Journal articles on the topic 'Exercise circuits'
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Tanaka, Takashi, Tetsufumi Ito, Megumi Sumizono, Munenori Ono, Nobuo Kato, Satoru Honma, and Masaki Ueno. "Combinational Approach of Genetic SHP-1 Suppression and Voluntary Exercise Promotes Corticospinal Tract Sprouting and Motor Recovery Following Brain Injury." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 558–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968320921827.
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Background. Brain injury often causes severe motor dysfunction, leading to difficulties with living a self-reliant social life. Injured neural circuits must be reconstructed to restore functions, but the adult brain is limited in its ability to restore neuronal connections. The combination of molecular targeting, which enhances neural plasticity, and rehabilitative motor exercise is an important therapeutic approach to promote neuronal rewiring in the spared circuits and motor recovery. Objective. We tested whether genetic reduction of Src homology 2-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), an inhibitor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling, has synergistic effects with rehabilitative training to promote reorganization of motor circuits and functional recovery in a mouse model of brain injury. Methods. Rewiring of the corticospinal circuit was examined using neuronal tracers following unilateral cortical injury in control mice and in Shp-1 mutant mice subjected to voluntary exercise. Recovery of motor functions was assessed using motor behavior tests. Results. We found that rehabilitative exercise decreased SHP-1 and increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the contralesional motor cortex after the injury. Genetic reduction of SHP-1 and voluntary exercise significantly increased sprouting of corticospinal tract axons and enhanced motor recovery in the impaired forelimb. Conclusions. Our data demonstrate that combining voluntary exercise and SHP-1 suppression promotes motor recovery and neural circuit reorganization after brain injury.
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Farmer, Hugo S. W. "How Do You Qualify as a Whistleblower Under The Dodd-Frank Act? Blowing the Whistle on a Circuit Split." Journal of Law and Commerce 36, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jlc.2018.139.
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Recently, a circuit split has arisen with regard to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The circuit split concerns the question of what it takes for an individual to qualify as a “whistleblower” under the terms of the statute. This circuit split is surprising, as the Dodd- Frank Act purports to answer this question itself by providing a definition of this term, a definition which the Fifth Circuit has treated as being conclusive. Nonetheless, the Second and the Ninth Circuits have held that with respect to some, but not all, of the Dodd-Frank Act, this statutory “whistleblower” definition does not apply. Shortly, the Supreme Court will have the opportunity to resolve the matter when it hears an appeal of the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Somers v. Digital Realty Trust Inc. This article provides three broad reasons why the Supreme Court should reject the Second and Ninth Circuits’ interpretations. First, the interpretation endorsed by the Second and Ninth Circuits is the result of a flawed exercise in statutory interpretation that incorrectly applies principles recently set down by the Supreme Court in King v. Burwell, and Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA. Secondly, while the Second and Ninth Circuits rejected the Fifth Circuits’ interpretation on the basis that it withholds the protection of the Dodd-Frank Act from auditors and attorneys, the Second and Ninth Circuits’ preferred interpretations also fail to protect auditors and attorneys. Finally, the policy reasons in favor of extending the Dodd-Frank Act’s whistleblower protections to auditors and attorneys are insufficiently strong to warrant departing from the natural meaning of the statutory language at issue.
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Aydi, Bilel, Okba Selmi, Mohamed A. Souissi, Hajer Sahli, Ghazi Rekik, Zachary J. Crowley-McHattan, Jeffrey Cayaban Pagaduan, Antonella Muscella, Makram Zghibi, and Yung-Sheng Chen. "The Effects of Verbal Encouragement during a Soccer Dribbling Circuit on Physical and Psychophysiological Responses: An Exploratory Study in a Physical Education Setting." Children 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060907.
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Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used by physical education (PE) practitioners for boosting motivation during exercise engagement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of VE on psychophysiological aspects and physical performance in a PE context. Twenty secondary school male students (age: 17.68 ± 0.51 yrs; height: 175.7 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 67.3 ± 5.1 kg, %fat: 11.9 ± 3.1%; PE experience: 10.9 ± 1.0 yrs) completed, in a randomized order, two test sessions that comprised a soccer dribbling circuit exercise (the Hoff circuit) either with VE (CVE) or without VE (CNVE), with one-week apart between the tests. Heart rate (HR) responses were recorded throughout the circuit exercise sessions. Additionally, the profile of mood-state (POMS) was assessed pre and post the circuit exercises. Furthermore, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), traveled distance, and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were assessed after the testing sessions. Furthermore, the CVE trial resulted in higher covered distance, %HRmax, RPE, PACES score, (Cohen’s coefficient d = 1.08, d = 1.86, d = 1.37, respectively; all, p < 0.01). The CNVE trial also showed lower vigor and higher total mood disturbance (TMD) (d = 0.67, d = 0.87, respectively, p < 0.05) and was associated with higher tension and fatigue, compared to the CVE trial (d = 0.77, d = 1.23, respectively, p < 0.01). The findings suggest that PE teachers may use verbal cues during soccer dribbling circuits for improving physical and psychophysiological responses within secondary school students.
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Cabo, Carolina Alexandra, Orlando Fernandes, María Mendoza-Muñoz, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Rafael Gómez-Galán, and Jose A. Parraca. "An Active Retirement Programme, a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Sensorimotor Training Programme for Older Adults: A Study Protocol." Healthcare 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010086.
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Research shows that exercise training programmes lead to several improvements in older adults’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and well-being. This study will examine the effects of an active retirement programme on Portuguese older adults, investigating its effects on body composition, physical fitness, HRQoL, and physical activity level (PAL). Therefore, a parallel-group randomised controlled trial will be conducted, including body composition (height and body weight), physical fitness (strength, flexibility, agility, postural control, and gait), HRQoL, and PAL assessments before and after the application of the programme. The programme will be carried out for six months, two days per week (45 min), plus a year of follow-up. The programme will consist of six circuits with eight physical exercises each. The circuits will change at the end of the four weeks (one monthly circuit). The exercises’ difficulty will increase throughout the programme, with alternatives for all the participants. If the effectiveness of the programme is demonstrated, implementation in different services and municipalities could be advised, as the actors involved in health and social services should promote the well-being of their citizens through, among others, health-related physical activity and the prevention of diseases associated with inactivity.
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Kang, Jie, Elizabeth O’Grady, Avery D. Faigenbaum, Jill A. Bush, Ira Vought, Nicole Ellis, Jeremy Kuper, and Nicholas A. Ratamess. "Cardiometabolic responses of body-weight exercises with and without vibration." Kinesiology 51, no. 1 (2019): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.51.1.12.
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This investigation examined the interactive effect of body-weight (BW) exercises and vibration on cardiometabolic responses. Fourteen subjects performed a BW exercise protocol with (BW+V) and without (BW‒V) vibration in a randomized order. The BW exercise protocol consisted of three circuits of eight calisthenics-based exercises including prisoner squat, push-up, isometric squat, reverse dip, lunge, flutter kicks, isometric lunge, and T push-up. Vibratory frequency and amplitude were set at 40 Hz and 4 mm, respectively. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), expired ventilation (VE), and blood lactate [La] were determined during the protocol and 30-minute recovery. The mean VO2 reached 48% and 50% of VO2max and the mean HR reached 80% and 83% of HRmax in BW‒V and BW+V, respectively. During the protocol, while the mean VE was greater (p=.031) in BW+V than BW‒V, no differences were seen for VO2 and HR between the two conditions. During recovery, while mean VO2 was greater (p=.002) in BW+V than BW-V, no differences were seen for VE and HR between the two conditions. [La] values were significantly elevated but remained similar between the two conditions. Exercise-specific VO2 was higher during the prisoner squat (p=.003) and isometric squat (p=.042) in BW+V than BW‒V, while no differences in VO2 were observed for all other exercises. Performing three circuits of eight BW exercises in a rapid-and-intense manner produced a sufficient increase in cardiometabolic responses. Metabolic potentiation associated with combining vibration with BW exercises seemed to be influenced by how the exercises were carried out on a vibration plate.
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Apriliyanto, Rizki, Mulyana Mulyana, and James Tangkudung. "MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE GOALKEEPER OF FOOTBALL WITH CIRCUIT." JIPES - JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jipes.032.11.
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This study aims to develop models of physical exercise soccer goalie by using the circuit method. Research development is packaged in the form of circuit training models to improve the physical condition of football goalkeeper. Methods used are research and development (Research and Development) of the Borg & Gall with 10 steps. Feasibility models and evaluated by five expert sports. Those are 2 experts of coaching and 3 experts of goalkeeper. While the subject of research is the goalkeeper in Banyuwangi. This research begins with needs analysis, planning, product, testing, revision and final products. The results show that this model is feasible to use the product goalkeeper. In the test results for small groups and large groups can be explained that the model as a whole can do well. In a test of the effectiveness of the mean value for the group amounted to 42 221 circuit and the value of the conventional group amounted to 33 167 t-count value 3,447 such results can be declared effective circuit training models to improve the physical abilities keeper.It shows that the model of physical exercise with circuit can be used by the goalkeeper in football and can effectively improve the physical abilities soccer goalkeeper.
Keywords: Exercise Models, Methods Circuits, Physical Condition.
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Mang, Cameron S., Katlyn E. Brown, Jason L. Neva, Nicholas J. Snow, Kristin L. Campbell, and Lara A. Boyd. "Promoting Motor Cortical Plasticity with Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Role for Cerebellar Circuits." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6797928.
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Acute aerobic exercise facilitated long-term potentiation-like plasticity in the human primary motor cortex (M1). Here, we investigated the effect of acute aerobic exercise on cerebellar circuits, and their potential contribution to altered M1 plasticity in healthy individuals (age:24.8±4.1years). In Experiment 1, acute aerobic exercise reduced cerebellar inhibition (CBI) (n=10,p=0.01), elicited by dual-coil paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the facilitatory effects of aerobic exercise on responses to paired associative stimulation, delivered with a 25 ms (PAS25) or 21 ms (PAS21) interstimulus interval (n=16per group). Increased M1 excitability evoked by PAS25, but not PAS21, relies on trans-cerebellar sensory pathways. The magnitude of the aerobic exercise effect on PAS response was not significantly different between PAS protocols (interaction effect:p=0.30); however, planned comparisons indicated that, relative to a period of rest, acute aerobic exercise enhanced the excitatory response to PAS25(p=0.02), but not PAS21(p=0.30). Thus, the results of these planned comparisons indirectly provide modest evidence that modulation of cerebellar circuits may contribute to exercise-induced increases in M1 plasticity. The findings have implications for developing aerobic exercise strategies to “prime” M1 plasticity for enhanced motor skill learning in applied settings.
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Alday, Karen. "Givens v. Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC and the Unresolved Circuit Split." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 7, no. 2 (March 2021): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v7.i2.1.
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The natural gas industry is central to the United States economy. However, due to vague regulations and judicial leniency, natural gas pipeline companies have almost zero restraint in exercising eminent domain. Their current operations mirror that of the federal government’s authority to exercise immediate possession. Recently, landowners have contested the pipeline industry’s authority to exercise eminent domain, which has developed into a circuit split. The Fourth Circuit, and the six other circuits that have followed suit, hold that pipeline companies have the substantive right to immediate entry and are entitled to a preliminary injunction before a trial on just compensation. The Seventh Circuit holds that the courts do not have the authority to grant immediate entry, and the pipeline company must complete the entire standard condemnation process before entering the property. In 2019, there were two attempts to bring this issue before the Supreme Court, and both attempts failed. This Note evaluates the most recent attempt in Givens v. Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC and argues that the Supreme Court should address this issue and adopt the Seventh Circuit approach.
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Hastari, Tiwik Budi, Yuriz Bakhtiar, Dimas Sindhu Wibisono, and Zainal Muttaqin. "The Effect of Circuit Training on Concentration of Medical Students in Diponegoro University." Diponegoro International Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dimj.v1i1.7746.
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Background. Concentration has an important role that influences the success of the learning process. The higher the concentration of students in learning, the more effective learning and teaching processes are carried out. One of the benefits of exercise is the improvement of concentration. Lack of time and motivation to do physical exercise are some reasons why people do less exercise. Circuit Training is an exercise that does not require a lot of time and is becoming a trend now.Objective: To find out the effect of the Circuit Training on the concentration level of students at Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University.Method. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre and post-test design, where research subjects were divided into two groups, there are the control group and the treatment group. The research subjects were 28 male students at Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University. The treatment group had given Circuit Training for 6 weeks. In one week there were 3 meetings where each training session was done in 3 circuits/cycle and each circuit consisted of 8 movements. The indicator assessed in this study was the level of concentration measured using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) before and after Circuit Training for 6 weeks. The results were analyzed using SPSS.Results. The score of concentration in the treatment group increased with a pre-test score 64,93 ± 6,38 and post-test score 76,29 ± 5,74. Significant results (p = 0.001) were obtained in the pre and post-test treatment groups.Conclusion. Circuit training for 6 weeks can increase the concentration score of students at Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University.Keywords: Circuit Training, concentration level, Digit Symbol Substitution Test
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Foley, Teresa E., and Monika Fleshner. "Neuroplasticity of Dopamine Circuits After Exercise: Implications for Central Fatigue." NeuroMolecular Medicine 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2008): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8032-3.
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Abdullah-Al-Shafi, Md, and Ali Newaz Bahar. "An Architecture of 2-Dimensional 4-Dot 2-Electron QCA Full Adder and Subtractor with Energy Dissipation Study." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2018 (September 24, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5062960.
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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is the beginning of novel technology and is capable of an appropriate substitute for orthodox semiconductor transistor technology in the nanoscale extent. A competent adder and subtractor circuit can perform a substantial function in devising arithmetic circuits. The future age of digital techniques will exercise QCA as preferred nanotechnology. The QCA computational procedures will be simplified with an effective full adder and subtractor circuit. The deficiencies of variations and assembly still endure as a setback in QCA based outlines, and being capricious and inclined to error is the limitation of these circuits. In this study, a new full adder and subtractor design using unique 3-input XOR gate with cells redundancy is proposed. This designs can be utilized to form different expedient QCA layouts. The structures are formed in a single layer deprived of cross-wiring. Besides, this study is directed to the analysis of the functionality and energy depletion possessions of the outlined full adder and subtractor circuits. For the first time, QCADesigner-Energy (QD-E) version 2.0.3 tool is utilized to find the overall depleted energy. The attained effects with QCADesigner have verified that the outlined design has enhanced functioning in terms of intricacy, extent, and latency in contrast to the earlier designs. Moreover, the redundant form of full adder and subtractor has uncomplicated and robust arrangement competing typical styles.
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Carhuatanta, Kimberly A. Krawczewski, Giovanna Demuro, Matthias H. Tschöp, Paul T. Pfluger, Stephen C. Benoit, and Silvana Obici. "Voluntary Exercise Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Leptin Resistance Independent of Adiposity." Endocrinology 152, no. 7 (May 17, 2011): 2655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1340.
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The efficacy of exercise as primary prevention of obesity is the subject of intense investigation. Here, we show that voluntary exercise in a mouse strain susceptible to diet-induced obesity (C57B6J) decreases fat mass and increases energy expenditure. In addition, exercise attenuates obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Using FosB immunoreactivity as a marker of chronic neuronal activation, we found that exercise activates leptin receptor-positive neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, involved in homeostatic control of energy balance. FosB immunoreactivity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus is decreased in sedentary mice exposed to HFD but is increased in exercised mice independent of adiposity. To determine whether the antiobesity effects of voluntary exercise improve central nervous system (CNS) leptin action, we measured the anorectic and weight reducing effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin in sedentary and exercised mice exposed to HFD (EH), as well as in sedentary mice that have been calorie restricted (SR) to match the fat mass of EH mice. ICV leptin was ineffective in lowering food intake and body weight (BW) in sedentary mice exposed to HFD mice. The anorectic potency of leptin was partially restored in EH and SR groups. However, ICV leptin significantly lowered BW in EH but not SR mice. Thus, exercise leads to the maintenance of a lower BW and leaner composition, as well as to improved CNS leptin action, independent of fat mass. These results support the notion that physical exercise directly influences the responsiveness of the CNS circuits involved in energy homeostasis by allowing the defense of a lowered BW.
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Brown, Darcy M., Dan B. Dwyer, Samuel J. Robertson, and Paul B. Gastin. "Metabolic Power Method: Underestimation of Energy Expenditure in Field-Sport Movements Using a Global Positioning System Tracking System." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 8 (November 2016): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0021.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of a global positioning system (GPS) tracking system to estimate energy expenditure (EE) during exercise and field-sport locomotor movements. Twenty-seven participants each completed a 90-min exercise session on an outdoor synthetic futsal pitch. During the exercise session, they wore a 5-Hz GPS unit interpolated to 15 Hz and a portable gas analyzer that acted as the criterion measure of EE. The exercise session was composed of alternating 5-minute exercise bouts of randomized walking, jogging, running, or a field-sport circuit (×3) followed by 10 min of recovery. One-way analysis of variance showed significant (P < .01) and very large underestimations between GPS metabolic power– derived EE and oxygen-consumption (VO2) -derived EE for all field-sport circuits (% difference ≈ –44%). No differences in EE were observed for the jog (7.8%) and run (4.8%), whereas very large overestimations were found for the walk (43.0%). The GPS metabolic power EE over the entire 90-min session was significantly lower (P < .01) than the VO2 EE, resulting in a moderate underestimation overall (–19%). The results of this study suggest that a GPS tracking system using the metabolic power model of EE does not accurately estimate EE in field-sport movements or over an exercise session consisting of mixed locomotor activities interspersed with recovery periods; however, is it able to provide a reasonably accurate estimation of EE during continuous jogging and running.
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Harvey, G., M. Gilday, and T. J. Kelly. "An Inquiry Approach to Effective Use of Instrumentation: An Example from RC Circuits." Physics Teacher 60, no. 3 (March 2022): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0009687.
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In this article, we present an intriguing experimental exercise that does not fall foul of improper use of instrumentation. The activity is designed as an electronics exercise where the role of the instruments in the measurement of the RC time constant is considered. Essentially, we study the accuracy and precision of a measurement of the RC time constant in a series circuit with an oscilloscope as a function of the value of the resistor, against the predicted linear model of τ = RC. As the value of the resistor approaches the value of the impedance of the oscilloscope, the time constant deviates from the linear model. We show how to adapt the model to account for this and create a mathematical model that agrees with the measurements. It is hoped that such an exercise will solidify a rule of effective use of oscilloscopes—that the resistance of the circuit should be much lower than the impedance of the scope—in the mind of the student.
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Mifune, Hiroharu, Yuji Tajiri, Yusuke Sakai, Yukie Kawahara, Kento Hara, Takahiro Sato, Yoshihiro Nishi, et al. "Voluntary exercise is motivated by ghrelin, possibly related to the central reward circuit." Journal of Endocrinology 244, no. 1 (January 2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0213.
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We previously reported that voluntary exercise contributed to the amelioration of abnormal feeding behavior with a concomitant restoration of ghrelin production in a rat model of obesity, suggesting a possible relationship between exercise and appetite-regulating hormones. Ghrelin is known to be involved in the brain reward circuits via dopamine neurons related to motivational properties. We investigated the relevance of ghrelin as an initiator of voluntary exercise as well as feeding behavior. The plasma ghrelin concentration fluctuates throughout the day with its peak at the beginning of the dark period in the wild-type (WT) mice with voluntary exercise. Although predominant increases in wheel running activity were observed accordant to the peak of plasma ghrelin concentration in the WT mice, those were severely attenuated in the ghrelin-knockout (GKO) mice under either ad libitum or time-restricted feeding. A single injection of ghrelin receptor agonist brought about and reproduced a marked enhancement of wheel running activity, in contrast to no effect by the continuous administration of the same drug. Brain dopamine levels (DAs) were enhanced after food consumption in the WT mice under voluntary exercise. Although the acceleration of DAs were apparently blunted in the GKO mice, they were dramatically revived after the administration of ghrelin receptor agonist, suggesting the relevance of ghrelin in the reward circuit under voluntary exercise. These findings emphasize that the surge of ghrelin plays a crucial role in the formation of motivation for the initiation of voluntary exercise possibly related to the central dopamine system.
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Suzuki, Frank Shiguemitsu, Alexandre Lopes Evangelista, Cauê Vazquez La Scala Teixeira, Marcos Rodolfo Ramos Paunksnis, Roberta Luksevicius Rica, Roberta Alexandra Gonçalves de Toledo Evangelista, Gustavo Allegretti João, et al. "EFFECTS OF A MULTICOMPONENT EXERCISE PROGRAM ON THE FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN ELDERLY WOMEN." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 1 (January 2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182401179669.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging is inevitable and irreversible, but with the advancement of technology, life expectancy is increasing every year, bringing proposals for various interventions to improve the quality of life. One such intervention is physical exercise programs. Objectives: To investigate the impact of multicomponent training in circuits on functional autonomy parameters in elderly women. Methods: Elderly were recruited and distributed in two groups: trained (N = 16) and non-trained (N = 15). Those in the trained group performed 75-minute training sessions twice a week over a 56-week period. The resistance training included upper and lower limbs with a relative intensity of 70% of 1RM, exercises using body weight, stretching and specific tasks for agility, performed in a circuit form and totaling three passages. Participants underwent functional autonomy (FA) assessment by the protocol of the Latin American Developmental Group for Maturity, the 6-minute walk test (T6M), and the sit-and-reach (SR) test. Results: The trained group had a significant decrease in body weight (p=0.02) and body mass index (p=0.015). Significant improvements (p=0,009) were also observed in FA, SR, and T6M after the intervention Compared with the untrained group, the trained group also obtained significant differences in all functional parameters analyzed. Conclusion: A long-term multicomponent training program conducted on a circuit and applied twice a week was enough to improve multiple components of the functional autonomy of elderly women. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of disease.
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Wang, Zhuo, Yumei Guo, Kalisa G. Myers, Ryan Heintz, Yu-Hao Peng, Jean-Michel I. Maarek, and Daniel P. Holschneider. "Exercise alters resting-state functional connectivity of motor circuits in parkinsonian rats." Neurobiology of Aging 36, no. 1 (January 2015): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.016.
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Jakowec, Michael W., Zhou Wang, Daniel Holschneider, Jeff Beeler, and Giselle M. Petzinger. "Engaging cognitive circuits to promote motor recovery in degenerative disorders. exercise as a learning modality." Journal of Human Kinetics 52, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0192.
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AbstractExercise and physical activity are fundamental components of a lifestyle essential in maintaining a healthy brain. This is primarily due to the fact that the adult brain maintains a high degree of plasticity and activity is essential for homeostasis throughout life. Plasticity is not lost even in the context of a neurodegenerative disorder, but could be maladaptive thus promoting disease onset and progression. A major breakthrough in treating brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease is to drive neuroplasticity in a direction to improve motor and cognitive dysfunction. The purpose of this short review is to present the evidence from our laboratories that supports neuroplasticity as a potential therapeutic target in treating brain disorders. We consider that the enhancement of motor recovery in both animal models of dopamine depletion and in patients with Parkinson’s disease is optimized when cognitive circuits are engaged; in other words, the brain is engaged in a learning modality. Therefore, we propose that to be effective in treating Parkinson’s disease, physical therapy must employ both skill-based exercise (to drive specific circuits) and aerobic exercise (to drive the expression of molecules required to strengthen synaptic connections) components to select those neuronal circuits, such as the corticostriatal pathway, necessary to restore proper motor and cognitive behaviors. In the wide spectrum of different forms of exercise, learning as the fundamental modality likely links interventions used to treat patients with Parkinson’s disease and may be necessary to drive beneficial neuroplasticity resulting in symptomatic improvement and possible disease modification.
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Roberson, Kirk B., Kevin A. Jacobs, Morgan J. White, and Joseph F. Signorile. "Loads and movement speed affect energy expenditure during circuit resistance exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 6 (June 2017): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0552.
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Circuit resistance training (CT) constitutes a high-intensity interval program commonly used to target weight loss; however, the loads and exercise patterns that maximize energy expenditure (EE) remain undetermined. We examined differences in EE among CT protocols using varying loads and contraction speeds in recreationally trained males and females. Seven males (age, 21.1 ± 0.5 years) and 8 females (age, 20.0 ± 0.9 years) performed 3 randomized CT protocols incorporating 3 circuits using heavy-load (80% 1-repetition maximum (1RM)) explosive (HLEC), heavy-load, controlled (2 s) (HLCC), and moderate-load (50% 1RM) explosive contractions (MLEC). Expired air was collected continuously before, during, and after exercise. Blood lactate was collected at rest, immediately postexercise, and 5 min postexercise. No significant differences were detected for resting EE; however, there was a significant difference among conditions during exercise (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.229). Post hoc analysis revealed that MLEC produced significantly higher EE than HLCC, but not HLEC (p = 0.023). There was a significant difference among conditions for rate of EE during exercise (p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.361). Post hoc analysis revealed that HLEC produced a significantly higher EE rate than HLCC (p = 0.012) or MLEC (p = 0.001). A condition × sex interaction was seen for blood lactate changes (ηp2 = 0.249; p = 0.024). Females produced significantly greater change for MLEC than HLEC (p = 0.011), while males showed no significant differences. Our results favor CT using MLEC for a higher EE during a full workout; however, the rate of EE was highest when using HLEC.
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Latzel, Richard, Olaf Hoos, Sebastian Stier, Sebastian Kaufmann, Volker Fresz, Dominik Reim, and Ralph Beneke. "Energetic Profile of the Basketball Exercise Simulation Test in Junior Elite Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2018): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0174.
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Purpose: To analyze the energetic profile of the Basketball Exercise Simulation Test (BEST). Methods: Ten male elite junior basketball players (age 15.5 [0.6] y, height 180 [9] cm, and body mass 66.1 [11.2] kg) performed a modified BEST (20 circuits consisting of jumping, sprinting, jogging, shuffling, and short breaks) simulating professional basketball game play. Circuit time, sprint time, sprint decrement, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate, and blood lactate concentration (blc) were obtained. Metabolic energy and metabolic power above rest (Wtot and Ptot), as well as energy share in terms of aerobic (Waer), glycolytic (Wblc), and high-energy phosphates (WPCr), were calculated from VO2 during exercise, net lactate production, and the fast component of postexercise VO2 kinetics, respectively. Results: Waer, Wblc, and WPCr reflect 89% (2%), 5% (1%), and 6% (1%) of total energy needed, respectively. Assuming an aerobic replenishment of PCr energy stores during short breaks, the adjusted energy share yielded Waer 66% (4%), Wblc 5% (1%), and WPCr 29% (1%). Waer and WPCr were negatively correlated (−0.72 and −0.59) with sprint time, which was not the case for Wblc. Conclusions: Consistent with general findings on energy system interaction during repeated high-intensity exercise bouts, the intermittent profile of the BEST relies primarily on aerobic energy combined with repetitive supplementation by anaerobic utilization of high-energy phosphates.
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Hehar, Harleen, Irene Ma, and Richelle Mychasiuk. "Effects of Metabolic Programming on Juvenile Play Behavior and Gene Expression in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats." Developmental Neuroscience 38, no. 2 (2016): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444015.
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Early developmental processes, such as metabolic programming, can provide cues to an organism, which allow it to make modifications that are predicted to be beneficial for survival. Similarly, social play has a multifaceted role in promoting survival and fitness of animals. Play is a complex behavior that is greatly influenced by motivational and reward circuits, as well as the energy reserves and metabolism of an organism. This study examined the association between metabolic programming and juvenile play behavior in an effort to further elucidate insight into the consequences that early adaptions have on developmental trajectories. The study also examined changes in expression of four genes (Drd2, IGF1, Opa1, and OxyR) in the prefrontal cortex known to play significant roles in reward, bioenergetics, and social-emotional functioning. Using four distinct variations in developmental programming (high-fat diet, caloric restriction, exercise, or high-fat diet combined with exercise), we found that dietary programming (high-fat diet vs. caloric restriction) had the greatest impact on play behavior and gene expression. However, exercise also induced changes in both measures. This study demonstrates that metabolic programming can alter neural circuits and bioenergetics involved in play behavior, thus providing new insights into mechanisms that allow programming to influence the evolutionary success of an organism.
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Sever, Matjaž, Samo Ribarič, and Marjan Kordaš. "Simulation of Exercise-Induced Syncope in a Heart Model with Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/138401.
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Severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS) can cause an exercise-induced reflex syncope (RS). The precise mechanism of this syncope is not known. The changes in hemodynamics are variable, including arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia, and one of the few consistent changes is a sudden fall in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures (suggesting a reduced vascular resistance) followed by a decline in heart rate. The contribution of the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor components of the RS to hemodynamics was evaluated by a computer model. This lumped-parameter computer simulation was based on equivalent electronic circuits (EECs) that reflect the hemodynamic conditions of a heart with severe AVS and a concomitantly decreased contractility as a long-term detrimental consequence of compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy. In addition, the EECs model simulated the resetting of the sympathetic nervous tone in the heart and systemic circuit during exercise and exercise-induced syncope, the fluctuating intra-thoracic pressure during respiration, and the passive relaxation of ventricle during diastole. The results of this simulation were consistent with the published case reports of exertional syncope in patients with AVS. The value of the EEC model is its ability to quantify the effect of a selective and gradable change in heart rate, ventricular contractility, or systemic vascular resistance on the hemodynamics during an exertional syncope in patients with severe AVS.
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Budihal, Suneeta, Minal Salunke, Bhagyashree Kinnal, and Nalini Iyer. "Redesign of Digital Circuits course for enhanced learning." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v35i4/22116.
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Abstract: The paper presents the restructuring of course design and delivery, to attain the enhanced learning in Digital Circuits course through pedagogic practices and hands on experience in laboratory. The objective of the paper is to enhance the understanding of the course beyond the class room teaching. The traditional approach of course design, course delivery and course assessment provide less scope for better learning of courses. To address the limitations of traditional approaches, an Outcome Based Education (OBE) proposes many pedagogical practices. The paper proposes a framework to restructure the Digital Circuits course w.r.t.. to content delivery in the class, course projects and the reframing the laboratory experiments. The contents delivery is supported by expert lecture through videos, course project is aided by concept/prototype development and the lab is formulated to exercise multiple problems on a single topic. The students' attainment is measured and analyzed through examination results and feedback. The technical and professional outcomes are achieved through the proposed framework. Keywords: Digital Circuits, alternate design, OBE, course design, course project, simulation.
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Bertuzzi, Maria, Weipang Chang, and Konstantinos Ampatzis. "Adult spinal motoneurons change their neurotransmitter phenotype to control locomotion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 42 (October 1, 2018): E9926—E9933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809050115.
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A particularly essential determinant of a neuron’s functionality is its neurotransmitter phenotype. While the prevailing view is that neurotransmitter phenotypes are fixed and determined early during development, a growing body of evidence suggests that neurons retain the ability to switch between different neurotransmitters. However, such changes are considered unlikely in motoneurons due to their crucial functional role in animals’ behavior. Here we describe the expression and dynamics of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult zebrafish spinal motoneuron circuit assembly. We demonstrate that part of the fast motoneurons retain the ability to switch their neurotransmitter phenotype under physiological (exercise/training) and pathophysiological (spinal cord injury) conditions to corelease glutamate in the neuromuscular junctions to enhance animals’ motor output. Our findings suggest that motoneuron neurotransmitter switching is an important plasticity-bestowing mechanism in the reconfiguration of spinal circuits that control movements.
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Paull, C. J. "A First-Year Practical Exercise in the Design and Construction of a Simple Microprocessor-Based Measurement System." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 25, no. 4 (October 1988): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072098802500403.
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The paper describes a first year project introducing practical aspects of work with electronic circuits. A simple Z80-based microcontroller forms the core of the system and students themselves design the analogue interface necessary to link this to a specified transducer.
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Kim, Tae-Woon, Sang-Seo Park, Joon-Young Park, and Hye-Sang Park. "Infusion of Plasma from Exercised Mice Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction by Increasing Hippocampal Neuroplasticity and Mitochondrial Functions in 3xTg-AD Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093291.
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Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative brain disease causing dementia. It is characterized by slow onset and gradual worsening of memory and other cognitive functions. Recently, parabiosis and infusion of plasma from young mice have been proposed to have positive effects in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this study examined whether infusion of plasma from exercised mice improved cognitive functions related to the hippocampus in a 3xTg-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model. We collected plasma from young mice that had exercised for 3 months and injected 100 µL of plasma into the tail vein of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice 10 times at 3-day intervals. We then analyzed spatial learning and memory, long-term memory, hippocampal GSK3β/tau proteins, synaptic proteins, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and neurogenesis. In the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice, infusion of plasma from exercised mice improved neuroplasticity and mitochondrial function and suppressed apoptosis, ultimately improving cognitive function. However, there was no improvement in tau hyperphosphorylation. This study showed that plasma from exercised mice could have a protective effect on cognitive dysfunction and neural circuits associated with AD via a tau-independent mechanism involving elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor due to exercise.
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Freeborn, Todd, and Bo Fu. "Fatigue-Induced Cole Electrical Impedance Model Changes of Biceps Tissue Bioimpedance." Fractal and Fractional 2, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract2040027.
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Bioimpedance, or the electrical impedance of biological tissues, describes the passive electrical properties of these materials. To simplify bioimpedance datasets, fractional-order equivalent circuit presentations are often used, with the Cole-impedance model being one of the most widely used fractional-order circuits for this purpose. In this work, bioimpedance measurements from 10 kHz to 100 kHz were collected from participants biceps tissues immediately prior and immediately post completion of a fatiguing exercise protocol. The Cole-impedance parameters that best fit these datasets were determined using numerical optimization procedures, with relative errors of within approximately ± 0.5 % and ± 2 % for the simulated resistance and reactance compared to the experimental data. Comparison between the pre and post fatigue Cole-impedance parameters shows that the R ∞ , R 1 , and f p components exhibited statistically significant mean differences as a result of the fatigue induced changes in the study participants.
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Bilchak, Jadwiga N., Guillaume Caron, and Marie-Pascale Côté. "Exercise-Induced Plasticity in Signaling Pathways Involved in Motor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094858.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to numerous chronic and debilitating functional deficits that greatly affect quality of life. While many pharmacological interventions have been explored, the current unsurpassed therapy for most SCI sequalae is exercise. Exercise has an expansive influence on peripheral health and function, and by activating the relevant neural pathways, exercise also ameliorates numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). While the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are still being delineated, major strides have been made in the past decade to understand the molecular underpinnings of this essential treatment. Exercise rapidly and prominently affects dendritic sprouting, synaptic connections, neurotransmitter production and regulation, and ionic homeostasis, with recent literature implicating an exercise-induced increase in neurotrophins as the cornerstone that binds many of these effects together. The field encompasses vast complexity, and as the data accumulate, disentangling these molecular pathways and how they interact will facilitate the optimization of intervention strategies and improve quality of life for individuals affected by SCI. This review describes the known molecular effects of exercise and how they alter the CNS to pacify the injury environment, increase neuronal survival and regeneration, restore normal neural excitability, create new functional circuits, and ultimately improve motor function following SCI.
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Gonzalez-Gil, Adrian M., and Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor. "The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061899.
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Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body’s response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.
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Moreno-Collazos, Jorge M., and Eva S. Orti. "The Effect of Physical Exercise on Neurogenesis Factor Production in Glial Cells." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170828134515.
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The effects of physical exercise on cerebral function have been reported in various research studies, thereby leading to better understanding of the brain’s cellular mechanisms related to adaptations concerning physical exercise and the different cell responses which become compromised regarding chronic mechanisms. Relearning patterns of movement may thus be an alternative clinical approach affecting cognition and brain plasticity. Recent evidence has shown that neurogenesis can become increased by exercise; nevertheless, moderation mechanisms and the times involved in this process are not at all clear. This review thus provides an update for understanding physical exercise-induced neurogenesis, covering mediating mechanisms and maturation. This is important as glial cell mechanisms are signals activating the neurons and synaptically influencing them, as well as their development, transmission and plasticity via a series of secreted signals depending on contact in human beings. Neurogenesis thus represents a natural model for understanding how new neurons become regenerated and incorporated into brain circuits, thus representing therapeutic potential regarding delay or repair of brain damage caused by injury or disease.
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Wang, Kainan S., and Mauricio R. Delgado. "Corticostriatal Circuits Encode the Subjective Value of Perceived Control." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 12 (March 16, 2019): 5049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz045.
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AbstractThe ability to perceive and exercise control over an outcome is both desirable and beneficial to our well-being. It has been shown that animals and humans alike exhibit behavioral bias towards seeking control and that such bias recruits the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum. Yet, this bias remains to be quantitatively captured and studied neurally. Here, we employed a behavioral task to measure the preference for control and characterize its neural underpinnings. Participants made a series of binary choices between having control and no-control over a game for monetary reward. The mere presence of the control option evoked activity in the ventral striatum. Importantly, we manipulated the expected value (EV) of each choice pair to extract the pairing where participants were equally likely to choose either option. The difference in EV between the options at this point of equivalence was inferred as the subjective value of control. Strikingly, perceiving control inflated the reward value of the associated option by 30% and this value inflation was tracked by the vmPFC. Altogether, these results capture the subjective value of perceived control inherent in decision making and highlight the role of corticostriatal circuitry in the perception of control.
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Poh, Eugenia Z., Courtney Green, Luca Agostinelli, Marissa Penrose-Menz, Ann-Kathrin Karl, Alan R. Harvey, and Jennifer Rodger. "Manipulating the Level of Sensorimotor Stimulation during LI-rTMS Can Improve Visual Circuit Reorganisation in Adult Ephrin-A2A5-/- Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052418.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has the potential to treat a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The extent of rTMS-induced neuroplasticity may be dependent on a subject’s brain state at the time of stimulation. Chronic low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) has previously been shown to induce beneficial structural and functional reorganisation within the abnormal visual circuits of ephrin-A2A5-/- mice in ambient lighting. Here, we administered chronic LI-rTMS in adult ephrin-A2A5-/- mice either in a dark environment or concurrently with voluntary locomotion. One day after the last stimulation session, optokinetic responses were assessed and fluorescent tracers were injected to map corticotectal and geniculocortical projections. We found that LI-rTMS in either treatment condition refined the geniculocortical map. Corticotectal projections were improved in locomotion+LI-rTMS subjects, but not in dark + LI-rTMS and sham groups. Visuomotor behaviour was not improved in any condition. Our results suggest that the beneficial reorganisation of abnormal visual circuits by rTMS can be significantly influenced by simultaneous, ambient visual input and is enhanced by concomitant physical exercise. Furthermore, the observed pathway-specific effects suggest that regional molecular changes and/or the relative proximity of terminals to the induced electric fields influence the outcomes of LI-rTMS on abnormal circuitry.
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Liepert, J., D. Mingers, C. Heesen, T. Bäumer, and C. Weiller. "Motor cortex excitability and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 11, no. 3 (June 2005): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1163oa.
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We investigated electrophysiological correlates of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to explore motor excitability in three groups of subjects: MS patients with fatigue (MS-F), MS patients without fatigue (MS-NF) and healthy control subjects. All participants had to perform a fatiguing hand-grip exercise. TMS was performed prior to and after the exercise. Prior to the motor task, MS-F patients had less inhibition in the primary motor cortex compared to both other groups. Postexercise, intracortical inhibition was still reduced in the MS-F patients compared to the MS-NF patients. In MS-F patients the postexercise time interval for normalization of the motor threshold was correlated with the fatigue severity. We conclude that MS patients with fatigue have an impairment of inhibitory circuits in their primary motor cortex. The results also indicate that fatigue severity is associated with an exercise-induced reduction of membrane excitability.
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Castelo-Branco, Luis, Elif Uygur Kucukseymen, Dante Duarte, Mirret M. El-Hagrassy, Camila Bonin Pinto, Muhammed Enes Gunduz, Alejandra Cardenas-Rojas, et al. "Optimised transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for fibromyalgia—targeting the endogenous pain control system: a randomised, double-blind, factorial clinical trial protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e032710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032710.
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IntroductionFibromyalgia (FM) is a common debilitating condition with limited therapeutic options. Medications have low efficacy and are often associated with adverse effects. Given that FM is associated with a defective endogenous pain control system and central sensitisation, combining interventions such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and aerobic exercise (AE) to modulate pain-processing circuits may enhance pain control.Methods and analysisA prospective, randomised (1:1:1:1), placebo-controlled, double-blind, factorial clinical trial will test the hypothesis that optimised tDCS (16 anodal tDCS sessions combined with AE) can restore of the pain endogenous control system. Participants with FM (n=148) will undergo a conditioning exercise period and be randomly allocated to one of four groups: (1) active tDCS and AE, (2) sham tDCS and AE, (3) active tDCS and non-aerobic exercise (nAE) or (4) sham tDCS and nAE. Pain inhibitory activity will be assessed using conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and temporal slow pain summation (TSPS)—primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes will include the following assessments: Transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography as cortical markers of pain inhibitory control and thalamocortical circuits; secondary clinical outcomes on pain, FM, quality of life, sleep and depression. Finally, the relationship between the two main mechanistic targets in this study—CPM and TSPS—and changes in secondary clinical outcomes will be tested. The change in the primary efficacy endpoint, CPM and TSPS, from baseline to week 4 of stimulation will be tested with a mixed linear model and adjusted for important demographic variables.Ethics and disseminationThis study obeys the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Partners Healthcare under the protocol number 2017P002524. Informed consent will be obtained from participants. Study findings will be reported in conferences and peer-reviewed journal publications.Trial registration numberNCT03371225.
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De Martino, E., L. Petrini, S. Schabrun, and T. Graven-Nielsen. "Several days of muscle hyperalgesia facilitates cortical somatosensory excitability." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.016.
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Abstract Background and aims Maladaptive plasticity in neural circuits has been proposed in chronic musculoskeletal pain and has been discussed as a key component of the transition from acute to chronic pain. The induction of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in healthy individuals is one method that can be used to investigate the adaptations of neural circuits in response to several days of muscle hyperalgesia. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptations of the sensory cortex in response to muscle hyperalgesia induced by eccentric exercise of the wrist extensor muscles. It was hypothesized that muscle hyperalgesia would result in a facilitation of cortical somatosensory excitability, based on sensory evoked potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the radial nerve. Methods Twelve healthy subjects performed eccentric exercise of the wrist extensors. Muscle soreness, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) on the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) based on 10 channel EEG recorded during electrical stimulation of the radial nerve were recorded before (Day0Pre), 2h (Day0Post), 2 days (Day2), and 6 days (Day6) after exercise. Results Compared to Day0Pre: (i) Muscle soreness increased at Day0Post and increased further at Day2 (both P < 0.05). (ii) Pressure pain thresholds decreased at Day2 (P < 0.05), (iii) the peak-to-peak N30-P45 and P45-N60 amplitude of the sensory evoked potential from the central-parietal recording sites were increased at Day2 (both P < 0.05); (iv) reduction in ECR PPTs was correlated with an increase of the post-central P45 wave. ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that hyperalgesia developing across several days is accompanied by an increase in sensory cortical excitability. In addition, sensory cortical adaptation followed a similar temporal profile to increased sensitivity to pressure (PPTs). This model may be relevant for further understanding neural adaptation in the transition from acute to chronic pain.
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Basnayake, Shanika D., Jonathan A. Hyam, Erlick A. Pereira, Patrick M. Schweder, John-Stuart Brittain, Tipu Z. Aziz, Alexander L. Green, and David J. Paterson. "Identifying cardiovascular neurocircuitry involved in the exercise pressor reflex in humans using functional neurosurgery." Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 4 (April 2011): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00639.2010.
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Groups III and IV afferents carry sensory information regarding the muscle exercise pressor reflex, although the central integrating circuits of the reflex in humans are still poorly defined. Emerging evidence reports that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) could be a major site for integrating the “central command” component that initiates the cardiovascular response to exercise, since this area is activated during exercise and direct stimulation of the dorsal PAG causes an increase in arterial blood pressure (ABP) in humans. Here we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from various “deep” brain nuclei during exercise tasks designed to elicit the muscle pressor reflex. The patients studied had undergone neurosurgery for the treatment of movement or pain disorders, thus had electrodes implanted stereotactically either in the PAG, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus interna, thalamus, hypothalamus, or anterior cingulate cortex. Fast Fourier transform analysis was applied to the neurograms to identify the power of fundamental spectral frequencies. Our PAG patients showed significant increases in LFP power at frequencies from 4 to 8 Hz ( P < 0.01), 8 to 12 Hz ( P < 0.001), and 12 to 25 Hz ( P < 0.001). These periods were associated with maintained elevated ABP during muscle occlusion following exercise. Further increases in exercise intensity resulted in corresponding increases in PAG activity and ABP. No significant changes were seen in the activity of other nuclei during occlusion. These electrophysiological data provide direct evidence for a role of the PAG in the integrating neurocircuitry of the exercise pressor reflex in humans.
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Maurer, Angelika, Julian Klein, Jannik Claus, Neeraj Upadhyay, Leonie Henschel, Jason Anthony Martin, Lukas Scheef, et al. "Effects of a 6-Month Aerobic Exercise Intervention on Mood and Amygdala Functional Plasticity in Young Untrained Subjects." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 6078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106078.
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Acute exercise has beneficial effects on mood and is known to induce modulations in functional connectivity (FC) within the emotional network. However, the long-term effects of exercise on affective brain circuits remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of 6 months of regular exercise on mood, amygdala structure, and functional connectivity. This study comprised N = 18 healthy sedentary subjects assigned to an intervention group (IG; 23.9 ± 3.9 years; 3 trainings/week) and N = 10 subjects assigned to a passive control group (CG; 23.7 ± 4.2 years). At baseline and every two months, performance diagnostics, mood questionnaires, and structural and resting-state-fMRI were conducted. Amygdala-nuclei segmentation and amygdala-to-whole-brain FC analysis were performed. Linear mixed effects models and correlation analyses were conducted between FC, relVO2max, and mood scores. Data showed increases in relVO2max exclusively in the IG. Stronger anticorrelation in amygdala-precuneus FC was found, along with a stronger positive correlation in the amygdala-temporal pole FC in the IG after 4 and 6 months, while mood and amygdala volume did not reveal significant interactions. The relVO2max/amygdala-temporal pole FC correlated positively, and the amygdala-precuneus/amygdala-temporal pole FC correlated negatively. Findings suggest that exercise induced long-term modulations of the amygdala FC with the precuneus and temporal pole, shedding light on potential mechanisms by which exercise has positive influences on mood-related networks, typically altered in affective disorders.
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Wang, Zhuo, Kalisa G. Myers, Yumei Guo, Marco A. Ocampo, Raina D. Pang, Michael W. Jakowec, and Daniel P. Holschneider. "Functional Reorganization of Motor and Limbic Circuits after Exercise Training in a Rat Model of Bilateral Parkinsonism." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2013): e80058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080058.
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Yamauchi, Katsuya, Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi, Audrey J. Stone, Sean D. Stocker, and Marc P. Kaufman. "Increased dietary salt intake enhances the exercise pressor reflex." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): H450—H454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00813.2013.
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Increased dietary salt in rats has been shown to sensitize central sympathetic circuits and enhance sympathetic responses to several stressors, including hyperinsulinemia, intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin, and electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve afferents. These findings prompted us to test the hypothesis that increased dietary salt enhanced the exercise pressor reflex. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 0.1% (low) or 4.0% (high) NaCl chow for 2 to 3 wk. On the day of the experiment, the rats were decerebrated, and the hind limb muscles were statically contracted for 30 s by electrically stimulating the cut peripheral ends of the L4 and L5 ventral roots. We found that contraction produced a significantly greater increase in mean arterial pressure of rats fed 4.0% ( n = 26) vs. 0.1% ( n = 22) NaCl (24 ± 2 vs. 15 ± 2 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). Baseline mean arterial pressure was not different between groups (0.1%, 77 ± 4 vs. 4.0% NaCl, 80 ± 3 mmHg). Likewise, the tension time indexes were not different between the two groups ( P = 0.42). Section of the L4 and L5 dorsal roots greatly attenuated both the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses to contraction in both groups of rats, an effect showing that the responses were reflex in origin. Finally, electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain produced similar increases in mean arterial pressure and decreases in femoral arterial blood flow and conductance between rats fed 0.1% vs. 4.0% NaCl diets. We conclude that increased dietary salt enhances the exercise pressor reflex.
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Balkan, B., G. Van Dijk, J. H. Strubbe, J. E. Bruggink, and A. B. Steffens. "Exercise-induced sympathetic FFA mobilization in VMH-lesioned rats is normalized by fasting." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): R981—R985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.6.r981.
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This study investigates whether reduced sympathetic responses during physical exercise in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned obese rats are the direct result of damage to hypothalamic circuits or a secondary effect of the altered metabolism in obesity. Obese, VMH-lesioned rats and lean controls were deprived of food for 48 h and submitted to 15 min of swimming. Food-deprived lean and obese rats displayed increased free fatty acid mobilization and utilization, whereas blood glucose concentrations were decreased. Basal plasma insulin levels were reduced by fasting in both groups, when compared with the ad libitum situation, but remained higher in the obese animals. Fasting augmented the norepinephrine response of the obese rats, resulting in equal profiles in lean and obese animals. These results indicate that VMH-lesioned animals are able to increase the sympathetic activation of adipose tissue during exercise to overcome an energy deficiency. Therefore, the function of the VMH in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system controlling metabolism can be taken over by redundant mechanisms. The reduced sympathetic activity in ad libitum fed VMH-lesioned animals is therefore likely to be the result of the altered metabolism.
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Richards, A. M., H. Ikram, M. G. Nicholls, E. A. Espiner, E. J. Hamilton, and R. D. Richards. "Ambulatory pulmonary arterial pressures in humans: relationship to arterial pressure and hormones." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 251, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): H101—H108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1986.251.1.h101.
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Six healthy volunteers were studied by use of a continuous ambulatory recording technique to document the normal range and variability of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and to examine its relationship to systemic arterial pressure (SAP) both at rest and during standardized interventions. Vasoactive hormone levels were measured at frequent intervals. Over 8-10 h of study the mean PAP was 15.7/6.3 mmHg. Parallel changes in PAP and SAP were observed at rest and during exercise and eating. On the contrary, PAP rose and SAP fell with hypoxia, whereas smoking was associated with a rise in SAP but no change in PAP. Sympathetic nervous system activity, as gauged by plasma norepinephrine levels, may have contributed to pressure and heart rate changes during exercise and smoking, but activity of the renin-angiotensin system was not altered by any of the maneuvers. These results provide base-line information on the level of PAP and its variability in healthy volunteers under standardized conditions. Pressures within the systemic and pulmonary circuits change in parallel under some circumstances but move in opposite directions under other conditions.
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Tang, Daxiu, Zhe Yu, Yong He, Waqas Asghar, Ya-Nan Zheng, Fali Li, Changcheng Shi, et al. "Strain-Insensitive Elastic Surface Electromyographic (sEMG) Electrode for Efficient Recognition of Exercise Intensities." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030239.
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Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors are widely used in the fields of ergonomics, sports science, and medical research. However, current sEMG sensors cannot recognize the various exercise intensities efficiently because of the strain interference, low conductivity, and poor skin-conformability of their electrodes. Here, we present a highly conductive, strain-insensitive, and low electrode–skin impedance elastic sEMG electrode, which consists of a three-layered structure (polydimethylsiloxane/galinstan + polydimethylsiloxane/silver-coated nickel + polydimethylsiloxane). The bottom layer of the electrode consists of vertically conductive magnetic particle paths, which are insensitive to stretching strain, collect sEMG charge from human skin, and finally transfer it to processing circuits via an intermediate layer. Our skin-friendly electrode exhibits high conductivity (0.237 and 1.635 mΩ·cm resistivities in transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively), low electrode–skin impedance (47.23 kΩ at 150 Hz), excellent strain-insensitivity (10% change of electrode–skin impedance within the 0–25% strain range), high fatigue resistance (>1500 cycles), and good conformability with skin. During various exercise intensities, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of our electrode increased by 22.53 dB, which is 206% and 330% more than that of traditional Ag/AgCl and copper electrode, respectively. The ability of our electrode to efficiently recognize various exercise intensities confirms its great application potential for the field of sports health.
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Liang, Nan, Jere H. Mitchell, Scott A. Smith, and Masaki Mizuno. "Exaggerated sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in spontaneously hypertensive rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 310, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): H123—H131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00479.2015.
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The sympathetic and pressor responses to exercise are exaggerated in hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms causing this abnormality remain to be fully elucidated. Central command, a neural drive originating in higher brain centers, is known to activate cardiovascular and locomotor control circuits concomitantly. As such, it is a viable candidate for the generation of the augmented vascular response to exercise in this disease. We hypothesized that augmentations in central command function contribute to the heightened cardiovascular response to exercise in hypertension. To test this hypothesis, changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in response to electrical stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR; 20–50 μA in 10-μA steps evoking fictive locomotion), a putative component of the central command pathway, were examined in decerebrate, paralyzed normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Tibial nerve discharge during MLR stimulation significantly increased in an intensity-dependent manner in both WKY and SHR but was not different between groups. Stimulation of the MLR evoked significantly larger increases in RSNA and MAP with increasing stimulation intensity in both groups. Importantly, the increases in sympathetic and pressor responses to this fictive locomotion were significantly greater in SHR compared with WKY across all stimulation intensities (e.g., at 50 μA, ΔRSNA: WKY 153±31%, SHR 287±42%; ΔMAP: WKY 87±9 mmHg, SHR 139±7 mmHg). These findings provide the first evidence that central command may be a critical contributor to the exaggerated rise in sympathetic activity and blood pressure during exercise in hypertension.
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Loyola, Walter Sepúlveda, Carlos Augusto Camillo, Carolina Valenzuela Torres, and Vanessa Suziane Probst. "Effects of an exercise model based on functional circuits in an older population with different levels of social participation." Geriatrics & Gerontology International 18, no. 2 (October 15, 2017): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13167.
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Regatieri, Inaê Cristina, Rogério Abdallah Curi, Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz, and Antonio de Queiroz-Neto. "Candidate genes for performance in horses, including monocarboxylate transporters." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 1 (January 2017): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000100011.
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ABSTRACT: Some horse breeds are highly selected for athletic activities. The athletic potential of each animal can be measured by its performance in sports. High athletic performance depends on the animal capacity to produce energy through aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, among other factors. Transmembrane proteins called monocarboxylate transporters, mainly the isoform 1 (MCT1) and its ancillary protein CD147, can help the organism to adapt to physiological stress caused by physical exercise, transporting lactate and H+ ions. Horse breeds are selected for different purposes so we might expect differences in the amount of those proteins and in the genotypic frequencies for genes that play a significant role in the performance of the animals. The study of MCT1 and CD147 gene polymorphisms, which can affect the formation of the proteins and transport of lactate and H+, can provide enough information to be used for selection of athletic horses increasingly resistant to intense exercise. Two other candidate genes, the PDK4 and DMRT3, have been associated with athletic potential and indicated as possible markers for performance in horses. The oxidation of fatty acids is highly effective in generating ATP and is controlled by the expression of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4) in skeletal muscle during and after exercise. The doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (DMRT3) gene encodes an important transcription factor in the setting of spinal cord circuits controlling movement in vertebrates and may be associated with gait performance in horses. This review describes how the monocarboxylate transporters work during physical exercise in athletic horses and the influence of polymorphisms in candidate genes for athletic performance in horses.
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Thygesen, Mathias Møller, Ida Jordt, Malene Svane Kristensen, Filip Yang Fisker, Sofie Kildegaard, and Mogens Pfeiffer-Jensen. "High-Intensity Resistance Training Does Not Produce Immediate Ultrasonographic Changes in Muscle Tendons." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 232596711882160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118821604.
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Background: Chronic overload injuries to tendons can be visualized using ultrasonography, with characteristics such as tendon thickening and darkening. Purpose: To investigate whether these characteristics are evident in the patellar and Achilles tendons immediately after 1 session of high-intensity resistance training. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 18 volunteers were randomized to an experimental group (n = 10) and a sham group (n = 8). The experimental group performed 5 circuits at maximum effort consisting of 5 weighted front squats, 10 box jumps (60/50 cm), and 15 double-under jump-rope jumps. The sham group performed a similar circuit consisting of 5 weighted shoulder presses, 10 push-ups, and 15 weighted biceps curls. Ultrasonograms were obtained before and after exercise, for a total of 30 minutes at intervals of 2.5 minutes for the first 10 minutes and 5 minutes for the remaining time. Tendon thickness and tendon matrix signals were measured. Statistics were performed using repeated-measures mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Tendon thickness did not increase significantly over 30 minutes after both circuits. The mean grayscale value for the patellar and Achilles tendons increased for both the experimental and the sham groups. ANOVA showed that the experimental group was not a significant explanatory variable; however, the increased work of both groups was. A post hoc analysis found that the maximum increase in the tendon signal was a grayscale value of 10.8 for the patellar tendon (99.4% CI, 3.7-17.9; P = .002). Conclusion: This trial failed to reproduce an earlier study in which tendon thickness increased after high-intensity training. The tendons produced a hyperechoic signal after high-intensity resistance training, regardless of loading to the tendon. Chronic overload characteristics on ultrasonography were not evident immediately after acute loading of tendons. Clinical Relevance: There is a need for prognostic and diagnostic markers of tendinopathy especially because of the protracted course of subclinical development of an injury. This study assessed whether clinical findings for a chronic overload injury can be detected during acute overloading.
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Cordellat, Ana, Beatriz Padilla, Paula Grattarola, Consolación García-Lucerga, Elena Crehuá-Gaudiza, Francisco Núñez, Cecilia Martínez-Costa, and Cristina Blasco-Lafarga. "Multicomponent Exercise Training Combined with Nutritional Counselling Improves Physical Function, Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles in Obese Children: A Pilot Study." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092723.
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Aerobics or strength exercise plus diet interventions have been shown to counteract childhood obesity. However, little is known with regard to periodized multicomponent exercise interventions combined with nutritional counselling, which might be less demanding but more enjoyable and respectful of children and adolescents’ nature. In order to analyze the impact of such a multimodal approach, 18 obese children (10.8 ± 1.6 years; 63% females; z Body Mass Index 3 ± 0.4) trained for 60 min, twice weekly and were measured for body composition, biochemical parameters and physical function. We found that 16 weeks of multimodal intervention (14 of training), based on fun-type skill-learning physical activities and physical conditioning with challenging circuits and games, together with nutritional counselling, led to an attendance > 80%, with significant overall health improvement. Body composition was enhanced (p < 0.01 for z BMI, mid-upper-arm-circumference, waist-to-height ratio, tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, body-fat % by Slaughter equation and Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body fat% and trunk fat%), as well as metabolic profile (LDL cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase , alanine aminotransferase ; p < 0.05), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; p < 0.05) and inflammatory response (C-Reactive Protein; p < 0.05). Physical fitness was also improved (p < 0.01) through better cardiovascular test scores and fundamental movement patterns (Functional Movement Screen-7, FMS-4). Tailoring multimodal supervised strategies ensured attendance, active participation and enjoyment, compensating for the lack of strict caloric restrictions and the low volume and training frequency compared to the exercise prescription guidelines for obesity. Nutritional counselling reinforced exercise benefits and turned the intervention into a powerful educational strategy. Teamwork and professionals’ specificity may also be key factors.
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Maulana, Cece, Hendra Rustiawan, and Sri Maryati. "Dampak Latihan Simple Circuit dan Running Circuit Terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tahan Kardiovaskular Dan Kelelahan." Jurnal Keolahragaan 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jkor.v7i1.5302.
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Metode latihan simple circuit dengan running circuit dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular dan kelelahan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen. Desain penelitian yang dugunakan adalah two-group pre-test-post-test design. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa putra tingkat empat semester genap tahaun ajaran 2019-2020.Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah teknik stratified random sampling. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) untuk tes daya tahan kardiovaskular (vo2max) dan flamingo balance tes. Uji analisis data menggunakan uji hipotesis yaitu paired sample t-test. Hasil penelitian diperoleh persentase peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular pada metode latihan simple circuit sebesar 2.06%, Persentase peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular pada metode latihan running circuit sebesar 15.02%. Sedangkan hasil penelitian kelelahan pada metode simple circuit sebesar 22.36%, Persentase peningkatan kelelahan pada metode latihan running circuit sebesar 9.58%. Kesimpulannya adalah metode latihan simple circuit dan running circuit berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap daya tahan kardiovaskular, sedangkan pada variabel kelelahan meningkat secara negatif. Penulis menyarankan agar adanya penelitian lanjutan bagian durasi pemberian latihan pada ke-dua metode latihan tersebut agar hasil penelitian yang didapatkan lebih baik.This research aims to determine the simple circuit training method with running circuits to increase cardiovascular endurance and fatigue. The research method used was experimental. The research design used was a two-group pre-test-post-test design. The study was male students in the fourth semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The sampling technique used was the stratified random sampling technique. The instruments used in this research were the multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) for the cardiovascular endurance test (vo2max) and the flamingo balance test for fatigue. Test data analysis using hypothesis testing, namely paired sample t-test. The results showed that increased cardiovascular endurance in the simple circuit training method was 2.06%; the percentage of increased cardiovascular endurance in the running circuit training method was 15.02%. While fatigue research results on the simple circuit method were 22.36%, the rate of increased fatigue in the running circuit training method was 9.58%. The conclusion is the simple circuit training method and running circuit have a significant effect on cardiovascular endurance, while the fatigue variable increases negatively. The author suggests that there should be further research on the duration of giving exercise in both training methods. The research results obtained are better.
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Maulana, Cece, Hendra Rustiawan, and Sri Maryati. "Dampak Latihan Simple Circuit dan Running Circuit Terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tahan Kardiovaskular Dan Kelelahan." Jurnal Keolahragaan 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jkor.v7i1.6563.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to determine the simple circuit training method with running circuits to increase cardiovascular endurance and fatigue. The research method used was experimental. The research design used was a two-group pre-test-post-test design. The study was male students in the fourth semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The sampling technique used was the stratified random sampling technique. The instruments used in this research were the multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) for the cardiovascular endurance test (vo2max) and the flamingo balance test for fatigue. Test data analysis using hypothesis testing, namely paired sample t-test. The results showed that increased cardiovascular endurance in the simple circuit training method was 2.06%; the percentage of increased cardiovascular endurance in the running circuit training method was 15.02%. While fatigue research results on the simple circuit method were 22.36%, the rate of increased fatigue in the running circuit training method was 9.58%. The conclusion is the simple circuit training method and running circuit have a significant effect on cardiovascular endurance, while the fatigue variable increases negatively. The author suggests that there should be further research on the duration of giving exercise in both training methods. The research results obtained are better.Metode latihan simple circuit dengan running circuit dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular dan kelelahan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen. Desain penelitian yang dugunakan adalah two-group pre-test-post-test design. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa putra tingkat empat semester genap tahaun ajaran 2019-2020.Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah teknik stratified random sampling. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) untuk tes daya tahan kardiovaskular (vo2max) dan flamingo balance tes. Uji analisis data menggunakan uji hipotesis yaitu paired sample t-test. Hasil penelitian diperoleh persentase peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular pada metode latihan simple circuit sebesar 2.06%, Persentase peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular pada metode latihan running circuit sebesar 15.02%. Sedangkan hasil penelitian kelelahan pada metode simple circuit sebesar 22.36%, Persentase peningkatan kelelahan pada metode latihan running circuit sebesar 9.58%. Kesimpulannya adalah metode latihan simple circuit dan running circuit berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap daya tahan kardiovaskular, sedangkan pada variabel kelelahan meningkat secara negatif. Penulis menyarankan agar adanya penelitian lanjutan bagian durasi pemberian latihan pada ke-dua metode latihan tersebut agar hasil penelitian yang didapatkan lebih baik.
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Betancur, John J. "Gentrification in Latin America: Overview and Critical Analysis." Urban Studies Research 2014 (February 17, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/986961.
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This paper offers a critical review and interpretation of gentrification in Latin American cities. Applying a flexible methodology, it examines enabling conditions associated with societal regime change and local contingencies to determine its presence, nature, extent, and possibilities. Questioning the uncritical transfer of constructs such as gentrification from the Global North to the Global South, the paper advocates analyses of mediating structures and local conditions to determine their applicability and possible variations. Overall, the review questions the feasibility of self-sustained, large scale gentrification in central areas of the region’s cities today tying it to each city’s level of incorporation into global circuits and the role of local governments. Rather than an orthodox hypothesis testing, this is an exercise in interpretation that calls for nuanced approaches to the study of urban restructuring in cities of the global South.