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Stuart, Sue. "Ageing & exercise : a case study to explore perceptions of ageing and engagement with exercise." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2018. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/17685/.
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This study concerns the lived experience of participants in 50+ exercise groups (mainly women) that are taught by the researcher who is herself 50+. Activities comprise Exercise to Music, Pilates and Tai Chi for Arthritis and most classes are run under the auspices of an Adult Learning scheme. The research explores the meanings which people attach to the processes of ageing and how these relate to their engagements with exercise. The work was stimulated by a desire to understand the factors that encourage the participants to engage in and adhere to exercise and, in so doing, to make useful recommendations for health promotion and service provision with the intention that others might avoid the dangers of sedentary behaviour. This ethnographic case study spans approximately four years beginning in the spring of 2013. It draws on data collected in five semi-structured interviews and ten focus groups that were recorded and transcribed and five shorter telephone interviews which were noted at the time. Also included are data from numerous short vox pops and interviews 'on the move'. Altogether 56 individuals contributed verbal comment that has been recorded in some way. The data are reinforced by participant observation and access to enrolment documents. All of this is supported by a field journal which creates an audit trail and traces the evolution of the study. The originality of the study lies in the ability of the researcher to open up the 'black box' of the exercise class to reveal what matters most to older adults when they engage in exercise and how the contents of the box are socially constructed. Drawing on her own life experience as an exerciser and as an educator, the researcher is in a unique position to relate to the participants both as a peer and as a professional. The study situates perceptions of ageing in the context of identity formation. It explores elements across the life course which have shaped those perceptions and how such perceptions intersect with values and beliefs about exercise and, furthermore, how they continue to do so. Through unpacking the 'black box' of the exercise class, findings demonstrate the existence of a 'package' of elements that individuals require in their iv exercise: some essential, others desirable and yet others totally unacceptable. Factors which are considered essential vary with the choice of exercise but there remains an overwhelming sense of agreement that whatever is chosen should be pleasurable and co-constructed in partnership with other people. How this occurs forms the major contribution to knowledge which may be valuable in its application to provision, instructor recruitment and training for older adult exercise classes. Though the knowledge arises specifically from the participants of this case study it has relevance in informing exercise provision for similar groups of people.
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Chong, Shing-kan Patrick. "A randomized controlled trial for exercise prescription in general practice." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31970977.
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Chong, Shing-kan Patrick, and 莊承謹. "A randomized controlled trial for exercise prescription in general practice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970977.
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Alhowikan, Abdulrahman M. "Impact of exercise duration on maximal and sub-maximal markers during clinical cardio-pulmonary exercise testing." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3224/.
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Currently, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that protocols for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) should last between eight and twelve minutes. However, the justification for these exercise durations rely on limited experimental data. These recommendations have a significant impact on the ability of frail patients to be assessed using CPET and should conform to evidence based practice. This thesis begins by assessing the validity of these recommendations in relation to maximal exercise responses before assessing the consequences of these recommendations on sub-maximal exercise measurements. These studies were conducted in a relatively large cohort (compared to the study that underpins the ACSM guidelines) of heterogeneous volunteers (they are both men and women, with a significant age range and varied functional capacity) to make the data more relevant to clinical exercise testing. The data presented in chapter three demonstrate that it is very difficult to obtain exercise duration conforming to the current ACSM guidelines by using a standardised ramp exercise protocol on both treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise. However, sub-group analyses for those subjects who achieved moderate (8-12 minutes) and short (less than 8 minutes) exercise durations. In addition, a separate analysis was carried out for a different sub-group of those who achieved moderate (8-12 minutes) and long (more than 12 minutes) of durations of exercise. Despite this, it was possible to demonstrate in sub-group analysis that there was no significant difference in peak oxygen uptake, peak carbon dioxide output, peak heart rate, peak ventilation and peak power output when exercise duration was less or more than that prescribed by the ACSM recommendations. In addition, the effects of long, moderate or short duration exercise per se were also analysed in this chapter and again exercise duration was shown to be without effect on the main maximal markers of exercise performance. In chapters four, five and six, the initial findings were extended to determine the effects of exercise duration on a range of clinically relevant sub-maximal markers of exercise performance. It was likely, since exercise duration did not affect maximal exercise that the physiological determinants of maximal performance were not significantly altered during short or long duration exercise and consequently it was likely that sub-maximal markers of functional capacity would not be affected. However, the quality of the data obtained during CPET can obviously influence the accurate measurement physiological responses during exercise and much of the analysis in these chapters focused on the validity of the data analysis. Chapter four investigated the limitations to measuring the break point in the relationship between oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output during progressive exercise (the so called ventilatory threshold or ‘V-slope’). The accurate measurement of this break point was determined by standard gas exchange criteria and the effects of reducing the data available for analysis (by reducing the amount of breaths available for comparison at reduced exercise durations) were examined. The data showed that reducing the data available for analysis had an impact on the quality of the data (decreasing the goodness of fit) but no significant effect on the determination of the ventilatory threshold. Chapter five determined the effects of exercise duration on the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). As expected, the effects of exercise duration were not significant but additional investigation into the commonly employed data analysis procedures was performed. These data show that the log transformation of the relationship between ventilation and oxygen uptake allows reliable assessment of ventilatory efficiency in most cases, however, the impact of the lactate threshold on ventilation and the biological variability in where the threshold occurs as a proportion of functional capacity can impact on the sensitivity of this measurement to predict aerobic and/or anaerobic capacity. Chapter six determined the effects of exercise duration on the breathing reserve index and found no significant difference during short, moderate or long exercise duration exercise. Further analysis was performed to demonstrate limitations in the use of predicted maximum voluntary ventilation (rather than direct measurement). Taken together, these data demonstrate that the current ACSM recommendations for CPET are too restrictive and may limit the application of such testing in populations that cannot exercise for between eight and twelve minutes. The data further suggest that the testing and analysis procedures used during CPET are central to producing valid maximal and sub-maximal markers of functional capacity and the recommendations should focus include guidelines in relation to such aspects.
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Robb, Louise. "The effect of exercise on rat brown adipose tissue." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5739.
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Anderson, Jeffrey Philip. "Promoting physical activity and mental well-being in general practice." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312288.
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Hannon, John B. "The college of consultors and the exercise of ecclesial authority." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4896.
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Ferrario, Chiara. "Functional electrical stimulation (FES) leg cycling exercise in paraplegia : a pilot study for the definition and assessment of exercise testing protocols and efficacy of exercise." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1534/.
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A custom FES-cycling ergometer equipped with an electric motor and an integrated feedback system for accurate control of exercise workrate and cadence has been employed in this study. This experimental setup allowed the imposition of arbitrary workrate profiles with high precision and provided the potential for highly-sensitive exercise testing. One aim of the work described in this thesis was to propose and evaluate novel protocols for incremental exercise test (IET) and step exercise test (SET). Valid protocols would allow reliable estimation of the key markers of cardiopulmonary fitness in SCI subjects performing FES-cycling. Measures which can be used to evaluate the effect on cycling performance of changes in stimulation parameters, and which might therefore be used to optimise them, were also investigated. Thus, a second aim of this work was to determine whether oxygen uptake and a new measure of stimulation cost (i.e. the total rate of stimulation charge applied to the stimulated muscle groups during cycling) are sensitive enough to allow discrimination between the efficacy of different activation patterns during constant-power cycling. A discussion on the concept of metabolic efficiency in AB and SCI subjects is presented in this thesis. Efficiency of FES-cycling is much lower than that of voluntary cycling. Therefore, a third aim of this work was to define new efficiency measurements that are more appropriate for the SCI population. Two volunteer subjects took part in this study and the data obtained from the tests they performed are presented as case studies. The main outcome shows feasibility of the two exercise testing protocols. Moreover, the first report of a ventilatory threshold in SCI subjects during FES-cycling has been provided here. Oxygen uptake and stimulation cost measurements both allow discrimination between the efficacy of different muscle activation patterns. However, stimulation cost is more easily determined in real time, and responds more rapidly and with greatly improved signal-to-noise properties than oxygen uptake.
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Thomson, Stephen D. "Exercise testing and non-invasive haemodynamics in the assessment and monitoring of pulmonary hypertension : novel submaximal and peak exercise variables." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8918/.
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Pulmonary hypertension is a disease characterised by progressive pulmonary vascular remodelling and obliteration with consequent development of right heart failure and ultimately death. First described many decades ago with a median survival of less than 3 years and no available treatments, the development of disease specific pulmonary vasodilator therapy has led to only modest improvements in survival and it remains an almost universally fatal disease. One of the key symptoms of pulmonary hypertension is exercise intolerance, primarily a consequence of the underlying right ventricular failure and an inability to augment stroke volume on exercise. The gold standard diagnostic test is right heart catheterisation but this is unattractive as a tool for ongoing monitoring as it is invasive and not without risk, albeit that risk is small. As a result most monitoring of disease progression and of treatment response is carried out using surrogate markers, often exercise based such as the 6 minute walk test. Increasing attention is focused on the role of exercise both in that monitoring of patients and also in helping to understand better the pathophysiology. The work presented in this thesis therefore aimed to explore novel exercise derived variables and noninvasive haemodynamic measurement as tools to improve our understanding of the disease limitation, to enhance our monitoring of treatment response and to give additional prognostic information. In Chapter 3 the role of peripheral muscle oxygen extraction and exercise limitation was explored by performing right heart catheterisation on exercise with measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation. This demonstrated that patients with pulmonary hypertension demonstrate no evidence of impaired oxygen extraction and that they appear to extract at least as much oxygen on exercise as healthy individuals have been shown to in other studies. This indicates that impairment of oxygen extraction is not a cause of exercise limitation in pulmonary hypertension. 3 Chapter 4 describes a series of studies evaluating the potential role of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope in pulmonary hypertension. This variable derived from the oxygen consumption and ventilation across an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test has demonstrated promise as a potential submaximal measure of exercise performance and predictor of survival in left heart failure. The studies conducted demonstrated that this variable is a measure of peak exercise performance in pulmonary hypertension, that it can be measure on submaximal levels of exercise and that it predicts survival in patients with Group 1 and Group 4 disease. The studies described in Chapter 5 investigated the rates of recovery of heart rate and oxygen consumption after exercise and found that both could predict survival. In particular the rate of recovery of heart rate after exercise was demonstrated to be a strong predictor of survival on multivariate analysis, thus providing a further method of assessing prognosis with exercise. Finally the ability of noninvasive measures of stroke volume to predict outcome was explored in the studies detailed in Chapter 6. The underlying haemodynamic abnormalities are not assessed when surrogate measures such as exercise testing are employed in patient follow up. Standard practice is to review patients 3 to 4 months after any change in treatment and to assess them using these surrogate measures. Acute haemodynamic changes are able to be detected invasively immediately after administration of pulmonary vasodilator therapy. This study therefore investigated the ability of two noninvasive methods of measuring stroke volume, inert gas rebreathing and cardiac MRI, to detect treatment response after only 2 weeks and assess how this related to functional improvement at the standard 4 months. The study found that haemodynamic changes were able to be detected at 2 weeks and these appeared to relate to changes in 6 minute walk distance at the same time point but did not appear to relate to 6 minute walk distance at 4 months. This study however did not reach its recruitment target and therefore further work is needed in this area.
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Cottrell, Elizabeth. "General practitioners' attitudes, beliefs and behaviours regarding exercise for chronic knee pain." Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2389/.
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Patients with chronic knee pain (CKP) frequently present to general practitioners (GPs). Exercise, a core management approach for CKP, reduces pain and improves functioning. To maximise patient outcomes, GPs should practise in line with best evidence recommendations. Using an underpinning model (developed using behavioural theory), this thesis describes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of GPs regarding the use of exercise for patients with CKP. A systematic review revealed a paucity of published studies specifically examining this topic. Available data suggested that GPs’ attitudes and beliefs about exercise for CKP varied widely, exercise appeared to be underused and its implementation by GPs was unclear. The need to concurrently and specifically investigate the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of GPs regarding exercise for CKP was identified. A vignette-based pilot questionnaire survey of 800 UK GPs was undertaken to refine the survey tool and methods and to inform the required sample size for the main survey. The subsequent main survey of 5000 UK GPs revealed that exercise was used by most GPs for CKP. However, methods employed to initiate exercise within an individual patient’s management plan were variable and imperfectly aligned with evidence-based recommendations. Attitudes and beliefs about exercise for CKP were generally positive; however GPs expressed some uncertainty about safety and efficacy, particularly regarding local exercise (e.g. strengthening, range-of-movement, stretching). Although some elements of the underpinning model (e.g. role and identity) predicted GPs’ behaviour, others (e.g. beliefs about capabilities) performed less well. To maximise the clinical outcomes of patients with CKP, recommendations from this research include: development of educational, organisational change and/or behaviour change strategies to improve initiation of individualised exercise, and clarification of GPs’ role, in this context. Approaches to better understand the key influences on GPs’ behaviour are required; a greater focus on decision-making theory may be valuable.
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Richards, Gregory Stephen. "Expressed attitude towards physical fitness contrasted with actual participation in physical exercise." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4682.
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Takeuchi, Mari. "Modalities of the exercise of universal jurisdiction in international law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5472/.
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It has become a trend today that states adopt universal jurisdiction in their domestic law. At the same time, the actual exercise of universal jurisdiction has often led to a dispute among states. While there are many ‘international’ aspects relating to this phenomenon, there is still no consensus among international scholars even over the scope of crimes that are subject to universal jurisdiction, let alone the modalities of its exercise. This confusion is caused by the way in which jurisdiction is conceptualized: while prevailing view sees jurisdiction as a right or entitlement attributed by international law, this view is premised on a particular understanding of the legal system of jurisdiction that sees it as a set of permissive rules of international law. However, it may not capture the reality of jurisdiction, where international law does not always regulate the assertion of prescriptive jurisdiction, while the actual exercise of jurisdiction is still subject to several restraint either in relation to other states or with regard to the rights of accused individuals. Against this background, Part I of the dissertation re-examines the legal system of jurisdiction and applies it to the specific framework of universal jurisdiction. First, this study seeks to find the elements that actually restraint the exercise of jurisdiction in general. It concludes that the exercise of jurisdiction should be examined from the perspective of whether and to what extent it may secure effectiveness of enforcement, legitimacy (necessity) of claim, and foreseeability of law and forum. Building on this analysis, this study further seeks for a justifying ground of universal jurisdiction by applying the general framework of jurisdiction. It is suggested that at least the legitimacy (necessity) of claim is provided by the fact that states have been less interested in tolerating impunity for certain types of international crimes and also been more aware of the necessity for the exercise of jurisdiction in order to compensate for the failure of territorial or national states of the offender in the suppression of these crimes With those insights, Part II further explores a framework in which the conflict resulting from the concurrent claims of jurisdiction. The focus is on the idea of subsidiarity, which designates universal jurisdiction as a default mechanism. While this idea has been gaining support, it is pointed out that the feasibility of subsidiarity depends on how situations of inability and unwillingness are identified in a decentralized discourse. Regarding this, this study argues that the notion of obligation to prosecute can play a key role: a state of non-performance of obligation to prosecute can be conceived as an abusive use of power on the part of territorial or national states, thereby vesting the assessment of inability and unwillingness with certain objectivity. This provides a ground for legal discourse between territorial or national states and states exercising universal jurisdiction.
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Cardoso, Fernando M. F. "Improving the assessment of exercise capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients attending exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/18038/.
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The aim of this thesis is ‘’Improving the Assessment of Exercise Capacity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients Attending Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation’’. Cardiorespiratory capacity is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients, due to the prognostic power, is an essential outcome to measure in cardiac patients in clinical practice. In cardiac rehabilitation programmes the assessment of cardiorespiratory capacity (by field tests or treadmill test) is an essential practice supported by U.K., European and U.S.A. guidelines, which gives support to patients risk evaluation and stratification, setting individual patients goals, exercise prescription, and evaluation of the same. Overall, the findings of this thesis, which were generate by meta-analysis, crosssectional studies and laboratory research, provide an nsight into the factors associated with patients’ initial performance, and oxygen cost in functional capacity tests. Together, this data may improve the application, interpretation and patient understanding of these test results. One aim of CR is to improve patients’ functional capacity; we provide a standard value for ΔFitness, and information on factors which clinicians may need to consider when setting patient goals and interpreting changes in functional capacity, or ΔFitness due to CR.
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Milligan, Russell W. "A Transcendental Phenomenological Study of Reflection through Exercise." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3642637.
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This study explored middle managers' lived experience of exercise-induced reflection to understand if the meaning they ascribed to the lived experience could address their practical problem of not being able to reflect in time-constrained work environments. The study also explored if the lived experience could be linked to another model of reflective learning that does not appear to exist within the study's theoretical framework at the intersections of leadership and reflection, reflection and aerobic exercise, and aerobic exercise and leadership.
To understand the meaning participants associated with their lived experience of exercise-induced reflection, ten employed middle managers were recruited to participate in a series of thirty face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Analyzing the data through the phenomenological processes of grouping, reducing, clustering, thematizing, and textural-structural synthesis led to the discovery of six core themes. The core themes were the following: the age at which participants first experienced the phenomenon, the aerobic activity that evoked exercise-induced reflection, reflective states, reflection topics, reflection during exercise is productive, and applied learning. These themes revealed how the lived experience of reflection through exercise manifested into three major meanings: a productive haven for reflective thinking, a mind-body connection that stimulates reflective learning, and a therapeutic sanctuary for well-being.
Understanding the meanings participants ascribed to exercise-induced reflection expanded upon the literature within the theoretical framework of the leadership, reflection, and aerobic exercise disciplines. Additionally, the meanings addressed middle managers practical problem of reflection in the time-constrained workplace.
Findings from this transcendental phenomenological study provide a baseline understanding of exercise-induced reflection for future research. Augmenting the baseline findings through mixed methods and medical research studies could provide a deeper understanding of exercise-induced reflection. A mixed methods study could help explore and explain the relationship of exercise-induced reflection to workplace performance and leadership styles. A medical study could expand upon knowledge about the relationship of exercise-induced reflection to human neuro-physiological changes.
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Davies, Christopher S. "The role of oxygen-dependent substances in exercise." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4273/.
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This thesis investigated the role of O\(_2\)-dependent substances in mediating the vasodilatation seen following exercise (post-exercise hyperaemia) and in fatigue development. Additionally we compared young and old subjects to investigate the effects of ageing in both of these phenomena. Breathing supplementary 40% O\(_2\) during handgrip exercise at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction had no effect of the magnitude of post-exercise hyperaemia compared to air breathing control. Furthermore, aspirin administration did not alter magnitude of post-exercise hyperaemia or the levels of prostaglandin E metabolites assayed from the forearm venous efflux. Similarly the magnitude of post-exercise hyperaemia was not affected by aminophylline administration. Collectively these suggest that prostaglandins and adenosine are not obligatory mediators of post-exercise hyperaemia. Supplementary O\(_2\) breathed during recovery had no effect on fatigue in a second bout of exercise or any of the substances proposed to mediate fatigue, in young subjects. We demonstrated that older subjects showed no changes in the magnitude of post-exercise hyperaemia, but they were more fatigue resistant. There was no O\(_2\)-dependence of either post-exercise hyperaemia or fatigue in older subjects. In conclusion, we have found no evidence of O\(_2\)-dependent mediators in either post-exercise hyperaemia or fatigue.
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Ghafouri, Khloud Jamil. "Effect of exercise, diet and ethnicity on metabolic responses in postprandial state." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8634/.
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Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One of the key factors mediating cardiovascular disease risk, and the underlying atherogenic disease process, is disturbances to metabolism in the postprandial state, particularly with respect to lipoprotein metabolism. A number of studies have demonstrated that prior exercise can reduce postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations, with recent evidence indicating that increased clearance from the circulation of large very low density lipoproteins (VLDL1) plays an important role. However, it was unclear how exercise facilitated this potentially beneficial effect and this was the focus of the present work. The first experimental study in this thesis demonstrated, in 10 overweight/obese men, that 90 minutes of prior moderate exercise increased the affinity of VLDL1 for TG hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase by 2.2-fold in the fasted state (p = 0.02) and 2.6-fold in the postprandial state (p = 0.001), but did not significantly alter the affinity of chylomicrons, a novel observation that adds to understanding of the mechanism by which exercise lowers TG concentrations. Postprandial responses to meal ingestion depend on the macronutrient composition of the food ingested. In the second experimental chapter, postprandial responses to ingestion of a test meal containing 75g glucose, or 75g fat, or a combination of 75g glucose and 75g fat were compared in 10 overweight/obese men. The main finding was that co-ingestion of fat with the glucose load reduced the postprandial glucose response, but not insulin response, compared with glucose ingestion alone. Co-ingestion of fat with the glucose load also substantially reduced the postprandial suppression of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) compared to glucose only ingestion. Postprandial TG responses were similar when only fat was consumed compared with co-ingestion of fat and glucose, but postprandial VLDL1 concentrations were lower in the latter condition. It is well established that ethnic differences exist in the prevalence of cardio-metabolic diseases. In particular, diabetes prevalence is high in Middle-Eastern populations. It is not known whether ethnic differences in postprandial metabolism contribute to these differences in risk. In the third experimental study, eight white European men and eight men of Middle-Eastern origin consumed a mixed-meal and postprandial responses were assessed. Postprandial insulin responses were higher in the Middle-Eastern men and postprandial TG concentrations were higher in the European men. This suggests that ethnic differences may exist in the inter-relationship between insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism. Thus, overall this thesis has provided insights into how postprandial metabolism is modulated by exercise, macronutrient intake and ethnicity.
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Reid, Kevin Brian. "The effect of heavy handrail support on blood pressure response in normotensive adults during treadmill walking /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (433 KB), 2009. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2009/Masters/Reid_Kevin/reidkb_masters_11-12-2009.pdf.
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Rochon, Louise. "Effects of progesterone on carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise in the rat." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5108.
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Wake, Deven Francis. "The effect of a physical exercise and education prehabilitation program in general surgery patients." Thesis, Wake, Deven Francis (2020) The effect of a physical exercise and education prehabilitation program in general surgery patients. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/57365/.
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Background: Patients undergoing general surgery can often experience complication rates of 30-40% after surgery and can include post-surgical bleeding, pain, nausea, infection, and sepsis which can all significantly delay recovery. Prehabilitation enhances the physical function of patients prior to surgery to improve surgical outcomes and facilitate recovery. Previous research has explored the benefits of aerobic-based prehabilitation in improving recovery after surgery, however research into appropriately prescribed resistance focussed interventions is lacking. Resistance based exercise has the benefit of increasing muscle mass, muscle strength and physical function prior to surgery, enhancing recovery and return to pre-surgery function. This study explored the effects of a resistance-based prehabilitation program on overall patient recovery when compared to usual care. Methods: Seventeen participants (8 males and 9 females) were recruited via inpatient admissions and randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=9) receiving a pre-surgery resistance-based exercise program or usual care group (n=8) receiving standard patient education. The exercise program consisted of 6 resistance exercises targeting large major muscle groups with the focus of building muscle mass. Primary outcomes were length of stay (days) and post-operative complications. Secondary measures included; whole body resistance, isometric muscle strength, physical function, aerobic fitness, self-reported physical function and quality of life (QoL) and limb disability (upper and lower limb) Results: No differences were observed in length of stay between the prehabilitation and control groups (p=0.655). The control displayed a significant within group loss of 8.4kg in grip strength between pre and post-surgery (p=0.001), compared to the intervention group who only lost 0.8kg (p=0.776). Mental health summary score reported a significant difference between groups at six-week post-surgery (p=0.006) displaying increased quality of life as a result of the intervention. Conclusion: The preliminary results of this study indicate that resistance-based exercise training in the peri-operative period are associated with reported increases in patient mental health and isometric muscular strength.
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Alzwayi, Mabroukah M. A. "An investigation of the effect of short bouts of exercise on adiponectin concentrations in young healthy females." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4552/.
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White adipose tissue is not just a storage organ. It is now recognised as an endocrine organ. It secretes many substances known as adipokines, which are thought to link obesity with type 2 diabetes (T2D). One of the most important adipokines is adiponectin. It is a peptide hormone consisting of 244 amino acids with molecular weight of 30 KD. It circulates in plasma in high concentrations (3-30 4g/ml). Adiponectin polymerises to form many bigger forms. Those are low molecular weight (LMW); middle molecular weight (MMW) and high molecular weight (HMW). The HMW adiponectin is the active form of the hormone. The concentrations of most adipokines are increased in obese people. Adiponectin is unusual in that its concentration is lower in obese people. Consequently its concentration is decreased in some related metabolic disorders. Its concentrations decrease in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dyslipidemia and insulin resistances. It is well known that exercise increases insulin sensitivity, also adiponectin was reported to regulate insulin. The effect of exercise on the adiponectin concentrations in plasma is controversial, but the extent to which the exercise regulates the interstitial adiponectin concentrations is not fully examined. The main site of adipokines secretion is adipose tissue. Therefore the study of these substances at the site of their production has a special interest. Recently, microdialysis techniques have been extended to become important in the measurement of substances in the extracellular fluid of many tissues such as subcutaneous adipose tissue. In particular, it has been used for measurement of adipokines. This thesis includes three studies. The first study was aimed at examining the effect of one hour of moderate exercise at 50% of maximum oxygen consumption v on adiponectin concentration in dialysate samples taken from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues (SCAAT). 15 healthy young female volunteers, age 22.8 ± 3.0 years (mean ± SD) participated in this experiment divided into two groups depending on their body mass index (BMI), a lean group BMI 22.2 ± 1.6 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) and an overweight group BMI 27.7 ± 1.9 kg/m2 (mean ± SD). The samples were collected using CMA 66 M. Alzwayi iii microdialysis catheters with membrane cut off 100 KD. Fitness assessment was done for all volunteers about one week before the main trials. The main trials were done on two consecutive days, a rest day and an exercise day. Each day lasted for 4 to 6 hours. On the first day the microdialysis catheter were inserted in abdominal subcutaneous tissue 4 cm lateral to the umbilicus on the left side. Dialysate samples were collected every 30 - 45 minutes. On the exercise day volunteers exercised for one hour at 50% 2 . V O max. All samples were analysed for adiponectin concentrations using Mercodia ELISA technique. The principle findings of this study were that CMA 66 microdialysis catheters worked effectively for two consecutive days for fluid recovery. Adiponectin concentrations were very low and varied, in same volunteer from time to time, and between volunteers. However, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference in adiponectin concentrations between lean and overweight groups. Adiponectin concentrations in the first two samples on the first day of the insertion were significantly higher than the first two samples on the second day of the insertion. Finally, adiponectin concentrations in dialysate samples recovered by 100 KD microdialysis catheters were very low. Therefore, the effect of the exercise was not clear. The second study aimed to compare the adiponectin concentrations in plasma and dialysate samples. Six healthy male volunteers age 32.8 ± 13.1 years and BMI 25.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2 (mean ± SD), were recruited for this study. The experiment was run for two consecutive days using the same microdialysis catheters CMA 66. Dialysate samples were collected as before. 2 ml of blood samples were collected using a cannula inserted into the anticubital vein. Samples were taken every hour for a period of five hours each day. The plasma and dialysate samples were analysed for adiponectin using the Mercodia kits. Adiponectin concentrations in plasma samples were 256 and 1791 times higher than the adiponectin concentrations in dialysate samples. The conclusion of the two studies was that the CMA 66 microdialysis catheter with cut off 100 KD membranes only recovers a small part of the total adiponectin present. M. Alzwayi iv Therefore a third study was designed to use plasma samples. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of acute exercise at 50% 2 . V O max on HMW adiponectin, total adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), insulin and glucose concentrations directly after the exercise, one hour after and 48 hours. 13 young healthy female volunteers age 24.3 ± 2.7 years and BMI 21.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) contributed in this study. The volunteers were invited for five visits. Their fitness was measured on the first visit. Then they came for two main trials rest day and exercise day, which they were randomly assigned. The main trails lasted for two hours. Three blood samples were collected each day using same cannulated system in the second study. The volunteers followed 48 hours after each trial, one blood sample were collected each day. The 8 plasma samples were analysed for: total adiponectin and insulin concentrations via Mercodia ELISA kits, HMW adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α concentration via R&D systems and glucose concentration using the glucose oxidase colorimetric method. The results showed no statistical difference in total or HMW adiponectin, TNF-α and glucose concentrations under the effect of moderate exercise at 50% 2 . V O max either directly or 48 (p value > 0.05). IL-6 concentrations increased about two fold one hour after the exercise above the resting level (P value < 0.05). IL-6 concentrations return to the basal level 48 hour latter. Insulin concentrations show a decrease one hour after the exercise finished. The number of volunteers was small and the change was close to significance. A one way ANOVA returned a P value of < 0.05, but a two way ANOVA with repeated measures returned a P value of > 0.05. In conclusion, the acute exercise at 50% 2 . V O max changes IL-6 concentrations but it has no effect on adiponectin concentrations in dialysate or plasma samples. Low adiponectin concentration is related to obesity, insulin resistance and T2D. Therefore, increase in adiponectin concentration probably lies in weight loss and the exercise may play role, even if it has little direct action on adiponectin concentration.
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Woods, Catherine B. "Exercise behaviour change in a young adult population : a qualitative and quantitative analysis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2177/.
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Participation in regular physical activity among young adults (16-24 years) is suboptimal. Research has attempted to understand what determines exercise behaviour and how interventions can assist individuals in adopting and adhering to exercise. This thesis consists of a literature review, and three separate studies. In the literature review, inactivity is defined, and the current physical activity patterns of industrialised society are discussed. Models of behaviour change that enhance our understanding of the adoption and adherence process in physical activity are examined. In particular, the transtheoretical model of behaviour change [TTM] has been selected for further study. This model is unique to the study of exercise behaviour because it provides researchers with an opportunity to identify and work with an inactive population, and permits the tailoring of physical activity interventions to make them more suitable for sedentary individuals. Initially, the TTM and its core constructs are explained, followed by a critique of the model. A review of empirical research in physical activity that has been based on the TTM is included. Over fifty key studies were identified; the limitations and strengths of these studies are explored. Finally, the discussions will summarise what has been learned to date about the application of the TTM to the understanding of behaviour modification in physical activity. In study one, constructs from the transtheoretical model of behaviour change were chosen to help understand the process of exercise behaviour change of a student population. A total of 2943 respondents completed a baseline questionnaire and 1058 completed a follow-up 7 months later. A 5-item stage of change and a 40-item process of change questionnaire was used. There were significant differences in physical activity patterns from baseline to follow-up. There were also significant differences in process use across the stages. The process data was factor analysed to refine it further. A three-factor model revealed different motivational clusters underlying actual stage of behaviour change. Recommendations for intervention design suggest that adopting a positive behaviour should be treated differently to ceasing a negative behaviour. In study two, a pre-post randomised control design was used to investigate the effectiveness of a self-instructional intervention for helping a sedentary undergraduate population to become more active. The intervention was based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. Significantly more of the experimental group in comparison to the control group improved their stage of change from baseline. Self-efficacy and not decisional balance was found to be useful predictor of stage improvement. Discriminant analyses revealed that discrimination between stage improvement versus non-improvement was possible using the processes of change data. For stage improvers, the processes self-reevaluation and self-liberation were most frequently used, while social liberation was used significantly more by the experimental than the control group.
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McDonnell, Barry John. "The effect of diabetes, ethnicity, impaired fasting glucose and exercise on arterial stiffness." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54056/.
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The "first study" compared 3 methods of assessing arterial stiffness and found that: each method of assessment was comparable to the other and that reproducibility was similar throughout the systems. Since there are conflicting data associated with arterial stiffness and type-2 diabetes, the "second study" therefore assessed arterial stiffness, using pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity and found there to be increased arterial stiffness in a group of type-2 diabetics compared to healthy controls. The second study also found that South Asians had significantly lower arterial stiffness in the femoral vascular bed compared to the Caucasians. Although diabetes is known to increase arterial stiffness, the effect of impaired fasting glucose on arterial stiffness is unclear. The effect of impaired fasting glucose on arterial stiffness has therefore been investigated in the "third study" and the findings demonstrate that individuals with impaired fasting glucose have increased arterial stiffness compared to individuals with normal fasting glucose. Similar findings were observed when comparing diabetics and individuals with normoglycaemia. Finally, therapeutic intervention targeted at increased arterial stiffness should be of benefit in reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. The "fourth study" has therefore also examined the effect of regular aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness and found that in older individuals, arterial stiffness was significantly lower in a group of individuals who exercised regularly compared to sedentary controls. Therefore, suggesting the potential benefit of aerobic exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention to decrease arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease.
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Jawadwala, Rehana. "The role of supplementary calcium in submaximal exercise and endurance performance." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2012. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/5334/.
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Epidemiological data suggest a positive relationship between increased calcium intake and decreased fat and total body mass in healthy people (McCarron et al. 1984, Davies et al., 2000). An in-vitro model suggesting the role of cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) and phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE 3B) has been implicated in the relationship between calcium and lipolysis (Xue et al., 2001). The objective of the series of studies presented in this thesis was to investigate the ergogenicity of supplementary calcium in endurance exercise via studying its influence on substrate metabolism and body composition. Study 1 examined the effects of four weeks of calcium (citrate) supplementation (1000 mg elemental calcium/day) on 60 minutes of cycling at a submaximal intensity of 50%Wpeak. The results of this study indicated that calcium supplementation significantly improved body composition of the participants with a greater fat loss and increased lean mass observed in highly trained athletes as compared to the recreationally trained participants. In addition, four weeks of calcium supplementation also showed an enhanced trend of availability of fatty substrates in the plasma and consequently an increased trend towards higher fat oxidation during submaximal exercise. Study 2 and 3 thus examined the effects of calcium supplementation directly on performance during endurance events (25 and 10 mile cycling time trials (TT)) in highly trained athletes. Results from these studies indicate that following calcium supplementation there was a meaningful improvement in power output (PO) (~4%) during the 25TT and ~2.7% in 10TT with corresponding better completion times in both the time trials. This amounts to an increase in ~2-3% higher PO%peak and ~3-5% increase in power output at lactate threshold, with the higher percentages attributable to the 25TT and the lower end to the 10TT. This increase in PO was achieved without the corresponding increase in oxygen consumption, thus significantly improving the gross efficiency of the cyclists. In addition, four weeks of calcium supplementation once again exhibited the same trends in body composition as observed in study 1 of decreased fat mass and a concurrent increase in lean mass. The results from this set of investigation indicate that calcium plays a multifactorial role in performance enhancement of endurance events. This may have been achieved via a combination of influence on substrate metabolism and body composition. The impact of calcium on fatigue mechanisms and vascular tone may have also played a part in increasing PO and thus efficiency of the athletes. Thus the potential of calcium to enhance performance needs further investigation in studies with larger sample sizes and different training status of athletes.
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Ekstrand, Kenneth Albert. "The effects of a diaphragmatic breathing exercise program on some psychological, behavioural, and biomedical variables in asthmatics." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5442.
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McQueen, Cara. "General health and fitness knowledge and exercise behaviors of college students at Eastern Illinois University /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131428172.pdf.
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KILROY, KERI. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXERCISE SELF-EFFICACY AND THE STAGES OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE IN A WORKSITE SETTING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1155153696.
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Boop, Christopher. "Altered carbohydrate and protein content in sports beverages : influence on recovery from heavy endurance exercise /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (662.82 KB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters/boopca/boopca_masters_04-21-2010_01.pdf.
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Dutton, Shona Nicole Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Effectiveness of a GP exercise referral scheme as an intervention to promote physical activity in general practice." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health & Community Medicine, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44617.
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Background: Many Australians do not meet recommended levels of physical activity and GPs can play an important role in addressing this. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise referral scheme, in patients referred by their general practitioner (GP). Design: A pre post evaluation with measurement of outcomes immediately post intervention (five weeks) and again at six months. Intervention: The 42 patients that agreed to participate in the study took part in an initial fitness and lifestyle assessment with an exercise physiologist. They then undertook ten exercise sessions over a period of five weeks, following an individually prescribed exercise program. At the completion of the ten exercise sessions, participants were reassessed (fitness and lifestyle) by the exercise physiologist. This was repeated again six months after they completed the intervention. Main outcomes measured: The primary outcomes measured were changes in self reported physical activity and associated markers including cardiovascular fitness. Secondary outcomes measured include changes in physiological and anthropometric measures, behavioural risk factors (dietary behaviour, alcohol consumption and smoking) and quality of life. Patient well-being (using SF12), patient satisfaction and GP satisfaction with the program was also assessed. Results: There was a large withdrawal of participants. Results have been presented in terms of outcome frequency at each assessment point. There was an 18% increase (from baseline) in the proportion of participants achieving the Australian physical activity guidelines and a 31% increase between baseline and the six month follow-up assessment in those that completed the program. There were statistically significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness measures and small improvements in some physiological, anthropometric, dietary behaviours and general well being measures. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that referral to a community based leisure centre for supervised exercise, supported by a written exercise prescription by an exercise physiologist, may be effective in increasing physical activity levels short and long term in those that complete the program. Exercise referrals can form part of national strategies to increase physical activity, particularly for primary care.
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Dixon, Pearl. "The effect of various feedings on skeletal muscle and liver glycogen in the rat following high intensity exercise." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4888.
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Moga, Ana Maria. "Acute effect of noninvasive ventilatory support on maxium exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104757.
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Background: Non-invasive ventilation (NIVS) has been used as an adjunct to exercise. However, the extent to which NIVS improves exercise tolerance is highly variable. To date, no studies have examined the effect of NIVS on maximal exercise capacity when applied during a single exercise test. Objective: To evaluate the acute effect of BiPAP (Vision, Respironics), compared to no assist, on maximum exercise capacity in individuals with COPD. Methods: A randomized crossover design was used. Ten stable COPD patients (FEV1 53 ± % pred) performed three symptom-limited incremental exercise tests on a cycle ergometer while breathing through a mouthpiece, with either: i) without pressure support PS (ØPS), ii) PS of 0 cm H2O (PS0; IPAP & EPAP 4 cm H2O), or iii) 10 cm H2O (PS10; IPAP 14 & EPAP 4 cm H2O) of assist on separate days. Exercise workload (WLmax), dyspnea and leg effort (Borg), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), breathing pattern, O2 uptake (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2) were measured during exercise. Results: There was no difference in WLmax between PS10 (33±16) and PS0 (30.5±13). However, WLmax was lower with PS0 and PS10 than ØPS. Dyspnea at peak exercise was similar without PS, PS0 and PS10; at isoload it was lower without PS compared to PS10 and PS0 (p < 0.01). Leg effort at peak exercise was higher without PS than PS10 and PS0 (p < 0.05), whereas it was not different at isoload. Tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (VE) were highest with PS10 and lowest without PS both at peak exercise (p < 0.001) and isoload (p < 0.001). EELV was similar at peak exercise with all three conditions. VO2 and VCO2 were greater with PS10 and PS0 than without PS (both p < 0.001), both at peak exercise and isoload.Conclusion: Use of BiPAP during incremental exercise increases VT and VE at the expense of increasing the VO2, VCO2 and dyspnea, which in turns reduces WLmax in COPD patients.Contexte : La ventilation non invasive (VNI) a été utilisée pendant un test d'exercice. Toutefois, la mesure dans laquelle la VNI améliore la tolérance à l'exercice est très variable. À ce jour, aucune étude n'a examiné l'effet de la VNI sur la capacité d'effort maximale lorsqu'il est appliqué au cours d'un test d'exercice dynamique aérobie maximal. Objectif: Evaluer l'effet aigu de BiPAP (Respironics), comparativement à l'absence d'aide, sur la capacité maximale d'exercice chez les individus atteints de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC). Méthodes: Une étude croisée randomisée a été utilisée. Dix patients souffrant de MPCO stable (VEMS1 53 ± % pred.) ont effectué trois preuves d'effort supplémentaire sur une bicyclette ergométrique tout en respirant à travers une bout buccal, soit) sans le soutien de la pression(ØPS), ii) avec un soutien de 0cm H2O (PS0; IPAP & EPAP 4 cm H2O) ou iii), avec un soutien de 10cm H2O (PS10; IPAP 14 & EPAP 4 cm H2O). La fin des tests a été déterminée par les symptômes des patients, et chacun des tests a été effectué pendant un jour différent. Pendant l'exercice, nous avons mesuré la charge de travail(WLmax), la dyspnée et l'effort de la jambe (Borg), le volume pulmonaire en fin d'expiration (EELV), rythme respiratoire, la consommation d'O2 (VO2) et la production de CO2 (VCO2). Résultats: Il n'y avait aucune différence dans la charge de travail maximale du pic entre PS 10(33 ±16) et PS0 (30,5 ±13). Toutefois, la charge de travail maximum du pic était plus faible avec PS0 et PS10 de ØPS. La dyspnée pendant le pic de l'effort a été similaire à ØPS, PS0 et PS10. À isoload, elle était inférieure à ØPS par rapport à PS10 et PS0 (p < 0,01). L'effort de la jambe à l'exercice de pointe était plus élevé à ØPS de PS10 et PS0 (p < 0,05), alors qu'il n'était pas différent au isoload. Le volume courant (VT) et la ventilation minute (VE) étaient les plus élevés avec PS10 et les plus bas à ØPS, à la fois à l'exercice de pointe (p < 0,001) et isoload (p < 0,001). EELV était similaire à l'exercice de pointe avec les trois conditions. VO2 et VCO2 ont été plus grande avec PS10 et PS0 de ØPS (les deux p < 0,001), à la fois à l'exercice de pointe et isoload.Conclusion: L'utilisation du BiPAP pendant l'exercice augmente VT et VE, ce qui cause une augmentation du VO2, VCO2, et la dyspnée, qui à son tour réduit WL à l'exercice maximal chez les patients MPOC.
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Deb, Sanjoy K. "Sodium bicarbonate as an ergogenic aid in acute moderate hypoxic conditions : the effect on severe intensity exercise." Thesis, Edge Hill University, 2018. http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/10798/.
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Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a pre-exercise alkalotic buffering agent that is ingested to alleviate accumulation of hydrogen anions during exercise. As such, this supplement has been extensively used in scientific literature to assess NaHCO3 ergogenic properties during high intensity exercise. These ergogenic properties are likely to be apparent when exercise perturbs the acid-base balance with excessive H+ accumulation; therefore, the lowest intensity at which NaHCO3 may exert an ergogenic effect is during exercise performed within the severe intensity domain. The physiological characteristics of severe intensity exercise include exacerbated rise in [bla], and therefore acid-base perturbations, until the termination of exercise. The environmental conditions can also have an additive physiological stress to exercise; indeed, acute hypoxia increases the relative energy contribution of anaerobic glycolysis. The resultant effect is an exacerbated rise in H+ during exercise, which may, at least in part, contribute to the ergolytic effect of acute hypoxia on exercise performance and capacity. As such, severe intensity exercise performed in acute hypoxic conditions may benefit from NaHCO3 ingestion to alleviate acidic stress and mitigate for the ergolytic effect of acute hypoxia. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of NaHCO3 on severe intensity exercise performed in acute hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, this effect was evaluated through the parameter of the powerduration relationship (i.e. CP and W') during all-out, intermittent and constant load exercise to exhaustion. Together, this series of investigations are the first to demonstrate that NaHCO3 may be an effective ergogenic aid in acute moderate hypoxic conditions. In particular, this effect was observed during exercise in the severe intensity domain, with NaHCO3 enhancing the capacity of W' during all-out and constant load exercise; along with increasing volume of work that can be performed at this intensity during intermittent exercise. Indeed, Chapter six demonstrated that NaHCO3 may accelerate the rate of recovery during intermittent exercise when applied to the W'bal model. Interestingly, this thesis is the first to identify the presence of an intensity dependant effect, with the magnitude of NaHCO3 ergogenicity diminishing as exercise intensity rises from the severe intensity domain to supra-maximal intensities. Further research should consider testing these hypotheses in alternative ambient conditions to determine the efficacy of NaHCO3 (e.g. in normoxic conditions or in combined extreme environmental conditions).
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Lavoie, Carole. "The regulation of glucose fluxes during exercise in healthy male subjects." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39810.
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The present study was designed to further characterize the role of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of glucose fluxes during two hours of mild to moderate intensity exercise in postabsorptive healthy male subjects. Endogenous insulin and glucagon were suppressed by somatostatin (SRIF) infusion and the pancreatic hormones were then replaced singly or in combination to match the hormonal concentrations observed during similar exercise in control subjects. Glucose kinetics were determined using stable isotopes of glucose. The exercise protocol was sufficient to induce a 26% decrease in insulin and a 20% increase in glucagon. In all conditions, there were a 1.5- and 2-fold increase in glucose utilization and in glucose metabolic clearance rate, respectively when compared to the resting levels. Exercise alone was able to maintain the increase in glucose metabolic clearance rate despite a deficiency in insulin. Hepatic glucose production and gluconeogenesis increased to values representing 228 and 144% of the resting level, respectively. In the absence of glucagon, these increases during exercise were totally abolished. From our observations, it is concluded that during mild to moderate intensity exercise insulin was not essential for glucose uptake indicating that muscle contractions per se can stimulate glucose uptake by muscles and the increase in hepatic glucose production and gluconeogenesis are essentially dependent on the increase in glucagon. Insulin remains important, however, for maximal glucose uptake by contracting muscles and for preventing glucose overproduction and possibly hyperglycemia.
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Donaghy, Marie Elizabeth. "The investigation of exercise as an adjunct to the treatment and rehabilitation of the problem drinker." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3250/.
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The effects of undertaking a three week supervised exercise programme followed by a twelve week home based exercise programme, were investigated with adults in an abstinence treatment programme within four alcohol problem clinics. A randomised experimental design was used with physiological and psychological variables being measured at baseline, on entry to the programme, at 1 month, following the intervention programme and then at time points from baseline at 2 months and 5 months. Recruitment to the study of 165 subjects exceeded expectation. Of these 117 completed the first stage with 61 in the exercise group (n-46 male: n=15 female) and 56 in the placebo control group (n=43 male n=13 female). The findings of this study indicate that the inclusion of a three week programme of exercise in an abstinence rehabilitation programme improves fitness, strength, physical activity and physical self-perceptions and that these improvements are maintained for a further month by undertaking a home based exercise programme. At five months however, only improved fitness is maintained. There is no evidence that exercise can be linked to maintaining abstinence levels. Under reporting of drinking behaviour was high. At two months 27% and at 5 months 35% of those identified by the CDT blood test as drinking, at levels associated with relapse, self reported abstinence or low levels of alcohol intake. These findings have clinical relevance to physiotherapists and other health care professionals, as they indicate that problem drinkers have low aerobic fitness and low self perceptions. Inclusion of a three week programme designed to improve fitness and strength, followed by a home based programme, may be beneficial in improving these parameters with the possibility of increasing physical activity.
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Wilder, Michael Gregg. "Improving Hypothesis Testing Skills: Evaluating a General Purpose Classroom Exercise with Biology Students in Grade 9." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/427.
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There is an increased emphasis on inquiry in national and Oregon state high school science standards. As hypothesis testing is a key component of these new standards, instructors need effective strategies to improve students' hypothesis testing skills. Recent research suggests that classroom exercises may prove useful. A general purpose classroom activity called the thought experiment is proposed. The effectiveness of 7 hours of instruction using this exercise was measured in an introductory biology course, using a quasi-experimental contrast group design. An instrument for measuring hypothesis testing skill is also proposed. Treatment (n=18) and control (n=10) sections drawn from preexisting high school classes were pre- and post-assessed using the proposed Multiple Choice Assessment of Deductive Reasoning. Both groups were also post-assessed by individually completing a written, short-answer format hypothesis testing exercise. Treatment section mean posttest scores on contextualized, multiple choice problem sets were significantly higher than those of the control section. Mean posttest scores did not significantly differ between sections on abstract deductive logic problems or the short answer format hypothesis testing exercise.
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Jamieson, Lindsay Patricia. "Development and assessment of novel methods of exercise testing during treadmill gait in incomplete spinal cord injury." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3195/.
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The main study of this thesis monitors changes in cardiopulmonary fitness, peak voluntary force and CAR of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, and lower limb BMD in two incomplete SCI subjects who participated in a 20-week BWS treadmill training (BWSTT) programme. The main outcomes of the BWSTT study were: a substantial improvement in performance parameters (training work rate, peak work rate (WRpeak) and the distance walked in 15 minutes), an overall increase in VO2peak and peak heart rate (HRpeak), a substantial decrease in ?VO2/?WR and a decrease in the VO2 and HR associated with a step increase in work rate. Accurate identification of an LT, tVO2, and the voluntary peak force and CAR was not established. An increase in lower limb BMD was not identified in the subject who was 2 years post injury. However, encouragingly an increase was shown in the trabecular BMD of the right and left tibia of the subject who was 14.5 years post injury. A novel non-robot-assisted treadmill IET which incorporated nonlinear, equally smooth increases in both speed and gradient was also developed and assessed. The benefits of BWSTT in those with an incomplete SCI have been highlighted in this thesis. It has also been shown that cardiopulmonary exercise testing can potentially be utilised in this population. Whether or not the IETs assessed throughout this thesis provide a true indication of the subjects’ actual cardiopulmonary capacity is debatable due to limitations in their gait pattern and lower limb muscle fatigue. Therefore, the accurate detection of an LT and tVO2 may be key to determining improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness in this population. It is therefore suggested that further study in a larger subject group be carried out to determine the repeatability and reliability of the outcome measures obtained.
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Shannon, C. E. "Skeletal muscle carnitine metabolism during intense exercise in human volunteers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28203/.
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Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content enhances PDC flux during 30 minutes of continuous exercise at 80% Wmax, reducing reliance on non-mitochondrial ATP production and improving work output. These studies in healthy volunteers evaluated a carnitine feeding strategy that did not rely on the high carbohydrate load previously used, then investigated whether manipulating muscle carnitine could alter the adaptations to a period of submaximal high-intensity intermittent training (HIT). The rate of orally ingested 2H3-carnitine uptake into skeletal muscle was directly quantified for the first time in vivo and increased 5-fold following ingestion of an 80g carbohydrate formulation. This positive forearm carnitine balance was entirely blunted when the carbohydrate load was supplemented with 40g of whey protein, suggesting a novel antagonisation of insulin-stimulated muscle carnitine transport by amino acids. Skeletal muscle biopsy sampling demonstrated minimal acetylcarnitine accumulation and non-mitochondrial ATP production during single-leg knee extension at 85% Wmax, suggesting that PDC flux does not limit oxidative ATP production under these conditions. Conversely, PDC flux declined over repeated bouts of cycling at 100% Wmax, as evidenced by greater non-mitochondrial ATP production in the face of similar acetylcarnitine accumulation. This suggested that muscle carnitine availability could influence oxidative ATP delivery during submaximal HIT. Manipulation of muscle carnitine content by daily carnitine/carbohydrate feeding elevated free carnitine availability and maintained PDC flux during repeated bouts of intense exercise. However, profound improvements in oxidative ATP delivery in response to HIT eclipsed any effect of this carnitine-mediated increase in PDC flux on non-mitochondrial ATP production and indeed, carnitine supplementation did not potentiate any increases in exercise capacity above submaximal HIT alone. These novel data advance our understanding of muscle carnitine transport and the interplay between carnitine metabolism, PDC flux and non-mitochondrial ATP production during intense exercise, having important implications for the development of nutritional and exercise prescription strategies to enhance human performance and health.
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Cardon, Danielle Kay. "The influence of dietary protein intake on the responsiveness of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise training in older adults." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8614/.
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Sarcopenia can have serious consequences for health and quality of life. As the main drivers of anabolism, resistance exercise and protein ingestion may potentially be targets for interventions to alleviate these effects. Hence, two systematic reviews were conducted. Results of Chapter 2 indicated no augmentation of the effects of RET when older adults were supplemented with protein. Chapter 3 aimed to assess the effects of protein timing and distribution, but identified only six studies indicating a lack of research in the area. In Chapter 4, habitual protein intake in older adults was assessed to identify potential areas for improvement. While total intake was sufficient, distribution across meals was highly skewed, which is suboptimal according to current thinking. Chapter 5 compared effects of even and uneven protein distributions, alongside two weeks of resistance exercise, in women ≥65 years. A stable isotope protocol (deuterated water) was used to measure muscle protein synthesis. There was no significant difference in MPS between even (trained leg 1.02%.day-1) and uneven (1.16%.day-) diets, or in muscle strength change. These results do not support the theory of an optimal protein distribution based on the maximal MPS threshold dose, although there is potential for future research.
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Bliss, Matthew Vern. "Physiological differences between fit and unfit college-age males during exercise in normobaric hypoxia." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618920.
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Previous research suggests that physical activity may result in to decreases in arterial saturation (SaO2) and cerebral blood flow when exposed to a low oxygen environment between aerobically fit and unfit males. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in SaO2, cerebral blood flow, minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate between fit and unfit young males during exercise in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Methods: Apparently healthy college age males took part in two trials consisting of normobaric normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (12% oxygen). Fit (n = 3; VO 2max = 51.5 ml • kg-1 • min-1 ± 3.1) and Unfit (n = 3; VO2max = 34.4 ml • kg -1 • min-1 ± 5.6) males cycled at 50% of their altitude adjusted VO2max (-26% of normoxia VO2max) for one hour after a two-hour baseline. Results: SaO 2, cerebral blood flow, and RER were significantly decreased during hypoxia in all subjects (P < 0.05), but did not differ between groups. An interaction showed that Fit subjects had a higher SaO2 during exercise in hypoxia (P < 0.05). VE and lactate was greater during hypoxia (P < 0.05). The Fit group demonstrated a higher V E during exercise in hypoxia (P < 0.05). No differences in blood lactate were found between the two groups. Conclusion: The data suggests that when exposed to hypoxia aerobically unfit males may demonstrate decrements in oxygen utilization which may lead to decreases in physical activity and/or performance.
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Cunanan, Aaron J., Brad H. DeWeese, John P. Wagle, Kevin M. Carroll, Robert Sausaman, W. Guy Hornsby, G. Gregory Haff, N. Travis Triplett, Kyle C. Pierce, and Michael H. Stone. "The General Adaptation Syndrome: A Foundation for the Concept of Periodization." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4658.
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Recent reviews have attempted to refute the efficacy of applying Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) as a conceptual framework for the training process. Furthermore, the criticisms involved are regularly used as the basis for arguments against the periodization of training. However, these perspectives fail to consider the entirety of Selye’s work, the evolution of his model, and the broad applications he proposed. While it is reasonable to critically evaluate any paradigm, critics of the GAS have yet to dismantle the link between stress and adaptation. Disturbance to the state of an organism is the driving force for biological adaptation, which is the central thesis of the GAS model and the primary basis for its application to the athlete’s training process. Despite its imprecisions, the GAS has proven to be an instructive framework for understanding the mechanistic process of providing a training stimulus to induce specific adaptations that result in functional enhancements. Pioneers of modern periodization have used the GAS as a framework for the management of stress and fatigue to direct adaptation during sports training. Updates to the periodization concept have retained its founding constructs while explicitly calling for scientifically based, evidence-driven practice suited to the individual. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide greater clarity on how the GAS serves as an appropriate mechanistic model to conceptualize the periodization of training.
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Ahmad, Arniyati. "A cyber exercise post assessment framework : in Malaysia perspectives." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7553/.
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Critical infrastructures are based on complex systems that provide vital services to the nation. The complexities of the interconnected networks, each managed by individual organisations, if not properly secured, could offer vulnerabilities that threaten other organisations’ systems that depend on their services. This thesis argues that the awareness of interdependencies among critical sectors needs to be increased. Managing and securing critical infrastructure is not isolated responsibility of a government or an individual organisation. There is a need for a strong collaboration among critical service providers of public and private organisations in protecting critical information infrastructure. Cyber exercises have been incorporated in national cyber security strategies as part of critical information infrastructure protection. However, organising a cyber exercise involved multi sectors is challenging due to the diversity of participants’ background, working environments and incidents response policies. How well the lessons learned from the cyber exercise and how it can be transferred to the participating organisations is still a looming question. In order to understand the implications of cyber exercises on what participants have learnt and how it benefits participants’ organisation, a Cyber Exercise Post Assessment (CEPA) framework was proposed in this research. The CEPA framework consists of two parts. The first part aims to investigate the lessons learnt by participants from a cyber exercise using the four levels of the Kirkpatrick Training Model to identify their perceptions on reaction, learning, behaviour and results of the exercise. The second part investigates the Organisation Cyber Resilience (OCR) of participating sectors. The framework was used to study the impact of the cyber exercise called X Maya in Malaysia. Data collected through interviews with X Maya 5 participants were coded and categorised based on four levels according to the Kirkpatrick Training Model, while online surveys distributed to ten Critical National Information Infrastructure (CNII) sectors participated in the exercise. The survey used the C-Suite Executive Checklist developed by World Economic Forum in 2012. To ensure the suitability of the tool used to investigate the OCR, a reliability test conducted on the survey items showed high internal consistency results. Finally, individual OCR scores were used to develop the OCR Maturity Model to provide the organisation cyber resilience perspectives of the ten CNII sectors.
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Garneys, Glenn. "The effect of prolonged exercise and drug-induced variation of non-esterified fatty acids on glycogen repletion in selected rat skeletal muscles." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4575.
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Hooton, Andrew. "Loosening the leash : exploring experiences of becoming an Applied Sport and Exercise Scientist." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28703/.
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This research explored the lived experience of becoming an Applied Sport and Exercise Scientist. To become an accredited independent practitioner within the British Association of Sport and Exercise Science neophyte practitioners are required to undertake supervised experience. A review of contemporary literature revealed a paucity of research exploring the training and development of applied practitioners within sport and exercise science. Consequently, educational learning theory provided a vehicle from which to understand and critique related literature and provide context to analytical interpretations. Van Manen’s (1990) hermeneutic phenomenological approach to human science guided the research process. This provided a middle ground between description and interpretation from which to explore participant experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen supervisees and nine supervisors to elucidate the lived experience of becoming an Applied Sport and Exercise Scientist. Digitally recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analysed via phenomenological thematic analysis. Template analysis was drawn upon to support the analytical process and assist in organisation of themes. To gain an in-depth understanding of participant experience the hermeneutic circle provided a means of remaining cognisant of fore-conceptions, whilst allowing original findings to emerge. A number of themes were identified from which two essential themes were derived from the essential structure of the experience; ‘Being and learning relationships are predicated upon the emotion derived from interpersonal relationships’ and ‘Mutual participation enables movement towards independence’. Establishing trust and an emotional bond provided meaning within the supervisory dyad. Active participation from both supervisee and supervisor enabled reciprocity and supervisee development. This research raises awareness for supervisees, supervisors and supervisory processes regarding the importance of interpersonal relationships within the training and development of applied practitioners. Future research is suggested to focus upon both supervisees’ and supervisors’ longitudinal experiences and their recommendation for the introduction of formal peer mentoring post accreditation.
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Bruce, Richard. "The role of skeletal muscle afferent feedback in ventilator and cardiovascular control during human exercise." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4819/.
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Stimulating muscle metaboreceptive afferents alone via post exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) typically does not result in hyperpnea in healthy humans. However ventilatory responses have been observed if metabolite accumulation is great enough (e.g. in diseased states) or during a concurrent hypercapnia-induced chemoreflex, suggesting a possible synergistic interaction. This thesis investigated the ventilatory responses to interactions between muscle afferent feedback and potentially synergistic inputs. It was firstly observed that muscle metabo/mechanoreflex activation (via PECO and passive muscle stretch, respectively) increases ventilation but only during acute hypercapnia. Additional investigations suggested that these ventilatory responses were caused by a central interaction, possibly between the medullary input from muscle afferents and central chemoreceptors. Secondly, experimental augmentation of the muscle metaboreflex enhances the ventilatory response during exercise, but not during PECO, suggesting interactions between the metaboreflex and other inputs activated in exercise. Lastly, PECO caused increased ventilation in COPD patients but this was unrelated to chronic hypercapnia. Collectively these findings suggest that in health, muscle metabo/mechanoreflex stimulation induces ventilatory responses, but their effects only appear to be unmasked in combination with secondary synergistic inputs. However, when the metaboreflex is powerful enough, arguably such as in COPD, ventilatory responses to metaboreceptor stimulation alone can be observed.
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LeBlanc, Jean-Luc. "A relationship between percentage of body fat, exercise and fine motor performance as evaluated on a step-input subject-paced pursuit tracking task." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5356.
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Shah, Inayat. "Effects of different intensities of exercise on concentrations of endostatin and VEGF in the plasma of healthy volunteers." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7119/.
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Ghosh, Sumona. "Effects of Exercise Training on Metabolic Intermediate Phenotypes in Inbred Rat Strains." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1182807006.
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Jackman, Sarah Rebecca. "Whole body and muscle response to protein and branched chain amino acid feeding following intense exercise." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4296/.
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Protein and amino acid ingestion has been investigated as an aid in recovery from eccentric exercise induced muscle damage. However, the results of the studies are conflicting. There are two studies in this thesis that examine the effect of ingesting branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and protein following eccentric exercise in untrained males. Ingestion of BCAA resulted in a decrease in muscle soreness. However ingestion of whey protein isolate resulted in reduced muscle soreness and a reduction in the decrement of muscle function. These results suggest that ingestion of all amino acids are required to reduce decrements of muscle function associated with intense eccentric exercise. Ingestion of essential amino acids or intact protein sources during exercise recovery further stimulates muscle protein synthesis. The effect on muscle protein synthesis of ingesting only BCAA has not been investigated. Ingestion of BCAA increases phosphorylation status of signalling proteins associated with translation. This thesis demonstrates that following an acute bout of resistance exercise, ingestion of BCAA resulted in a 22% increase in muscle protein synthesis and 12% higher phosphorylation of S6K1THR389. These results suggest that only the ingestion of BCAA are required to augment the response muscle protein synthesis to exercise.
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Walton, Margaret. "The experience of regular exercise participation for women moving into their middle years : its nature, meaning and its benefits." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2007. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/7762/.
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This study added to the limited research on positive aspects of the human condition. It highlighted the perspective that women in western society recognise that there are wider health benefits to be taken from exercise than science suggests. Whilst this study acknowledged the customary fragmentary view, it took a holistic approach to exploring the nature and meaning of regular participation in exercise from the perspective of 41 women aged 30 to 50 years. This qualitative study included the views of regular participants in facility based and non-facility based exercise, along with the views of exercise instructors and the researcher. The study was contextualised within the traditional theories of related disciplines, namely health, women's studies, and exercise science. Also it was founded on the fitness industry's perspective on its service provision and its instructor training. Theory was compared with the experiences of a sector of the female population who, despite all the accepted calls on their time and energy, consistently maintained regular involvement in exercise. The study provided a holistic perspective on the nature, meaning and benefits of regular participation in exercise. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were utilised in the data gathering process. In each case, the process consisted of a series of questions designed to explore a subjective perception of experience in accordance with the Neuro-Logical Levels process, a model from within the field of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (Dilts, 1990; Dilts, Hallbom and Smith, 1990; O'Connor and Seymour, 1995). This model acknowledges that behaviours and actions, witnessed on a surface level, are driven by internal systems, including personal beliefs and identity structures. It was utilised as an exploratory technique to identify unconscious triggers for behaviour. The use of this process in the interviews facilitated individual exploration of the research topic at increasingly deep levels of awareness. Focus groups demonstrated a consensus on, as well as further individual differences in, the beliefs, attitudes, experiences and feelings of the participants as they arose from the interactive context. The heuristic methodology utilised in the analysis and presentation of the data offered a holistic, person-centred and reflective perspective on the nature, meaning and benefits of exercise (Moustakas, 1990). Individual and exemplary portraits depicted the experience and personal meaning of exercise as it emerged from the data. Composite depictions conveyed the nature of exercise participation from the perspectives of participants and instructors. The researcher's involvement in the complete study facilitated the emergence of a creative synthesis of the essence of exercise. Exercise provided emotional and spiritual gains that extended beyond the traditional lifestyle benefits. Individuals indicated a range of 'special' qualities in exercise, along with benefits to the mind. They noted unique personal benefits and enhanced interpersonal relationships in all spheres of life. Regular participation in exercise greatly enhanced the lives of those involved and contributed to an individual and collective evolutionary process. Effective exercise delivery consisted of interactional and motivational elements beyond the scientific and mechanistic topics traditionally recognised in instructor training programmes and was founded on empathy, facilitation, passion, love and positive energy.
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Goh, Qingnian. "Influence of genotype variations on markers of skeletal muscle recovery from heavy endurance exercise, and on responses to carbohydrate-protein supplementation /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (1013.18 KB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters/gohqx/gohqx_masters_04-20-2010_01.pdf.
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Gervais, Marc. "Creating a new city. Municipal restructuring: The case of the Ottawa Transition Board and the amalgamation exercise in the Ottawa-Carleton region (2000)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9408.
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The issue of municipal amalgamation has been the subject of much political debate in the Province of Ontario. The transition process in the Ottawa-Carleton region was viewed by the Ottawa Transition Board as more than just a simple amalgamation exercise. Rather, it was an attempt to drastically alter the way of doing politics and business at the local level. Although the provincial government and the Board's objectives and desired outcomes in the amalgamation process were clearly articulated at the outset, the path to their attainment was not as straightforward. Factors of scope and ideology as well as the serious time constraints imposed upon the Board contributed to its difficulties. Furthermore, the Board faced a number of effective prevailing democratic constraints. This thesis studies the decision-making process of the Ottawa Transition Board in order to examine its initial project and the degree to which this project was reflected in the Board's final recommendations.