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Journal articles on the topic 'Exfoliation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Kılıç, Raşit, Hafize Sezer, Sebile Ü. Çomçalı, Serdar Bayraktar, Gökay Göktolga, Yasin Çakmak, Abdi B. Çetin, and Tongabay Cumurcu. "The Frequency of Exfoliation Syndrome in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/139826.

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Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of exfoliation syndrome in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and to evaluate its relationship with cardiovascular and ocular diseases.Methods. Patients over the age of 45 years who presented to the clinic were included in the study. All cases underwent a comprehensive ophthalmology examination. Exfoliation syndrome was diagnosed with the presence of exfoliative material on the lens anterior capsule or iris on slit lamp examination. The patients were divided into two groups as the exfoliation syndrome group and nonexfoliation syndrome group according to the presence of exfoliative material.Results. Exfoliative material was found in one or both eyes of 212 of the 2103 patients (10.1%) evaluated within the scope of the study. A significant relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and increasing age and male gender. A significant relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and phacodonesis. While no relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and hypertension or diabetes mellitus, a significant relationship was found with coronary artery disease.Conclusion. The unilateral or bilateral exfoliation syndrome frequency was 10.1% in this hospital-based study. A statistically significant relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and advancing age, gender, and coronary artery disease.

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2

Ozates, Serdar, Kadriye Ufuk Elgin, Niyazi Samet Yilmaz, Ozlem Ozbas Demirel, Emine Sen, and Pelin Yilmazbas. "Evaluation of oxidative stress in pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma patients treated with and without topical coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118779486.

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Purpose: To evaluate the levels of oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in eyes with pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma treated with and without topical coenzyme Q10 (CQ10) and vitamin E (Coqun drop). Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical study was conducted on 64 eyes of 64 patients. All patients underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery. Aqueous humor samples were aspirated from the anterior chamber at the beginning of cataract surgery. The pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma + Coqun group received topical Coqun (100 mg CQ10, 500 mg Vitamin E TPGS) twice daily for 1 month preoperatively, while the pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma group consisted of pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma cases who had not taken Coqun. Pseudo-exfoliation syndrome cases formed the pseudo-exfoliation syndrome group. The main outcomes were the superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels of aqueous humor in both groups. Results: The mean aqueous humor superoxide dismutase level was significantly higher in the pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma group than in pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma + Coqun and pseudo-exfoliation syndrome groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). Also, the mean aqueous humor superoxide dismutase level was significantly lower in the pseudo-exfoliation syndrome group than in pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma + Coqun group (p = 0.009). The mean malondialdehyde levels showed no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Our study showed lower aqueous humor level of superoxide dismutase in pseudo-exfoliation syndrome patients compared to pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma patients. Significantly lower superoxide dismutase level was observed in pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma patients who received topical Coqun compared to pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma patients without Coqun treatment. No significant change was observed on the malondialdehyde level during 1-month follow-up period.

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3

Elumalai, Satheeshkumar, Simahudeen Bathir Jaber, Suryanarayanan Chandrasekaran, and Makoto Ogawa. "An experimental and steered molecular dynamics simulation approach to histidine assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite into few-layer graphene." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 18 (2020): 9910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01033b.

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4

Liu, Xinyi, Huan Chen, Jing Lin, Yi Li, and Liangqia Guo. "Exfoliation of transition-metal dichalcogenides using ATP in aqueous solution." Chemical Communications 55, no. 20 (2019): 2972–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc10259g.

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5

Vesti, Eija, and Tero Kivelä. "Exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma." Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 19, no. 3 (May 2000): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-9462(99)00019-1.

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6

Razak, Syaahidah Abdul, Hasliza Bahruji, Abdul Hanif Mahadi, and Hong Wan Yun. "H2O2 Exfoliation of TiO2 for Enhanced Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Reforming of Methanol." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 17, no. 2 (May 17, 2022): 420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.17.2.13920.420-429.

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Hydrogen is considered a future energy carrier for clean and sustainable technology. Photocatalytic reforming of methanol produced hydrogen using water and energy from sunlight. This study reported enhanced activity of TiO2 without metal co-catalyst for hydrogen production following H2O2 exfoliation. TiO2 was transformed into peroxo-titania species on the outer layer of the particles, resulting in surface exfoliation. The exfoliation reduced TiO2 crystallite sizes enhanced the surface hydroxyl group and reduced the band gap to 3.0 eV. Hydrogen production from methanol-water mixtures on the TiO2 after four consecutive exfoliations was measured at 300 µmol, significantly higher than the fresh TiO2 (50 µmol). H2O2 exfoliated TiO2 reduced the pathway for charge migration to the surface. A high concentration of surface hydroxyl group trapped the charge carriers for efficient hydrogen production. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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7

Marsh, K. L., M. Souliman, and R. B. Kaner. "Co-solvent exfoliation and suspension of hexagonal boron nitride." Chemical Communications 51, no. 1 (2015): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07324j.

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A simple method is presented for exfoliating and suspending hexagonal boron nitride using a co-solvent approach. A 60 w/w% concentration of tert-butanol in water is very effective at exfoliating boron nitride especially when compared to the individual components alone as indicated by UV-vis and transmission electron microscopy. Molecular weight and surface tension are found to play inverse roles in the exfoliation.

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8

Kim, Youngsoo, Athanasios Gkountaras, Odette Chaix-Pluchery, Isabelle Gélard, Johann Coraux, Claude Chapelier, Michel W. Barsoum, and Thierry Ouisse. "Elementary processes governing V2AlC chemical etching in HF." RSC Advances 10, no. 42 (2020): 25266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00842g.

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MXenes are synthesized by chemically exfoliating well-defined V2AlC, single-crystal pillars. Exfoliation is studied as a function of orientation and time using HF. This reveals that no etching can take place by HF penetration through the basal planes.

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9

Xu, Fang Chao, and Kazuhiro Kusukawa. "Adhesion Strength of BNT Films Hydrothermally Deposited on Titanium Substrates." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.399.

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Lead-free piezoelectric (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 (BNT) films were deposited on 1 mm thick pure titanium(Ti) substrates by a hydrothermal method. Tensile tests were performed to quantitatively assess the adhesion strength between BNT films and Ti substrates. Ti substrates were pretreated by chemical polish and mechanical polish respectively prior to BNT film deposition. In the tensile test, the behavior of BNT film exfoliation was investigated by the replica method. The critical Ti substrate strain inducing BNT film exfoliation was determined by the aid of finite element analysis (FEM). In this study, the results revealed that BNT film exfoliations were caused by the strain of Ti substrate, and the mechanical polish pretreatment improved the adhesion of BNT film to Ti substrate.

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10

Sato, Hisaaki, Takao Watanabe, Kohichi Higuchi, Kuniaki Teruya, Ayumi Ohtake, Yasuko Murata, Hiroshi Saito, Chikara Aizawa, Hirofumi Danbara, and Nobutoshi Maehara. "Chromosomal and Extrachromosomal Synthesis of Exfoliative Toxin from Staphylococcus hyicus." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 14 (July 15, 2000): 4096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.14.4096-4100.2000.

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ABSTRACT Evidence for the existence of two molecular species of exfoliative toxin (ET) synthesized by Staphylococcus hyicus (SHET) under chromosomal and plasmid control is presented. Serological evidence that these molecular species of toxins are distinct from each other is given. The molecular weights of SHET from plasmidless strain P-1 (SHETA) and from plasmid-carrying strains P-10 and P-23 (SHETB) were almost equal. Both of the serotypes of SHET exhibited exfoliation in 1-day-old chickens. The plasmid-cured (P−) substrains (P-23C1 and P-23C2) of S. hyicus P-23 did not cause exfoliation in 1-day-old chickens, whereas P−substrains (P-10C1 and P-10C2) of strain P-10 caused exfoliation, but they decreased their exfoliative activity. These findings suggest that SHETB was synthesized along with SHETA by strain P-10, whereas the P-23 strain synthesized SHETB alone. The plasmid-carrying strain (P-23) as well as the plasmidless strain (P-1) exhibited the typical clinical signs of exudative epidermitis in pigs. However, plasmid-cured (P−) substrains of P-23 (P23C1 and P23C2) did not exhibit the typical clinical signs of exudative epidermitis. These findings suggest that SHETA is synthesized under chromosomal control and SHETB is synthesized under plasmid control and that SHET-producing strains can be divided into three groups: SHETA-producing strains, SHETB-producing strains, and strains producing both toxins.

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11

Wang, Tao, Zhen Yang, Bingsheng Li, Shuai Xu, Qing Liao, Fangfang Ge, Tongmin Zhang, and Jun Li. "Lattice Defects and Exfoliation Efficiency of 6H-SiC via H2+ Implantation at Elevated Temperature." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 5723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245723.

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Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important material used in semiconductor industries and nuclear power plants. SiC wafer implanted with H ions can be cleaved inside the damaged layer after annealing, in order to facilitate the transfer of a thin SiC slice to a handling wafer. This process is known as “ion-cut” or “Smart-Cut”. It is worth investigating the exfoliation efficiency and residual lattice defects in H-implanted SiC before and after annealing. In the present paper, lattice damage in the 6H-SiC implanted by H2+ to a fluence of 5 × 1016 H2+/cm2 at 450 and 900 °C was investigated by a combination of Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Different levels of damage caused by dynamic annealing were observed by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy in the as-implanted sample. Atomic force microscopy and scanning white-light interferometry were used to observe the sample surface morphology. Surface blisters and exfoliations were observed in the sample implanted at 450 °C and then annealed at 1100 °C for 15 min, whereas surface blisters and exfoliation occurred in the sample implanted at 900 °C without further thermal treatment. This finding can be attributed to the increase in the internal pressure of platelets during high temperature implantation. The exfoliation efficiency, location, and roughness after exfoliation were investigated and possible reasons were discussed. This work provides a basis for further understanding and improving the high-efficiency “ion-cut” technology.

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12

XU, FANGCHAO, and KAZUHIRO KUSUKAWA. "ADHESION ASSESSMENT OF BNT FILMS ON TITANIUM SUBSTRATES USING A TENSILE TEST." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003637.

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Lead-free piezoelectric ( Bi 1/2 Na 1/2) TiO 3 (abbreviated as BNT) films were deposited on 1 mm thick pure titanium( Ti ) substrates by a hydrothermal method. Tensile tests were performed to quantitatively assess the adhesion strength between BNT films and Ti substrates. Ti substrates were pretreated by chemical polish and mechanical polish respectively prior to BNT film deposition. In the tensile test, the behavior of BNT film exfoliation was investigated by the replica method. The critical Ti substrate strain inducing BNT film exfoliation was determined by the aid of finite element analysis (FEM). In this study, the results revealed that BNT film exfoliations were caused by the strain of Ti substrate, and the mechanical polish pretreatment improved the adhesion of BNT film to Ti substrate.

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13

Bol-Arreba, Alfredo, Isabel G. Ayala, and Nicolás A. Cordero. "Graphene Formation through Spontaneous Exfoliation of Graphite by Chlorosulfonic Acid: A DFT Study." Micro 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro3010011.

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Using exfoliating agents is one of the most promising ways for large-scale production of liquid dispersed graphenic materials from graphite. Therefore, it is crucial to know the reason why some molecules have a larger exfoliating power than others. The highest reported experimental yield for the liquid phase single-surfactant spontaneous exfoliation of graphite, i.e., without sonication, has been obtained using chlorosulfonic acid. The ability of this acid to disperse graphite is studied within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). Equilibrium configurations, electron transfers, binding energies, and densities of states are presented for two acid concentrations and for two situations: adsorption (on monolayer and bilayer graphene) and intercalation (in between simple hexagonal and Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene). Experimental exfoliation power and dispersion stability are explained in terms of charge transfer—the largest found among several studied exfoliating and surfactant agents—facilitated by the good geometrical matching of chlorosulfonic acid molecules to constituent carbon rings of graphene. This matching is in the origin of the tendency toward adsorption of chlorosulfonic acid molecules on graphene monolayers when they separate, originating the charging of the monolayers that precludes their reaggregation.

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14

Guan, Guijian, Shuhua Liu, Yuan Cheng, Yong-Wei Zhang, and Ming-Yong Han. "BSA-caged metal clusters to exfoliate MoS2 nanosheets towards their hybridized functionalization." Nanoscale 10, no. 23 (2018): 10911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr02121j.

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Herein, we develop a facile exfoliation and in situ functionalization strategy to produce hybridized Au/MoS₂ nanostructures comprised of size-controlled gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and ultrathin MoS₂ nanosheets using bovine serum albumin (BSA)-caged Au₂₅ clusters as both exfoliating and functionalizing agents.

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15

Yang, Sheng, Dan Qing Yi, Su Juan Yao, and Ya Ping Hou. "Exfoliation Corrosion Behavior of 2524 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1159.

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The exfoliation corrosion behavior of 2524 aluminum alloy was studied by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), hydrogen evolution and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) . The results showed that 2524 aluminum alloy was very susceptible to exfoliation corrosion and the exfoliation corrosion appeared after 24 h. EIS could better explain the exfoliation corrosion than hydrogen evolution. Exfoliation corrosion kinetics included accelerated formation of pitting, quick development of pitting, retarded formation of exfoliation and steady development of exfoliation.

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16

Tarkkanen, Ahti. "Exfoliation Syndrome." Journal of Glaucoma 27 (July 2018): S1—S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000000901.

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17

Bernstein, Audrey M., Robert Ritch, and Jose M. Wolosin. "Exfoliation Syndrome." Journal of Glaucoma 27 (July 2018): S44—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000000919.

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18

Ritch, Robert. "Exfoliation syndrome." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (April 2001): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-200104000-00008.

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19

Dewundara, Samantha, and Louis R. Pasquale. "Exfoliation syndrome." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 26, no. 2 (March 2015): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000135.

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20

Sein, Julia, Anat Galor, Anoop Sheth, Jonathan Kruh, Louis R. Pasquale, and Carol L. Karp. "Exfoliation syndrome." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 24, no. 2 (March 2013): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icu.0b013e32835d5d11.

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21

Ritch, Robert, and Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt. "Exfoliation Syndrome." Survey of Ophthalmology 45, no. 4 (January 2001): 265–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00196-x.

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22

Ritch, Robert. "Exfoliation Syndrome." Techniques in Ophthalmology 2, no. 2 (June 2004): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ito.0000126989.31906.34.

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23

Hørven, Ivar. "EXFOLIATION SYNDROME." Acta Ophthalmologica 44, no. 5 (May 27, 2009): 790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1966.tb05506.x.

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24

Hørven, Ivar, and B. Thomas Hutchinson. "EXFOLIATION SYNDROME." Acta Ophthalmologica 45, no. 3 (May 27, 2009): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1967.tb06493.x.

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25

Garner, A. "Exfoliation syndrome." British Journal of Ophthalmology 74, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.74.8.449.

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26

Ritch, Robert. "Exfoliation Syndrome." Archives of Ophthalmology 126, no. 6 (June 9, 2008): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.6.859.

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27

Wang, Lin, Yongbin Yu, Songbin Fu, Wencheng Zhao, and Ping Liu. "LOXL1 Gene Polymorphism With Exfoliation Syndrome/Exfoliation Glaucoma." Journal of Glaucoma 25, no. 1 (January 2016): 62–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000000128.

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Kim, Wi-Sik, Min-Ho Kang, Jong-Oh Kim, Si-Woo Lee, Jung Kim, Doo-Jin Hwang, and Myung-Joo Oh. "Exfoliation of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai by commercial exfoliating reagents." Journal of fish pathology 26, no. 2 (August 30, 2013): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7847/jfp.2013.26.2.117.

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29

Mishra, Arun K., Pragya Yadav, and Amrita Mishra. "A Systemic Review on Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS): A Rare and Critical Disease of Neonates." Open Microbiology Journal 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801610010150.

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The symptoms of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) include blistering of skin on superficial layers due to the exfoliative toxins released fromStaphylococcus aureus. After the acute exfoliation of skin surface, erythematous cellulitis occurs. The SSSS may be confined to few blisters localized to the infection site and spread to severe exfoliation affecting complete body. The specific antibodies to exotoxins and increased clearence of exotoxins decrease the frequency of SSSS in adults. Immediate medication with parenteral anti-staphylococcal antibiotics is mandatory. Mostly, SSSS are resistant to penicillin. Penicillinase resistant synthetic penicillins such as Nafcillin or Oxacillin are prescribed as emergency treatment medicine. If Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is suspected), antibiotics with MRSA coverage (e.g., Vancomycin or Linezolid) are indicated. Clindamycin is considered as drug of choice to stop the production of exotoxin from bacteria ribosome. The use of Ringer solution to to balance the fluid loss, followed by maintainence therapy with an objective to maintain the fluid loss from exfoliation of skin, application of Cotrimoxazole on topical surface are greatlly considered to treat the SSSS. The drugs that reduce renal function are avoided. Through this article, an attempt has been made to focus the source, etiology, mechanism, outbreaks, mechanism, clinical manisfestation, treatment and other detail of SSSS.

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Gangadharan, G., S. Criton, and M. Nazeer. "A Questionnaire Based Study on the Concepts of Protein Supplementation in Exfoliative Dermatitis Among Dermatologists." Nepal Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 14, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdvl.v14i1.15808.

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Introduction: The impact of exfoliative dermatitis on protein metabolism results in a negative nitrogen balance, but the exact turnover of plasma proteins in this situation is not known. Timely addressing of this metabolic response to exfoliation is crucial in its management.Objectives: To study the understanding on the concept of protein supplementation in cases of exfoliative dermatitis, among dermatologists.Material and methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based survey study was conducted among dermatologists who attended annual state conference of IADVL, Kerala chapter. Analysis was based on responses to the questionnaire by 51 practicing dermatologists who had answered and returned the questionnaire, out of the total 84 who were approached for the study. Responses to questions from the interviews were summarized and expressed as numbers and percentages.Results: Majority (32, 62.7%) of the dermatologists attributes chronicity of illness to the severity of protein loss in exfoliative dermatitis. Though serum albumin level is considered as the criterion for protein supplementation, opinion regarding the frequency of estimation, mode and end point of supplementation varies. The majority (36, 70.6%) of dermatologists regards protein supplementation as mandatory in all cases of exfoliative dermatitis and that it helps in recovery of the condition, irrespective of etiology.Limitation: The small sample size is an obvious limitationConclusion: Lack of a clear consensus and knowledge regarding the turnover of plasma proteins in exfoliative dermatitis and the correction of hypoalbuminemia, is clearly portrayed by our results. Further studies are needed to explore the exact pathophysiology of metabolic response to exfoliation and to fill the gaps in the understanding of the same.Nepal Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, Vol.14(1) 2016, pp.9-13

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Patil, Ayesha, Cole Swiston, Ryan T. Wallace, Chase Paulson, Matthew E. Conley, Lori McCoy, Craig Chaya, and Barbara Wirostko. "Exfoliation Syndrome and Exfoliation Glaucoma in the Navajo Nation." Vision 6, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision6040061.

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(1) Background: Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a common cause of secondary open angle glaucoma. In 1971, Faulkner et al. estimated the prevalence of XFS among 50 Navajo Nation residents as 38%. Given that XFS can cause irreversible blindness secondary to glaucoma (XFG), this study aims to identify the current prevalence of XFS among Navajo Nation residents within the Four Corners region of the U.S. (2) Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted from 2016 to 2021 for patients aged 18 and older. All patients with XFS or XFG diagnosed by slit lamp exam were identified through chart review. (3) Results: Of the 1152 patient charts available for review, eight patients (11 eyes) were diagnosed with XFS with three patients (4 eyes) demonstrating concomitant XFG. Within this XFS population, 50% of the patients identified as male, with a mean age of 73 years. The overall prevalence of XFS was 0.7% and the overall prevalence of XFG was found to be 0.26%. The rate of XFG among patients with XFS was 37.5%. (4) Conclusion: Compared to Faulkner’s study of Navajo Nation residents in 1971, our findings show a considerably lower prevalence of XFS at 0.7%. We present the largest study to date of XFS among this population.

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32

Gatzioufas, Zisis, and Berthold Seitz. "Corneal biomechanical properties in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 251, no. 3 (April 21, 2012): 1011–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-012-2017-5.

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33

Lionetto, López-Muñoz, Espinoza-González, Mis-Fernández, Rodríguez-Fernández, and Maffezzoli. "A Study on exfoliation of Expanded Graphite Stacks in Candelilla Wax." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162530.

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A novel, green route for pre-exfoliation of graphite based on a biodegradable polymer and high-power ultrasound is presented. Candelilla wax (CW), derived from the leaves of the candelilla plant, has been used for the first time as a natural non aqueous medium to induce the pre-exfoliation of expanded graphite (EG) under ultrasonic irradiation in an economical way. The proposed method uses also D-limonene as a natural organic solvent for reducing viscosity and increasing the affinity between the polar groups of EG and candelilla wax, thus improving the intercalation/exfoliation of EG. The quality of dispersion of the nanofiller in the natural wax matrix has been evaluated using multiple techniques. The addition of EG to wax and use of ultrasonic treatment leads to a reduced crystallinity, probably due to restrictions of the molecular movements, improved thermal stability of wax, and to an increased shear thinning exponent, which are all indicative of a high degree of EG dispersion. The ultrasonic dynamic mechanical results suggest a reduction in the cluster size and a better filler dispersion in the wax matrix promoted by polar or chemical reactions between the CW fractions and the graphite stacks, which was observed by XPS analysis. The results were compared to those obtained with paraffin, a synthetic wax, and confirmed the dispersion improvement obtained by using natural wax as a pre-exfoliating medium.

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34

Islam, Md Akibul, Peter Serles, Boran Kumral, Pedro Guerra Demingos, Tanvir Qureshi, AshokKumar Meiyazhagan, Anand B. Puthirath, et al. "Exfoliation mechanisms of 2D materials and their applications." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 4 (December 2022): 041301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090717.

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Due to the strong in-plane but weak out-of-plane bonding, it is relatively easy to separate nanosheets of two-dimensional (2D) materials from their respective bulk crystals. This exfoliation of 2D materials can yield large 2D nanosheets, hundreds of micrometers wide, that can be as thin as one or a few atomic layers thick. However, the underlying physical mechanisms unique to each exfoliation technique can produce a wide distribution of defects, yields, functionalization, lateral sizes, and thicknesses, which can be appropriate for specific end applications. The five most commonly used exfoliation techniques include micromechanical cleavage, ultrasonication, shear exfoliation, ball milling, and electrochemical exfoliation. In this review, we present an overview of the field of 2D material exfoliation and the underlying physical mechanisms with emphasis on progress over the last decade. The beneficial characteristics and shortcomings of each exfoliation process are discussed in the context of their functional properties to guide the selection of the best technique for a given application. Furthermore, an analysis of standard applications of exfoliated 2D nanosheets is presented including their use in energy storage, electronics, lubrication, composite, and structural applications. By providing detailed insight into the underlying exfoliation mechanisms along with the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, this review intends to guide the reader toward the appropriate batch-scale exfoliation techniques for a wide variety of industrial applications.

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35

Mocan, M. C., O. Dikmetas, and M. Irkec. "Serum C-reactive protein levels in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliative glaucoma." Eye 25, no. 10 (July 8, 2011): 1383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.166.

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Wang, Shufen, Chao Wang, and Xiang Ji. "Towards understanding the salt-intercalation exfoliation of graphite into graphene." RSC Advances 7, no. 82 (2017): 52252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra07489a.

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Both anions and cations were proved to be able to enhance the exfoliation yields of graphene in inorganic salt-intercalated exfoliation of graphite into graphene and the mechanism of co-intercalation exfoliation was investigated in this work.

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37

Tour, James M. "Scaling up exfoliation." Nature Materials 13, no. 6 (April 20, 2014): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3961.

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Twidale, C. R., and J. A. Bourne. "What is exfoliation?" Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 61, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/2017/0254.

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Aslanov, L. A., and S. F. Dunaev. "Exfoliation of crystals." Russian Chemical Reviews 87, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 882–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rcr4806.

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40

Chung, D. D. L. "Exfoliation of graphite." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 12 (December 1987): 4190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01132008.

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41

Fiore, P. M. "Senile lens exfoliation." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 21 (December 5, 1990): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.264.21.2755.

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Fiore, Philip M. "Senile Lens Exfoliation." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 21 (December 5, 1990): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03450210055032.

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Wiggs, Janey L., Jae Hee Kang, BaoJian Fan, Hani Levkovitch-Verbin, and Louis R. Pasquale. "A Role for Clusterin in Exfoliation Syndrome and Exfoliation Glaucoma?" Journal of Glaucoma 27 (July 2018): S61—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000000916.

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Vesti, Eija, Mika Harju, Päivi Puska, and Ilkka Immonen. "Blue-field entoptic simulation in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma." Annals of Ophthalmology 33, no. 4 (December 2001): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12009-001-0046-5.

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Puska, P. M., and A. H. A. Tarkkanen. "Changes in Visual Acuity and Refraction in the Exfoliation Syndrome. A Five-Year Follow-up Study." European Journal of Ophthalmology 11, no. 3 (July 2001): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210101100306.

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Purpose To examine changes in visual acuity (VA) and refraction in non-glaucomatous patients with unilateral exfoliation syndrome (EXS). Methods The best corrected values for VA (Snellen acuity cards) subjectively adjusted for refraction, and IOP were measured, and the development of lens opacities was examined in 46 non-glaucomatous patients with unilateral EXS. Results After five years the rate of conversion to bilateral exfoliation was 22% and to exfoliative glaucoma 30%. There was a significant decrease in VA in the exfoliative (E) eyes (median; QI, QIII, range: 1; 0.8, 1, 0.4-1.3 vs. 0.55; 0.4, 1, 0.05-1.4, p<0.0001) and the fellow, initially non-exfoliative (NE), eyes (1; 0.9, 1, 0.3–1.3 vs. 0.7; 0.5, 0.9, 0.1–1.4, p<0.0001) and a significant myopic change in refraction in the E eyes (+1.02 ± 2.48 vs. +0.11 ± 3.06, p=0.0001) and the NE eyes (+0.99 ± 2.25 vs. +0.43 ± 2.55 D, p<0.01). At study entry the difference in refraction between the fellow eyes (refraction in the NE eye – refraction in the E eye) was −0.27 ± 1.00D. After five years it was +0.32 ± 1.44 (p 0.016), reflecting greater myopic changes in the E eyes. The main type of lens opacification was nuclear sclerosis. Conclusions In five years, significant decreases in VA and myopic shifts in refraction occurred in the E and fellow eyes. The E eyes showed significantly greater myopic changes than the fellow eyes; the cause was clearly nuclear sclerosis, which must be taken into account in the long-term management of patients with EXS.

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Karthikeyan, Jayakumar, Helmer Fjellvåg, Silje Bundli, and Anja Olafsen Sjåstad. "Efficient Exfoliation of Layered Double Hydroxides; Effect of Cationic Ratio, Hydration State, Anions and Their Orientations." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020346.

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The exfoliation ability of nitrate based Mg1−xAlx(OH)2(NO3)x·mH2O layered double hydroxides (Mg-Al LDH) in formamide into single or multilayer nanosheets depends strongly on nitrate anion orientation and layer charge. Our systematic studies used materials that were likely to disclose differences with respect to anion type and their concentrations in the interlayer gallery. We assured to avoid any carbonate incorporation into the galleries for nitrate, chloride, iodide, and sulfate based Mg-Al LDHs. Furthermore, the comparative exfoliation experiments were conducted for fully hydrated samples with as similar particle morphology as possible. The exfoliation of nitrate Mg-Al LDH is far superior to similar clays with carbonate, sulfate, chloride, or iodide as charge balancing anions. Quantitative analysis of exfoliation yield for pre-treated, fully hydrated samples, shows an optimum composition for exfoliation into single nanosheets of around x ≈ 0.25, while double or triple layered sheets are encountered for other x-values. We observe a clear correlation between the expansion of the interlayer gallery due to progressing tilts of nitrate anions and water molecules out of the horizontal interlayer plane, suspension turbidity, and degree of exfoliation. The established correlations extends to nitrate Ni-Al LDH materials. We finally claim that morphology is a dominating parameter, with house-of-card morphology particles exfoliation far less than platelet-like particles. Hence, hydrothermal treatment may be favorable to enhance exfoliation yields.

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Obata, Yutaro, Taiki Morishige, Takayuki Goto, Eiji Nakamura, and Toshihide Takenaka. "Relationship between Microstructure and Exfoliation Corrosion in Mg-14mass%Li-3mass%Al Cold-Rolled Alloy." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1743.

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Relationship between microstructure and exfoliation corrosion in Mg-14mass%Li-3mass%Al cold rolled material were investigated by controlling microstructure using heat treatment. The exfoliation corrosion was exhibited on the specimens with elongated microstructure by cold-rolling. Heat treatment at 200 C only recovery occurred. Recovery and recrystallization were caused by heat treatment at 300 C However, heat treated at 300 C decreased precipitate fraction. Corrosion rate of heat-treated at 200 C decreased by release the residual strain. However, heat treatment at 300 C has lower corrosion resistance than heat-treated at 200 C because it has less precipitate density than as-rolled. Exfoliation corrosion was shown in as-rolled and heat-treated at 200 C. In as-rolled exfoliation corrosion was shown more significant when reduction rate increase. In as-rolled, exfoliation corrosion was shown more significant than heat-treated at 200 C. After heat treatment to change the grain shape from elongated to equiatial, exfoliation was suppressed by the distribution of AlLi phase.

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Ding, Hao, Xia Xu, Ning Liang, and Yue Bo Wang. "Preparation Sericite Nanoflakes by Exfoliation of Wet Ultrafine Grinding." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.242.

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Sericite nanoflakes were prepared by exfoliating sericite layers by wet ultrafine grinding. Their appearance morphologies and main properties were characterized. Optimum conditions were studied with the purpose of forming shear stress which was beneficial to the exfoliation of mineral flakes. The results indicated that sericite nanoflakes could be prepared. Mass ratio of grinding media to materials, diameter ratio of grinding balls, solid content of powders and grinding time had significant effects on the preparation. The thicknesses of sericite nanoflakes were 20-80 nm, and the transmittances of ultraviolet ray with wavelength of 190-220 nm were only 0.1%-1%. This demonstrated that sericite nanoflakes had the function of shielding ultraviolet ray.

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Taniguchi, Takaaki, Leanddas Nurdiwijayanto, Renzhi Ma, and Takayoshi Sasaki. "Chemically exfoliated inorganic nanosheets for nanoelectronics." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 2 (June 2022): 021313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083109.

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Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials constitute one of the most advanced research targets in materials science and engineering in this century. Among various methods for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials, including top-down exfoliation and bottom-up crystal growth, chemical exfoliation has been widely used to yield monolayers of various layered compounds, such as clay minerals, transition metal chalcogenides (TMDCs), and oxides, long before the discovery of graphene. Soft chemical exfoliation is a technique to weaken the layer-to-layer interaction in layered compounds by chemical modification of interlayer galleries, which promotes monolayer exfoliation. The chemical exfoliation process using organic substances, typically amines, has been applied to a range of layered metal oxides and hydroxides for two decades, establishing high-yield exfoliation into their highly crystalline monolayers and colloidal integration processes have been developed to assemble the resultant 2D nanomaterials into well-organized nanoscale devices. Recently, such a strategy was found to be effective for TMDC and MXene nanosheets, expanding the lineup of functionalities of solution-processed 2D nanomaterial devices from dielectrics, optics, magnetics, and semiconductors to superconductors. Throughout this review, we share the historical research flow, recent progress, and prospects in the development of soft-chemical exfoliation, colloidal integration, and thin film applications of oxides, TMDC, and MXene nanosheets.

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Fadil, Dalal, Ridwan H. Fayaz, and Anupama B. Kaul. "Electronic and Optical Properties Characterization of MoS2 Two-Dimensional Exfoliated nanomaterials." MRS Advances 1, no. 47 (2016): 3223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.523.

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ABSTRACTFor optoelectronic application, two-dimensional materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are very promising candidate with their interesting electronic and optical properties. The layered structure of these materials makes them amenable to mechanical exfoliation to form scalable 2D atomic crystals. For width range of applications, liquid phase exfoliation using sonication and centrifugation in appropriate solvent is needed. This simple and scalable technique gives high quality of exfoliation of 2D materials without chemical reactions. In this paper, we report an example of the optical and electronic characterizations on MoS2 synthesized by liquid exfoliation in specific solvent.

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