Journal articles: 'Exercise Intolerance, Older adults, Young, Strength'

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Williamson, J. R., P. L. Hoffmann, W. M. Kohrt, R. J. Spina, A. R. Coggan, and O. Holloszy. "Endurance exercise training decreases capillary basement membrane width in older nondiabetic and diabetic adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.747.

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The objectives of these studies were to 1) evaluate the relationships among age, glucose intolerance, and skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane (CBM) width (CBMW) and 2) determine the effects of exercise training on CBMW by comparing values of young (28 +/- 4 yr) and older (63 +/- 7 yr) athletes with those of age-matched sedentary control subjects and by measuring CBMW in older men and women before and after a 9-mo endurance-exercise training program. CBMW was measured in tissue samples obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle. CBMW in sedentary 64 +/- 3-yr-old subjects was 25% thicker than in sedentary 24 +/- 3-yr-old subjects. CBMW was similar in young and older athletes and was thinner than the CBMW of age-matched sedentary control subjects. There were no differences in CBMW among older sedentary individuals with normal or impaired glucose tolerance or mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nine months of endurance exercise training reduced CBMW in older men and women by 30-40%, to widths that were not different from those of the young subjects; this response was independent of glucose tolerance status. These findings suggest that habitual exercise prevents the thickening of the skeletal muscle CBM that is characteristic of advancing age. Moreover, the thickening of the CBM appears to be readily reversed as a result of exercise training, even in older individuals.

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Manfredi, Thomas, Ho Yong Lee, Roger A. Fielding, Sylvie Laliberte Verdon, and William Evans. "Histological and Ultrastructural Alterations in Regenerating Skeletal Muscle of Older Adults Following Exercise-Induced Damage." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100158765.

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Morphological studies have reported fewer muscle fibers in older men suggesting fewer motor units and therefore more force absorbed per muscle fiber. Physiologic studies concur with this information, reporting decreases in lean body mass and muscular strength, and lower levels of fitness (i.e. aerobic capacity) in older subjects. Muscle specimens taken from older adults have shown a greater occurance of non specific ultrastructural alterations, including Z disk thickening, myofibrillar focal damage, and lipufuscin granules. These findings suggest that skeletal muscle of older adults may be more susceptible to environmental stress and may not regenerate as effectively following trauma. Our laboratory has investigated the ultrastructure of thigh muscle in young adults following an exercise scheme designed to stress muscle during lengthening (i.e. eccentric exercise) and result in muscle damage. The vulnerability of the ultrastructure of older adults to exercise induced muscle damage has not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to compare the frequency of occurance of non specific myofibrillar disturbances in young and older adults, and describe the fine structure of skeletal muscle of older adults prior to, immediately following, and at a time when muscle regeneration is expected to occur.

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Hafer, Jocelyn F., and Katherine A. Boyer. "Comparisons of Knee Extensor Functional Demand During Gait by Age, Physical Activity Level, and the Impact of Acute Exercise and Walking Speed." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2019-0361.

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The link between age-related changes in muscle strength and gait is unclear. We tested if knee extensor functional demand differs by age and physical activity status and if functional demand increases with walking speed or after exercise. Gait and knee extensor muscle torque were collected from young adults and highly and less active older adults before and after treadmill walking. Functional demand was the ratio of knee moments during gait to knee extensor muscle torques estimated from participant-specific torque–velocity curves. Functional demand at the peak knee flexion moment was greater in less active older adults than young adults (29.3% [14.3%] vs 24.6% [12.1%]) and increased with walking speed (32.0% [13.9%] vs 22.8% [10.4%]). Functional demand at both knee extension moments increased ∼2% to 3% after exercise. The low functional demand found in this study suggests that healthy adults maintain a reserve of knee extensor strength.

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Hortobágyi, Tibor, Jeff Money, Donghai Zheng, Ronald Dudek, David Fraser, and Lynis Dohm. "Muscle Adaptations to 7 Days of Exercise in Young and Older Humans: Eccentric Overload versus Standard Resistive Training." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 10, no. 3 (July 2002): 290–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.10.3.290.

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This study compared muscle adaptations after 7 days of exercise with eccentric-overload (EO) or standard (ST) resistive training in young (20 years) and older (69 years) adults. Young EO and ST gained 103 and 30 N, respectively, and older EO and ST gained 63 and 25 N of strength, respectively (all p < .05). Types I and IIa MHC mRNA levels were not altered, but Type IIx levels decreased 31% and 63% after the first and seventh exercise bouts, respectively, in young and decreased 30% after the seventh bout in older participants (all p < 05), independent of loading type. Type 11a fiber increased. Type IIx decreased, and Type IIa increased in both age groups independent of loading type (all p < 05). Electron microscopy revealed no myofibrillar disruption in young or older muscle. These data suggest that short-term EO produces larger strength gains than does ST without muscle-cell disruption or loading-type-specific changes in MHC mRNA isoforms in young and older skeletal muscle.

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Kowalchuk, Kelsi, and Scotty Butcher. "Eccentric Overload Flywheel Training in Older Adults." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 3 (August 22, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4030061.

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Age-related reductions in muscle strength and muscle power can have significant adverse effects on functional performance in older adults. Exercise training has been shown to be a potent stimulus for improvements in strength and power. However, investigation into how to best optimize training-related adaptations, as well as the accessibility of training methods, is needed. Traditional (TR) methods using gravity-dependent free-weights or weight machines can improve and maintain strength and power but are limited in their ability to provide constant muscle tension and high levels of muscle activation throughout the lowering (eccentric) phase of lifting. Eccentric overload (EO) training may overcome these limitations and has been shown to result in potent adaptations in both young and older adults. Methods of producing EO are significantly limited from a practical perspective. The addition of whole-body flywheel training equipment provides a practical method of producing EO and may be appropriate for older adults wanting to optimize training outcomes. Our review provides limited evidence of the use of eccentric overload flywheel training as a novel training method in seniors. Through the review of literature, EO training overcame some of the limitations set forth by traditional resistance training and demonstrated to have key benefits when combating age-related changes affecting muscle strength and muscle power. It can be concluded that EO training is an important addition to the training arsenal for older adults. Flywheel training provides a practical method of achieving EO, increasing strength and power, combating age-related adaptations, and overall improving quality of life in older adults.

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Robertson, Andrew, Eric Hedge, Carmelo Mastrandrea, Federico Granados Unger, and Richard Hughson. "DAILY EXERCISE DOES NOT ALTER CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW REGULATION DURING TILT IN OLDER ADULTS AFTER TWO WEEKS OF BEDREST." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2606.

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Abstract Bedrest is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular changes that are linked to a greater prevalence of orthostatic intolerance; however, much of what we know from bedrest trials comes from young adults. How older adults respond to extended periods of activity restriction is not well understood. The current work tested the hypothesis that impaired control of cerebral blood flow in older adults following bedrest could be attenuated by regular exercise. Twenty-two older adults (55-65 years, 11 women) participated in a randomized controlled trial involving 14 days of continuous 6-degree head-down bedrest. The cohort was randomized to an exercise intervention (EX), involving daily aerobic, high-intensity interval, and resistance training, or a control group (CON), involving passive manual therapy. Cerebral blood flow velocity, cardiac output, and arterial blood pressure were measured continuously during a passive 80-degree head-up tilt protocol for up to 15 minutes. Responses in the cerebral and peripheral vascular beds were quantified by vascular resistance (cerebral: resistance area product (RAP); peripheral: total peripheral resistance (TPR)). Following bedrest, both supine RAP and TPR were elevated (p< 0.01), with no effect of exercise training. In addition, the number of participants who could not complete 15 minutes of tilt increased from 3 to 15 (8 EX, 7 CON). In these non-finishers, RAP dropped ~20% and TPR dropped ~15% during the final 2 minutes of tilt, with no difference between groups. These data suggest that multimodal exercise training is insufficient to prevent changes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulation in older adults observed during 14-day bedrest.

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Ko, Byoung-goo, Ji-won Seo, Bong-ju Sung, Wook Song, Jun Hyun Bae, Byunggul Lim, and Parivash Jamrasi. "Prediction Equations of Physical Fitness Age for Korean Adults." Exercise Science 30, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2021.30.3.352.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop prediction equations for estimating the physical fitness age (PFA) of Korean adults in young (19-40 years), middle (41-64 years), and old (65-80 years) age groups.METHODS: Data from 122,842 individuals who participated in Korea National Physical Fitness Survey and National Fitness 100 from 2009 to 2014 were collected. Body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, agility, power, balance, and coordination were measured. Pearson’s correlation and stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the data.RESULTS: The equations were as follows: PFA for young males=22.321 −.088 (20-m PACER)+.317 (body mass index [BMI]); PFA for young females=24.486 −.143 (20-m PACER)+.304 (BMI); PFA for middle-aged males=66.644 −.044 (standing long jump) −.069 (20-m PACER) – .201 (weight) −.075 (modified sit-ups)+.269 (10-m shuttle run)+.320 (BMI); PFA for middle-aged females=66.814 −.098 (standing long jump) −.113 (modified sit-ups); PFA for older males=84.795+.093 (figure-of-8 walk) −.100 (chair standing) −.122 (weight) −.102 (relative grip strength) −.060 (sit-and-reach)+.147 (3-m up-and-go); and PFA for older females=80.577+.097 (figureof-8 walk)+.306 (3-m up-and-go) −.280 (weight) −.088 (relative grip strength) −.069 (sit-and-reach)+.393 (BMI) −.088 (chair standing) −.011 (2-min step-in-place).CONCLUSIONS: Our prediction equations for PFA can be used as a tool to prescribe sex- and age-appropriate exercise program and to verify the effect of the application of the exercise program by comparing pre -and post-PFA.

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Tarnopolsky, Mark A., and Adeel Safdar. "The potential benefits of creatine and conjugated linoleic acid as adjuncts to resistance training in older adults." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-142.

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Human aging is associated with a significant reduction in muscle mass (sarcopenia) resulting in muscle weakness and functional limitations in the elderly. Sarcopenia has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of mtDNA deletions. Resistance training increases muscle strength and size and can increase mitochondrial capacity and decrease oxidative stress in older adults. Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have biological effects that could enhance some of the beneficial effects of resistance training in older adults (i.e., ↑ fat-free mass, ↓ total body fat). We have completed two resistance-training studies with CrM alone and CrM + CLA supplementation in older adults to evaluate the independent effects of exercise and dietary supplements, as well as their interactive effects. Our studies, and several others, have found that CrM enhanced the resistance exercise mediated gains in fat-free mass and strength. More recently, we found that the addition of CLA also lead to a significant reduction of body fat after six months of resistance training in older adults. Older adults have fewer wild-type mtDNA copies and higher amounts of mtDNA deletions as compared with younger adults in mature skeletal muscle; however, these deletions are not seen in the satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures. These findings, and the fact that mtDNA deletions are lower and wild-type mtDNA copy number is higher after resistance training in older adults, suggests that activation of satellite cells secondary to resistance exercise-induced muscle damage can dilute or “shift” the proportion of mtDNA genotype towards that of a younger adult. Recent evidence suggests that CrM supplementation in combination with strength training can enhance satellite cell activation and total myonuclei number per muscle fiber in young men. Future studies are required to determine whether the mitochondrial adaptations to resistance exercise in older adults are further enhanced with CrM supplementation and whether this is due to increased recruitment of satellite cells. It will also be important to determine whether these changes are maintained over a longer time period.

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Robertson, Andrew, Richard Hughson, Eric Hedge, Carmelo Mastrandrea, and Federico Granados Unger. "TILT TEST TOLERANCE AFTER TWO-WEEKS BED REST IN OLDER ADULTS IS NOT PROTECTED BY DAILY AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1196.

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Abstract Bed rest is associated with increased risk of orthostatic intolerance on return to upright posture and, at least in young adults, regular exercise during bed rest is proposed as protective. 22 older adults (55-65 years, half women) participated in a randomized trial with 14-days of continuous 6-degree head-down bed rest. Half completed 60 min/day of aerobic and high-intensity interval cycling plus resistance exercises (Ex) while the other half were control (Con). A passive 80-degree head-up tilt (HUT) to a maximum of 15-min assessed orthostatic tolerance while cardio- and cerebrovascular responses were monitored to a pre-syncopal level of systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. In pre-bed rest baseline, all but 3 women (Ex) completed 15-min HUT. After 14-days bed rest, only 3 men (1 Ex) and 1 woman (Ex) completed 15-min with no differences in tolerance between men and women or Ex and Con. Vasovagal syncope presented in 5 participants (2 M-Con, 1 M-Ex, 1 F-Con, 1 F-Ex), most other non-finishers had progressive reduction in stroke volume without adequate vasoconstriction. Reductions in cerebral blood velocity measured during HUT by Doppler ultrasound revealed strong linear relationships to both end-tidal PCO2 and mean arterial pressure across all participants. These data indicate that neither older men nor older women were protected from orthostatic intolerance by 60-min per day exercise including high-intensity interval training. These data contrast with previous findings in younger adults in controlled trials of bed rest pointing to the need for greater understanding of mechanisms regulating blood pressure and brain blood flow.

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Kamen, Gary. "Aging, Resistance Training, and Motor Unit Discharge Behavior." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-126.

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Researchers have alluded to the existence of "neural factors" in the expression and development of muscular strength. Candidate neural factors including motor unit recruitment, rate coding, doublet firing, and motor unit synchronization are discussed in this review. Aging is generally accompanied by lower motor unit discharge rates. However, both young and older adults exhibit rapid changes in muscular strength with repeated strength testing. These strength changes occur with concomitant albeit transient increases in motor unit discharge rate. These and other neural factors may contribute to the initial increases in muscular strength observed during the early phases of resistance exercise training. Key words: firing rate, muscle, exercise

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Hafer, Jocelyn F., Mark S. Miller, Jane A. Kent, and Katherine A. Boyer. "The Roles of Sex and Physical Activity in Gait and Knee Extensor Function With Age." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2018-0406.

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Older females experience higher rates of disability than males, potentially due to sex-specific differences in gait and muscle function. The authors evaluated the effects of age and physical activity (PA) on gait mechanics and knee extensor muscle function in males and females. Three groups of 20 individuals (each 10 females) participated: young (21–35 y) and highly and less active older (55–70 y) adults. Knee extensor strength and joint mechanics during preferred speed gait were collected before and after 30 minutes of walking. Age by sex and PA by sex interactions indicated older and less active older females had lower concentric knee extensor muscle power and larger hip extension moments than males. After 30 minutes of walking, older less active adults had larger decreases in knee extensor power than their highly active older counterparts, and older adults of both sexes had decreases in ankle dorsiflexion moments while young adults did not. These results suggest that older, particularly less active, adults are susceptible to knee extensor muscle fatigue from moderate activity. For older adults, high levels of PA may be necessary to preserve gait mechanics in response to a bout of exercise. This new information may be important for targeting interventions in at-risk older adults.

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Spoelder, Marcia, Lotte Koopmans, Yvonne A. W. Hartman, Coen C. W. G. Bongers, Merle C. A. Schoofs, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels, and Maria T. E. Hopman. "Supplementation with Whey Protein, but Not Pea Protein, Reduces Muscle Damage Following Long-Distance Walking in Older Adults." Nutrients 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020342.

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Background: Adequate animal-based protein intake can attenuate exercise induced-muscle damage (EIMD) in young adults. We examined the effects of 13 days plant-based (pea) protein supplementation compared to whey protein and placebo on EIMD in active older adults. Methods: 47 Physically active older adults (60+ years) were randomly allocated to the following groups: (I) whey protein (25 g/day), (II) pea protein (25 g/day) or (III) iso-caloric placebo. Blood concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle soreness were measured prior to and 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after a long-distance walking bout (20–30 km). Results: Participants walked 20–30 km and 2 dropped out, leaving n = 15 per subgroup. The whey group showed a significant attenuation of the increase in EIMD at 24 h post-exercise compared to the pea and placebo group (CK concentration: 175 ± 90 versus 300 ± 309 versus 330 ± 165, p = p < 0.001). No differences in LDH levels, muscle strength, skeletal muscle mass and muscle soreness were observed across groups (all p-values > 0.05). Conclusions: Thirteen days of pea protein supplementation (25 g/day) does not attenuate EIMD in older adults following a single bout of prolonged walking exercise, whereas the whey protein supplementation group showed significantly lower post-exercise CK concentrations.

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Morgan, Paul T., Dane O. Harris, Ryan N. Marshall, Jonathan I. Quinlan, Sophie J. Edwards, Sophie L. Allen, and Leigh Breen. "Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Nutrition 151, no. 7 (April 13, 2021): 1901–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab055.

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ABSTRACT Background There is much debate regarding the source/quality of dietary proteins in supporting indices of skeletal muscle anabolism. Objective We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of protein source/quality on acute muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and changes in lean body mass (LBM) and strength, when combined with resistance exercise (RE). Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies that compared the effects of ≥2 dose-matched, predominantly isolated protein sources of varying “quality.” Three separate models were employed as follows: 1) protein feeding alone on MPS, 2) protein feeding combined with a bout of RE on MPS, and 3) protein feeding combined with longer-term resistance exercise training (RET) on LBM and strength. Further subgroup analyses were performed to compare the effects of protein source/quality between young and older adults. A total of 27 studies in young (18–35 y) and older (≥60 y) adults were included. Results Analysis revealed an effect favoring higher-quality protein for postprandial MPS at rest [mean difference (MD): 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.021; P < 0.001] and following RE (MD: 0.022%/h; 95% CI: 0.014, 0.030; P < 0.00001) in young (model 1: 0.016%/h; 95% CI: −0.004, 0.036; P = 0.12; model 2: 0.030%/h; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.045; P < 0.0001) and older (model 1: 0.012%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.018; P < 0.001; model 2: 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.007, 0.021; P < 0.001) adults. However, although higher protein quality was associated with superior strength gains with RET [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.24 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.45; P = 0.03)], no effect was observed on changes to LBM (SMD: 0.05 kg; 95% CI: −0.16, 0.25; P = 0.65). Conclusions The current review suggests that protein quality may provide a small but significant impact on indices of muscle protein anabolism in young and older adults. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the importance of protein source/quality on musculoskeletal aging, particularly in situations of low protein intake.

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Welle, S., C. Thornton, and M. Statt. "Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old human subjects after three months of resistance training." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): E422—E427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.3.e422.

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Muscle protein synthesis is slower in healthy older men and women than in young adults, but whether this results from relative disuse rather than aging is unclear. The present study was done to examine rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis before and after a 3-mo progressive resistance exercise program in young and old men and women. Protein synthesis was determined by incorporation of the tracer L-[1-13C]leucine into myofibrillar proteins obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle by needle biopsy. Before exercise, mean fractional myofibrillar synthesis was 33% slower (P < 0.01) in nine older subjects (62-72 yr old, 5 men and 4 women) than in 9 young subjects (22-31 yr old, 5 men and 4 women). Initial strength, as determined by three-repetition-maximum tests, was significantly less in the older group. Strength and training weights increased similarly in young and old groups, when expressed in relation to baseline values. Posttraining myofibrillar synthesis was determined on the day after the final training session. There was not a significant change in fractional myofibrillar synthesis in either the young or the old group after training, and the rate in the older group remained 27% slower (P < 0.05). Whole body protein turnover increased approximately 10% only in the younger group, and 24-h urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion (an index of myofibrillar proteolysis) was not significantly affected by training. These data suggest that the slower myofibrillar synthesis rate in older subjects cannot be explained by disuse.

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Buckley, John P., and Gunnar A. V. Borg. "Borg’s scales in strength training; from theory to practice in young and older adults." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 36, no. 5 (October 2011): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h11-078.

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This study is the first to apply Borg’s psychophysical equation to measuring responses to strength training with weights machines. Theoretical constructs of Borg’s scales were assessed in younger and older adults to estimate the appropriate load and number of repetitions required to meet recommended practice guidelines. A younger group (YG; 20 males, 20 females; aged 19–38 years) and older group (OG; 13 males, 13 females; aged 50–75 years) participated in 3 experiments. Experiment 1: YG performed 2-repetitions of incremented loads during triceps–elbow extensions and knee extensions to level 7 on Borg’s CR10 Scale. Experiment 2: YG (n = 16) then performed 12-repetitions at the loads from experiement 1 that elicited CR10 ratings 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0. Experiment 3: OG performed 15-repetitions of “lat-pull” and leg press at 15-repetition maximum (RM) load. In experiments 2 and 3, CR10 or Borg RPE were measured every 2 repetitions. Experiment 1 revealed classic psychophysical response growth exponents between 1.1 and 1.8, which were greater in arms than legs (p < 0.001) and in females (p < 0.001). Theoretical estimates of 1RM were derived from the growth curves for the weights eliciting CR10 ratings of 1.5, 3, and 5. CR10 ratings of 3 to 6 fell within estimates of 40%–70% 1RM. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed, for constant load exercise “over time” (12 and 15 repetitions) from an initial CR10 rating of 4 to 6, a linear increase of 1 scale point for every 3 to 4 repetitions. In conclusion, Borg’s equation has been used to set theoretical estimates of a %1RM. Relevant to current practice guidelines was the ability to set appropriate loads in relation to performing recommended numbers of repetitions (e.g., if the CR10 rating is >6 after 2 repetitions, the weight is likely be too heavy to complete 12 to 15 repetitions).

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Oliveira, Camila L. P., Isabelle J. Dionne, and Carla M. Prado. "Are Canadian protein and physical activity guidelines optimal for sarcopenia prevention in older adults?" Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 12 (December 2018): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0141.

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Aging is characterized by physiological and morphological changes that affect body composition, strength, and function, ultimately leading to sarcopenia. This condition results in physical disability, falls, fractures, poor quality of life, and increased health care costs. Evidence suggests that increased consumption of dietary protein and physical activity levels, especially resistance exercise, can counteract the trajectory of sarcopenia. Canadian guidelines for protein intake and physical activity were last updated in 2005 and 2011, respectively, and new evidence on sarcopenia diagnosis, prevention, and treatment is rapidly evolving. Protein recommendations are set as “one-size-fits-all” for both young and older adults. Recent evidence demonstrates that current recommendations are insufficient to meet the minimum protein requirement to counteract muscle loss and to stimulate hypertrophy in healthy older adults. Beyond quantity, protein quality is also essential to benefit muscle anabolism in older adults. In terms of physical activity, resistance exercise training is a potential strategy to counteract age-related effects, as it can elicit muscle hypertrophic response in addition to increases in muscle strength and function in older adults. Canadian physical activity guidelines lack details on how this modality of training should be performed. Current guidelines for protein intake and physical activity do not reflect recent knowledge on sarcopenia prevention. The gap between guidelines and the latest evidence on the maintenance and promotion of older adult’s health highlight the need for updated protein and physical activity recommendations.

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Irving, Brian A., Ian R. Lanza, Gregory C. Henderson, Rajesh R. Rao, Bruce M. Spiegelman, and K. Sreekumaran Nair. "Combined Training Enhances Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity Independent of Age." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 1654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3081.

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Context: Skeletal muscle from sedentary older adults exhibits reduced mitochondrial abundance and oxidative capacity. Objective: The primary objective was to determine whether 8 weeks of combined training (CT) has a more robust effect than endurance training (ET) or resistance training (RT) on mitochondrial physiology in healthy young (18–30 years) and older (≥65 years) adults. Intervention: Thirty-four young and 31 older adults were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of ET, RT, and control/CT. Control subjects completed 8 weeks of no exercise (control) followed by 8 weeks of CT. Body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and peak oxygen uptake were measured before and after the intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and 48 hours after the intervention. Mitochondrial physiology was evaluated by high-resolution respirometry and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Results: ET and CT significantly increased oxidative capacity and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors. All training modalities improved body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and skeletal muscle strength. CT induced the most robust improvements in mitochondria-related outcomes and physical characteristics despite lower training volumes for the ET and RT components. Importantly, most of the adaptations to training occurred independent of age. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that both ET and CT increase muscle mitochondrial abundance and capacity although CT induced the most robust improvements in the outcomes measured. In conclusion, CT provides a robust exercise regimen to improve muscle mitochondrial outcomes and physical characteristics independent of age.

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Jones, Charlotte A., Jodi Siever, Kate Knuff, Colin Van Bergen, Paul Mick, Jonathan Little, Gareth Jones, Mary-Ann Murphy, Donna Kurtz, and Harry Miller. "Walk, Talk and Listen: a pilot randomised controlled trial targeting functional fitness and loneliness in older adults with hearing loss." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e026169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026169.

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BackgroundAge-related hearing loss (HL) is a prevalent disability associated with loneliness, isolation, declines in cognitive and physical function and premature mortality. Group audiological rehabilitation (GAR) and hearing technologies address communication and cognitive decline. However, the relationship between loneliness, physical function and GAR among older adults with HL has not been studied.ObjectivesExplore the impact of a group exercise and socialisation/health education intervention and GAR on physical function and loneliness among older adults with HL.Trial designA Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)-based, 10-week, single-blind, pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT).ParticipantsAmbulatory adults aged 65 years or older with self-reported HL.InterventionsSeventy-one participants were screened. Thirty-five were randomised to intervention (strength and resistance exercise, socialisation/health education) and GAR (hearing education, communication strategies, psychosocial support) or control (n=31): GAR only.OutcomesNinety-five per cent of eligible participants were randomised. GAR and exercise adherence rates were 80% and 85%, respectively. 88% of participants completed the study. Intervention group functional fitness improved significantly (gait speed: effect size: 0.57, 30 s Sit to Stand Test: effect size: 0.53). Significant improvements in emotional and social loneliness (effect size: 1.16) and hearing-related quality of life (effect size: 0.76) were related to GAR attendance and poorer baseline hearing-related quality of life. Forty-two per cent of participants increased social contacts outside the study.DiscussionWalk, Talk and Listen was feasible and acceptable. Exercise and socialisation/health education improved loneliness and key fitness measures but provided no additional benefit to GAR only for loneliness. This is the first preliminary evidence about the benefits of exercise on fitness and GAR on loneliness among older adults with HL.ImplicationsThis pilot trial provides key information on the sample size required for a larger, longer term RCT to determine the enduring effects of this holistic intervention addressing the negative psychosocial and musculoskeletal downstream effects of HL among older adults.

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Bowden Davies, Kelly A., Samuel Pickles, Victoria S. Sprung, Graham J. Kemp, Uazman Alam, Daniel R. Moore, Abd A. Tahrani, and Daniel J. Cuthbertson. "Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: metabolic and musculoskeletal implications." Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 (January 2019): 204201881988882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042018819888824.

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Background: Although the health benefits of regular physical activity and exercise are well established and have been incorporated into national public health recommendations, there is a relative lack of understanding pertaining to the harmful effects of physical inactivity. Experimental paradigms including complete immobilization and bed rest are not physiologically representative of sedentary living. A useful ‘real-world’ approach to contextualize the physiology of societal downward shifts in physical activity patterns is that of short-term daily step reduction. Results: Step-reduction studies have largely focused on musculoskeletal and metabolic health parameters, providing relevant disease models for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis. In untrained individuals, even a short-term reduction in physical activity has a significant impact on skeletal muscle protein and carbohydrate metabolism, causing anabolic resistance and peripheral insulin resistance, respectively. From a metabolic perspective, short-term inactivity-induced peripheral insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, with consequent liver triglyceride accumulation, leads to hepatic insulin resistance and a characteristic dyslipidaemia. Concomitantly, various inactivity-related factors contribute to a decline in function; a reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle mass and muscle strength. Conclusions: Physical inactivity maybe particularly deleterious in certain patient populations, such as those at high risk of T2D or in the elderly, considering concomitant sarcopenia or osteoporosis. The effects of short-term physical inactivity (with step reduction) are reversible on resumption of habitual physical activity in younger people, but less so in older adults. Nutritional interventions and resistance training offer potential strategies to prevent these deleterious metabolic and musculoskeletal effects. Impact: Individuals at high risk of/with cardiometabolic disease and older adults may be more prone to these acute periods of inactivity due to acute illness or hospitalization. Understanding the risks is paramount to implementing countermeasures.

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Taraldsen, Kristin, A. Stefanie Mikolaizak, Andrea B. Maier, Elisabeth Boulton, Kamiar Aminian, Jeanine van Ancum, Stefania Bandinelli, et al. "Protocol for the PreventIT feasibility randomised controlled trial of a lifestyle-integrated exercise intervention in young older adults." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e023526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023526.

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IntroductionThe European population is rapidly ageing. In order to handle substantial future challenges in the healthcare system, we need to shift focus from treatment towards health promotion. The PreventIT project has adapted the Lifestyle-integrated Exercise (LiFE) programme and developed an intervention for healthy young older adults at risk of accelerated functional decline. The intervention targets balance, muscle strength and physical activity, and is delivered either via a smartphone application (enhanced LiFE, eLiFE) or by use of paper manuals (adapted LiFE, aLiFE).Methods and analysisThe PreventIT study is a multicentre, three-armed feasibility randomised controlled trial, comparing eLiFE and aLiFE against a control group that receives international guidelines of physical activity. It is performed in three European cities in Norway, Germany, and The Netherlands. The primary objective is to assess the feasibility and usability of the interventions, and to assess changes in daily life function as measured by the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument scale and a physical behaviour complexity metric. Participants are assessed at baseline, after the 6 months intervention period and at 1 year after randomisation. Men and women between 61 and 70 years of age are randomly drawn from regional registries and respondents screened for risk of functional decline to recruit and randomise 180 participants (60 participants per study arm).Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was received at all three trial sites. Baseline results are intended to be published by late 2018, with final study findings expected in early 2019. Subgroup and further in-depth analyses will subsequently be published.Trial registration numberNCT03065088; Pre-results.

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Hunt, Dennis, Sareen S. Gropper, Kelly A. Miller, Barbara Tymczyszyn, and Deborah Chapa. "Prevalence of older adults with low muscle mass living in a residential continuing care retirement community in Florida." Clinical Nursing Studies 7, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v7n1p83.

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Muscle mass, strength, and function have been shown to decline with aging, and if of sufficient magnitude can result in sarcopenia. This study’s objective was to determine the prevalence of low muscle mass in a group of adults living in a “premier” Florida residential continuing care retirement community. The sample consisted of 80 older adults, ranging from young old (65-74 years) to the oldest old (85+ years) with the oldest participant being 94 years. Skeletal muscle mass was assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis. Skeletal muscle index values were calculated and compared with established cut-off values to classify each individual’s muscle mass as normal or low (sarcopenic). The prevalence of sarcopenia among the males was 66% and among females was 73%. When examined by age, 56% of those in their 70s, 73% of those in their 80s, and 79% of adults in their 90s had low muscle mass indicative of sarcopenia. This study found a higher prevalence for sarcopenia in females and males, especially among the oldest groups, than previously reported in a nationally representative sample of adults. This study’s findings also suggest the need for further studies examining whether the prevalence of low muscle mass among adults in either classification varies with socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Continuing care retirement communities may provide excellent environments for the screening, diagnosis, and implementation of exercise and nutritional programs for residents to help prevent or attenuate sarcopenia’s deleterious effects. Nurse practitioners must incorporate screening for sarcopenia in their wellness package for their patients. Screening, nutritional education and support and exercise prescriptions are vital to prevent associated decline from sarcopenia.

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Rivas, Donato A., Fei Peng, Townsend Benard, Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva, Roger A. Fielding, and Lee M. Margolis. "miR-19b-3p is associated with a diametric response to resistance exercise in older adults and regulates skeletal muscle anabolism via PTEN inhibition." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 321, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): C977—C991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00190.2021.

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Understanding paradoxical responses to anabolic stimulation and identifying the mechanisms for this inconsistency in mobility-limited older adults may provide new targets for the treatment of sarcopenia. Our laboratory has discovered that dysregulation in microRNA (miRNA) that target anabolic pathways is a potential mechanism resulting in age-associated decreases in skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). The objective of the current study was to assess circulating miRNA expression profiles in diametric response of leg lean mass in mobility-limited older individuals after a 6-mo progressive resistance exercise training intervention (PRET) and determine the influence of differentially expressing miRNA on regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Participants were dichotomized by gain (Gainers; mean +561.4 g, n = 33) or loss (Losers; mean −589.8 g, n = 40) of leg lean mass after PRET. Gainers significantly increased fat-free mass 2.4% vs. −0.4% for Losers. Six miRNA (miR-1-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-133a-3p, and miR-133b) were significantly identified to be differentially expressed between Gainers and Losers, with miR-19b-3p being the miRNA most highly associated with increases in fat-free mass. Using an aging mouse model, we then assessed if miR-19b-3p expression was different in young mice with larger muscle mass compared with older mice. Circulating and skeletal muscle miR-19b-3p expression was higher in young compared with old mice and was positively associated with muscle mass and grip strength. We then used a novel integrative approach to determine if differences in circulating miR-19b-3p potentially translate to augmented anabolic response in human skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Results from this analysis identified that overexpression of miR-19b-3p targeted and downregulated PTEN by 64% to facilitate significant ∼50% increase in muscle protein synthetic rate as measured with SUnSET. The combine results of these three models identify miR-19b-3p as a potent regulator of muscle anabolism that may contribute to an inter-individual response to PRET in mobility-limited older adults.

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Fernandez-Gonzalo, Rodrigo, Craig R. G. Willis, Timothy Etheridge, and Colleen S. Deane. "RNA-Sequencing Muscle Plasticity to Resistance Exercise Training and Disuse in Youth and Older Age." Physiologia 2, no. 4 (December 7, 2022): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physiologia2040014.

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Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is critical to health and wellbeing throughout the lifespan. However, disuse through reduced physical activity (e.g., sedentarism), immobilisation, bed rest or microgravity has significant adverse effects on skeletal muscle health. Conversely, resistance exercise training (RET) induces positive muscle mass and strength adaptations. Several studies have employed microarray technology to understand the transcriptional basis of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy after disuse and RET, respectively, to devise fully effective therapeutic interventions. More recently, rapidly falling costs have seen RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) increasingly applied in exploring muscle adaptations to RET and disuse. The aim of this review is to summarise the transcriptional responses to RET or disuse measured via RNA-seq in young and older adults. We also highlight analytical considerations to maximise the utility of RNA-seq in the context of skeletal muscle research. The limited number of muscle transcriptional signatures obtained thus far with RNA-seq are generally consistent with those obtained with microarrays. However, RNA-seq may provide additional molecular insight, particularly when combined with data-driven approaches such as correlation network analyses. In this context, it is essential to consider the most appropriate study design parameters as well as bioinformatic and statistical approaches. This will facilitate the use of RNA-seq to better understand the transcriptional regulators of skeletal muscle plasticity in response to increased or decreased use.

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Grgic, Jozo, Ivana Grgic, Craig Pickering, Brad J. Schoenfeld, David J. Bishop, and Zeljko Pedisic. "Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance—an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 11 (March 29, 2019): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278.

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ObjectiveTo systematically review, summarise and appraise findings of published meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine on exercise performance.DesignUmbrella review.Data sourcesTwelve databases.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesMeta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance.ResultsEleven reviews (with a total of 21 meta-analyses) were included, all being of moderate or high methodological quality (assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 checklist). In the meta-analyses, caffeine was ergogenic for aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, jumping performance and exercise speed. However, not all analyses provided a definite direction for the effect of caffeine when considering the 95% prediction interval. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria the quality of evidence was generally categorised as moderate (with some low to very low quality of evidence). Most individual studies included in the published meta-analyses were conducted among young men.Summary/conclusionSynthesis of the currently available meta-analyses suggest that caffeine ingestion improves exercise performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Ergogenic effects of caffeine on muscle endurance, muscle strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance were substantiated by moderate quality of evidence coming from moderate-to-high quality systematic reviews. For other outcomes, we found moderate quality reviews that presented evidence of very low or low quality. It seems that the magnitude of the effect of caffeine is generally greater for aerobic as compared with anaerobic exercise. More primary studies should be conducted among women, middle-aged and older adults to improve the generalisability of these findings.

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Wang, Caixia, Lei Li, and Aibo Wang. "RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF SPORT DANCE ON PHYSICAL HEALTH IN NATIONAL FITNESS EXERCISE." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 5 (September 2021): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0077.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports dance is widely known as a competitive game, but as a leisure activity, there is little research on the efficacy of human health and fitness. Sports dance, as a popular national fitness exercise, has sound health promotion effects. At present, domestic and foreign researches mostly focus on the impact of sports dance on young men and women. Objective: This study will explore the influence of regular physical dance exercises on the body shape, function, and quality of middle-aged and older adults, provide a scientific basis for the role of physical dance in national fitness. Methods: This study recruited 20 healthy middle-aged and elderly members of a leisure sports dance club without professional dance experience for three months of dance training. The first two weeks are pre-experiments five times a week. Each exercise time is 60 minutes. The last ten weeks are formal experiments, two times a week, 90 minutes each time, and no other physical exercises are involved in everyday life. By comparing part of the body shape, physical function, and physical fitness index before and after the experiment, the impact of sports dance on middle-aged and older adults’ healthy physical fitness is evaluated. Results: After three months of physical dance exercise with different dance styles, in male, BMI index, body fat percentage, waist circumference, hip circumference, and thigh circumference indicators all decreased, but there was no significant difference. In women, BMI index, body fat percentage (P<0.01), waist circumference (P<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (P<0.01), sitting body forward bending (P<0.05), and standing with one foot and closed eyes all increased. In women, the indexes of grip strength (P<0.01), forward bending in sitting position (P<0.055), and standing with eyes closed on one foot all increased. Conclusions: It is suggested that long-term moderate-intensity aerobic sport dance exercise can improve the body shape of middle-aged and older adults and help increase physical fitness; meanwhile, sports dance can effectively improve the cardiovascular function of middle-aged and elderly subjects. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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Pitombeira Pereira Pedro, Karina, Iris Machado de Oliveira, and José María Cancela Carral. "Influencia de la edad y del sexo en los niveles de fuerza de agarre en función del ángulo del codo empleado(Influence of age and sex on grip strength levels applying a protocol with different elbow angles)." Retos 47 (January 2, 2023): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.91585.

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Existen varios protocolos para realizar la evaluación de la fuerza de prensión manual, pero existen diferentes opiniones y evidencias sobre la mejor postura del codo para desarrollar la prueba. Adicionalmente, la posible variabilidad en el mecanismo biomecánico involucrado en la generación de fuerza al comparar un adulto con otros grupos de edad como jóvenes adolescentes y ancianos es un aspecto a considerar. Objetivo: Evaluar la fuerza de prensión manual en dos posiciones de codo, con extensión de codo y flexión de 90°, en hombres y mujeres de dos grupos de edad, adolescentes jóvenes y adultos mayores, y analizar si estas diferentes condiciones influyeron en los resultados de fuerza de prensión manual obtenidos. Métodos: 119 adolescentes y 121 adultos mayores, ejecutaron cada protocolo de prueba de fuerza de prensión tres veces con la mano dominante y se registró la lectura más alta. Posteriormente, se han recopilado datos antropométricos (Peso, Altura, IMC) y demográficos. Resultados: En ambos grupos de edad, adolescentes y adultos mayores, se presentó significativamente mayor fuerza de prensión manual en ambos sexos en el protocolo de recolección realizado con extensión completa del codo. También se encontró diferencia estadística en el nivel de fuerza, entre mujeres y hombres, para adolescentes y adultos mayores. Conclusiones: Concluimos que el protocolo de evaluación con el codo extendido fue significativamente mejor en los valores de agarre manual en ambos grupos de edad y en ambos sexos. El protocolo utilizado para la evaluación de la fuerza de prensión está influenciado por la edad y el sexo de los participantes. Palabras clave. Empuñadura; dinamómetro Jamar; prueba de ejercicio; Aptitud física; Aptitud muscular. Abstract. There are various protocols for conducting hand grip strength assessment, but there is different opinions and evidence on the best elbow posture to develop the test. Additionally, the possible variability in the biomechanical mechanism involved in the generation of force when comparing an adult and other age groups such as young adolescents and the elderly is an aspect to consider. Objective: To evaluate handgrip strength in two elbow positions, with elbow extension and 90 ° flexion, in men and women of two age groups, young adolescents and older adults, and to analyze whether these different conditions influenced the handgrip strength results obtained. Methods: 119 adolescents and 121 older adults, executed each handgrip strength testing protocol three times with the dominant hand and the highest reading was recorded. After that, anthropometric (Weight, Height, BMI) and demographic data have been collected. Results: In both age group, adolescents and older adults, presented a significant greater handgrip strength in both sex in the collection protocol performed with full elbow extension. A statistic difference also was found in the level of strength, between women and men, for adolescents and older adults. Conclusions: We conclude that the evaluation protocol with the elbow extended was significant better manual grip values in both age groups and in both sexes. The protocol used for the evaluation of grip strength is influenced by the age and sex of the participants. Key words. Handgrip; Jamar dynamometer; Exercise test; Physical fitness; Muscular fitness.

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McKenna, Michael J., Ben D. Perry, Fabio R. Serpiello, Marissa K. Caldow, Pazit Levinger, David Cameron-Smith, and Itamar Levinger. "Unchanged [3H]ouabain binding site content but reduced Na+-K+ pump α2-protein abundance in skeletal muscle in older adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 10 (November 15, 2012): 1505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01032.2011.

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Aging is associated with reduced muscle mass, weakness, and increased fatigability. In skeletal muscle, the Na+-K+ pump (NKA) is important in regulating Na+-K+ gradients, membrane excitability, and thus contractility, but the effects of aging on muscle NKA are unclear. We investigated whether aging is linked with reduced muscle NKA by contrasting muscle NKA isoform gene expression and protein abundance, and NKA total content in 17 Elderly (66.8 ± 6.4 yr, mean ± SD) and 16 Young adults (23.9 ± 2.2 yr). Participants underwent peak oxygen consumption assessment and a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy, which was analyzed for NKA α1-, α2-, α3-, β1-, β2-, and β3-isoform gene expression (real-time RT-PCR), protein abundance (immunoblotting), and NKA total content ([3H]ouabain binding sites). The Elderly had lower peak oxygen consumption (−36.7%, P = 0.000), strength (−36.3%, P = 0.001), NKA α2- (−24.4%, 11.9 ± 4.4 vs. 9.0 ± 2.7 arbitrary units, P = 0.049), and NKA β3-protein abundance (−23.0%, P = 0.041) than Young. The β3-mRNA was higher in Elderly compared with Young ( P = 0.011). No differences were observed between groups for other NKA isoform mRNA or protein abundance, or for [3H]ouabain binding site content. Thus skeletal muscle in elderly individuals was characterized by decreased NKA α2- and β3-protein abundance, but unchanged α1 abundance and [3H]ouabain binding. The latter was likely caused by reduced α2 abundance with aging, preventing an otherwise higher [3H]ouabain binding that might occur with a greater membrane density in smaller muscle fibers. Further study is required to verify reduced muscle NKA α2 with aging and possible contributions to impaired exercise capability and daily living activities.

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Koopman, René. "Dietary protein and exercise training in ageing." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110003927.

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Ageing is accompanied by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to the loss of functional capacity and an increased risk for developing chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass results from a chronic disruption in the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. As basal muscle protein synthesis rates are likely not different between healthy young and elderly human subjects, it was proposed that muscles from older adults lack the ability to regulate the protein synthetic response to anabolic stimuli, such as food intake and physical activity. Indeed, the dose–response relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the availability of essential amino acids and/or resistance exercise intensity is shifted down and to the right in elderly human subjects. This so-called ‘anabolic resistance’ represents a key factor responsible for the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass. Interestingly, long-term resistance exercise training is effective as a therapeutic intervention to augment skeletal muscle mass, and improves functional performance in the elderly. The consumption of different types of proteins, i.e. protein hydrolysates, can have different stimulatory effects on muscle protein synthesis in the elderly, which may be due to their higher rate of digestion and absorption. Current research aims to elucidate the interactions between nutrition, exercise and the skeletal muscle adaptive response that will define more effective strategies to maximise the therapeutic benefits of lifestyle interventions in the elderly.

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Mayhew, David L., Jeong-su Kim, James M. Cross, Arny A. Ferrando, and Marcas M. Bamman. "Translational signaling responses preceding resistance training-mediated myofiber hypertrophy in young and old humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 5 (November 2009): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91234.2008.

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While skeletal muscle protein accretion during resistance training (RT)-mediated myofiber hypertrophy is thought to result from upregulated translation initiation signaling, this concept is based on responses to a single bout of unaccustomed resistance exercise (RE) with no measure of hypertrophy across RT. Further, aging appears to affect acute responses to RE, but whether age differences in responsiveness persist during RT leading to impaired RT adaptation is unclear. We therefore tested whether muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in response to unaccustomed RE differed in old vs. young adults, and whether age differences in acute responsiveness were associated with differences in muscle hypertrophy after 16 wk of RT. Fifteen old and 21 young adult subjects completed the 16-wk study. The phosphorylation states of Akt, S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein (4EBP1), eIF4E, and eIF4G were all elevated (23–199%) 24 h after a bout of unaccustomed RE. A concomitant 62% increase in FSR was found in a subset (6 old, 8 young). Age × time interaction was found only for RPS6 phosphorylation (+335% in old subjects only), while there was an interaction trend ( P = 0.084) for FSR (+96% in young subjects only). After 16 wk of RT, gains in muscle mass, type II myofiber size, and voluntary strength were similar in young and old subjects. In conclusion, at the level of translational signaling, we found no evidence of impaired responsiveness among older adults, and for the first time, we show that changes in translational signaling after unaccustomed RE were associated with substantial muscle protein accretion (hypertrophy) during continued RT.

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Thachil, Arun, and Leya Thomas. "Effect of Square-Stepping Exercise in Improving Lower Extremity Strength, Cadence and Confidence among Female Geriatric Population." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220240.

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Background and Objectives: Falls are frequent among elderly people. Fear of falling can become incapacitating and predisposes people who perceive themselves at risk of falling to inactivity, which itself can lead to problems of debilitation, increased handicap, and disability. Due to fear of fall, the elderly develop social isolation, a reduction in their confidence to accomplish normal activities of daily living, and mobility problems, and adopt an inactive life style, functional decline, resulting in institutionalization. Parameters like lower extremity strength, cadence and confidence are important for fall prevention. This study was designed to investigate effect of Square- Stepping Exercise (SSE) in improving lower extremity strength, cadence and confidence among female geriatric population. Methodology: 30 subjects from 1) FCC Convent & Assissi old age home, and 2) Mundakapadam Agathimandiram, were recruited for the study through convenient sampling. Activities- specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale questionnaire was taken as an inclusion criteria and those who score below 80% was considered to be included in the study. After baseline measurement, 30 subjects satisfying the inclusion criteria were assigned into either a control group (Group A, n=15) and experimental group (Group B, n=15). Pre-test analysis was performed for both groups for lower extremity strength using hand-held dynamometer, cadence using 10 M walk test and confidence using ABC Scale questionnaire sheets. Experimental group received SSE in addition to conventional exercise whereas; control group received conventional exercise for 4 weeks. Post-test analysis was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed. Paired t test analysed the within group changes, independent t test was used to compare the changes between the group. Level of significance was kept at p≤0.05. Results: There was a significant improvement in lower extremity strength, cadence and confidence within group analysis. While comparing the control and experimental group, the experimental group showed a high significant difference (p<0.05) in lower extremity strength and confidence. Cadence shown no significant difference (p>0.05) between the group analysis. Conclusion: This study revealed that Square-stepping exercise provided a significant improvement in lower extremity strength and confidence with p≤0.05. Improvement in these physical parameters will reduce the risk of fall in young-old female geriatric population. SSE is safe to administer and advantageous to prevent falls. Key words: Square stepping exercise; Older adults; Fall; Fear of fall; Balance confidence; Strength; Cadence.

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Sayda, Mariwan H., Bethan E. Phillips, John P. Williams, Paul L. Greenhaff, Daniel J. Wilkinson, Ken Smith, and Philip J. Atherton. "Associations between Plasma Branched Chain Amino Acids and Health Biomarkers in Response to Resistance Exercise Training Across Age." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103029.

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Leucine, isoleucine and valine (i.e., the branched chain amino acids, BCAA) play a key role in the support of tissue protein regulation and can be mobilized as energy substrates during times of starvation. However, positive relationships exist between elevated levels of BCAA and insulin resistance (IR). Thus, we sought to investigate the links between fasting plasma BCAA following a progressive resistance exercise training (RET) programme, an intervention known to improve metabolic health. Fasting plasma BCAA were quantified in adults (young: 18–28 y, n = 8; middle-aged: 45–55 y, n = 9; older: 65–75 y, n = 15; BMI: 23–28 kg/m2, both males and females (~50:50), in a cross-sectional, intervention study. Participants underwent 20-weeks whole-body RET. Measurements of body composition, muscle strength (1-RM) and metabolic health biomarkers (e.g., HOMA-IR) were made at baseline and post-RET. BCAA concentrations were determined by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No associations were observed across age with BCAA; however, RET elicited (p < 0.05) increases in plasma BCAA (all age-groups), while HOMA-IR scores reduced (p < 0.05) following RET. After RET, positive correlations in lean body mass (p = 0.007) and strength gains (p = 0.001) with fasting BCAA levels were observed. Elevated BCAA are not a robust marker of ageing nor IR in those with a healthy BMI; rather, despite decreasing IR, RET was associated with increased BCAA.

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Hu, Chia-Han, Chia-Chi Yang, Shihfan Jack Tu, Ing-Jer Huang, Danaa Ganbat, and Lan-Yuen Guo. "Characteristics of the Electrophysiological Properties of Neuromuscular Motor Units and Its Adaptive Strategy Response in Lower Extremity Muscles for Seniors with Pre-Sarcopenia: A Preliminary Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063063.

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Older adults with sarcopenia, which is an aging-related phenomenon of muscle mass loss, usually suffer from decreases in both strength and functional performance. However, the causality between function loss and physiological changes is unclear. This study aimed to explore the motor unit characteristics of the neurological factors between normal subjects and those with sarcopenia. Five risk-sarcopenia (age: 66.20 ± 4.44), five healthy (age: 69.00 ± 2.35), and twelve young (age: 21.33 ± 1.15) participants were selected. Each participant performed knee extension exercises at a 50% level of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Next, electromyogram (EMG) signals were collected, and information on each parameter—e.g., motor unit number, recruitment threshold, the slope of the mean firing rate to recruitment threshold, y-intercept, firing rate per unit force, and mean motor unit firing rate (MFR)—was extracted to analyze muscle fiber discrimination (MFD). Meanwhile, force variance was used to observe the stability between two muscle groups. The results suggested that there was no difference between the three groups for motor unit number, recruitment threshold, y-intercept, mean firing rate, and motor unit discrimination (p > 0.05). However, the slope of MFR and firing rate per unit force in the risk-sarcopenia group were significantly higher than in the young group (p < 0.05). Regarding muscle performance, the force variance in the non-sarcopenia group was significantly higher than the young group (p < 0.05), while the risk-sarcopenia group showed a higher trend than the young group. This study demonstrated some neuromuscular characters between sarcopenia and healthy elderly and young people when performing the same level of leg exercise tasks. This difference may provide some hints for discovering aging-related strength and function loss. Future studies should consider combining the in vivo measurement of muscle fiber type to clarify whether this EMG difference is related to the loss of muscle strength or mass before recruiting symptomatic elderly participants for further investigation.

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Sekhar, Rajagopal, Premranjan Kumar, Chun Liu, James Suliburk, Jean Hsu, Farook Jahoor, Charles Minard, and George Taffet. "SUPPLEMENTING GLYNAC IN AGING IMPROVES GLUTATHIONE, MITOCHONDRIA, AND AGING HALLMARKS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.389.

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Abstract Oxidative stress (OxS), mitochondrial dysfunction and aging hallmarks are important contributors to aging, but effective solutions to correct these defects in older adults (OA) are lacking. Via earlier translational studies we discovered that supplementation of GlyNAC (combination of glycine and N-acetylcysteine) improves/corrects these defects. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled (RCT) in 24 OA (mean age 71y) to definitively determine the effects of supplementing GlyNAC vs. isonitrogenous placebo (alanine) for 16-weeks on intracellular glutathione (GSH), OxS mitochondrial function, inflammation, insulin-resistance, endothelial function, physical function, body composition and multiple aging hallmarks. 12 YA (mean age 25y) served as young controls and received GlyNAC for 2-weeks. Subjects were studied before receiving supplementation study, and after receiving supplementation for 2-weeks (OA, YA) and 16-weeks (OA). The RCT found that compared to YA, the OA had severe GSH deficiency (red-cells, muscle), mitochondrial dysfunction, OxS (TBARS, F2-isoprostanes), diminished physical function (gait-speed, muscle strength, exercise capacity), elevated waist-circumference and systolic blood pressure, and multiple hallmarks defects of aging (affecting mitochondrial function, mitophagy, nutrient sensing, inflammation, insulin-resistance, genotoxicity, stem-cells and cellular senescence). GlyNAC supplementation for 2-weeks rapidly improved several defects, and further improved/corrected multiple defects after 16-weeks. No improvements were seen in YA receiving GlyNAC, or in OA receiving the alanine placebo, suggesting that protein supplementation per se in OA does not improve defects. The results of this RCT provides proof-of-concept that GlyNAC supplementation improves/reverses GSH deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction, OxS, inflammation, physical function/strength and multiple aging hallmarks. GlyNAC could be a novel, simple and safe nutritional supplement to improve/reverse age-associated defects and promote health in aging humans.

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Ali, Amira Mohammed, and Hiroshi Kunugi. "Apitherapy for Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction (Sarcopenia): A Review on the Effects of Royal Jelly, Propolis, and Bee Pollen." Foods 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101362.

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The global pandemic of sarcopenia, skeletal muscle loss and weakness, which prevails in up to 50% of older adults is increasing worldwide due to the expansion of aging populations. It is now striking young and midlife adults as well because of sedentary lifestyle and increased intake of unhealthy food (e.g., western diet). The lockdown measures and economic turndown associated with the current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are likely to increase the prevalence of sarcopenia by promoting sedentarism and unhealthy patterns of eating. Sarcopenia has multiple detrimental effects including falls, hospitalization, disability, and institutionalization. Although a few pharmacological agents (e.g., bimagrumab, sarconeos, and exercise mimetics) are being explored in different stages of trials, not a single drug has been approved for sarcopenia treatment. Hence, research has focused on testing the effect of nutraceuticals, such as bee products, as safe treatments to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia. Royal jelly, propolis, and bee pollen are common bee products that are rich in highly potent antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, and amino acids. These products, in order, stimulate larval development into queen bees, promote defenses of the bee hive against microbial and environmental threats, and increase royal jelly production by nurse bees. Thanks to their versatile pharmacological activities (e.g., anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, etc.), these products have been used to treat multiple chronic conditions that predispose to muscle wasting such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorder, and cancer, to name a few. They were also used in some evolving studies to treat sarcopenia in laboratory animals and, to a limited degree, in humans. However, a collective understanding of the effect and mechanism of action of these products in skeletal muscle is not well-developed. Therefore, this review examines the literature for possible effects of royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis on skeletal muscle in aged experimental models, muscle cell cultures, and humans. Collectively, data from reviewed studies denote varying levels of positive effects of bee products on muscle mass, strength, and function. The likely underlying mechanisms include amelioration of inflammation and oxidative damages, promotion of metabolic regulation, enhancement of satellite stem cell responsiveness, improvement of muscular blood supply, inhibition of catabolic genes, and promotion of peripheral neuronal regeneration. This review offers suggestions for other mechanisms to be explored and provides guidance for future trials investigating the effects of bee products among people with sarcopenia.

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Alsubhi, Maha, Lydia Aston, Julie Ayre, Saadia Aziz, Nicole Beddard, Hollie Birkinshaw, Charlotte Boichat, et al. "Oral presentationsSystematic review of the factors associated with health behaviours related to obesity among refugee childrenPreliminary development of quality of life scales for children and adults with Niemann-Pick Type CThe diversity of diabetes-related self-monitoring and problem-solving practices across health literacy levels: An interview studyResilience as a predictor of burnout, depression and hope among medical studentsThe lived experience of parents with children who have had retinoblastomaPerceptions of older adults and GPs towards the management of musculoskeletal pain in primary careA qualitative study of stress and wellbeing in national health service (NHS) employeesThe effectiveness of sedentary behaviour reduction workplace interventions on cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic reviewIs delivering a mindfulness course to people with cancer feasible, acceptable and of any benefit?Exploring the views and perspectives of analgesic medication for pain in people with dementia.Exploring the implementation of anaesthesia practices in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Nepal and Bangladesh using a behavioural frameworkWhen health eating becomes unhealthy: Understanding orthorexia nervosa‘People sometimes think I’m like some old war veteran rabbiting on’: Narratives of those working on the HIV frontline.New year, new mii: A systematic review on the influence of digital avatars on health-related outcomesMy own personal hell: Approaching and exceeding thresholds of too much alcoholAcceptability of a healthy eating contract and goal setting intervention for people living in low socioeconomic areas‘I’m a person not a disorder.’ A phenomenological analysis exploring how employees with bipolar stay well at workDoubling up: Enhancing pluralistic research through the use of multimodal data. Contested phenomena and multiple perspectives.Racial and ethnic disparities in cortisol reactivity and the moderating role of discriminationExploring the staff perspective of the physical environment in a dementia specific care unit.‘Are computer-based treatment programmes effective at reducing symptoms of dual diagnosis within adults?’: A systematic reviewAre interventions delivered by healthcare professionals effective for weight management? A systematic review of systematic reviewsAn emotional journey – parents’ experiences of their child’s transfer to intensive careExamining potential biopsychosocial and health behaviour predictors of gestational weight gain: The Grown in Wales cohortA qualitative analysis of people’s health-based visions for their best possible future selvesEvaluating the impact of woodland activities on personal wellbeingImplementation of a healthy lifestyle intervention in Manchester primary schools: A qualitative studyUnderstanding health care workers’ experiences of an Ebola outbreak and attitudes to infection prevention control in Sierra LeoneExploring women’s weight-related health behaviours during pregnancy: A qualitative longitudinal studyDoes the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme intervention have fidelity to the programme specification? A document analysisThe lived experience of men diagnosed with melanoma: A qualitative exploration using photo-elicitationEnhancing the wellbeing of caregivers of people with spinal cord injury with internet-delivered mindfulness: A feasibility studyDevelopment of a brief tailored digital intervention to facilitate help-seeking in patients with Parkinson’s: A feasibility studyIs demanding work fatiguing or energising? Three real-time studies of health care professionals.A look into the relationship of compensatory health beliefs, procrastination and body mass indexPatients’ experiences and perceptions of behaviour change advice delivered during routine GP consultations: A national surveyDigital remote pain reporting and administration perspectives in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritisPain beliefs are associated with levels of reported pain in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritisChanging safety behaviour on a global scale: A case study of L’Oréal’s ApproachDesigning a breastfeeding intervention for women with a BMI>30kg/m2 using a collaborative approachUnderstanding symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome using scientific insights fromN-of-1 studiesNew MRC-NIHR guidance: Reducing bias due to measurement reactivity in studies of interventions to improve healthIntention to perform strength training exercise among Chinese elderly: The application of the Health Belief ModelExploring an individual experience of living with scoliosis in adults over 30: A photovoice study.Stigma and physical wellbeing: The mediating role of social support and self-esteem in young adults with chronic conditions.‘People don’t know how severe some of them can be’: An exploration of beliefs and attitudes in adolescents with food allergyChallenges and reflections; evaluating an intervention to facilitate shared decision-making in breast reconstruction (PEGASUS).Dementia and cognitive impairment in the older prison population: Designing theory and evidence based training for prison staffCapability, opportunity and motivation to prevent oral health problems through behaviour change talk in dental practiceRealising ‘teachable opportunities’ to promote lifestyle behaviours in routine postnatal consultationsUse of a biofeedback breathing app to augment poststress physiological recoveryBarriers and facilitators to delivering exercise to men with prostate cancer: Application of the theoretical domains frameworkDevelopment of an evidence-based intervention to address eating psychopathology in athletes: An intervention mapping approachDeliberating and reflecting upon what we know and how we know it in evidence-based healthcareMothers of teenage girls: Knowledge and understanding about human papillomavirus and cervical cancerBarriers and facilitors to primary care nursing professionals having ‘cancer early diagnosis-related discussions’ with patientsLack of referrals to pulmonary rehabilitation: Should we pay closer attention to healthcare professionals’ illness perceptions?Participants’ Experience of a Type 2 Diabetes Management Programme designed for British-South Asians: A Qualitative EvaluationA qualitative exploration of the experience of positive body image in breast cancer survivors‘It felt like unfinished business, it feels like that’s finished now’: Experiences around contralateral prophylactic mastectomyContralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy and the consultation: A snapshot of UK healthcare professionals’ views and experiencesHealth professionals perceptions of supporting exercise in men with prostate cancer: Applying the Theoretical Domains FrameworkWhat are the perceptions of patients and healthcare professionals about blood transfusion? An interview studySocial prescribing as ‘social cure’: Health benefits of social connectedness to practitioners and users of a social prescribing pathwaySupporting young people who have been parentally bereaved: Can physical activity help and what services are available?" Health Psychology Update 28, no. 3 (2019): 10–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpu.2019.28.3.10.

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Gautvik, Kaare M., Ole K. Olstad, Ulrika Raue, Vigdis T. Gautvik, Karl J. Kvernevik, Tor P. Utheim, Solveig Ravnum, et al. "Heavy-load exercise in older adults activates vasculogenesis and has a stronger impact on muscle gene expression than in young adults." European Review of Aging and Physical Activity 19, no. 1 (October 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11556-022-00304-1.

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Abstract Background A striking effect of old age is the involuntary loss of muscle mass and strength leading to sarcopenia and reduced physiological functions. However, effects of heavy-load exercise in older adults on diseases and functions as predicted by changes in muscle gene expression have been inadequately studied. Methods Thigh muscle global transcriptional activity (transcriptome) was analyzed in cohorts of older and younger adults before and after 12–13 weeks heavy-load strength exercise using Affymetrix microarrays. Three age groups, similarly trained, were compared: younger adults (age 24 ± 4 years), older adults of average age 70 years (Oslo cohort) and above 80 years (old BSU cohort). To increase statistical strength, one of the older cohorts was used for validation. Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) was used to identify predicted biological effects of a gene set that changed expression after exercise, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to visualize differences in muscle gene expressen between cohorts and individual participants as well as overall changes upon exercise. Results Younger adults, showed few transcriptome changes, but a marked, significant impact was observed in persons of average age 70 years and even more so in persons above 80 years. The 249 transcripts positively or negatively altered in both cohorts of older adults (q-value < 0.1) were submitted to gene set enrichment analysis using IPA. The transcripts predicted increase in several aspects of “vascularization and muscle contractions”, whereas functions associated with negative health effects were reduced, e.g., “Glucose metabolism disorder” and “Disorder of blood pressure”. Several genes that changed expression after intervention were confirmed at the genome level by containing single nucleotide variants associated with handgrip strength and muscle expression levels, e.g., CYP4B1 (p = 9.2E-20), NOTCH4 (p = 9.7E-8), and FZD4 (p = 5.3E-7). PCA of the 249 genes indicated a differential pattern of muscle gene expression in young and elderly. However, after exercise the expression patterns in both young and old BSU cohorts were changed in the same direction for the vast majority of participants. Conclusions The positive impact of heavy-load strength training on the transcriptome increased markedly with age. The identified molecular changes translate to improved vascularization and muscular strength, suggesting highly beneficial health effects for older adults.

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Boyle, Spencer E., Melissa A. Fothergill, John Metcalfe, Sarah Docherty, and Crystal F. Haskell-Ramsay. "The Effects of Low-Intensity Multimodal Proprioceptive Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2020, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0134.

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Background: Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits. Multimodal proprioceptive exercise represents a useful balance-based exercise with the potential to reduce falls in older adults. Previous research has also indicated cognitive benefits following multimodal proprioceptive exercise in young and older adults. This study aimed to assess cognition and mood following 2 types of physical activity (multimodal proprioception vs yoga) compared with control (classroom-based) in healthy older adults. Method: Nineteen older adults (Mage = 65, sex = 9 males) participated in this randomized controlled crossover trial. Participants completed a 20-minute multimodal proprioceptive exercise class, 20-minute yoga session, and 20-minute classroom-based control. Numeric working memory and mood were assessed before and immediately following each of the interventions. Results: The multimodal proprioceptive intervention significantly reduced numeric working memory reaction time versus the yoga (P = .043) and control (P = .023) group. There were no differences found for accuracy or mood. Conclusions: These results indicate that multimodal proprioceptive exercise is worthy of further investigation as an alternative mode of exercise alongside the more traditional aerobic and strength-based exercise for healthy older adults.

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Hayes, Eleanor Jayne, Antoneta Granic, Christopher Hurst, Lorelle Dismore, Avan A. Sayer, and Emma Stevenson. "Older Adults’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Whole Foods as an Exercise Recovery Strategy." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (October 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.748882.

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Resistance exercise is a widely advocated treatment for improving muscle strength and performance in older adults. Maximizing the benefit of resistance exercise by ensuring optimal recovery is an important aim and studies are now seeking interventions to expedite exercise recovery in older people. A recovery strategy that has acquired considerable interest is the consumption of protein, and more recently, the consumption of protein-rich whole foods. This study aimed to understand the perspectives of community-dwelling older adults, and determine their knowledge of exercise recovery strategies, their preferences for recovery strategies, and their attitudes toward using whole foods, such as milk as a post-exercise recovery aid. Two hundred ninety-one older adults (74 ± 4 years) were recruited to complete a self-administered online survey. A mixed methods approach was used to gather in-depth data from the cohort. Participants were asked to complete a combination of free-text (open-ended) and multiple-choice questions. Content analysis was conducted on responses to open-ended questions through a systematic classification process of coding. The most common recovery strategies reported were heat treatment, rest, and massage. Nutrition was rarely cited as a recovery strategy. Less than 2% of respondents mentioned nutrition, of these, only half mentioned a protein source. Forty-nine percent expressed negative opinions toward recovery supplements (e.g., “waste of money”) compared to 7% expressing positive opinions. Whole foods such as milk, meat, fish, and fruit, were deemed to be a more acceptable recovery strategy than supplements by 80% of respondents. Those that found whole foods to be equally as acceptable (18%), cited efficacy as their main concern, and those that declared whole foods less acceptable (2%) had no common reason. Despite the high acceptability of whole foods, only 35% were aware that these foods could aid recovery. When asked about milk specifically, the majority of older adults (73%) said this would, or might, be an acceptable exercise recovery strategy. Those that found milk an unacceptable recovery strategy (27%) often cited disliking milk or an allergy/intolerance. In conclusion, whilst whole foods represented an acceptable recovery intervention for older adults, the majority were unaware of the potential benefits of nutrition for post-exercise recovery.

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Liu, Xiao J., Sha Ge, Alberto Cordova, Zayd Yaghi, Bo Y. Jiang, Guang H. Yue, and Wan X. Yao. "Elderly may benefit more from motor imagery training in gaining muscle strength than young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (January 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052826.

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ObjectiveThe current review was aimed to determine the effectiveness of mental imagery training (MIT) on the enhancement of maximum voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) force for healthy young and old adults.Data sourcesSix electronic databases were searched from July 2021 to March 2022. Search terms included: “motor imagery training,” “motor imagery practice,” “mental practice,” “mental training,” “movement imagery,” “cognitive training,” “strength,” “force,” “muscle strength,” “performance,” “enhancement,” “improvement,” “development,” and “healthy adults.”Study selection and data extractionRandomized controlled trials of MIT in enhancing muscle strength with healthy adults were selected. The decision on whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review was made by two reviewers independently. Any disagreements between the two reviewers were first resolved by discussion between the two reviewers. If consensus could not be reached, then it would be arbitrated by a third reviewer.Data synthesisTwenty-five studies including both internal MIT and external MIT were included in meta-analysis for determining the efficacy of MIT on enhancing muscle strength and 22 internal MIT were used for subgroup analysis for examining dose-response relationship of MIT on MVC.ResultsMIT demonstrated significant benefit on enhancing muscle strength when compared with no exercise, Effect Size (ES), 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–1.30, favoring MIT, but was inferior to physical training (PT), ES, 0.38, 95% CI, 0.15–0.62, favoring PT. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that MIT was more effective for older adults (ES, 2.17, 95% CI, 1.57–2.76) than young adults (ES, 0.95, 95% CI, 0.74–1.17), p = 0.0002, and for small finger muscles (ES, 1.64, 95% CI, 1.06–2.22) than large upper extremity muscles (ES, 0.86, 95% CI, 0.56–1.16), p = 0.02. No significant difference was found in the comparison of small finger muscles and large lower extremity muscles, p = 0.19 although the ES of the former (ES, 1.64, 95% CI, 1.06–2.22) was greater than that of the later (ES, 1.20, 95%, 0.88–1.52).ConclusionThis review demonstrates that MIT has better estimated effects on enhancing MVC force compared to no exercise, but is inferior to PT. The combination of MIT and PT is equivalent to PT alone in enhancing muscle strength. The subgroup group analysis further suggests that older adults and small finger muscles may benefit more from MIT than young adults and larger muscles.

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Moore, Daniel R. "Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves." Sports Medicine, September 13, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0.

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AbstractIt is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.

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Lithgow, Hannah, Lynsey Johnston, Frederick K. Ho, Carlos Celis-Morales, James Cobley, Truls Raastad, Angus M. Hunter, et al. "Protocol for a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin K2 on recovery from muscle-damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults—the TAKEOVER study." Trials 23, no. 1 (December 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06937-y.

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Abstract Background Regular participation in resistance exercise is known to have broad-ranging health benefits and for this reason is prominent in the current physical activity guidelines. Recovery after such exercise is important for several populations across the age range and nutritional strategies to enhance recovery and modulate post-exercise physiological processes are widely studied, yet effective strategies remain elusive. Vitamin K2 supplementation has emerged as a potential candidate, and the aim of the current study, therefore, is to test the hypothesis that vitamin K2 supplementation can accelerate recovery, via modulation of the underlying physiological processes, following a bout of resistance exercise in young and older adults. Methods The current study is a two-arm randomised controlled trial which will be conducted in 80 (40 young (≤40 years) and 40 older (≥65 years)) adults to compare post-exercise recovery in those supplemented with vitamin K2 or placebo for a 12-week period. The primary outcome is muscle strength with secondary outcomes including pain-free range of motion, functional abilities, surface electromyography (sEMG) and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Discussion Ethical approval has been granted by the College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences Ethical Committee at the University of Glasgow (Project No 200190189) and recruitment is ongoing. Study findings will be disseminated through a presentation at scientific conferences and in scientific journals. Trial registration ClinicialTrials.gov NCT04676958. Prospectively registered on 21 December 2020.

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Dalle, Sebastiaan, and Katrien Koppo. "Cannabinoid receptor 1 expression is higher in muscle of old vs. young males, and increases upon resistance exercise in older adults." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (September 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97859-3.

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AbstractAged skeletal muscle undergoes metabolic and structural alterations eventually resulting in a loss of muscle strength and mass, i.e. age-related sarcopenia. Therefore, novel targets for muscle growth purposes in elderly are needed. Here, we explored the role of the cannabinoid system in muscle plasticity through the expression of muscle cannabinoid receptors (CBs) in young and old humans. The CB1 expression was higher (+ 25%; p = 0.04) in muscle of old (≥ 65 years) vs. young adults (20–27 years), whereas CB2 was not differently expressed. Furthermore, resistance exercise tended to increase the CB1 (+ 11%; p = 0.055) and CB2 (+ 37%; p = 0.066) expression in muscle of older adults. Interestingly, increases in the expression of CB2 following resistance exercise positively correlated with changes in key mechanisms of muscle homeostasis, such as catabolism (FOXO3a) and regenerative capacity (Pax7, MyoD). This study for the first time shows that CB1 is differentially expressed with aging and that changes in CB2 expression upon resistance exercise training correlate with changes in mediators that play a central role in muscle plasticity. These data confirm earlier work in cells and mice showing that the cannabinoid system might orchestrate muscle growth, which is an incentive to further explore CB-based strategies that might counteract sarcopenia.

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Tavoian, Dallin, Lupita E. Ramos-Barrera, Daniel H. Craighead, Douglas R. Seals, Edward J. Bedrick, Joseph S. Alpert, Saif Mashaqi, and E. Fiona Bailey. "Six Months of Inspiratory Muscle Training to Lower Blood Pressure and Improve Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Above-Normal Blood Pressure and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Protocol for the CHART Clinical Trial." Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 8 (November 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.760203.

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Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major global health concern and prevalence is high in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Lowering blood pressure (BP) can greatly reduce cardiovascular disease risk and physical activity is routinely prescribed to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, many adults with OSA suffer from fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and exercise intolerance—due to poor sleep quality and nocturnal hypoxemia—and have difficulty initiating and maintaining an exercise program. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is a simple, time-efficient breathing exercise consistently reported to reduce BP in small, selective groups of both healthy and at-risk adults. Herein we present the study protocol for a randomized clinical trial to determine the long-term efficacy of IMST performed regularly for 24 weeks in middle-aged and older adults with OSA. The primary outcome is casual systolic BP. Secondary outcomes are 24-h systolic BP and circulating plasma norepinephrine concentration. Other outcomes include vascular endothelial function (endothelial-dependent and -independent dilation), aortic stiffness, casual and 24-h diastolic BP, and the influence of circulating factors on endothelial cell nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production. Overall, this trial will establish efficacy of high-resistance IMST for lowering BP and improving cardiovascular health in middle-aged and older adults with OSA.Methods: This is a single-site, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. A minimum of 92 and maximum of 122 male and female adults aged 50–80 years with OSA and above-normal BP will be enrolled. After completion of baseline assessments, subjects will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to participate in either high-resistance or sham (low-resistance) control IMST, performed at home, 5 min/day, 5 days/week, for 24 weeks. Repeat assessments will be taken after the 24-week intervention, and after 4 and 12 weeks of free living.Discussion: This study is designed to assess the effects of 24 weeks of IMST on BP and vascular function. The results will characterize the extent to which IMST can reduce BP when performed over longer periods (i.e., 6 months) than have been assessed previously. Additionally, this study will help to determine underlying mechanisms driving IMST-induced BP reductions that have been reported previously.Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration Number: NCT04932447; Date of registration June 21, 2021).

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Clayton, Zachary S., Carl J. Ade, Christina M. Dieli-Conwright, and Hansie M. Mathelier. "A Bench to Bedside Perspective on Anthracycline Chemotherapy-mediated Cardiovascular Dysfunction: Challenges and OpportunitiesA Symposium Review." Journal of Applied Physiology, October 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00471.2022.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide and risk for developing CVD is markedly increased following anthracycline chemotherapy treatment. Anthracyclines are an essential component of the cancer treatment regimen used for common forms of cancer in male and female children, adolescents, young adults and older adults. Increased CVD risk with anthracyclines occurs, in part, due to vascular dysfunction - impaired endothelial function and arterial stiffening. These features of vascular dysfunction also play a major role in other common disorders observed following anthracycline treatment, including chronic kidney disease, dementia and exercise intolerance. However, the mechanisms by which anthracycline chemotherapy induces and sustains vascular dysfunction are incompletely understood. This budding area of biomedical research is termed cardio-oncology, which presents the unique opportunity for collaboration between physicians and basic scientists. This symposium, presented at Experimental Biology 2022, provided a timely update of this important biomedical research topic. The speakers presented observations made at levels from cells to mice to humans treated with anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents using an array of translational research approaches. The speaker panel included a diverse mix of female and male investigators and unique insight from a cardio-oncology physician scientist. Particular emphasis was placed on challenges and opportunities in this field as well as mechanisms that could be viewed as therapeutic targets leading to novel treatment strategies.

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Oliveira, Ricardo B. de, Gustavo Gonçalves Cardozo, and Karynne G. Lopes. "Blood Flow Restriction Training – An Intervention to Counteract Muscle Loss Caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic." Brazilian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences 21, no. 2 (December 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/bjhbs.2022.71659.

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ntroduction: Physical inactivity is a major unintended consequence of the social distancing imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Increased physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors have profound physiological impacts on muscular health,leading to muscle and strength losses that are associated with lowerperformance and higher mortality rates. In the so-called “new normal”, exercise routines must find alternative ways to replace high-intensity resistance exercises,since resources are limited in home environments. Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a low-intensity training method involving compressive pressure of the vasculature by use of a tourniquet cuff in the proximal portion of the upper and lower limbs. BFR has been demonstrated to be a safe and efficient training modality to promote muscle and strength gains in different groups, including those under musculoskeletal rehabilitation, young and older adults, and athletes. Objective: This review aims to show that BFR training is an effective intervention for counteracting losses of muscle mass and function caused by Covid-19. Methods: A review of the scientific literature was conducted on electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science, covering the period 2000–2020. Results: We advocate the use of BFR training as an urgent counteracting intervention to prevent muscle and strength losses during social distancing and propose a progressive home-based protocol based on wide array of literature. Conclusion: This evidence can help practitioners, personal trainers, physical therapists, and physician assistants to implement an alternative exercise routine that may prevent the deleterious physiological effects of physical inactivity on muscle function during intermittent social distancing.

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Tomé, Daniel, Simon Benoit, and Dalila Azzout-Marniche. "Protein metabolism and related body function: mechanistic approaches and health consequences." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, October 14, 2020, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120007880.

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The development and maintenance of body composition and functions require an adequate protein intake with a continuous supply of amino acids (AA) to tissues. Body pool and AA cellular concentrations are tightly controlled and maintained through AA supply (dietary intake, recycled from proteolysis and de novo synthesis), AA disposal (protein synthesis and other AA-derived molecules) and AA losses (deamination and oxidation). Different molecular regulatory pathways are involved in the control of AA sufficiency including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, the general control non-derepressible 2/activating transcription factor 4 system or the fibroblast growth factor 21. There is a tight control of protein intake, and human subjects and animals appear capable of detecting and adapting food and protein intake and metabolism in face of foods or diets with different protein contents. A severely protein deficient diet induces lean body mass losses and ingestion of sufficient dietary energy and protein is a prerequisite for body protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle, bone and other lean tissues and functions. Maintaining adequate protein intake with age may help preserve muscle mass and strength but there is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. The protein synthesis response to protein intake can also be enhanced by prior completion of resistance exercise but this effect could be somewhat reduced in older compared to young individuals and gain in muscle mass and function due to exercise require regular training over an extended period.

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Seipp, Deborah, Oliver J. Quittmann, Frowin Fasold, and Stefanie Klatt. "Concurrent training in team sports: A systematic review." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, May 25, 2022, 174795412210998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17479541221099846.

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Background: Concurrent strength and endurance training could interfere with adaptation, which primarily affects long-term strength development. However, so far, research on this theme has rarely focused on ways to optimize concurrent strength and endurance training in team sports. Objectives: This paper aims to summarize the literature on the effects of concurrent training on aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways as well as strength and jump performance measures in team sports (invasion games) to provide recommendations for its application. Methods: A systematic literature review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted. Various reliable sources with only experimental studies investigating the effect of concurrent training on sport-specific performance measures in team sports (invasion games) were included. Two researchers independently evaluated the risk of bias with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Results: From 1649 records, 24 were included: 12 in children/adolescents ( n = 428; aged up to 18 years) and 12 in adults ( n = 620; aged 19–30 years), respectively. Thirteen of 24 studies reported improved endurance (V˙O2max, YoYoIR) and strength (CMJ, SJ and 1RM) performance by adding additional resistance training in young and adult team sport players with different training status, and nine of 24 studies reported more pronounced interference effects in older and more experienced players. Discussion: Concurrent training can improve endurance and strength performance in team sports athletes. However, it is revealed that concurrent training can lead to diminished effects, which might be minimized by extended recovery time between sessions, adapted sequencing order and endurance exercise modality. With maturity and developing training status, an increased importance of these variables was documented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Exercise Intolerance, Older adults, Young, Strength'

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