftertreatment technologies to meet emission regulations for diesel engines is a growing problem for many automotive companies and suppliers. Balancing manufacturing cost, meeting emission performance, developing competitive engine power, reducing weight and operational costs are all tradeoffs that companies and operators have to resolve for new aftertreatment technologies. However, no single technology has been able to address the wide range of performance and cost objectives in this field. The traditional design philosophy of developing components, optimizing them for particular operation states, and then adding them together into a system may not yield the best solution to this complex problem. Manufacturers may not be able to offer the best balance of performance and cost developing systems in this manner. Two useful product development tools that can address this issue is Systems Architecture and multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO). This thesis develops and exercises a framework for modeling, designing, analyzing, and optimizing of complex diesel exhaust after-treatment systems.
(cont.) The methodology presented addresses the issue of complexity of systems and their components, and how to use systems architecture to develop a modeling technique that allows for flexibility in design, coding and analysis. The framework also addresses the analysis of exhaust system models, and utilizes multidisciplinary system design optimization to improve the design of exhaust systems. It also shows how using a system design and optimization methodology can yield better system designs than the more traditional design and development method that addresses only one technological component at a time. Two case studies are presented to validate the framework and methodology, and a set of design solutions for each case are found. A modeling and simulation tool was also developed for this thesis, and presented. The valuable information gleaned from this analysis can assist engineers and designers in identifying design directions and developing complete diesel emissions treatment solutions.
by Christopher Dominic Graff.
S.M.

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Thiruvengadam, Padmavathy Arvind. "Evaluation of exhaust after-treatment device effectiveness in reducing regulated and unregulated emissions from natural gas fueled heavy duty transit bus." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5744.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 146 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-121).

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Rosch, Sabine. "Sol-gel-derived Pd/ceria-alumina and Pd/terbia-ceria-alumina catalysts for treatment of automotive exhaust gases." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843783/.

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Using complexing-agent assisted sol-gel routes, mixed Pd/ceria-alumina and Pd/terbia-ceria-alumina catalysts were prepared. The materials have been characterised by means of ICP-MS, TEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, BET, TPR, TPO and TPD. Catalytic testing was carried out in a temperature programmed mode as well as isothermally, using synthetic exhaust gas mixtures with different air-to-fuel ratios. The obtained results were compared with those of traditionally impregnated Pd/ceria-alumina and PtRh/ceria-alumina. Evaluating the catalysts potential as three-way converters, it has been shown that as a result of the sol-gel preparation chosen, highly homogeneous materials were produced. These had (i) much higher oxygen storage potential (especially at low temperatures, T ≈ 400 - 500K), (ii) improved metal support interactions and (iii) lower CO and propane light-off temperatures (T50%(CO) ≈ 423K, T50%(C3H8) ≈ 593K for R ≥ 1). Under fuel-rich conditions an improved low temperature NO activity was shown for the ceria-containing materials. This was attributed to a ceria-mediated redox mechanism and an improved Pd-ceria interaction for these sol-gel-derived samples. The addition of terbia was found to promote the catalysts propane activity, especially under fuel-rich conditions. The application of the different catalysts as three-way converters has been discussed, with special emphasis on their potential during the cold-start period. In a further set of catalytic experiments, using less complex gas mixtures, a more comprehensive view of the detailed Pd chemistry involved in these new three-way catalysts was obtained.

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Krueger, Warren Allyn. "Plasma and neutral gas jet interactions in the exhaust of a magnetic confinement system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13665.

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González, García-Cervigón Maria Inmaculada. "Adsorption and oxidation of NO to NO2 over a renewable activated carbon from coconut." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13678.

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The NOx health and environmental problems make necessary to reduce this gaseous emission from different sources. Furthermore, its increase in the last years and the difficulties to remove it with after-treatment systems already in the market make more urgent the development of new techniques. The purpose of this investigation is to study the low temperature catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2 and its adsorption over a renewable activated carbon (AC) from coconut shell. The present research presents the results of experimental work carried out using a laboratory scale reactor to investigate the low temperature catalytic oxidation of NO. Activated carbon was housed in the reactor and tests were carried out with different reactor sizes, different activated carbon forms and shapes, different gas mixtures at different temperatures and different levels of humidity to simulate dry and wet particulate-free diesel engine exhaust gas. The effects of addition of ozone in the gas on the NO oxidation were also explored. Gas analysis upstream and downstream of the catalytic reactor was carried out in all cases during the charge and regeneration of the AC. An extensive literature review in conjunction with measurement of some properties of the activated carbon helped to understand better its characteristics and behaviour. The results of this study indicate that in the case of dry gas, the activated carbon initially acts as an adsorber and only after operation of several hours, the NO oxidation that takes place in the reactor results in increased NO2 levels in the product gas. The NO conversion is affected by the activated carbon form and reaction conditions including temperature, humidity, oxygen, NO, CO2 content in the inlet gas, temperature, space velocity, linear gas velocity, residence time, reactor shape, AC pretreatment and lifespan. Water vapour has a detrimental effect on the conversion of NO to NO2 before the AC reaches the steady-state conditions. On the other hand, ozone is effective in converting NO to NO2 at room temperature. This research has developed some findings not studied or reported by other researches before and confirms and/or complements results reported in the literature review by other groups, which will benefit the development of a renewable after-treatment system of NOx emissions.

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Wijewardane, M. Anusha. "Exhaust system energy management of internal combustion engines." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9829.

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Today, the investigation of fuel economy improvements in internal combustion engines (ICEs) has become the most significant research interest among the automobile manufacturers and researchers. The scarcity of natural resources, progressively increasing oil prices, carbon dioxide taxation and stringent emission regulations all make fuel economy research relevant and compelling. The enhancement of engine performance solely using incylinder techniques is proving increasingly difficult and as a consequence the concept of exhaust energy recovery has emerged as an area of considerable interest. Three main energy recovery systems have been identified that are at various stages of investigation. Vapour power bottoming cycles and turbo-compounding devices have already been applied in commercially available marine engines and automobiles. Although the fuel economy benefits are substantial, system design implications have limited their adaptation due to the additional components and the complexity of the resulting system. In this context, thermo-electric (TE) generation systems, though still in their infancy for vehicle applications have been identified as attractive, promising and solid state candidates of low complexity. The performance of these devices is limited to the relative infancy of materials investigations and module architectures. There is great potential to be explored. The initial modelling work reported in this study shows that with current materials and construction technology, thermo-electric devices could be produced to displace the alternator of the light duty vehicles, providing the fuel economy benefits of 3.9%-4.7% for passenger cars and 7.4% for passenger buses. More efficient thermo-electric materials could increase the fuel economy significantly resulting in a substantially improved business case. The dynamic behaviour of the thermo-electric generator (TEG) applied in both, main exhaust gas stream and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) path of light duty and heavy duty engines were studied through a series of experimental and modelling programs. The analyses of the thermo-electric generation systems have highlighted the need for advanced heat exchanger design as well as the improved materials to enhance the performance of these systems. These research requirements led to the need for a systems evaluation technique typified by hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing method to evaluate heat exchange and materials options. HIL methods have been used during this study to estimate both the output power and the exhaust back pressure created by the device. The work has established the feasibility of a new approach to heat exchange devices for thermo-electric systems. Based on design projections and the predicted performance of new materials, the potential to match the performance of established heat recovery methods has been demonstrated.

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Dudar, Stephen W. "Preliminary design study of an enhanced mixing eductor system for the LHA (R) gas turbine exhaust." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FDudar.pdf.

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Larsen, Julie Melissa. "Measuring dinitrogen gas emissions from a lagoon treatment system." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-01052004-223912/.

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A method for collecting dinitrogen gas emissions from open pond waste treatment systems was developed. The method was critically tested in a laboratory for sources of air contamination to ensure reliable gas measurements. A laboratory experiment was done to estimate the rate at which dissolved dinitrogen would be stripped out of solution due to non-dinitrogen bubbles rising through the water column. A volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the process was estimated for clean water. The gas collection method was implemented in a partially aerated lagoon treatment system for dinitrogen and methane gas sampling. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient found in the laboratory for clean water was adjusted to compensate for field gas production rates, temperatures and wastewater quality to estimate the rate of stripped dinitrogen from the partially aerated lagoon. The estimated rate of stripped dinitrogen was subtracted from the total measured dinitrogen flux to estimate the dinitrogen produced biologically. Results from laboratory testing revealed that dinitrogen can be measured with low amounts of dinitrogen atmospheric contamination (0.57% N₂) and the preliminary field results suggest that biological denitrification did occur at this lagoon treatment system.

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Rankin, Bret A. "Design and development of a microwave enhanced diesel soot oxidation system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1058.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 347 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-276).

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Ismail, Basel Ismail A. "The heat transfer and the soot deposition characteristics in diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation system cooling devices /." *McMaster only, 2004.

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Honer, Badi M. Nazhat Dana. "Developing a water treatment system for Subsea Gas processing plant." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16991.

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The petroleum industry is currently moving to meet the ever-rising demand for oil and gas production. As onshore fields become depleted and decline in production, exploration and production companies have started venturing further offshore. To support this activity, there is need for new subsea production technologies to develop deepwater and ultra deepwater fields.Woodside Hydrocarbon Research Facility (WHRF) at Curtin University of Technology is working on natural gas dehydration processing using gas hydrate technology. Through the studies, a novel gas dehydration process has been developed and now proposed for subsea application. Natural gas dehydration processes generate both a treated dry gas stream and a waste stream of condensate consisting of both hydrocarbons and water. This condensate can be reinjected to the reservoir formation but this is not always economic or practical. Availability of an alternative means of treatment and disposal of the condensate would be advantageous. This study aims to investigate and to provide a basis for the design of such an alternative scheme by constructing a floating separator for the treatment and disposal of waste condensate from subsea dehydration stage.A model was developed to simulate the process of evaporation of condensate from the proposed floating separator. The calculations were performed taken into account zero wind speed and an ambient temperature around 34 C. The simulation results showed that condensate skimming time was found to be 15 days for flowrate (Qin) of 100 bbd associated with specific separator diameter and total height dimensions. By considering the ratio of diameter to total height of 2.5, the floating separator was designed to enhance the evaporation rate and to get overall structure stability due to the mechanical restrictions that might be encountered in the sea.

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Besch, Marc Cyrill. "In-line, Real-time Particulate Matter Sensors for OBD and Exhaust After-treatment System Control Applications." Thesis, West Virginia University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10110090.

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The ability to quantify particle mass and number concentrations in the exhaust stream of combustion engines during in-use operation is of critical importance for continuously monitoring and diagnosing the particulate matter removal efficiency of modern exhaust gas after-treatment systems. Extensive literature survey suggested a sensor operating on the diffusion-charging principle being optimally suited for particle measurements due to their proportional response towards particle surface area. This study was designed to determine and assess the possibility of quantifying particle emissions during on-road measurements using a prototype diffusion-charging type sensor. Such a sensor would not only allow for continuous monitoring capabilities of the exhaust particulate filters integrity, but moreover provide for a simplified tool to assess real-world particle number emissions to verify in-use emissions compliance of engines.

Evaluation of the sensor followed a three tier process, starting with fundamental sensor response analysis using a particle generator in order to develop and parameterize the underlying physical phenomena of the measurement principle. Next, examine the sensor in engine dynamometer experiments under controlled environment, and sampling from test vehicles during chassis dynamometer testing aimed at real-world like test conditions. Finally, the sensor was installed on vehicles while operated on the road over diverse driving conditions. This allowed for comparison to laboratory-grade measurement systems and the standard regulatory gravimetric particulate matter measurement method. The diffusion-charging type sensor employed in this study was observed to exhibit a response proportional to particle size D_p^1.09 and a measurement variability below 2% over consecutive tests. The sensor’s sensitivity allowed for distinguishing between Diesel particulate filter efficiencies due to soot cake layer build-up on the substrate walls. In summary, the study concluded that the diffusion-charging type sensor provided a viable method to quantify in-use particle number emissions.

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Allam, Sabry. "Acoustic modelling and testing of advanced exhaust system components for automotive engines." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49.

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The increased use of the diesel engine in the passenger car, truck and bus market is due to high efficiency and lower fuel costs. This growing market share has brought with it several environmental issues for instance soot particle emission. Different technologies to remove the soot have been developed and are normally based on some kind of soot trap. In particular for automobiles the use of diesel particulate traps or filters (DPF:s) based on ceramic monolithic honeycombs are becoming a standard. This new exhaust system component will affect the acoustics and also work as a muffler. To properly design exhaust systems acoustic models for diesel particulate traps are needed. The first part of this thesis considers the modelling of sound transmission and attenuation for traps that consist of narrow channels separated by porous walls. This work has resulted in two new models an approximate 1-D model and a more complete model based on the governing equations for a visco-thermal fluid. Both models are expressed as acoustic 2-ports which makes them suitable for implementation in acoustic software for exhaust systems analysis. The models have been validated by experiments on clean filters at room temperature with flow and the agreement is good. In addition the developed filter models have been used to set up a model for a complete After Treatment Device (ATD) for a passenger car. The unit consisted of a chamber which contained both a diesel trap and a Catalytic Converter (CC). This complete model was also validated by experiments at room temperature. The second part of the thesis focuses on experimental techniques for plane wave decomposition in ducts with flow. Measurements in ducts with flow are difficult since flow noise (turbulence) can strongly influence the data. The difficulties are also evident from the lack of good published in-duct measurement data, e.g., muffler transmission loss data, for Mach-numbers above 0.1-0.2. The first paper in this part of the thesis investigates the effect of different microphone mountings and signal processing techniques for suppressing flow noise. The second paper investigates in particular flow noise suppression techniques in connection with the measurement of acoustic 2-ports. Finally, the third paper suggests a general wave decomposition procedure using microphone arrays and over-determination. This procedure can be used to determine the full plane wave data, e.g., the wave amplitudes and complex wave numbers k+ and k-. The new procedure has been applied to accurately measure the sound radiation from an unflanged pipe with flow. This problem is of interest for correctly determining the radiated power from an engine exhaust outlet. The measured data for the reflection coefficient and end correction have been compared with the theory of Munt [33] and the agreement is excellent. The measurements also produced data for the damping value (imaginary part of the wavenumber) which were compared to a model suggested by Howe [13]. The agreement is good for a normalized boundary layer thickness less than 30-40

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Kalina, Brian James. "Numerical study of effects of high exhaust gas recirculation and energy recovery system on diesel engine performance." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468098.

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Ames, Robin W. "Analysis of a 2007 EPA compliant diesel particulate matter sampling system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5245.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 133 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95).

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Lotun, Devprakash. "Design and evaluation through simulation and experimental apparatus of a small scale waste heat recovery system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52179.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Realisation of the depletable nature of fossil fuel has increased the need for its optimal use. Increasing global pressure to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and other harmful gases that affect the chemical cycles or destroy the greenhouse gases in the tropospheric ozone, has attracted a increased worldwide concern. Waste heat recovery devices have been around for more than 50 years and researches and scientists have been very much involved in identifying the correct type of systems to meet the requireme?ts of industries and mankind more efficiently. Waste heat can be identified in the form of unburned but combustible fuel, sensible heat discharges in drain water, and latent and sensible heat discharge in exhaust gases. In this project the feasibility of a small scale waste heat recovery system has been investigated. Sets of preliminary investigations were performed to evaluate the amount of waste heat that can be extracted from the exhaust gases of typical diesel powered truck engines. A waste heat recovery unit was designed, implemented and evaluated through simulation and experimental investigations. Preliminary calculations were performed usmg the readings presented by Koorts (1998) for a typical 6-litre diesel engine. The calculations showed that it is possible to extract about 77kW of waste heat from the exhaust gases from such an engine. A simple Rankine cycle was then investigated to be operated on the waste heat recovered. The optimal parameters for such a Rankine cycle was determined using a spreadsheet program and was found to be an optimal pressure of 800kPa with a temperature of 227.2°C and a water mass flow rate of 0.0015kgls as the working fluid. For such a Rankine cycle, based on the efficiencies of commercially available pumps, turbines and heat exchangers it was found that it is possible to extract 2782kW of power per unit mass flow rate of water. The next stage of the project was designing and implementing an exhaust gas pipe network from the engine test cells at the Centre for Automotive Engineering (CAE) located on the ground floor to the Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL) at the first floor. This pipe network was equipped with a valve system that can be operated from the ESL and allows the selection of the route of the exhaust gases and two bellows to compensate for thermal expansion. A continuous combustion unit was also linked to the exhaust gas supply pipes as an alternative source of exhaust gases. The waste heat exchanger designed and selected was purchased and linked into the exhaust gas stream after calibration tests were carried out on the same in the wind tunnel. The water supply and a steam separator were then connected to the waste heat exchanger. In the final experimental stage of the project, two sets of tests were carried out. The first set of tests was performed using exhaust gases from the continuous combustion unit and the second using exhaust gases from the internal combustion engines in CAE. Superheated steam was obtained in both cases indicating the possibility of operating a turbine with the dry steam generated. With exhaust gases originating from the continuous combustion unit, an air fuel ratio of9.14:1 was used and exhaust gases at a temperature of 540°C were obtained with an air inflow of 1400kglh and a fuel consumption rate of7.11 kg/h. The exhaust gases degraded to 360°C at the waste heat recovery inlet due to losses through the bare pipes. 11.12kW of energy was extracted from the exhaust gases to the water stream with an efficiency of 98%. With the exhaust gases from the 10-litre diesel internal combustion engine, an exhaust gas flow rate of O.22kgls was used and with a heat transfer efficiency of 89%, 18.5kW of power was extracted at the waste heat recovery unit. This represents a 4.9% of the thermal content of the fuel used. A rate of energy production balance on the internal combustion engine showed that 34% is lost in exhaust gases and 29% in coolant and other losses while only 37% is used produced as shaft power. The results obtained therefore show that there is ample room for further investigation for the use afwaste heat in exhaust gases of typical diesel engines. It can therefore be concluded that the aims of the project that were to set up a testing facility and an exhaust gas pipe network and evaluation of a small scale waste heat recovery apparatus were achieved. The tests performed can still be optimised with more waste heat removal from the exhaust gases of typical diesel truck engines and hence better recovery of waste heat and a reduction of fuel consumption.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die besef van die kwynende beskikbaarheid van fosielbrandstof het die behoefte vir die optimale benutting van die brandstof toegeneem. Toenemende globale druk om die emissies van groenhuis gasse en ander gevaarlike gasse wat chemiese siklusse beïnvloed in die troposfeer te verrniner, geniet wêreldwye aandag. Oorskotenergie-toestelle is alreeds beskikbaar die afgelope 50 jaar en navorsers en wetenskaplikes was tot op hede betrokke met die identifisering van die korrekte tipe sisteme om meer effektief aan die industrie en samelewing se behoeftes te voldoen. Oorskotenergie bestaan uit onder andere onverbrande maar brandbare brandstof, voelbare warmte in dreinwater, en latente en voelbare warmte in uitlaatgasse. In hierdie projek word die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n kleinskaal oorskotenergie herwinningsisteem ondersoek. Voorlopige ondersoeke was gedoen om die hoeveelheid oorskotenergie te bepaal wat herwin kan word uit die uitlaatgasse van 'n tipiese 6 liter vragmotor dieselenjin. 'n oorskotenergie herwinningseenheid was ontwerp, geïmplimenteer en ge-evalueer deur similasies en eksperimentele ondersoeke. Voorlopige berekeninge was uitgevoer op data wat deur Koorts (1998) saamgestel is vir 'n tipiese vragmotor dieselenjin. Die berekeninge toon dat dit moontlik is om ongeveer 77kW oorskotenergie van die uitlaatgasse van so enjin te onttrek. Die moontlikheid was toe ondersoek om die herwinne energie te gebruik om 'n eenvoudige Rankine siklus aan te dryf. Die optimale parameters vir die Rankine siklus was bereken deur van 'n sigblad program gebruik te maak en dit was gevind dat die optimale druk is 800kPa, die optimale temperatuur is 227.2°C teen 'n water massa vloeitempo van 0.0015kg/s. Vir so 'n Rankine siklus, gebaseer op die effektiwiteit van kommersiële beskikbare pompe, turbines en warmteruilers, was dit gevind dat dit moontlik is om 2782kW drywing per eenheidsmassa vloeitempo van water, te onttrek. Die volgende stadium van die projek was die ontwerp en implimentering van 'n uitlaatgas pypnetwerk vanaf die toetsselle van die Centre for Automotive Engineering (CAE) op die grondvloer na die Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL) op die eerste vloer. Die pypnetwerk was toegerus gewees met 'n kleptstelsel wat vanaf ESL bedryf kan word en wat dit moontlik maak om die roete van die uitlaatgasse te beheer. Twee samedrukbare koppelstukke was ook ingesluit in die lang reguit pypseksie om vir termiese uitsetting te kompenseer. 'n Aaneenlopende verbrandingseenheid was ook gekoppel met die uitlaatgasse toevoerpype as 'n alternatiewe bron van uitlaatgasse. Die oorskotenergie warmteruiier wat ontwerp en geselekteer was, was aangekoop en opgekoppel met die uitlaatgas-stroom nadat kalibrasie toetse op die warmteruiier gedoen was in 'n windtonnel. Die watertoevoer en 'n stoomskeier was gekoppel aan die oorskotenergie warmteruiler. Twee toetse was uitgevoer in die finale eksperimentele stadium van die projek. Die eerste stel toetse was uitgevoer deur gebruik te maak van die uitlaatgasse van die aaneenlopende verbrandingseenheid en met die tweede toets is van die uitlaatgasse van die interne verbrandingsenjins van CAE gebruik gemaak. Oorverhitte stoom was verkry in beide gevalle en wys dus dat daar 'n moontlikheid is om 'n turbine met droë stoom aan te dryf. 'n Lug tot brandstof verhouding van 9.14 : 1 was gebruik gewees in die aaneenlopende verbrandingseenheid om uitlaatgasse te verskaf teen 540°C. Die massavloeitempo van die lug was 1400kg/h en die brandstof 7.11kg/h. Die uitlaatgasse se temperatuur het afgeneem tot 360°C tot voor die oorskotenergie herwinningseenheid as gevolg van hitteverliese vanaf die ongeïsoleerde pypnetwerk. 11.12kW energy was onttrek vanaf die uitlaatgasse en oorgedra aan die waterstroom met 'n effektiwiteit van 98%. Die 10 liter diesel interne verbrandingsenjin het uitlaatgas gelewer met 'n massa vloeitempo van O.22kg/s. 18.5kW energie was herwin gewees met 'n effektiwiteit van 89%. Dit verteenwoording 4.9% van die termiese inhoud van die brandstof gebruik. 'n Energie balans op die interne verbrandingsenjin het getoon dat 34% energie gaan verlore in die uitlaatgasse, 29% word aan die verkoelingsmiddeloorgedra en 37% is bruikbare meganiese drywing. Die resultate wat verkry is, wys daarop dat daar nog groot ruimte is vir verdere ondersoeke in die gebruik van oorskotenergie in uitlaatgasse van tipiese vragmotor dieselenjins. Die gevolgtrekking kan dus gemaak word dat die doelwitte van die projek naamlik die opstel van 'n toetsfasiliteit, installering van 'n uitlaatgasse pypnetwerk en die toets van a kleinskaalse oorskotenergie herwinningseenheid, bereik was. Die toetse wat uitgevoer was kan nog ge-optimeer word om meer energie te herwin vanaf die uitlaatgasse van 'n tipiese vragmotor dieselenjin om sodoende beter brandstofverbruik te bewerkstellig.

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Kvarned, Anders. "PILCs for trapping phosphorus in a heavy duty engine exhaust system : An experimental evaluation of the phosphorus sorption capability of different clay materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307356.

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In order to fulfil the requirements in the EURO VI standard, regulating emissions from heavy duty vehicles, the exhaust aftertreatment system needs to maintain its efficiency for at least seven years or 700 000 km. In diesel applications the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is located closest to the engine and is thus the most vulnerable to poisoning contaminants, such as phosphorus originating from fuel and oil additives, which deactivates the catalyst. An idea to reduce the impact from phosphorus impurities (recently patented by Scania CV) is to place a low-cost sacrificial substrate, consisting of one or more pillared clay mineral (PILC) with high affinity for phosphorus, upstream the aftertreatment system in order to protect and thus increase the lifetime of the catalytic components which contain platinum group metals. In this work one commercially available and four custom made PILCs, comprising of two conventional type PILCs and two of the type porous clay heterostructures (PCH), were evaluated. The PILCs were exposed to a phosphorus-containing gaseous mixture using a lab-scale experimental setup in order to determine their phosphorus sorption potential. The PILC materials exhibit potential to function as sacrificial substrates for phosphorus in the intended application. It was indicated to be a correlation between increasing iron content (wt%) and increasing phosphorus sorption capability. The most promising material was the custom made Al,Fe-pillared saponite, which was up to twice as effective in trapping phosphorus as the DOC. The commercial sample, the Al-pillared montmorillonite, was only about as efficient as the DOC.

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Eggert, Derek Anderson. "Constructed wetland treatment system an approach for mitigating risks of flue gas desulfurization waters /." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1249066367/.

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CAI, ZHANGLI. "INTEGRATED CYCLIC ADSORPTION/DESORPTION BEDS AND BIOFILTRATION SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF WASTE GAS STREAMS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1172083171.

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Talley, Mary Katherine. "Analysis of a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system for flue gas desulfurization wastewater." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15070.

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Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Stacy L. Hutchinson
Coal-fired generation accounts for 45% of the United States electricity and generates harmful emissions, such as sulfur dioxide. With the implementation of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems, sulfur dioxide is removed as an air pollutant and becomes a water pollutant. Basic physical/chemical wastewater treatment can be used to treat FGD wastewater, but increased regulations of effluent water quality have created a need for better, more economical wastewater treatment systems, such as constructed wetlands. At Jeffrey Energy Center, north of St. Mary’s, KS, a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system (CWTS) was implemented to treat FGD wastewater before releasing the effluent into the Kansas River. The objectives of this study were to 1.) determine if a portable water quality meter could be used to assess water quality and track pollutant concentrations, 2.) develop a water balance of the CTWS, 3.) generate a water use coefficient for the CWTS, and 4.) create a mass balance on the pollutants of concern. Water quality measurements were taken with a HORIBA U-50 Series Multi Water Quality Checker and compared to analytical water tests provided by Continental Analytic Services, Inc. (CAS) (Salina, KS). The water balance was created by comparing inflows and outflows of data determined through flow meters and a Vantage Pro2™ weather station. Information from the on-site weather station was also used to compute the system water use coefficient. Water sampling was conducted from date to date at 10 locations within the CWTS. In general, there was little to no relationship between the HORIBA water quality measurements and the analytical water tests. Therefore, it was recommended that JEC continue to send water samples on a regular basis to an analytical testing laboratory to assess the CWTS function and track pollutants of concern. Because the water balance was conducted during system initiation, there was a great deal of fluctuation due to problems with the pumping system, issues with the upstream FGD treatment system, extreme weather events, and immature vegetation. This fluctuation resulted in the system having a non-steady state operation, which weakened the ability to calculate a system water use coefficient. However, during periods of strong system function, the water use coefficient was similar to previous studies with maximum water use being approximately equal to the reference evapotranspiration. The results of the mass balance indicated high removals mercury, selenium, and fluoride, but low removals of boron, manganese, chloride, and sulfate were exported from the CWTS.

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Elmqvist-Möller, Christel. "1-D simulation of turbocharged SI engines : focusing on a new gas exchange system and knock prediction." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Machine Design (Div.), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4218.

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This licentiate thesis concerns one dimensional flow simulation of turbocharged spark ignited engines. The objective has been to contribute to the improvement of turbocharged SI engines’ performance as well as 1 D simulation capabilities.

Turbocharged engines suffer from poor gas exchange due to the high exhaust pressure created by the turbine. This results in power loss as well as high levels of residual gas, which makes the engine more prone to knock.

This thesis presents an alternative gas exchange concept, with the aim of removing the high exhaust pressure during the critical periods. This is done by splitting the two exhaust ports into two separate exhaust manifolds.

The alternative gas exchange study was performed by measurements as well as 1-D simulations. The link between measurements and simulations is very strong, and will be discussed in this thesis.

As mentioned, turbocharged engines are prone to knock. Hence, finding a method to model knock in 1-D engine simulations would improve the simulation capabilities. In this thesis a 0-D knock model, coupled to the 1-D engine model, is presented

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Pandit, Jaideep. "Numerical and Experimental Design of High Performance Heat Exchanger System for A Thermoelectric Power Generator for Implementation in Automobile Exhaust Gas Waste Heat Recovery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47919.

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The effects of greenhouse gases have seen a significant rise in recent years due to the use of fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel. Conversion of the energy stored in these fossil fuels to mechanical work is an extremely inefficient process which results in a high amount of energy rejected in the form of waste heat. Thermoelectric materials are able to harness this waste heat energy and convert it to electrical power. Thermoelectric devices work on the principle of the Seebeck effect, which states that if two junctions of dissimilar materials are at different temperatures, an electrical potential is developed across them. Even though these devices have small efficiencies, they are still an extremely effective way of converting low grade waste heat to usable electrical power. These devices have the added advantage of having no moving parts (solid state) which contributes to a long life of the device without needing much maintenance. The performance of thermoelectric generators is dependent on a non-dimensional figure of merit, ZT. Extensive research, both past and ongoing, is focused on improving the thermoelectric generator's (TEG's) performance by improving this figure of merit, ZT, by way of controlling the material properties. This research is usually incremental and the high performance materials developed can be cost prohibitive. The focus of this study has been to improve the performance of thermoelectric generator by way of improving the heat transfer from the exhaust gases to the TEG and also the heat transfer from TEG to the coolant. Apart from the figure of merit ZT, the performance of the TEG is also a function of the temperature difference across it, By improving the heat transfer between the TEG and the working fluid, a higher temperature gradient can be achieved across it, resulting in higher heat flux and improved efficiency from the system. This area has been largely neglected as a source of improvement in past research and has immense potential to be a low cost performance enhancer in such systems. Improvements made through this avenue, also have the advantage of being applicable regardless of the material in the system. Thus these high performance heat exchangers can be coupled with high performance materials to supplement the gains made by improved figure of merits. The heat exchanger designs developed and studied in this work have taken into account several considerations, like pressure drop, varying engine speeds, location of the system along the fuel path, system stability etc. A comprehensive treatment is presented here which includes 3D conjugate heat transfer modeling with RANS based turbulence models on such a system. Various heat transfer enhancement features are implemented in the system and studied numerically as well as experimentally. The entire system is also studied experimentally in a scaled down setup which provided data for validation of numerical studies. With the help of measured and calculated data like temperature, ZT etc, predictions are also presented about key metrics of system performance.
Ph. D.

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Pavlas, David. "Výzkum účinnosti zesíleného odsávacího systému v kombinaci s pracovním stolem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228036.

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Proposed diploma work provides capture efficiency measurements of generated pollution captured by reinforced slot exhaust system in modification with work bench using tracer gas method. There are shown results of capture efficiency for traditional exhausting (no radial air added) and reinforced exhausting (using radial air supply effect) in this work. This study also conatins the comparison and discusion of obtained measurement results with measurement errors and uncertainties.

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Dang, Xuan Hien, Thi Van Anh Nguyen, Duc Toan Nguyen, and Thanh Son Dang. "Numerical model for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment systems in Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33073.

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At present, it is difficult and costly to measure directly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the wastewater treatment system. Application of model will reduce measurement cost and quickly obtain the forecast data set of GHG emissions. This study developed a mathematical model for both steady and dynamic states to calculate GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment systems for industrial paper processing. These models are constructed based on mass balance equations of species, including substrate balance equations, biomass balance equations for reactors of treatment systems, stoichiometric coefficiences of species in biochemical reactions and biological processes. The obtained equations were solved based on algorithm of Runge-Kutta and the model was programmed by MATLAB. Results of applying the model to calculate GHG emissions from the paper industrial wastewater treatment system at Bai Bang and Tan Mai plants are as follows: total GHG emissions and emission factor are 3,070.3 kgCO2-eq/day, 0.38 kgCO2- eq/m3, respectively for Bai Bang plant (8,000 m3/day) and 7,413.6 kgCO2-eq/day, 0.74 kgCO2- eq/m3, respectively for Tan Mai plant (10,000 m3/day). The research evaluated a number of influencing factors, such as temperature, flow rate of influent, and substrate concentrations, to GHG emissions at the Tan Mai paper plant.
Hiện nay, việc đo đạc trực tiếp phát thải khí nhà kính (KNK) từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải còn khó khăn và tốn kém. Việc áp dụng mô hình sẽ giảm được chi phí đo đạc và nhanh chóng có được bộ số liệu dự báo một cách tương đối về phát thải KNK. Nghiên cứu đã thiết lập được mô hình toán ở trạng thái ổn định và trạng thái không ổn định để tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính (CO2, CH4, N2O) từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sản xuất giấy. Các mô hình này dựa trên các phương trình cân bằng chất của các cấu tử bao gồm các phương trình cân bằng cơ chất, các phương trình cân bằng sinh khối trong các bể phản ứng và các hệ số tỷ lượng của các chất tham gia các phản ứng sinh hóa. Các phương trình được giải bằng thuật toán Runge-Kutta và mô hình được lập trình trên ngôn ngữ MATLAB. Mô hình được áp dụng tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải tại nhà máy giấy Bãi Bằng và nhà máy giấy Tân Mai, được kết quả như sau: tổng phát thải khí nhà kính (KNK) và hệ số phát thải là 3.070,3 kg CO2-tđ/ngày, 0,38 kg CO2-tđ/m3 tại Nhà máy giấy Bãi Bằng (8.000 m3/ngày) và 7.413,6 kg CO2-tđ/ngày, 0,74 kg CO2-tđ/m3 nhà máy giấy Tân Mai (10.000 m3/ngày). Nghiên cứu đã đánh giá được một số các yếu tố ảnh hưởng như nhiệt độ, lưu lượng nước thải và nồng độ cơ chất dòng vào đến sự phát thải KNK tại nhà máy giấy Tân Mai.

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Cremer, Miriam, Proma Paul, Katie Bergman, Michael Haas, Mauricio Maza, Albert Zevallos, Miguel Ossandon, Jillian D. Garai, and Jennifer L. Winkler. "A Non-Gas-Based Cryotherapy System for the Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Mixed-Methods Approach for Initial Development and Testing." US AGENCY INT DEVELOPMENT-USAID, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624357.

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Background: Gas-based cryotherapy is the most widely used treatment strategy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in low-resource settings, but reliance on gas presents challenges in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our team adapted the original CryoPen Cryosurgical System, a cryotherapy device that does not require compressed gas and is powered by electricity, for use in LMICs. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, we used a user-centered design approach to identify priority features of the adapted device. U.S.-based and global potential users of the adapted CryoPen participated in discussion groups and a card sorting activity to rank 7 features of the adapted CryoPen: cost, durability, efficacy and safety, maintenance, no need for electricity, patient throughput, and portability. Mean and median rankings, overall rankings, and summary rankings by discussion group were generated. In addition, results of several quantitative tests were analyzed including bench testing to determine tip temperature and heat extraction capabilities; a pathology review of CIN grade 3 cases (N=107) to determine target depth of necrosis needed to achieve high efficacy; and a pilot study (N=5) investigating depth of necrosis achieved with the adapted device to assess efficacy. Results: Discussion groups revealed 4 priority themes for device development in addition to the need to ensure high efficacy and safety and low cost: improved portability, durability, ease of use, and potential for cure. Adaptions to the original CryoPen system included a single-core, single-tip model; rugged carrying case; custom circuit to allow car battery charging; and sterilization by high-level disinfection. In bench testing, there were no significant differences in tip temperature or heat extraction capability between the adapted CryoPen and the standard cryotherapy device. In 80% of the cases in the pilot study, the adapted CryoPen achieved the target depth of necrosis 3.5 mm established in the pathology review. Conclusion: The LMIC-adapted CryoPen overcomes barriers to standard gas-based cryotherapy by eliminating dependency on gas, increasing portability, and ensuring consistent freeze temperatures. Further testing and evaluation of the adapted CryoPen will be pursued to assess scalability and potential impact of this device in decreasing the cervical cancer burden in LMICs.

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Reygadas, Robles Gil Fermin. "User Compliance, Field Efficacy, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of an Ultraviolet Water Disinfection System and other Drinking Water Treatment Alternatives for Rural Households in Mexico." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3685996.

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Many households in developing countries rely on contaminated and untreated drinking water sources, contributing to gastrointestinal illness and other health risks. Even piped water quality is often unreliable because of poorly-maintained treatment or distribution systems. Household water treatment (HWT) systems aim to enable users to treat their water at the point of use, making it safe to drink. While some HWT options have been successful in improving health in developing countries, low adoption and sustained use outside pilot projects and epidemiological trials remains one of the current challenges with this approach. Furthermore, Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment models predict that the health benefits from water quality interventions drop significantly with even occasional consumption of contaminated water. Therefore, to be effective, HWT options need to achieve high user compliance rates and provide safe water reliably.

I begin my thesis with an interdisciplinary analysis of the field of water, health, and development, followed by a description of my research study site. Using an interdisciplinary research approach, grounded in the local context, I led the development of an ultraviolet (UV) water disinfection system for rural households. This included an iterative process of design and field tests to create a user-friendly system and laboratory research to improve the performance of the technology. I also collaborated with a non-profit organization based in Mexico in the design of an implementation program to support the adoption and consistent use of the UV system.

Then I present the design and application of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial in rural Mexico to evaluate compliance with the implementation program and field efficacy of the UV system. I developed a framework that disaggregates and measures the components of compliance from initial adoption of a safe water practice to exclusive consumption of safe water. I applied this framework to measure compliance across intervention and control groups and to test if additional program components that improve convenience to users can be a cost-effective approach to increase compliance. I present evidence that the implementation program significantly improved compliance with the habit of consuming safe water, when compared to the practice of purchasing water bottled in reusable 20 L containers in the control group. The additional program components proved to be a cost-effective strategy to increase compliance immediately post-intervention, but their impact degraded with time. By analyzing results across different compliance components, I find limitations of the current HWT approach. I present the rational for pilot testing strategies outside the current HWT paradigm, such as expanding a narrow focus on drinking water to making all domestic water safe to drink or switching from a product-based to a service delivery model.

As a second component of the randomized trial, I present a series of controlled comparisons to evaluate the field efficacy of the UV system using E. coli as a fecal contamination indicator in drinking water. I use an as-treated-analysis to isolate the impact of the system and contrast these results with an impact evaluation of the implementation program led by a research colleague. I also created a drinking water reliability framework to compare potential contamination impacts from different household water management practices and a logistic regression model to assess household risk factors for post-UV-treatment contamination. I show that treating water with the UV system and storing it in 20 L narrow-necked containers, allowed households to significantly improve their drinking water quality and gain access to a more reliable source of safe water.

In the final chapter I investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the use of HWT technologies in Mexico. I do that by carrying out a literature review of existing studies assessing energy use of water treatment technologies; using secondary data to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) capturing the embedded CO₂ equivalent emissions of individual HWT products; and developing model to calculate a metric of GHG emissions per volume of water used representative of the HWT sector in Mexico. Filtration, ozone, and UV disinfection technologies resulted in similar LCA emissions, while reverse osmosis had emissions five times higher than the average of the rest. I also find GHG emissions of HWT to be 30 times lower than water bottled in 20 L reusable containers. In a context in which mortgage institutions have created green credit mechanisms, this result is useful for expanding financing options for HWT products, which are often more cost-effective than bottled water, but require a higher capital investment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Galkaduwa, Madhubhashini Buddhika. "Mechanistic understanding of fate and transport of selenium, arsenic, and sulfur in a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system designed for flue-gas desulfurization wastewater." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20574.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agronomy
Ganga M. Hettiarachchi
Constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTSs) are an alternative adaptation for flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater purification. A series of laboratory-based soil column studies mimicking a pilot-scale CWTS was carried out to evaluate the performance of the treatment system in detail. The main objectives of studies were to (1) understand the transport characteristics, retention capacity and transformation of selenium and other FGD constituents in the CWTS, (2) evaluate the effectiveness of soil treatments and influent flow rate on the performance of the CWTS, and (3) develop a mechanistic understanding of the CWTS performance through monitoring interrelationships of selenium (Se), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and sulfur (S). Ferrihydrite (1% w/w), and labile organic carbon (OC) were used as soil treatments. Different influent flow rates, X (1.42 mL/hour), 2X, or 1/2X were used depending on the objectives of each study. Deoxygenated 1:1 mixture of FGD: raw water was the influent. It was delivered to the saturated columns with an upward flow. Effluent samples were collected continuously, and analyzed for constituents of concern. End of these experiments, soil from sectioned columns were used for total elemental analysis, sequential extraction procedure (SEP) for Se, and synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy analyses. Results indicated a complete Se retention by the columns. Boron, and fluorine partially retained whereas sodium, sulfur, and chlorine retention was weak, agreeing with field observations. Some of the initially-retained Se (~ 4 to 5%) was mobilized by changing redox conditions in the soil. Selenium fed with the wastewater accumulated in the bottom 1/3 (inlet) of the soil columns and was mainly sequestrated as stable forms revealed by SEP. Bulk-, and micro-XANES analyses suggested the retention mechanism of Se from the FGD wastewater was via the transformation of Se into reduced/stable forms [Se(IV), organic Se, and Se(0)]. Under wetland conditions, native soil As was mobilized by reductive dissolution of As associated minerals. However, the ferrihydrite amendment suppressed the native soil As mobility. Micro-XRF mapping integrated with As, and Fe-XANES suggested that the mechanism of native soil As retention was the sequestration of released As with newly precipitated secondary Fe minerals. A long-term study carried out with X, 1/2X flow rates, and OC source indicated enhanced S retention by the slow flow rate (1/2X), most likely due to the time dependency of biogenic S reduction. Further, bulk S-, As-, and Fe-XANES revealed that long submergence period and the slow flow rate increased the formation of reduced and/or biogenic S, realgar-like, and greigite-like species. These observations indicated that modified flow rates could have a significant impact on the long-term trace element (such as As) sequestration in the CWTS. Our studies provide useful information to improve the performance, and longevity of a full-scale CWTS for FGD wastewaters.

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Nakamura, Masamichi, and Kazuhiro Yamamoto. "Simulation of heat conduction and soot combustion in diesel particulate filter." Inderscience publishers, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20055.

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45

Vojkůvka, František. "Návrh plnicího systému motoru s uvažováním recirkulace výfukových plynů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228978.

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The object of the diploma thesis is to optimize vacuum function of the ejector using computional fluid dynamics, or CFD. The ejector is inserted to the intake system of the six - cylinder diesel engine to increase the pressure gradient of the exhaust gas recirculation system. The analysis of the current design solution is performed and then the ejector with the new shape affording higher vacuum effect is proposed. The introductory part is devoted to the questions of diesel engines emissions and technology to reduce emissions in the exhaust system focused on the EGR.

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46

Suram, Venkata Subramaniyam Rohit. "Water blow out phenomena inside a heavy truck silencer." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281763.

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NOx sensors have become salient components in the development of efficient exhaust after treatment system for heavy duty vehicles in the past few years. When the accumulated water inside the silencer splashes on to the NOx sensor, it can cause permanent cracks in the sensor. To protect the sensor from this mode of failure, a dew point strategy is developed at Scania. This is important to predict when it is safe to switch on the NOx sensor without causing any harm to it. But the strategy currently includes only the phase transfer phenomena and neglects the effect of the water blow out phenomena inside the silencer. To investigate the effect of water blow out, an experimental test method is designed and the experiments are conducted at different locations in the silencer. The results from the experiments shows that the effect of water blow out is certainly an important factor to develop a better dew point strategy model. For a selected location, the quantity of water remaining after blow out and the time taken for the blow out phase are collected as data from the experiments. A mathematical model for the water blow out phenomena is developed in MATLAB. The model estimates the maximum amount of water which could be present in all the subvolumes of the silencer considering the effect of water blow out. The model is verified with the experimental data for a Scania CAS1 silencer. Calibration guidelines for the developed blow out model are also documented in this report.
NOx sensorer har blivit viktiga komponenter i utvecklingen av ett effektivt avgassystem för tunga fordon under de senaste åren. När det ackumulerade vattnet i ljuddämparen stänker på NOx-sensorn kan det orsaka permanenta sprickor i sensorn. För att skydda sensorn från detta misslyckande utvecklas en daggpunktsstrategi på Scania. Detta är viktigt att förutsäga när det är säkert att slå på NOx-sensorn utan att skada den. Men strategin innehåller för närvarande endast fasöverföringsfenomenen och försummar effekten av att vatten blåser ut fenomen inuti ljuddämparen. För att undersöka effekten av utblåsning av vatten utformas en experimentell testmetod och experimenten utförs på olika platser i ljuddämparen. Resultaten från experimenten visar att effekten av vattenblåsning verkligen är en viktig faktor för att utveckla en bättre daggpunktsstrategimodell. För en vald plats samlas mängden vatten kvar efter utblåsning och den tid det tar för utblåsningsfasen som data från experimenten. En matematisk modell för fenomen för vattenblåsning utvecklas i MATLAB. Modellen uppskattar den maximala mängden vatten som kan finnas i ljuddämparens undervolymer med tanke på effekten av vatten som blåser ut. Modellen verifieras med experimentdata för en Scania CAS1 ljuddämpare. Kalibreringsriktlinjer för den utvecklade utblåsningsmodellen dokumenteras också i denna rapport.

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47

SURAM, VENKATA SUBRAMANIYAM ROHIT. "Water blow out phenomena inside a heavy truck silencer." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281763.

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Abstract:

NOx sensors have become salient components in the development of efficient exhaust after treatment system for heavy duty vehicles in the past few years. When the accumulated water inside the silencer splashes on to the NOx sensor, it can cause permanent cracks in the sensor. To protect the sensor from this mode of failure, a dew point strategy is developed at Scania. This is important to predict when it is safe to switch on the NOx sensor without causing any harm to it. But the strategy currently includes only the phase transfer phenomena and neglects the effect of the water blow out phenomena inside the silencer. To investigate the effect of water blow out, an experimental test method is designed and the experiments are conducted at different locations in the silencer. The results from the experiments shows that the effect of water blow out is certainly an important factor to develop a better dew point strategy model. For a selected location, the quantity of water remaining after blow out and the time taken for the blow out phase are collected as data from the experiments. A mathematical model for the water blow out phenomena is developed in MATLAB. The model estimates the maximum amount of water which could be present in all the subvolumes of the silencer considering the effect of water blow out. The model is verified with the experimental data for a Scania CAS1 silencer. Calibration guidelines for the developed blow out model are also documented in this report.
NOx sensorer har blivit viktiga komponenter i utvecklingen av ett effektivt avgassystem för tunga fordon under de senaste åren. När det ackumulerade vattnet i ljuddämparen stänker på NOx-sensorn kan det orsaka permanenta sprickor i sensorn. För att skydda sensorn från detta misslyckande utvecklas en daggpunktsstrategi på Scania. Detta är viktigt att förutsäga när det är säkert att slå på NOx-sensorn utan att skada den. Men strategin innehåller för närvarande endast fasöverföringsfenomenen och försummar effekten av att vatten blåser ut fenomen inuti ljuddämparen. För att undersöka effekten av utblåsning av vatten utformas en experimentell testmetod och experimenten utförs på olika platser i ljuddämparen. Resultaten från experimenten visar att effekten av vattenblåsning verkligen är en viktig faktor för att utveckla en bättre daggpunktsstrategimodell. För en vald plats samlas mängden vatten kvar efter utblåsning och den tid det tar för utblåsningsfasen som data från experimenten. En matematisk modell för fenomen för vattenblåsning utvecklas i MATLAB. Modellen uppskattar den maximala mängden vatten som kan finnas i ljuddämparens undervolymer med tanke på effekten av vatten som blåser ut. Modellen verifieras med experimentdata för en Scania CAS1 ljuddämpare. Kalibreringsriktlinjer för den utvecklade utblåsningsmodellen dokumenteras också i denna rapport.

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48

Ramos, Andre Gustavo. "Análise de disponibilidade de um sistema de tratamento de gás em instalações \"offshore\" utilizando redes de Petri estocásticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-13072018-134254/.

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Numa unidade offshore de produção de petróleo, o gás produzido é tratado para atingir as especificações requeridas e permitir sua utilização em diferentes demandas como gás combustível, gas lift, exportação de gás ou injeção de gás. No Brasil, a Agência Nacional do Petróleo regula a produção de óleo e gás, limita a queima de gás e controla a movimentação e utilização de gás de acordo com as estimativas informadas pelo operador. Falhas no sistema de tratamento de gás levam à queima e podem causar parada de produção. A confiabilidade e disponibilidade do sistema de tratamento de gás é uma preocupação relevante. Entender as relações e influências dos vários subsistemas e equipamentos do sistema nessas medidas de desempenho pode levar a melhorias nas estratégias de manutenção que podem minimizar perdas na produção de óleo e de gás. Dentre os vários métodos de análise de confiabilidade, as redes de Petri estocásticas se destacam quando comparadas às ferramentas tradicionais como diagrama de blocos ou árvore de falhas devido a sua habilidade em modelar aspectos como dependências funcionais, lógicas e sequências. Nesse trabalho foram construídos quatro modelos utilizando redes de Petri estocásticas para analisar a disponibilidade do sistema de tratamento de gás. A facilidade de construção modelo A sugere sua utilização em etapas preliminares de projeto para validar o arranjo inicial, as quantidades de equipamentos e as configurações de redundância. O modelo B pode ser utilizado para identificar os subsistemas e equipamentos que mais contribuem para as falhas do sistema e para realizar previsões quanto aos modos de operação do sistema e índice de aproveitamento de gás. A análise de sensibilidade dos resultados de disponibilidade quanto aos dados de falha utilizados mostrou que a variação do tempo médio para reparo tem maior influência. Por meio do modelo C verificou-se que uma plataforma operando num conjunto e sujeita a restrições de importação e exportação de gás tem maior indisponibilidade e maior probabilidade de falha do que uma plataforma operando isolada. O modelo D permite concluir que a inclusão de um modo de falha ao modelo não implica em variação significativa dos resultados de confiabilidade e que nos resultados de disponibilidade a variação passa a ser significativa quando adotam-se pequenos valores de tempo médio entre falhas e grandes valores de tempo médio para reparo. A construção das redes de Petri estocásticas para o sistema completo exige uma compreensão detalhada do funcionamento do sistema em análise o que também pode ser destacado como uma vantagem das redes de Petri estocásticas, contribuindo para aquisição de conhecimento acerca do sistema e dando segurança quanto a fidelidade do modelo criado.
In an offshore oil production facility, produced gas is treated to meet the necessary specifications to allow its use in different demands, as gas fuel, as exportation gas and as injection gas. In Brazil, the National Petroleum Agency regulates oil and gas production, establishing and gas flaring limits, the utilization and distribution of gas according to the operator\'s estimations. Failures in the gas treatment system eventually can cause oil production interruptions to avoid attaining the gas flaring limits. Reliability and availability of the gas treatment system is a major concern. Understanding the relationships and influences of the various gas treatment subsystems and equipment on these performance measures may lead to design or maintenance strategies improvements that could ultimately minimize oil and gas losses in the facility. Among several modelling methods stochastic Petri nets stands out comparing to traditional reliability tools like reliability block diagrams or fault tree analysis due to its ability to model aspects such as functional dependencies, logics and sequences. In this work, four models were built using stochastic Petri nets to assess the availability of a gas treatment system. The model A is easy to build and may be used in preliminary design stages to validate the initial arrangement, equipment and redundancies. The model B may be used to identify subsystems and equipment that most contribute to system failures and to predict operation modes and efficiency in the gas utilization. The sensibility analysis of reliability data has shown a predominant influence of the mean time to repair. Using model C, it could be noticed that a platform operating in a group submitted to injection and exportation gas limits has a greater unavailability and probability of failure than an isolated operating platform. Model D allow one to conclude that including a failure mode in the model does not imply in significant variation in the reliability results and that the variation is only significant in availability when using small mean time to failure values and large mean time to repair values. The stochastic Petri nets construction for the complete system requires an accurate comprehension about the system operation what could also be mentioned as an advantage of the stochastic Petri nets.

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Jára, Marek. "Vytápění bytového domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409867.

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The theme of this diploma thesis is to design heating of the flat house. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis is about exhaust gases paths. The calculation part of this diploma thesis contains the design of the heating system by panel heaters, floor convectors and underfloor heating system. The heat source is the system of cascade-connected gas condensing boilers. The rest of this part are the calculations of the preparation of hot water, design of hot water storage tank and another necessary equipment of the system. The part Project is about technical report and simulation of behaviour of underfloor heating system in various marginal conditions.

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Pong, Henry. "Evaluation of an Exhaust Gas Mixing Duct for Off-road Diesel After-treatment Systems Using Numerical Methods." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/42896.

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Due to strong motivation to reduce costs and increase performances of stationary diesel after-treatment systems, computational modeling has become a necessary step in system design and improvement. A unique mixing duct typified by significant changes in scale and strong flow curvature was evaluated for its potential to improve flow distribution across the SCR catalyst inlet face. The flow dynamics were investigated with a steady three-dimensional turbulence model and detailed chemistry was studied separately using a one-dimensional channel reactive flow model. Aqueous urea injection was modeled using Discrete Phase Modeling. The mixing duct performance relative to reactor dimensions and engine loads is discussed. The Impact of injector positions was studied using massless particle tracking. A total of three geometries were evaluated using a Uniformity Index of the ammonia-to-NOx feed ratio. It was found that a higher mixing duct height to inlet diameter ratio yielded better mixing.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exhaust gas treatment system'

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