Academic literature on the topic 'Exergy concepts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Exergy concepts"
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Wall, G. "Exergy tools." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 217, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576500360611399.
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This paper presents a number of exergy-based concepts and methods, e.g. efficiency concepts, exergy flow diagrams, exergy utility diagrams (EUDs), life cycle exergy analysis (LCEA) and exergy economy optimization (EEO). These tools are useful in order to describe, analyse and optimize energy conversion systems.
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Pal, Rajinder. "Chemical exergy of ideal and non-ideal gas mixtures and liquid solutions with applications." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 47, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 44–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306419017749581.
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Exergy or availability, although not a recent concept, is receiving extensive coverage in scientific publications due to its vast applications in different scientific and engineering fields. Exergy of a system consists of two parts: thermo-mechanical exergy and chemical exergy. While thermo-mechanical exergy of systems is covered to a certain extent in modern undergraduate textbooks on engineering thermodynamics, chemical exergy is mentioned only briefly. In particular, the theoretical and conceptual developments related to chemical exergy are not covered in any detail. The focus of this article is the chemical exergy of materials. Special attention is given to the theoretical treatment of non-ideal gas mixtures and liquid solutions. The equations necessary to estimate the chemical exergy of ideal and non-ideal mixtures and solutions are developed from the fundamental concepts. Where necessary, numerical examples are given to illustrate the concepts for the benefit of the students. Finally, a practical problem dealing with the furnace/boiler unit of a practical steam power plant is solved using the concepts of chemical exergy and exergy analysis. As the material presented in this article involves advanced level concepts in thermodynamics, it is most suitable for the second, advanced level, course in engineering thermodynamics in third year, after the students have completed a full one-term course on introductory thermodynamics in their second year.
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O'Toole, F., and Eur Ing J. A. McGovern. "Some Concepts and Conceptual Devices for Exergy Analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Mechanical Engineering Science 204, no. 5 (September 1990): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1990_204_113_02.
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The main concepts of exergy analysis are outlined with special emphasis on the fact that exergy can be transferred and transported and on the distinction between work and useful work. The exergy transfers associated with work and with heat are described. The relationship between so-called flow exergy and non-flow exergy is explained. Three conceptual devices which can be inserted at an analysis boundary are presented. These achieve mechanical separation between the systems on either side of the boundary so that an exergy transfer equivalent to the net exergy transferred and transported across the boundary can be visualized and evaluated. The first conceptual device can be used where heat transfer occurs at a boundary, the second where a steady flow fluid stream enters and leaves a system, and the third where air and fuel streams enter and flue gases leave a combustion system.
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Wall, Göran, and Mei Gong. "On exergy and sustainable development—Part 1: Conditions and concepts." Exergy, An International Journal 1, no. 3 (January 2001): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1164-0235(01)00020-6.
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Gaggioli, Richard A., David H. Richardson, and Anthony J. Bowman. "Available Energy—Part I: Gibbs Revisited." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 2 (May 28, 2002): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1448336.
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The concept of available energy, as defined by Gibbs is revisited. Being more general, this concept of available energy differs from that referred to commonly by the same name, or as “exergy” or “availability.” He gave representations of available energy for two circumstances. The first was the available energy of a “body,” for the case when a body, alone, is in a nonequilibrium condition and therefore has energy available. In turn, he presented the available energy of “the body and medium,” for the energy that is available because a body is not in equilibrium with some arbitrarily specified medium or “reference environment.” Gibbs’ did not present formulas to represent available energy. His representations were verbal descriptions regarding surfaces, curves and lines. Although his verbiage was augmented by some graphics, visualization of the geometrical entities he described depended largely on the imagination of the reader. In Part I, we take advantage of modern graphics software to illustrate more vividly not only the available energy he described verbally but also his interesting concepts of “available vacuum” and “capacity for entropy.” We argue that all of these concepts are equivalent. Since Gibbs, representations with formulas have been developed and are common for the “available energy of body and medium.” Gaggioli has developed formulas which are more general, to represent “the available energy of the body (alone)” and to assign an exergy to subsystems of the body as a measure of each subsystem’s contribution to the available energy. In contrast to the available energy, exergy is an additive property, so that balance equations can be written. This exergy is independent of any “reference environment,” which is important both theoretically and practically because of its relevance to proper selection of “the dead state.” In those special cases when the dead state is one in equilibrium with a “reference environment,” this more generalized exergy encompasses that concept called (today) exergy in textbooks and journals.
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Dincer, Ibrahim, and Yunus Cengel. "Energy, Entropy and Exergy Concepts and Their Roles in Thermal Engineering." Entropy 3, no. 3 (August 21, 2001): 116–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e3030116.
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Patil, Vikram C., and Paul I. Ro. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage Concepts." Journal of Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5254102.
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Optimal utilization of renewable energy resources needs energy storage capability in integration with the electric grid. Ocean compressed air energy storage (OCAES) can provide promising large-scale energy storage. In OCAES, energy is stored in the form of compressed air under the ocean. Underwater energy storage results in a constant-pressure storage system which has potential to show high efficiency compared to constant-volume energy storage. Various OCAES concepts, namely, diabatic, adiabatic, and isothermal OCAES, are possible based on the handling of heat in the system. These OCAES concepts are assessed using energy and exergy analysis in this paper. Roundtrip efficiency of liquid piston based OCAES is also investigated using an experimental liquid piston compressor. Further, the potential of improved efficiency of liquid piston based OCAES with use of various heat transfer enhancement techniques is investigated. Results show that adiabatic OCAES shows improved efficiency over diabatic OCAES by storing thermal exergy in thermal energy storage and isothermal OCAES shows significantly higher efficiency over adiabatic and diabatic OCAES. Liquid piston based OCAES is estimated to show roundtrip efficiency of about 45% and use of heat transfer enhancement in liquid piston has potential to improve roundtrip efficiency of liquid piston based OCAES up to 62%.
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III, Rush D. Robinett, and David G. Wilson. "Exergy and irreversible entropy production thermodynamic concepts for nonlinear control design." International Journal of Exergy 6, no. 3 (2009): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2009.025326.
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Hua, B., Q. Yin, and G. Wu. "Energy Optimization Through Exergy-Economic Evaluation." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231416.
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This paper deals with total system optimization for energy use in complex process systems based on the premise that the sub-systems or local schemes have been optimally designed. The problem, however, has not been solved so far. Based on the three-links-model established for the energy structure of process systems, this paper advances an evolving optimization strategy, in which the results of quantitative exergy-economic evaluation of the sub-systems are taken as the criteria to guide trade-off among them and lead the total scheme gradually towards optimum. The general concepts, evaluation equations, applying procedure, and examples are presented. Notable economical and energy-saving benefits can be (have been) obtained when used on actual industrial plants.
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Varbanov, Petar Sabev, Hon Huin Chin, Alexandra-Elena Plesu Popescu, and Stanislav Boldyryev. "Thermodynamics-Based Process Sustainability Evaluation." Energies 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092132.
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This article considers the problem of the evaluation of the sustainability of heterogeneous process systems, which can have different areas of focus: from single process operations to complete supply chains. The proposed method defines exergy-based concepts to evaluate the assets, liabilities, and the exergy footprint of the analysed process systems, ensuring that they are suitable for Life Cycle Assessment. The proposed concepts, evaluation framework and cumulative Exergy Composite Curves allow the quantitative assessment of process systems, including alternative solutions. The provided case studies clearly illustrate the applicability of the method and the close quantitative relationship between the exergy profit and the potential sustainability contribution of the proposed solutions. The first case study demonstrates how the method is applied to the separation and reuse of an acetic-acid-containing waste stream. It is shown that the current process is not sustainable and needs substantial external exergy input and deeper analysis. The second case study concerns Municipal Solid Waste treatment and shows the potential value and sustainability benefit that can be achieved by the extraction of useful chemicals and waste-to-energy conversion. The proposed exergy footprint accounting framework clearly demonstrates the potential to be applied to sustainability assessment and process improvement while simultaneously tracking different kinds of resources and impacts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exergy concepts"
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Markell, Kyle Charles. "Exergy Methods for the Generic Analysis and Optimization of Hypersonic Vehicle Concepts." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31256.
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This thesis work presents detailed results of the application of exergy-based methods to highly dynamic, integrated aerospace systems such as hypersonic vehicle concepts. In particular, an exergy-based methodology is compared to a more traditional based measure by applying both to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of a hypersonic vehicle configuration comprised of an airframe sub-system and a propulsion sub-system consisting of inlet, combustor, and nozzle components. A number of key design and operational decision variables are identified as those which govern the hypersonic vehicle flow physics and thermodynamics and detailed one-dimensional models of each component and sub-system are developed. Rates of exergy loss as well as exergy destruction resulting from irreversible loss mechanisms are determined in each of the hypersonic vehicle sub-systems and their respective components.
Multiple optimizations are performed for both the propulsion sub-system only and for the entire hypersonic vehicle system for single mission segments and for a partial, three-segment mission. Three different objective functions are utilized in these optimizations with the specific goal of comparing exergy methods to a standard vehicle performance measure, namely, the vehicle overall efficiency. Results of these optimizations show that the exergy method presented here performs well when compared to the standard performance measure and, in a number of cases, leads to more optimal syntheses/designs in terms of the fuel mass flow rate required for a given task (e.g., for a fixed-thrust requirement or a given mission).
In addition to the various vehicle design optimizations, operational optimizations are conducted to examine the advantage if any of energy exchange to maintain shock-on-lip for both design and off-design conditions. Parametric studies of the hypersonic vehicle sub-systems and components are also conducted and provide further insights into the impacts that the design and operational decision variables and flow properties have on the rates of exergy destruction.Master of Science
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Molinari, Marco. "Exergy and Parametric Analysis: Methods and Concepts for a Sustainable Built Environment." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105380.
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Energy use in the world is continuously increasing. In the last 30 years the use of primary energy worldwide has more than doubled and it is mainly supplied with fossil fuels. A more efficient use of energy in the built environment has to be pursued if a more sustainable development is to be attained. The housing sector accounts for a major share of the energy use. Both in residential and commercial buildings, energy is mainly used for heating. Heat is energy with low quality. Traditional energy analysis methods, by failing to consider the energy quality, cannot give a holistic insight of the potential for reducing the energy used in the built environment. Exergy, instead, provides a tool to quantify the energy quality based on thermodynamic grounds. In this thesis a methodology based on both the reduction of the energy demand and exergy demand in buildings is proposed to mitigate the problems related to the energy use in buildings through a reduced and more efficient use of energy. The complex relations between building parameters to reduce the energy demand are managed with parametric analysis tools. The potential for energy demand reduction is investigated by means of screening analyses, local sensitivity analyses and global methods. A method for assessing the potential reduction of the energy demand in existing buildings and to evaluate the cost-efficiency of renovation measures based on the screening analysis is introduced and tested on two building typologies. In parallel, a program tool for parametric energy simulations, Consolis Parametric, has been developed on the core of an existing dynamic software, Consolis Energy +. Factorial analysis has been used to investigate the relations between the reduction of the energy demand and of the energy supply when ground source heat pumps are used for heating and cooling. Optimal configurations- dependent on the insulation of the building- of number of boreholes and spacing were identified for minimum electricity consumption. In the second part of this thesis exergy is used as tool for the definition of the efficient energy use in the built environment. The analysis of a multi-step heat pump to supply energy at two temperature levels, for space heating and domestic hot water production, exemplified how the reduction of the exergy loss can lead to a more efficient use of energy. The analysis was performed by means of SEPE, a modular software program developed in this work for exergy analysis in buildings. For the systematic reduction of the exergy losses in the built environment, an important prerequisite is the reduction of the exergy required by the building. Systems like floor heating and cooling, based on low difference emission temperature, are examples of low-exergy systems. Buildings with reduced need of exergy input increase the efficiency of systems like heat pumps and enhance the use of low quality energy, like waste heat and energy from low temperature renewable sources.QC 20121121
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Vahland, Sören. "Analysis of Parabolic Trough Solar Energy Integration into Different Geothermal Power Generation Concepts." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129093.
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The change in climate as a consequence of anthropogenic activities is a subject ofmajor concerns. In order to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions inthe atmosphere, the utilization of renewable, fossil-free power generationapplications becomes inevitable. Geothermal and solar energy play a major rolein covering the increased demand for renewable energy sources of today’s andfuture’s society. A special focus hereby lies on the Concentrating Solar Powertechnologies and different geothermal concepts. The costs for producingelectricity through Concentrating Solar Power and therefore Parabolic Trough Collectorsas well as geothermal conversion technologies are still comparatively high. Inorder to minimize these expenses and maximize the cycle’s efficiency, thepossible synergies of a hybridization of these two technologies becomeapparent. This thesis therefore investigates the thermodynamic and economicbenefits and drawbacks of this combination from a global perspective. For that,a Parabolic Trough Collector system is combined with the geothermal conversionconcepts of Direct Steam, Single and Double Flash, Organic Rankine as well asKalina Cycles. The solar integrations under investigation are Superheat,Preheat and Superheat & Reheat of the geothermal fluid. The thermodynamicanalysis focuses on the thermal and utilization efficiencies, as well as therequired Parabolic Trough Collector area. The results indicate that in the caseof the Superheat and Superheat & Reheat setup, the thermal efficiency canbe improved for all geothermal concepts in comparison to their correspondinggeothermal stand-alone case. The Preheat cases, with the major contributionfrom solar energy, are not able to improve the cycle’s thermal efficiencyrelative to the reference setup. From an exergy perspective the findings varysignificantly depending on the applied boundary conditions. Still, almost allcases were able to improve the cycle’s performance compared to the referencecase. For the economic evaluation, the capital investment costs and thelevelized costs of electricity are studied. The capital costs increasesignificantly when adding solar energy to the geothermal cycle. The levelizedelectricity costs could not be lowered for any hybridization case compared tothe reference only-geothermal configurations. The prices vary between20.04 €/MWh and 373.42 €/MWh. When conducting a sensitivity analysison the solar system price and the annual mean irradiance, the Kalina Superheatand Superheat & Reheat, as well as the Organic Rankine Preheathybridizations become cost competitive relative to the reference cases.Concluding, it is important to remark, that even if the hybridization of the ParabolicTrough and the different geothermal concepts makes sense from a thermodynamicperspective, the decisive levelized costs of electricity could not be improved.It is, however, possible that these costs can be further reduced under speciallocal conditions, making the addition of Parabolic Trough solar heat tospecific geothermal concepts favorable.
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Piri, Pegah. "Exergy savings and exergy production in municipal wastewater treatment focus on thermodynamical concept and measurement devices." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171797.
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This report represents an overall view on thermodynamical studies of wastewater treatment plant, concepts like exergy, emergy and entropy. In addition, there has been an introduction of calorimetry. A common unit of measurement of organic contents in wastewater treatment facilities is COD. However, the unit of measurement which shows the sustainability of an industry is exergy and emergy. According to the calculations represented in this report it has been tried to make a correlation between the COD and exergy in order to make it easier to assess the sustainability of a treatment plant. The calorific measurement methods which have been used in the food science can also be used in wastewater treatment industry. Therefore, it is possible to replace COD and BOD measurement devices with online calorific measurements. It has been tried to find a correlation between exergy value and calorific contents. Accordingly, if the calorific values in wastewater input and output are known they can be transferred into exergy values. The energy and exergy production from wastewater has been observed in a Microbial Fuel Cell made in the laboratory and the measured values of current produced by the microbial activities has been analyzed in this report. For future studies, exergy can be used directly in modeling a wastewater treatment plant and improving an already made one.
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Bellù, Alberto. "Energy storage systems: an approach involving the concept of exergy." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34862.
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Marquet, Pascal. "Applications du concept d'Exergie à l'énergétique de l'atmosphère. Les notions d'enthalpies utilisables sèche et humide." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00572254.
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L'énergie utilisable est la partie de l'énergie d'un système qui est virtuellement convertible afin de créer un travail. Elle est aussi connue sous le nom d'exergie (littéralement «travail extractible») en thermodynamique. Une notion d'énergie utilisable a été développée indépendamment dans le domaine de la météorologie, tout d'abord par Margules (1903) et Lorenz (1955), puis par Dutton (1973) et Pearce (1978). Le but de cette thèse est l'étude des propriétés locales de la fonction enthalpie utilisable spécifique qui est une forme particulière de l'exergie. Il apparaît que l'enthalpie utilisable synthétise et précise les travaux de Dutton et de Pearce pour le cas d'une atmosphère en équilibre hydrostatique, c'est aussi un cas particulier de la pseudo-énergie introduite par Shepherd (1993), un autre cas particulier étant l'approche de Lorenz. Un cycle énergétique analogue à ceux de Lorenz et de Pearce est défini pour l'étude d'une couche isobare d'un domaine limité. Une application numérique au cas d'une onde barocline d'échelle sous-synoptique est ensuite présentée, elle démontre l'importance des termes dus aux flux aux frontières du domaine, alors que dans le même temps les chemins barocline et barotrope des conversions d'énergie restent analogues à ceux classiquement envisagés en météorologie. Enfin, on décrit une généralisation au cas d'une atmosphère humide où l'influence énergétique des différentes phases de l'eau est explicitement prise en compte
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Saulich, Sven. "Generic design and investigation of solar cooling systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13627.
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This thesis presents work on a holistic approach for improving the overall design of solar cooling systems driven by solar thermal collectors. Newly developed methods for thermodynamic optimization of hydraulics and control were used to redesign an existing pilot plant. Measurements taken from the newly developed system show an 81% increase of the Solar Cooling Efficiency (SCEth) factor compared to the original pilot system. In addition to the improvements in system design, new efficiency factors for benchmarking solar cooling systems are presented. The Solar Supply Efficiency (SSEth) factor provides a means of quantifying the quality of solar thermal charging systems relative to the usable heat to drive the sorption process. The product of the SSEth with the already established COPth of the chiller, leads to the SCEth factor which, for the first time, provides a clear and concise benchmarking method for the overall design of solar cooling systems. Furthermore, the definition of a coefficient of performance, including irreversibilities from energy conversion (COPcon), enables a direct comparison of compression and sorption chiller technology. This new performance metric is applicable to all low-temperature heat-supply machines for direct comparison of different types or technologies. The achieved findings of this work led to an optimized generic design for solar cooling systems, which was successfully transferred to the market.
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Ayub, Md. "Experimental and numerical investigation of a carbon nanotube acoustic absorber." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/112038.
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The interest in applications of nanomaterials for acoustic absorption purposes is growing rapidly with advances in nanotechnology. A need also exists for a simulation framework that is applicable for modelling acoustic absorption in nanomaterials in order to develop an understanding of nanoscopic acoustic absorption mechanisms. The current study investigates the acoustic absorption characteristics of a carbon nanotube (CNT) acoustic absorber to develop an understanding of the absorption behaviour and mechanisms of the CNTs. This task involves undertaking an exploratory study of the absorption characteristics of a CNT forest and modelling the absorption effects of the CNT at the nanoscale. The absorption characteristics of the CNTs were explored by studying the normal incidence absorption coefficient of 3mmand 6mm-long vertically aligned CNT arrays measured experimentally using the two-microphone impedance tube method, while the modelling of the absorption effects was performed using a non-continuum particle-based method. The experimental investigation showed promising results for the acoustic absorption capability of CNT acoustic absorbers and suggests that the absorption performance could be enhanced with longer CNTs and a lower spatial density of the nanotube arrays. The study of absorption using a theoretical model based on classical absorption mechanisms indicated that the absorption behaviour of nanomaterials is likely to deviate from continuum behaviour emphasising the necessity of acoustic modelling at the nanoscale using non-continuum methods. An examination of the physical phenomena that are likely to be relevant for simulating acoustic wave propagation in the presence of CNTs revealed that the modelling of such a system would be a multi-physics problem involving heat transfer and dynamic interaction of particle vibrations. A study of various particle approaches of non-continuum methods indicated that molecular dynamics (MD) is the method best suited to simulate and study the acoustic absorption of CNTs at the nanoscale. A survey of previous molecular simulations demonstrated that the MD simulations carried out thus far have not simultaneously accounted for all relevant aspects of the multi-physics problem required for modelling the acoustic absorption effects of CNTs. Hence, three independent validation studies were performed using MD simulations for modelling a subset of the relevant phenomena, namely fluid/structure interactions, bi-directional heat transfer, and acoustic wave propagation. Each of these MD simulations were performed for a model incorporating Lennard-Jones (LJ) potentials for the non-bonded interactions of gas and CNT atoms and the REBO potential for the CNT, and the results validated against the reference case studies. A molecular system was then designed to study acoustic wave propagation in a simple monatomic gas in a domain containing a 50nm-long CNT opposite to the sound source and parallel to the direction of the acoustic wave propagation. The simulation domain was modelled using argon gas as the wave propagation medium, a piston made of solid argon layers as a sound source, and a specular wall as the termination wall. MD simulations were also performed without the CNT present for comparison. The characteristics of the acoustic field were studied by evaluating the behaviour of various acoustic parameters and comparing the change in behaviour with frequency. The attenuation of the acoustic wave was estimated using thermodynamic exergy concepts and compared against standing wave theory and predictions from continuum mechanics. Similarly, the acoustic field characteristics and attenuation due to the CNT were studied using MD simulations incorporating the CNT. A standing wave model, developed for the domain with the CNT present, was used to predict the attenuation by the CNT and verified against estimates from exergy concepts. Comparison of the simulation results for acoustic wave propagation with and without the CNT present demonstrated that acoustic absorption effects in the presence of CNTs can be simulated using the developed MD simulation setup although the degree of absorption was not sufficient for the CNTs simulated to investigate absorption mechanisms. The modelled MD system can also be used to study deviations from continuum theory in the characteristics of high frequency sound. The study suggests that the investigation of absorption mechanisms in nanomaterials can be conducted using the developed platform for MD simulations, however further investigations are required to capture the loss mechanisms involved in the molecular interactions between the acoustic wave and the CNT. Additionally, to permit simulations in the audible frequency range, it is necessary to speed up the computational process by modifying the system model such as by employing a hybrid model with molecular dynamics coupled to a continuum domain.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.
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Li, Jr-wei, and 李志偉. "Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization using the Concept of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Exergy Destructions." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66424939687555889529.
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碩士淡江大學
化學工程學系
90
The thesis proposes the methods of EA-IEED (Exergy Analysis based on IEED [Intrinsic and Extrinsic Exergy Destruction] concept) and EEA-IEED (Exergoeconomic Analysis based on IEED concept). The methods allow the assignments of intrinsic exergy destruction cost and extrinsic exergy destruction cost, which correspond to the effects from the configuration design related variables and the transport rate related variables of the overall system, the subsystems, or the unit operations. The methods are applied to an ethylene process separation train system. The improvements pinpointed from these analyses result in a decrease of about 30﹪in total annual cost for the de-ethanizer and a decrease of about 16﹪in total annual cost for the C2 splitter. The thesis also proposes the method of OPT-EEA-IEED (Exergoeconomic Optimization based on IEED concept), a Two-level Optimization method. The configuration design related variables and the transport rate related variables are optimized in a two level hierarchy. A Benzene-Toluene column is optimized. Compared to the base case, the optimal case results in a 30﹪decrease of intrinsic exergy destruction cost, a 60﹪decrease of extrinsic exergy destruction cost, and a 16﹪decrease of total annual cost.
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Jentsch, Andrej [Verfasser]. "A novel exergy-based concept of thermodynamic quality and its application to energy system evaluation and process analysis / vorgelegt von Andrej Jentsch." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1002637651/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Exergy concepts"
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Jacobi, Lauren, and Daniel Zolli, eds. Contamination and Purity in Early Modern Art and Architecture. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988699.
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The concepts of purity and contamination preoccupied early modern Europeans fundamentally, structuring virtually every aspect of their lives, not least how they created and experienced works of art and the built environment. In an era that saw a great number of objects and people in motion, the meteoric rise of new artistic and building technologies, and religious upheaval exert new pressures on art and its institutions, anxieties about the pure and the contaminated – distinctions between the clean and unclean, sameness and difference, self and other, organization and its absence – took on heightened importance. In this series of geographically and methodologically wide-ranging essays, thirteen leading historians of art and architecture grapple with the complex ways that early modern actors negotiated these concerns, covering topics as diverse as Michelangelo’s unfinished sculptures, Venetian plague hospitals, Spanish-Muslim tapestries, and emergency currency. The resulting volume offers surprising new insights into the period and into the modern disciplinary routines of art and architectural history.
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Ranasinghe, Jatila. Use of the exergy concept for design improvement of heat exchangers and heat exchanger networks. 1989.
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Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Mark, Tobias Lenz, Jeanine Bezuijen, Besir Ceka, and Svet Derderyan. International Authority: From Concept to Measure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724490.003.0001.
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Chapter One discusses the theoretical-conceptual underpinnings of the Measure of International Authority (MIA). In what respects, and to what extent, do international organizations exert legal rational authority? What powers do non-state actors have in international decision making and dispute settlement? To what extent, when, and how do states sacrifice the national veto in collective decision making? The chapter is structured in a sequence of five steps from the abstract to the particular: conceptualize authority; specify the concept as formal authority of international organizations; unfold in the dimensions of delegation and pooling; operationalize international organization (IO) composition and decision making in indicators that describe institutional alternatives that can be reliably assessed; explicate principles for scoring and adjudicating cases.
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Yalçın-Heckmann, Lale, ed. Moral Economy at Work: Ethnographic Investigations in Eurasia. Berghahn Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800732353.
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The idea of a moral economy has been explored and assessed in numerous disciplines. The anthropological studies in this volume provide a new perspective to this idea by showing how the relations of workers, employees and employers, and of firms, families and households are interwoven with local notions of moralities. From concepts of individual autonomy, kinship obligations, to ways of expressing mutuality or creativity, moral values exert an unrealized influence, and these often produce more consent than resistance or outrage.
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Mundt, Christoph. Impact of Karl Jaspers’ General Psychopathology: the range of appraisal. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0004.
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Growing unease in the scientific community has stimulated reception of classical authors as Karl Jaspers. By drawing on existential philosophy Jaspers has given GP a depth which allows reflecting the methodological premises of psychopathology. Anthropologic phenomenology of Edmund Husserl was received with scepticism by Jaspers as was V. v. Weizsäcker’s psychosomatic medicine and Mitscherlich`s psychoanalysis. Jaspers refined mainstream psychopathology by understanding their nature and defining precise criteria. Delusion and psychotic symptoms are examples. The observation of patient`s and psychiatrist`s “vicarious self-representations” gained acceptance although low reliability was expected. Substantial critique on GP is rare. Some authors consider Jaspers’ work as replica of French psychiatrists. However, Jaspers’ work is unique in getting in touch philosophy and psychiatry. The comprehensiveness of the material is one merit of GP. Amazing that in times when psychopathological concepts are short lived a book published one hundred years ago still exerts influence. This steady interest may be an indication that GP touches upon the very roots of mental life.
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Wilson Kimber, Marian. Making Elocution Musical. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040719.003.0002.
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Poetic recitation was regularly heard at concerts and in “musical and literary entertainments.” Recitation anthologies designed for homes and schools provided sample programs. Music and elocution were combined outside of the conventions of notation: texts of songs were spoken to their accompaniments, and previously composed or improvised music was used to accompany speech. Contemporary speech pedagogy reveals that performed speech was characteristically musical due to highly-pitched practices, often notated with graphic symbols. The career of Jane Manner demonstrates the full range of melodramatic approaches available. Something between a musical composition and a genre of performed literature, accompanied recitation allowed women to exert their artistic power beyond the traditional boundaries of elocution and to usurp the place of the composer.
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Sorace, Christian P. Shaken Authority. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707537.001.0001.
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This book examines the political mechanisms at work in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the broader ideological energies that drove them. The book takes Chinese Communist Party ideas and discourse as central to how that organization formulates policies, defines legitimacy, and exerts its power. It argues that the Communist Party has never abandoned its conviction that discourse can shape the world and the people who inhabit it. It demonstrates how the Communist Party's planning apparatus continues to play a crucial role in engineering the Chinese economy and market construction, especially in the countryside. It takes a distinctive and original interpretive approach to understanding Chinese politics, and demonstrates how Communist Party discourse and ideology influenced the official decisions and responses to the Sichuan earthquake. The book provides a clear view of the lived outcomes of Communist Party plans, rationalities, and discourses in the earthquake zone. The three case studies presented each demonstrates a different type of reconstruction and model of development: urban–rural integration, tourism, and ecological civilization. The book emphasizes the need for a grounded literacy in the political concepts, discourses, and vocabularies of the Communist Party itself.
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Eatwell, Roger. Charisma and the Radical Right. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.13.
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Although the concept of “charismatic” leaders is commonplace in political discourse, many academics hold that the notion is vague and these leaders’ alleged appeal to voters untestable. This chapter sets out a conceptualization of such leaders, focusing on radical mission, personal presence, symbiotic hierarchy, and Manichean demonization. It then considers four broad theories about why charismatic leaders have notable effects (and why the radical right gathers support): socioeconomic change and crisis, political opportunity structures, cultural legitimation, and psychological affinities. While it is important not to overstate the powers of most leaders, the chapter concludes by arguing that we need to appreciate the role of “coterie” charisma over an inner core, helping to keep parties together. Moreover, charismatic leaders exert a centripetal appeal, particularly to authoritarians and/or those least interested in politics, creating a more differentiated following than the affective bond stressed in the classic Weberian model.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Self-Esteem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0024.
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Self-esteem has a long history in psychological research and sport psychology researchers are often interested in whether sport builds self-esteem. This chapter traces the history of self-esteem research in sport and provides definitions of and distinguishes between self-esteem and self-concept, and unidimensional and multidimensional models of self-esteem. The reciprocal effects model of self-esteem is examined, which suggests mastery experiences and self-esteem both exert influences on each other and can be viewed as causes and effects of each other. Antecedents of self-esteem, such as feelings of mastery and favorable judgments of worth from significant others, are also discussed, along with developmental aspects of self-esteem. Related areas of research that might be relevant to disability and disability sport are also discussed, such as terror management theory, the role of discounting and devaluing in psychological disengagement, how self-esteem might act as a mediator, and metacognitive properties of self-esteem.
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Guthrie, Graeme. Separating the wheat from the chaff. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0007.
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Past pay generates incentives via the ownership stake that it creates; present pay generates incentives via the link between firm performance and the level of pay; future pay generates incentives via executives’ career concerns. This chapter explains how uncertainty about an executive’s ability and effort generates incentives for the executive to exert effort on behalf of shareholders. These incentives stem from the links between labor-market perceptions of an executive’s ability and the likelihood that he is promoted or fired from his current job, able to gain employment at another firm, and able to find post-retirement work as an independent director. Strong boards can use these links to design compensation schemes that benefit shareholders. This chapter describes career-based incentives using the story of Carl Yankowski, the high-profile CEO of Palm who endured a series of career disappointments.
Book chapters on the topic "Exergy concepts"
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Shukuya, Masanori. "Renewing Our View with the Concept of Exergy." In Exergy, 1–15. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4573-8_1.
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Querol, Enrique, Borja Gonzalez-Regueral, and Jose Luis Perez-Benedito. "Exergy Concept and Determination." In Practical Approach to Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analyses of Industrial Processes, 9–28. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4622-3_2.
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Wall, Göran, and Dilip G. Banhatti. "Exergy: A Useful Concept for Ecology and Sustainability." In Knowledge Systems of Societies for Adaptation and Mitigation of Impacts of Climate Change, 477–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36143-2_28.
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Trapasia, Nidhi, Krunal Patel, and Rajesh Patel. "Exergy Analysis—A Useful Concept of Sustainability for Air Source Heat Pump System." In Renewable Energy and Climate Change, 249–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9578-0_22.
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Turan, Mehmet Tan, Yavuz Ates, and Erdin Gokalp. "Integration of Solar Power Plant to Existing Network with Adaptive Relay Protection in the Concept of Smart Grid." In The Role of Exergy in Energy and the Environment, 351–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89845-2_25.
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Khabibova, Natalya. "Thermodynamic perfection evaluation of the energy and matter transformation processes on the basis of the concept of exergy." In DISSIPATIVE FUNCTION IN ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS, 24–30. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62a34c6a32c770.26185668.
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The monograph presents the results of a study of the digital economy as a new paradigm of economic development, a system of economic relations implemented through the use of digital information computer technologies. It is noted that the main problem in the formation of sustainable economic growth and the successful introduction of digital technologies are the challenges of digitalization of the economy. New digital technologies, innovative business models penetrate into all spheres of the economic life of society, influencing the very essence of the economy, forming qualitative structural changes in it. As a result, a digital economy is being formed as a subsystem of the traditional economy, characterized by the active use of digital technologies and the circulation of specific electronic goods. The monograph is intended for researchers, teachers, graduate students, undergraduates, as well as a wide range of readers interested in topical issues of digitalization of the economy.
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Kutnjak Ivković, Sanja, Jon Maskály, Ahmet Kule, and Maria Maki Haberfeld. "The Code of Silence and Self-Legitimacy." In SpringerBriefs in Criminology, 77–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96844-1_5.
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AbstractAn emerging body of research suggests that the concept of self-legitimacy plays an important role in various outcomes associated with police officer attitudes and behaviors. In this chapter, we extend this literature by looking at the potential role that self-legitimacy may play in explaining the code of silence. The results suggest that self-legitimacy exerts an inconsistent effect on police officers’ decisions to adhere to the code of silence across the scenarios. Moreover, adding self-legitimacy to the model does not substantively change the effect of the traditional police integrity variables. The chapter concludes with a discussion of theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
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Lee, Jack T., and Rajani Naidoo. "Complicit Reproductions in the Global South: Courting World Class Universities and Global Rankings." In Evaluating Education: Normative Systems and Institutional Practices, 77–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7598-3_6.
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AbstractThe proliferation of global rankings has led to vigorous debates about the dominance of world-class universities and the encroaching institutional isomorphism in higher education. Specifically, the narrow metrics of rankings celebrate STEM research and institutional reputation at the expense of the humanist roots of higher education: teaching, self-cultivation, and community engagement. This critique on global rankings faces an equally vocal demand that a country must develop world-class universities in order to remain economically competitive in the global era – an instrumental logic that attracts devotees in both advanced economies as well as developing economies. Ironically, policymakers in both contexts simultaneously lament the prevalence of rankings and calibrate strategies to promote success in league tables. Although rankings attract scrutiny in both higher education policymaking and research, the implications of these metrics on higher education in the Global South receive little attention. The discourse is largely focused on top and mid ranking institutions, which are often located in the Global North. In the Global South, global rankings and the concept of world-class universities act through subtle yet powerful mechanisms to shape the contours of higher education. For many institutions and states in the Global South, the fervour is less about creating a world-class university and more about establishing links with well ranked universities (domestically and internationally). Therefore, while the explicit goal is not to build a world-class university, policymakers are nevertheless complicit in reproducing the hegemony of global rankings. This chapter will examine the activities in which global rankings exert tremendous pressure on the Global South: curriculum development, student mobility, faculty recruitment, research partnerships, and strategic planning. In mapping out the mechanisms of reproduction, the goal is to highlight the pervasive influence of global rankings and the complicity in reproduction rather than paint a binary division between the global and local dimensions of higher education.
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Krieger, Heike. "Sentenza 238/2014: A Good Case for Law-Reform?" In Remedies against Immunity?, 71–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_4.
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AbstractSentenza 238/2014 is an important judgment which does not only concern the concrete case at hand but also pushes for a change in the law of state immunity. However, such attempts at law-making by national courts may not always attain their goal but may exert adverse effects which are harmful for the international legal order. Sentenza 238/2014 may have an impact on three different yet related issues central to the future development of international law: the relationship between international and national law, exceptions to immunities, and individual reparations in cases of mass atrocities.This chapter criticises law-making through non-compliance with international judicial decisions by national courts. Judges in democratic states under the rule of law who try to push for law-reform, by initiating non-compliance with decisions of international courts, should be aware that they may act in the company, and thereby in support of, courts in regimes with autocratic tendencies, such as the Russian Constitutional Court, which refuses to comply with judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Furthermore, the chapter argues that immunity from jurisdiction and immunity from execution should be kept distinct and that human rights exceptions should not be applied to immunity from execution. Such a differentiation remains justified because measures of constraint against property used for government non-commercial purposes intrude even further onto sovereign rights than the institution of proceedings before courts in the forum state. It is particularly difficult for states to protect assets and other property situated in a foreign state. These assets may therefore be more susceptible to abusive enforcement measures while simultaneously forming an essential basis for the actual conduct of international relations.The chapter concludes by advocating a cautious approach to individual reparations in cases of mass atrocities. This more cautious approach observes the complexities of ending armed conflicts and negotiating peace deals. An individual right to monetary compensation based on civil claims processes does not allow for taking into account broader political considerations related to establishing a stable post-war order. Such a right is conducive to bilateral settlements between the state parties concerned, which might create new injustices towards other groups of victims. It might also overburden negotiations for a settlement to an ongoing armed conflict.The chapter thereby starts from the assumption that the stability of the international legal order itself as guaranteed by concepts such as immunities or the respect for its judicial organs serves to protect human rights, albeit indirectly.
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Kotas, T. J. "Basic exergy concepts." In The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis, 29–56. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-408-01350-5.50009-x.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Exergy concepts"
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Robinett, Rush D., and David G. Wilson. "Exergy and Entropy Thermodynamic Concepts for Nonlinear Control Design." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15205.
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This paper develops a novel control system design methodology that uniquely combines: concepts from thermodynamic exergy and entropy; Hamiltonian systems; Lyapunov's direct method and Lyapunov optimal analysis; electric AC power concepts; and power flow analysis. Relationships are derived between exergy/entropy and Lyapunov optimal functions for Hamiltonian systems. The methodology is demonstrated with two fundamental numerical simulation examples: 1) the classic van der Pol nonlinear oscillator system and 2) a Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) planar 2 Degree-Of-Freedom (DOF) robot that employs PID tracking control. The control system performances and/or appropriately identified terms are partitioned and evaluated based on exergy generation and exergy dissipation terms. Traditionally, almost all modern control design is based on forcing the nonlinear systems to perform and behave like linear systems, thus limiting its maximum potential. These are also known as mainly passive-type control systems. This novel nonlinear control methodology results in both necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of nonlinear systems.
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Doty, John, and Jose Camberos. "Statistical, Modular Systems Integration Using Combined Energy & Exergy Concepts." In 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-278.
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Fagbenle, Richard Olayiwola, Sunday Sam Adefila, Sunday Oyedepo, and Moradeyo Odunfa. "Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironomic Analyses of Selected Gas Turbine Power Plants in Nigeria." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40311.
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Energy supply trends as well as environmental regulations and climate change issues have made it necessary to closely scrutinize the way energy is utilized. Efficient energy utilization thus requires paying more attention to accurate and advanced thermodynamic analysis of thermal systems. Hence, methods aimed at evaluating the performances of energy systems take into account the Energy, Environment and Economics. Therefore, the first and second law of thermodynamics combined with economics and environmental impact represents a very powerful tool for the systematic study and optimization of energy systems. In this study, a thermodynamic analysis of eleven selected gas turbine power plants in Nigeria was carried out using the first and second laws of thermodynamics, economic and environmental impact concepts. Exergetic, exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analyses were conducted using operating data obtained from the power plants to determine the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of each major component of the gas turbine in each power plant. The exergy analysis confirmed that the combustion chamber is the most exergy destructive component compared to other cycle components as expected. The percentage exergy destruction in combustion chamber varied between 86.05 and 94.6%. Increasing the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT), the exergy destruction of this component can be reduced. Exergo-economic analysis showed that the cost of exergy destruction is high in the combustion chamber and by increasing the GTIT effectively decreases this cost. The exergy costing analysis revealed that the unit cost of electricity produced in the plants ranged from cents 1.88/kWh (₦2.99/kWh) to cents 5.65/kWh (₦8.98/kWh). Exergo-environmental analysis showed that the CO2 emissions varied between 100.18 to 408.78 kgCO2/MWh while cost rate of environmental impact varied from 40.18 $/h (N6, 388.62/h) to 276.97 $/h (N44, 038.23/h). The results further showed that CO2 emissions and cost of environmental impact decrease with increasing GTIT.
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Robinett, Rush, and David Wilson. "Exergy and Entropy Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Design: Slewing Single Axis." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-6092.
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Robinett, Rush D., and David G. Wilson. "Exergy and irreversible entropy production thermodynamic concepts for control system design: Regulators." In 2006 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cacsd-cca-isic.2006.4776990.
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Robinett, Rush, and David Wilson. "Exergy and Irreversible Entropy Production Thermodynamic Concepts for Control System Design: Regulators." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.2006.286216.
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Rush D. Robinett III. "Exergy and Irreversible Entropy Production Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Design: Nonlinear Systems." In 2006 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/med.2006.236559.
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Robinett, Rush D., and David G. Wilson. "Exergy and Irreversible Entropy Production Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Design: Nonlinear Systems." In 2006 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/med.2006.328728.
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Razmara, Nayyer, and Rahim Khoshbakhti Saray. "Enhancement of Simple Gas Turbine System and Cogeneration Power Plant Using Dual Fueling of Combustion Chamber: Based on Endogenous and Exogenous Exergy Destruction Concepts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22073.
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Exergy analysis provides useful information about the system optimization. An exergy analysis identifies the sources of thermodynamic inefficiencies by evaluating the exergy destruction within each system component. Splitting the exergy destruction into endogenous/exogenous parts represents a new development in the exergy analysis of energy conversion systems. The present work is an attempt to investigate the combustion process in a simple gas turbine and a cogeneration power plant based on the general concept of endogenous and exogenous exergy destruction. Therefore, using a graphical approach, the advanced exergy analysis is applied to both cycles with different fuels such as methane and diesel. Also, dual-fueling of combustion chamber is investigated based on the aforementioned approach in which 90% substitution of methane fuel for diesel one is considered. It is found that, in both cycles the combustion chamber has the largest value of the endogenous exergy destruction. The exergetic efficiency of combustion chamber increases when methane fuel is substituted for diesel fuel. Therefore, cycles efficiencies have been enhanced when fuel is substituted for diesel one. The results obtained here may provide some useful information for the optimal design and performance improvement of these cycles.
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Sciubba, Enrico. "Extended Exergy as a Locally Significant Environmental Indicator." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63649.
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The concept of “environmental impact” has evolved to encompass a multi-disciplinary and quite detailed examination of the local and global implications of the interactions of anthropic processes with the biosphere. Sets of quantitative measures of the interaction, called Environmental Indicators (EI), have been proposed with the intent of providing a synthetic, accurate and reliable decision support basis for planners and decision makers. This approach is not devoid of drawbacks: generality conflicts with specificity and it is often difficult to connect a local EI with a more global measure of environmental impact. Furthermore, several of the proposed EIs lack a sound physical basis (in particular, they are not always rigorously rooted on thermodynamics). This paper proposes a method to bridge both gaps by introducing an EI derived strictly from prime thermodynamic concepts (the extended exergy cost, EEC or cee) and by defining a procedure to apply it to local and global scales alike. It is argued that such an EI successfully solves the “externalities” problem for industrial energy conversion systems and that it can also be employed to assess the evolutionary patterns of natural systems. All applications to date demonstrate that cee is indeed a useful tool for the quantification of the primary equivalent resource costs and for their proper internalization in energy systems analyses.
Reports on the topic "Exergy concepts"
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Hahm, Joon-Ho, Dong Jin Lee, and Cyn-Young Park. Domestic and External Monetary Policy Shocks and Economic Inequality in the Republic of Korea. Asian Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220121-2.
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This paper examines the linkage between monetary policy and economic inequalities in the open economy of the Republic of Korea. The coronavirus disease pandemic has raised renewed concerns about economic and social inequality. This paper constructs measures of income and wealth inequality in the Republic of Korea. Empirical results show that both domestic and external monetary policy shocks exert significant countercyclical effects on income inequality. However, for wealth inequality, the effects are very different. External policy shocks proxied by fluctuations in net capital flows seem to have significant effects on net wealth inequality.
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Jalil, Yorschua, and Ruvistay Gutierrez. Myokines secretion and their role in critically ill patients. A scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0048.
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Review question / Objective: 1-How and by which means stimulated muscle from critically ill patients can liberate myokines?, 2-Which are the main characteristics of the critically ill population studied and if some of these influenced myokine´s secretion?, 5-Can myokines exert local or distant effects in critically ill patients?, 5-Which are the potential effects of myokines in critically ill patients? Eligibility criteria: Participants and context: We will include primary studies (randomized or non-randomized trials, observational studies, case series or case report) that consider hospitalized critically ill adult patients (18 years or older) in risk for developing some degree of neuromuscular disorders such as ICU-AW, diaphragmatic dysfunction, or muscle weakness, therefore the specific setting will be critical care. Concept: This review will be focused on studies regarding the secretion or measure of myokines or similar (exerkines, cytokines or interleukin) by any mean of muscle activation or muscle contraction such as physical activity, exercise or NMES, among others. The latter strategies must be understood as any mean by which muscle, and there for myocytes, are stimulated as result of muscle contraction, regardless of the frequency, intensity, time of application and muscle to be stimulated (upper limb, lower limb, thoracic or abdominal muscles). We also will consider myokine´s effects, local or systemic, over different tissues in terms of their structure or function, such as myocytes function, skeletal muscle mass and strength, degree of muscle wasting or myopathies, among others.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.
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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.