Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exercise circuits'

Pendant la course, la ventilation augmente pour compenser la demande énergétique accrue. Le substrat, soupçonné neuronal, de cette hyperpnée à l'exercice est néanmoins toujours méconnu. Pour le caractériser, nous avons, chez la souris, examiné les interactions entre i) mouvements des membres et cycles respiratoires, et ii) réseaux neuronaux locomoteur et respiratoire. Tout d’abord, en combinant enregistrements électromyographiques (EMG) du diaphragme combinés au suivi vidéo des membres pendant la course, nous montrons que, pour une large gamme de vitesses sur un tapis roulant, la fréquence respiratoire augmente jusqu'à une valeur fixe, indépendante des vitesses de course. Surtout, les inspirations ne sont pas temporellement synchronisées avec les foulées, indiquant que l'hyperpnée à l'exercice peut opérer sans signaux phasiques provenant des retours sensoriels des membres. Nous avons ensuite cherché à identifier, au sein des centres locomoteurs, les neurones déclencheurs de cette hyperpnée, ainsi que leurs cibles dans les centres respiratoires. En combinant enregistrements EMG, traçages viraux et interférences fonctionnelles, nous montrons d’une part que le principal centre de l'initiation locomotrice (la région locomotrice mésencéphalique, MLR) peut réguler à la hausse la respiration, pendant, et même avant, la course. Cet effet repose sur des projections directes de la MLR vers le générateur inspiratoire principal, le complexe préBötzinger. D'autre part, nous montrons que les circuits locomoteurs de la moelle épinière lombaire ont également une action excitatrice sur l'activité respiratoire. Cette voie ascendante cible néanmoins un autre groupe respiratoire, le noyau rétrotrapézoïde. Ce travail met ainsi en évidence la nature multifonctionnelle des centres locomoteurs, et souligne l'existence de multiples voies neuronales capables d’augmenter la respiration pendant, voire avant, la course
During running, ventilation increases to match the augmented energetic demand. Yet the presumed neuronal substrates for this running hyperpnea have remained elusive. To fill this gap, we have, in mice, examined the interactions between i) limb movements and respiratory cycles, and ii) locomotor and respiratory neural networks. First, by combining electromyographic recordings (EMG) of the diaphragm with limb video-tracking in running mice, we show that, for a wide range of trotting speeds on a treadmill, breathing rate increases to a fixed value, irrespective of running speeds. Importantly, breaths are never temporally synchronized to strides, highlighting that exercise hyperpnea can operate without phasic signals from limb sensory feedbacks. We next sought to identify candidate trigger neurons in the locomotor central network, and their partners in respiratory centers. Combining EMG recordings, viral tracing, and activity interference tools, we first show that the prime supraspinal center for locomotor initiation (the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR) can upregulate breathing during, and even before, running. Indeed, the MLR contacts directly and modulates the main inspiratory generator, the preBötzinger complex. We show that the lumbar locomotor circuits also have an excitatory action onto respiratory activity, but that this ascending drive targets another essential respiratory group, the retrotrapezoid nucleus. This work highlights the multifunctional nature of locomotor command and executive centers, and points to multiple neuronal pathways capable of upregulating breathing during, or possibly even prior to, running

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Introduction: The phenomenon of metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a set of factors that constitute cardiometabolic risk, among them are the increase in abdominal fat, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Exercise can contribute to change the picture of the metabolic syndrome, however the type of exercise, the volume and intensity ideals are not yet fully established. Objective: Analyze the effects of 24 weeks of combined exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with no metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study is not a randomized experimental trial and not controlled with the participation of 36 sedentary women, divided into two groups, one with metabolic syndrome (CSM, n = 22) and one without (SSM, n = 14). Sociodemographic data were collected at the beginning. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors evaluations were performed before and after the exercises. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on IDF parameters. For the assessment of cardiometabolic risk were considered the following factors: waist circumference (WC), ratio waist / height (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), HDL-C, triglycerides (TGL), blood glucose fasting, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. The participants underwent 24 weeks of combined exercise (resistance circuit + aerobic) of moderate intensity, verified by the perceived exertion, and performed with the use of low-cost equipment. Statistical analyzes were performed to compare the difference of the average values of cardiometabolic risk factors before and after exercise. Results: Comparing the groups, the CSM showed a significant reduction of the values of body mass (p = 0.02), BMI (p = 0.02), SBP (p = 0.01), DBP (p <0.001), WHtR (p <0.001). The SSM group showed no statistically significant changes in any of the cardiometabolic risk factors after the practice of combined exercises. Conclusion: We conclude that the combined exercises resulted in significant reductions and clinically positive for SBP and DBP in the CSM group
Introdução: O fenômeno da síndrome metabólica (SM) está associado a um conjunto de fatores que constituem riscos cardiometabólicos, dentre eles estão o aumento de gordura abdominal, a dislipidemia, a hiperglicemia e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. O exercício físico pode contribuir para alterar o quadro da síndrome metabólica, entretanto o tipo de exercício, o volume e a intensidade ideais ainda não estão claramente estabelecidos. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de 24 semanas de exercícios físicos combinados nos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em mulheres com e sem síndrome metabólica. Métodos: O estudo é um estudo experimental não randomizado e não controlado com participação de 36 mulheres sedentárias, alocadas em dois grupos, um com síndrome metabólica (CSM, n=22) e outro sem (SSM, n=14). Dados sóciodemográficos foram coletados no início. As avaliações antropométricas e dos fatores de riscos cardiometabólicos foram realizadas antes e após a prática dos exercícios. O diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica foi realizado com base nos parâmetros da IDF. Para a avaliação do riscos cardiometabólicos consideraram-se os seguintes fatores: circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura/estatura (RCE), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), HDL-c, triglicerídeos (TGL), glicemia de jejum, insulina em jejum e o HOMA-IR. As participantes foram submetidas à 24 semanas de exercício combinado (resistido em circuito + aeróbio) de intensidade moderada, verificada por meio da percepção subjetiva de esforço, e realizados com a utilização de equipamentos de baixo custo. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas para comparar a diferença dos valores médios dos fatores de riscos cardiometabólicos antes e após os exercícios. Resultados: Na comparação entre os grupos, o CSM apresentou redução significativa para os valores da massa corporal (p=0,02), IMC (p=0,02), PAS (p=0,01), PAD (p<0,001), RCE (p<0,001). O grupo SSM não apresentou alterações estatisticamente significativas em nenhum dos fatores de riscos cardiometabólicos após a prática de exercícios combinados. Conclusão: Concluímos que os exercícios combinados resultaram em reduções significativas e clinicamente positivas para a PAS e PAD no grupo CSM.

Energy Harvesting from Exercise Machines (EHFEM) is an ongoing project pursuing alternate forms of sustainable energy for Cal Poly State University. The EHFEM project seeks to acquire user-generated DC power from exercise machines and sell that energy back to the local grid as AC power. The end goal of the EHFEM project aims to integrate a final design with existing elliptical fitness trainers for student and faculty use in Cal Poly’s Recreational Center. This report examines whether including the DC-DC converter in the EHFEM setup produces AC power to the electric grid more efficiently and consistently than an EHFEM system that excludes a DC-DC converter. The project integrates an overvoltage protection circuit, a DC-DC converter, and a DC-AC microinverter with an available elliptical trainer modified to include an energy converting circuit. The initial expectation was that a DC-DC converter would increase, when averaged over time, the overall energy conversion efficiency of the EHFEM system, and provide a stable voltage and current level for the microinverter to convert DC power into AC power. In actuality, while including a DC-DC converter in a test setup allows the EHFEM system to function with less frequent interruptions, this occurs at the cost of lower efficiency. Testing demonstrates the EHFEM project can convert user-generated DC mechanical power into usable AC electrical power. Retrofitting existing equipment with the EHFEM project can reduce Cal Poly’s energy cost.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Physiotherapy)
Stroke is a debilitating medical and neurological condition. It is the leading cause of adult disability worldwide. Disability from stroke covers the three key classifications of the WHO-ICF framework on human function centred on health and health related issues, implying that the disability in stroke involve structural and activity limitations to participation restriction. Rehabilitation remains the hallmark of managing the plethora of neurological deficits accompanying stroke. Currently, the key advocacy in neuroscientific studies for stroke rehabilitation is that therapy should be directed towards task specificity. Task Specific Training most recently, the form of Circuit Class Therapy and the intensity of multiple repetition of the task has been identified as physiological mechanisms behind sustained motor learning following stroke.Circuit Class Therapy (CCT) is a form of Task Specific Training (TST) that involves the practice of structuring tasks in a circuit or series of workstations. It offers the patient the ability to practice multiple tasks in a conducive environmental because of its three key features of utilisation of different workstations that allow people to practice intensively in a meaningful and progressive way to suit their respective needs; the efficient utilisation of therapists'/trainees' time; and the group dynamics such as peer support and social support. Although these features are attainable following CCT challenges remain in selecting the most efficient intensity that could produce these benefits in stroke survivors. This study investigated the effectiveness of differing intensities of CCT in the rehabilitation of stroke survivors using the ICF framework to guide patients� response assessments after training.

La presència d’uns nivells insuficients d’activitat física (AF) en la població és un dels factors que contribueix al desenvolupament o instauració precoç de les patologies cròniques més prevalents de la societat moderna. Una de les línies prioritàries d’actuació del Sistema Sanitari Públic es reduir el percentatge de persones insuficientment actives, així com el sedentarisme. Objectiu. Avaluar l’efectivitat del PPAF com a instrument de promoció de la salut des dels Centres d’Atenció Primària (CAPs) a partir de l’increment del nivell d’activitat física (AF). Mètode. Disseny: assaig clínic aleatori controlat. Àmbit: CAPs de Barcelona Ciutat i rodalies. Mostra. Un total de 414 individus de 10 CAPs (72% dones) amb un nivell insuficient d’AF, ≥50 anys (65.68 ± 9.2 anys), amb algun diagnòstic de malaltia o condició crònica, una aptitud mínima per seguir el programa, i disposats a realitzar un programa d’AF com el PPAF (assistència mínima del 80%), que visitaven el CAP per qualsevol motiu, varen ser captats des de les consultes d’Atenció Primària (AP) i aleatoritzats en dos grups (grup intervenció, GI=221, i grup control, GC=). El GI va realitzar un programa d’exercici de 12 setmanes (2 sessions/setmana de 60 minuts/sessió). El CG va rebre el tracte habitual des de la consulta. Es varen avaluar: nivell d’AF (IPAQ), estats de canvi de Prochaska), qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut (QVRS) (SF-12), suport social (Social Support for Physical Activity Scale, SSPAS) i freqüentació (registre de visites al CAP). El registre de dades es va fer a l’inici del programa (mes 0), al finalitzar el mateix (mes 3), i passats 6 (mes 9) i 12 mesos de la finalització del programa (mes 15). En el cas de la freqüentació es van comparar el total de visites realitzades l’any previ i posterior al programa d’AF. Resultats. Els principals resultats d’aquest estudi han estat que: un programa d'AF que inicia en els CAPs i es vincula amb recursos esportius de la comunitat és eficaç en: (1) la creació de l’hàbit de realitzar AF i mantenir-lo a llarg termini (mes 0= 749.45 ± 774.6, mes 15= 1312.96 ± 1782.2 METs minut/ setmana), (2) la millora de la percepció de la salut avaluada a partir de la qualitat de vida autopercebuda (mes 0: component físic, CF = 41.8 ± 7.6; component mental, CM= 34.6 ± 7.4; month 15: CF= 45.4 ± 6.4, CM= 38.9 ± 6.4), (3) un major suport social (mes 0= 20.37 ± 18.7, mes 9= 43.00 ± 26.6), i (4) la disminució del nombre total de visites al CAP en els pacients insuficientment actius (18.2 ± 7.4 - 14.8 ± 8.5). Conclusions. Els resultats obtinguts en el present estudi indiquen que el PPAF ha demostrat ser una intervenció econòmica i efectiva per augmentar els nivells d’AF dels pacients insuficientment actius que acudeixen a les consultes d’AP, tant a mig (mes 9) com a llarg termini (mes 15).
La inactividad es uno de los factores que contribuye al desarrollo e instauración de las enfermedades crónicas con más incidencia en la sociedad moderna. Una de las líneas prioritarias de actuación del Sistema Sanitario Público es reducir el número de personas insuficientemente activas, así como los niveles de sedentarismo. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad del PPAF como instrumento de promoción de la salud desde los Centros de Atención Primaria (CAPs) a partir del incremento del nivel de actividad física (AF). Método. Diseño: ensayo clínico aleatorio controlado. Ámbito: CAPs de Barcelona Ciudad y periferia. Muestra: 414 individuos de 10 CAPs (72% mujeres) con un nivel insuficiente de AF, ≥50 años (65.68 ± 9.2 años), con algún diagnóstico de enfermedad o condición crónica (diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión, dislipemia, obesidad i/o dolor crónico) y una aptitud mínima para seguir el programa, que visitaron el CAP per cualquier motivo, se captaron desde las consultas de Atención Primaria (AP) y fueron aleatorizados en dos grupos (grupo intervención, GI=221, y grupo control, GC=). El GI participó en un programa de ejercicio de 12 semanas (2 sesiones/semana de 60 minutos/sesión). El CG recibió el trato habitual desde la consulta. Se evaluaron: nivel de AF (IPAQ), etapas de cambio de Prochaska, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (SF-12), apoyo social (Social Support for Physical Activity Scale, SSPAS) y frecuentación (registro de visitas al CAP). El registro de datos se realizó antes de iniciar el programa (mes 0), al finalizar el mismo (mes 3), y pasados 6 (mes 9) y 12 meses de su finalización (mes 15). Para la frecuentación se compararon el total de visitas realizada el año previo y posterior al programa de AF. Resultados. Los principales resultados de este estudio son: un programa de AF que se inicia en los CAPs y se coordina con recursos deportivos de la comunidad es eficaz en: (1) la creación del hábito de realizar AF y mantener-lo a largo plazo (mes 0= 749.45 ± 774.6, mes 15= 1312.96 ± 1782.2 METs minuto/semana), (2) la mejora de la percepción de la salud evaluada a partir de la calidad de vida autopercibida (mes 0: componente físico, CF = 41.8 ± 7.6; componente mental, CM= 34.6 ± 7.4; mes 15: CF= 45.4 ± 6.4, CM= 38.9 ± 6.4), (3) un mayor apoyo social (mes 0= 20.37 ± 18.7, mes 9= 43.00 ± 26.6), y (4) la reducción del número total de visitas al CAP en los pacientes insuficientemente activos (18.2 ± 7.4 - 14.8 ± 8.5). Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio indican que el PPAF ha demostrado ser una intervención económica y efectiva para aumentar los niveles de AF de los pacientes insuficientemente activos que acuden a las consultas de AP, tanto a medio (mes 9) como a largo plazo (mes 15).
The decline of physical activity (PA) is associated with a rising burden of global chronic diseases. To reduce the percentage of inactive people as well as sedentarism is a public healthcare system priority. Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of PA promotion program (PPAF) in primary care (PC) as an instrument to increase PA levels in inactive population. Methods. Design: randomised controlled trial. Setting: 10 Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) in Barcelona Metropolitan area. Subject: four hundred and fourteen (n= 414) patients with a low level of PA (age ≥50 years, 65.68 ± 9.2, 72% women), presenting at least one chronic condition, were included. Participants from each PHC were randomly allocated to an intervention (IG= 221) and control group (CG=193). The IG went through a 3-month standardized PA program (24 sessions; 2 sessions a week, 60 minutes per session) led by PA specialists and linked to community resources. The CG followed the regular treatment. Measures: main outcome measure was the level of PA (IPAQ-short version). Secondary outcomes were: PA Prochaska’s stages of change, health-related quality of life (SF-12), level of social support for the PA practice (Social Support for Physical Activity Scale, SSPAS), and the total number of medical appointments to the PHC. There was a follow up in a face to face interview 3, 6 (9-month follow-up) and 12 months (15-month follow-up) after the programme. Participants’ frequency of visits was registered over the 12 months before and after the programme. Results. The main findings of this study were: (1) a standardized PA program linked to community resources was effective in increasing and maintaining PA level (month 0= 749.45 ± 774.6 , month 15= 1312.96 ± 1782.2 METs minute/ week), (2) the program induced improvements in self-reported quality of life related to health (month 0: physical composite score, PCS= 41.8 ± 7.6; mental composite score, MCS= 34.6 ± 7.4; month 15: PSC= 45.4 ± 6.4, MCS= 38.9 ± 6.4), (3) an increase of total social support (month 0= 20.37 ± 18.7, month 9= 43.00 ± 26.6) and (4) a decrease of the total number of visits to the PHC in previous inactive patients (18.2 ± 7.4 - 14.8 ± 8.5). The improvements were sustained 12 months after the end of the PA program (15-month follow-up). Conclusions. Our findings indicate that a 3-month physical activity program linked to community resources is a short-duration, sustainable and effective intervention in increasing PA levels in a 3, 9 and 15-month follow-up.

Bilateral deficit (BLD) is a phenomenon where the force generated from simultaneous bilateral limb contractions is less than the sum force generated by separate right and left limb contractions. There have been many BLD studies, but the measures of force generation have predominantly been with isometric and isokinetic contractions. There are, however, no dynamic upper body isotonic unilateral weight lifting studies on acute power output. The purpose of this study was to determine acute power output between bilateral and unilateral weight lifting under the conditions of traditional and circuit weight lifting. Seventeen male BYU rugby players (age = 21.8 ± 2.1 years; mass = 93.5 ± 12.5 kg; height = 181.9 ± 5.0 cm) participated in the study. Each subject participated in 4 randomized weight lifting testing sessions separated by at least 48 h. Each weight lifting protocol included 6 dumbbell lifts (bench press, bent over row, overhead press, bicep curls, front raise, and bent over raise) performed as explosively as possible for 5 sets of 5 repetitions at 40–50% of 1RM. GymAware [GYM] units measured power output for the right and left arms. Peak and mean power (of all lifts combined) was greatest in the unilateral traditional weight lifting (UTWL) group compared to all other groups (p < .0001 for each comparison). No significant differences in overall peak and mean power (all lifts combined) existed between the other 3 groups. UTWL peak and mean power outputs were significantly highest for all lifts. UTWL and bilateral traditional weight lifting (BTWL) generated the second or third highest peak power outputs for all lifts, but they were not statistically different from each other except for the bent over raise. Bilateral circuit weight lifting (BCWL) generated the lowest peak power output in all lifts, but was not statistically different from the third lowest peak power output except for the bent over raise. Our study determined that dynamic upper body isotonic unilateral movements generate significantly greater power output than dynamic upper body isotonic bilateral movements using free weights. It was also concluded that traditional weight lifting protocols generated greater power output than circuit weight lifting protocols.

Neste estudo do tipo etnográfico investiguei como se dá o processo de ensinoaprendizagem da arte circense nas oficinas oferecidas pelo Circo Girassol na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS durante os anos de 2004 e 2005, onde participei de reuniões, festas, treinos, ensaios, eventos, aulas, performances, espetáculos, entre outros. Apresento alguns pontos importantes deste trabalho: a minha aproximação afetiva e profissional com o tema de estudo; a possibilidade de refletir sobre as transformações históricas do fenômeno Circo; os caminhos investigativos; o conhecimento do Circo Girassol e suas práticas que, a partir de uma descrição densa, é mostrado no seu processo de construção; o cotidiano dos artistas nas atividades circenses; a dinâmica do grupo; destacando o processo de ensino da arte circense nas oficinas ministradas pelos artistas-professores. Analisei as seguintes categorias que emergiram do campo, a saber: professores e alunos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem: ‘o que’ e ‘como’ é compartilhado o saber circense; a construção de um movimento corporal virtuoso e performático; treinamento, dor e sacrifício: o silenciamento do lúdico. Pensando o corpo a partir de referenciais culturais e históricos e a educação como um processo dialógico, considero que a prática pedagógica da arte circense no Circo Girassol se aproxima da prática da ginástica tradicional, para isso utiliza-se de alguns aspectos referentes ao treinamento físico; busca a construção de corpo e movimento nos moldes do Circo Contemporâneo, ou seja, uma estética de corpo reto, alinhado, com movimentos ‘limpos’, verticalizados em direção a um modelo padronizado tido como correto. Com uma prática docente de demonstração dos exercícios e o ensino centralizado no professor, inviabiliza uma proposta de educação pelo diálogo, reflexiva e lúdica.
In this ethnographic study I investigated the teaching-learning process of the circus art in the workshops offered by the Girassol Circus in the city of Porto Alegre – RS during the years 2004 and 2005, where I participated of the activities like meetings, parties, trainings, rehearsals, events, lessons, performances, shows, among others. I present some aspects that are important in this work: my affective and professional approach with the study subject; the possibility of thinking about the historical changes of the phenomenon Circus; the ways of investigation; the knowledge of the Girassol Circus and its practices which I present in a dense description. I also present the artists daily activities in the circus; the group dynamics, pointing out the teaching process of the circus art in the workshops given by the teachers-artists. In relation to the sharing of knowledge, I analyzed the following categories which emerged from the field: teachers and students in the teaching-learning process as ‘what’ and ‘how’ the circus knowledge is shared; the construction of a virtuous corporal movement; training, pain and sacrifice, the silence of the ludicrous. Thinking the body from cultural and historical aspects and education as a dialogical process, I consider that the pedagogical practice of the circus art in the Girassol Circus has a great similarity to the traditional gymnastics practice, as it uses some aspects of physical training; it searches the construction of body and movement having the contemporary circus as a pattern, in other words, as esthetics of straight bodies, aligned with ‘clean’ movements, uprighted towards a standardized correct model. With a teaching practice of demonstrating the exercises and a teaching-centered attitude, it makes impracticable a reflective and ludicrous proposal of education.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Background: Physical exercise training is a non-drug alternative from treatment morbidites related body mass excess. The aim study was to evaluate effect of 24 weeks circuit-based exercise with low-cost equipment over anthropometric and biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular disease in body mass excess women assisted for basic health program attention. Methods: Thirty three women (42,7 ± 8,9 old) body mass excess (body mass index 34,6 ± 7,2 kg/m²) underwent at 24 weeks circuit-based free weight training combined with aerobic exercise. Was evaluated participation frequency, metabolic equivalent, body mass, body mass index, sum skin fold, waist circumference, waist-rip ratio, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, insulin and HOMA-IR. Was not considered minimum participation percentage from statistical analysis, however sample group was splited into tertiles according exercise program aderence. ANOVA from repetead measures with Bonferroni post hoc evaluated intragroup comparisions. ANOVA one-way with Bonferroni post hoc evaluated comparisions among groups at baseline, three and six months. Risk factors that indicated no statistical alterations, but clinical alterations were expressed as variation. Was regarded p<0,05 from statistical significance. Results: Sum skin fold decreased from all group (p< 0,001). Regular participation group showed waist circumference (p=0,023) and waist hip circumference (p=0,046) decrease and LDL-c and total cholesterol showed clinical reduction after six months. Low participation group indicated HDL-c reduction after three (p=0,024) and six months (p=0,035). Intergrop analysis showed HDL-c reduction from lower group when compared with higher tertil after three (p=0,008) and six months (p=0,001). Conclusion: Training program frequency participation is determinant from anthropometric and biochemical factor risk improvement in excess body mass women. Higher active group showed waist circumfereccen, waist-hip circumference, LDL-c and total cholesterol improvement, besides prevent HDL-c lowering. Trial registration: RBR-8rw7dz.
Introdução: O exercício físico é uma alternativa não medicamentosa para o tratamento de morbidades associadas ao excesso de massa corporal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de 24 semanas de um programa de exercício em circuito com utilização de equipamentos de baixo custo sobre indicadores antropométricos e bioquímicos de risco para doenças cardiometabólicas em mulheres com excesso de massa corporal assistidas por um programa de atenção básica em saúde. Métodos: Participaram do estudo trinta e duas mulheres (42,7 ± 8,9 anos) com excesso de massa corporal (índice de massa corporal 34,6 ± 7,2 kg/m²). Foram submetidas a 24 semanas de treinamento em circuito com pesos livres combinado com exercício aeróbio. Foi avaliada frequência de participação, equivalente metabólico, massa corporal, índice de massa corporal, somatória de dobras cutâneas, circunferência de cintura, relação cintura/quadril, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicemia, insulina e HOMA-IR. Não foi considerado percentual mínimo de participação para inclusão das análises estatísticas, porém o grupo amostral foi dividido em três grupos (atividade física regular, atividade física irregular e grupo controle) de acordo com a distribuição, em tercis, da adesão ao programa de exercícios. As alterações intragrupo foram avaliadas por teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas com post hoc de Bonferroni. As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas pelo teste ANOVA de um fator com post hoc de Bonferroni nos momentos incial, após três e seis meses. Os fatores de risco que não indicaram redução estatística, mas que indicaram redução clínica foram expressos em forma de variação. Foi considerado p< 0,05 para significância estatística. Resultados: A somatória de dobras cutâneas reduziu em todos os tercis (p< 0,001). O grupo que teve participaão regular apresentou redução da circunferência de cintura (p = 0,023) e da relação cintura/quadril (p = 0,046), e houve redução clínica dos níveis de LDL-c e colesterol total após seis meses. O grupo que teve baixa participação indicou redução do nível de HDL-c após três meses (p=0,024), e seis meses (p=0,035) Na comparação intergrupos, as mulheres do grupo controleapresentaram redução do nível de HDL-c quanto comparado com o tercil superior (p=0,001). Conclusão: A frequência de participação no programa de treinamento é determinante para melhoras de fatores de risco antropométricos e bioquímicos em mulheres com excesso de massa corporal. O grupo mais ativo apresentou redução da circunferência de cintura, relação cintura/quadril, LDL-c e colesterol total, além de evitar a piora nos níveis de HDL-c. Registro da pesquisa: RBR-8rw7dz

The sustained reduction in blood pressure after a single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise (RE) has gained significant clinical relevance in hypertensive individuals. This phenomenon is known as post-exercise hypotension (PEH). However, the neural mechanisms that lead to HPE still need to be better understood, particularly arising from the ER. In this sense, the present study sought to review the neural mechanisms involved in HPE and evaluate the hemodynamic and autonomic control changes induced by ER in hypertensive rats induced by Nω-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The thesis consists of two chapters, which are systematic review and an original article. Initially was elaborated a systematic review "A systematic review of neural mechanisms involved on post-exercise hypotension in hypertensive animals", with search for articles in LILACS, EMBASE and PUBMED database, which describes an overview of the neural mechanisms involved in HPE in studies of hypertensive animals. These studies demonstrated the presence of cardiovascular afferents, afferent skeletal muscle stimulation during exercise and bulbar or suprabulbar modulations are fundamental to the expression of HPE. After completion of the experimental protocols the article: "Arterial Baroreflex participates in the post-resistance exercise hypotension in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats", was presented. This paper demonstrated that the increased baroreflex arterial sensitibity REinduced plays a crucial role in PEH followed by bradycardia, probably through cardiac and vascular sympathetic inhibition. Together, these findings show that the involvement of neural mechanisms are important for the manifestation of PEH induced by both aerobic and resistance exercise in hypertensive rats.
A redução sustentada da pressão arterial após uma única sessão de exercício aeróbico ou resistido (ER) tem ganhado significativa relevância clínica em indivíduos hipertensos. Esse fenômeno é conhecido como hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE). No entanto, os mecanismos neurais que levam a HPE ainda necessitam serem melhor compreendidos, especialmente decorrentes do ER. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho buscou revisar os mecanismos neurais envolvidos na HPE e avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas e controle autonômico provocadas pelo ER em ratos hipertensos induzidos por Nω-Nitro-L-arginina metil éster (L-NAME). A tese é composta por dois capítulos, constituídos de uma revisão sistemática e um artigo original. Inicialmente foi elaborada a revisão sistemática A systematic review of neural mechanisms involved on post-exercise hypotension in hypertensive animals , com busca dos artigos nos bancos de dados LILACS, PUBMED e EMBASE, a qual descreve uma visão geral dos mecanismos neurais envolvidos na HPE em estudos realizados com animais hipertensos. Esses estudos demonstraram que a presença de aferência cardiovascular, estímulo da aferência muscular esquelética durante o exercício e modulações suprabulbares são fundamentais para a expressão da HPE. Após a realização dos protocolos experimentais foi elaborado o artigo Arterial Baroreflex participates in the post-resistance exercise hypotension in L-NAMEinduced hypertensive rats . Este artigo demonstrou que o aumento da sensibilidade do barorreflexo arterial induzido pelo ER desempenha um papel crucial na HPE seguida de bradicardia, provavelmente através da inibição simpática cardíaca e vascular. Juntos, esses achados permitem concluir que a participação de mecanismos neurais são importantes para a manifestação da HPE induzido por ambos os tipos de exercício aeróbico e resistido em ratos hipertensos.

碩士
國立臺灣體育運動大學
運動健康科學系碩士班
105
Abstract Change in dietary habits often causes postprandial triglyceride to become overly high, which may causes different diseases. High intensity interval training and endurance exercises not only increase postprandial oxidization rate of fat, but also have more effects in reduction of the level of the postprandial fat in serum. However, whether high intensity circuit interval exercise using combined-exercise can decrease postprandial lipemia is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the Tabata exercise protocol, a high intensity circuit interval exercise, and endurance exercise on postprandial lipemia. We recruited 9 healthy, without exercise habits adult males to complete a 2-day trial in a crossover design. On Day 1, in the afternoon, participants was rested (CON group) or completed the high intensity circuit interval exercise (HI group) using the Tabata exercise protocol, or walked briskly at 50% VO2 Max until the energy expenditure was the same whilst compared to the HI trial (EE). Expired air of participants would be collected for 30 minutes immediately after exercise. The data would then be used to calculate the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). On Day 2, in the morning, all participants were given a high-fat meals for breakfast, and rest for 6 hours. The blood samples and fat oxidation rate were being collected at an interval of 1 hour during these 6 hours. Analysis of the biochemical parameters included triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, blood glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, and creatine kinase. By using Two-Way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) to measure the concentration change of each biomedical criterion. Our results turned out that, there was significant difference in between any of the two groups(p<0.05). Besides, the analysis in postprandial 0.5 hour,1 hour,2 hour,4 hour all revealed significant difference between any of the two groups(p<0.05). Values in HI group were significantly lower than EE group or CON group(p<0.05). For the CK, there was significant difference in between any of the two groups (p<0.05). HI group and CON group were significant difference at all time intervals (p<0.05). HI group and EE group were significant difference in postprandial 1 hour,5 hour,6 hour (p<0.05). The analysis of area under the curve (AUC) of CK revealed that there was also significant difference between any of the two groups (p<0.05). The AUC value in HI group was significantly higher than EE group and CON group respectively (p<0.05). Except for the postprandial TG and CK, there were no significant difference in the following values：fat oxidation rate, carbohydrate oxidation rate , total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, blood glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol. In summary, under the condition of same energy expenditure, high intensity circuit interval exercise has more effects in reduction of postprandial TG and CK than endurance exercise, for other values, including fat oxidation rate, carbohydrate oxidation rate , total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, blood glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, there were no significant difference.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系
100
Purpose: To determine the effects of a 12-weeks circuit exercise, hydraulic resistance exercise and step aerobics exercise programs on health-related fitness in sedentary women. Methods: Forty five sedentary women (24.3±2.9yr; 160.6±5.2 cm; 55.9±6.7 kg) participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to either no exercise control (CON), circuit exercise (CE), hydraulic resistance exercise (HRE), or step aerobics exercise (SE) group. Participants in exercise groups (all but CON) exercised in a 12-week, 3 days per week supervised program consisting of 5 min warm-up and 20 min of main exercise (at 60-80% of maximum heart rate) followed by 5 min cool-down. Body composition, sit-and-reach test, upper and lower limbs muscle strength and muscular endurance, rest heart rate, and 800m run-walk test were examined at baseline and after weeks 12. All data collected at pre-test and post-test were analyzed by mixed two-way ANOVA. Results: In the CE, resting heart rate, sit-and-reach test, upper and lower limbs muscle strength, muscular endurance and 800m run-walk test were significantly improved (p < .05). In the SE, resting heart rate, sit-and-reach test, lower limbs muscular endurance and 800m run-walk test were significantly improved (p < .05). In the HRE, sit-and-reach test, upper and lower limbs muscle strength, muscular endurance were significantly improved (p < .05). The comparison of different groups, the CE was significantly better than the CON (p < .05) in lower limbs muscular endurance. Conclusion: Under the absence of diet control, exercise intervention has little effect for the improvement of body composition, but the CE program (combine HER and SE) has a better benefit for upgrading overall physical fitness.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
運動科學研究所
98
Purpose: To determine the effects of different circuit exercise intensities on respiration exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), ventilation (VE), oxygen intake (VO2), energy expenditures (EE), energy sources and muscle functions. Methods: Nine untrained females (age 25.4 ± 1.1 years, height 163.6 ± 6.4 cm, weight 55.6 ± 11.1 kg, body fat 25.5 ± 6.7 %) volunteered to participate in the study. The counter-balanced repeated measure design was adopted, whereby the participants underwent 3 different conditions: high-speed, low-resistance (HSLR); moderate-speed, moderate-resistance (MSMR) and low-speed, high-resistance (LSHR). RER, HR, RPE, VE, VO2 , EE, energy sources were measured with MetaMax3B in 3 different intensities, Muscle functions were measured immediately after the first to the third day (every 24 hours) after circuit exercise. Results: The RER (0.99 ± 001) and RPE (14.3 ± 2.2) for the LSHR were significantly higher than the HSLR (0.95 ± 0.05；13.1 ± 2.0) and the MSMR (0.92 ± 0.05；13.7 ± 2.3). The VE (34.3 ± 5.1 L/min) and the carbohydrates energy sources (188.2 ± 53.4 K cal) for the LSHR were significantly higher than the HSLR (31.4 ± 4.9 L/min；142.4 ± 42.9 K cal).The HR (132.1 ± 10.1 beats/min) for the LSHR was significantly higher than the MSMR (127.4 ± 14.1 beats/min). For muscle functions: maximal isometric voluntary contraction strength (MVC), active range of motion (ROM), circumferences (CIR) were significant changes during the time periods (p ＜.05). Conclusion: First, HSLR was a suitable exercise intensities for using lipid as energy when doing circuit exercise. Second, although hydraulic resistance training reduced the muscle functions (MVC, ROM), but did not change significantly in muscle soreness index (MSI).

碩士
國立新竹教育大學
人資處體育碩士專班
101
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of circuit exercise balancing capability in elderly with multiscale entropy. Method: Fifty-five elderly 55 to 80 years old appearance of integrity and ability to walk alone were randomly assigned to the following three groups. Twenty elderly were in the exercise habits group (age=66.1±8.0yr, ht=159.8±7.0cm, wt=62.8±9.0kg), another twenty elderly were in the circuit exercise group (age=63.9±5.5yr, ht=159.1±9.4cm, wt=59.2±9.7kg), who attended the circuit exercise at 40 minutes per day, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Fifteen elderly were in the control group (61.5±6.5yr, ht=161.7±7.5cm, wt=62.9±9.0kg). The data were analyzed by multiscale entropy, and assessed by t-test and one-way analysis of covariance (one-way ANCOVA). Result: 1. Exercise habits significantly improved the balancing capability of elderly both eyes open and eyes closed during 0-5 seconds (p<.05). 2. Exercise habits significantly improved the balancing capability of elderly both eyes open and eyes closed during 5-60 seconds (p<.05). 3. The circuit exercise intervention significantly improved the balancing capability of elderly of eyes open during 0-5 seconds (p<.05), but didn’t significantly influential on eyes closed (p>.05). 4. The circuit exercise intervention significantly improved the balancing capability of elderly of eyes open during 5-60 seconds (p<.05), but didn’t significantly influential on eyes closed (p>.05). Conclusion: This study indicated that Regular exercise can improve the elderly terminate gait and static balancing capability both eyes open and eyes closed. The circuit exercise intervention can improve the elderly terminate gait and static balancing capability of eyes open, but can’t improve the terminate gait and static balancing capability of eyes closed. Keywords: multiscale entropy, circuit exercise, balancing capability

碩士
國立中正大學
運動與休閒教育研究所
101
Purpose: To investigate the effects of Circuit Exercise Training with Hydraulic Resistence on Function Fitness in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. Methods: Twenty volunteers were recruited in this study, including 11 people in control group (62.21 ± 4.54 years, 158.95 ± 6.12 cm, 64.15 ± 5.43 kg) and 9 in the experimental group (61.50 ± 5.77 years, 159.56 ± 7.39 cm, 58.38 ± 4.82 Kg). Subjects were divided into experimental group by their personal preference. By interviewing elderly people with surveys who describe about their own physical heath approach. The researchers selected by the screening qualified and suitable to participate annular hydraulic resistance on functional fitness in elderly persons. The experimental tool are 5 different hydraulic resistance training machines and five pedals, which played with music and placed into a ring-like annular movement pattern. After the training of eight-week exercise program, the subjects were measured before and after the functional fitness, and made analysis and comparison of the differences before and after the program individuality. Statistical data analysis: The experimental analysis method dependent sample one-way ANCOVA analysis between groups. Significant level was set at α=.05. Results: After eight weeks circular motion, there are significant differences better (p<.05) in this functional fitness among upper limb muscle strength, flexibility and aerobic capacity test section, in addition to lower extremity strength (p>.05) and dynamic balance (p>.05) below the level of significance. Conclusion: The experimental group had significant improvement on functional fitness test scores. Therefore, this result indicate that elderly people can promote increasing lower limb muscle strength, flexibility and cardio capabilities though the eight-week circuit exercise training with hydraulic resistance.

碩士
國立新竹教育大學
體育學系碩士班
100
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of twelve weeks conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, and circuit exercise training on body composition, blood biochemistry and fitness in the overweight or obese adult women. Forty three female overweight or obese adult women (age 20-50 years) were recruited, 20 as Curves® members from Curves® women fitness center (Changchun, Guangfu, and Jhongshan in HsinChu) and 23 volunteered participants to participate in this study. The trial was performed as double-blind, placebo-controlled study with four parallel groups. The subjects according to the paired and randomly assigned into the CE group (13 peoples, age: 31.00±6.87 years, Ht: 160.90±4.62 cm, Bwt: 64.02±8.96 kg), the PE group (7 peoples, age 30.39±8.89 years, Ht: 162.79±3.49 cm, Bwt: 65.49±12.30 kg), the C group (12 peoples, age 26.03±6.23 years, Ht: 161.43±4.90 cm, Bwt: 64.26±7.94 kg) and the P group (11 peoples, age 31.06±9.34 years, Ht: 158.31±3.79 cm, Bwt: 64.74±9.83 kg). The CE group, PE group, C group, P group were given a mixed type of CLA capsules with circuit exercise training, and placebo with circuit exercise training, and the mixed type of CLA capsules and placebo of twelve weeks for this study. The supplementation were mixed type of conjugated linoleic acid capsules of 3.4 g/day and 3.4 g/day of corn starch capsules, the exercise training were circuit exercise training for 30 minutes/day, three times a week, for 12 weeks. During 1-7 weeks were elementary circuit exercise training, during 8-12 weeks were advanced circuit exercise training. The body composition of whole body and various parts of the body (BFM, %fat, and LBM), blood lipids (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C) , glucose AC, insulin concentration, and fitness (isometric strength) would evaluate during the firs and 12th weeks in the study. A mixed design, one-way ANCOVA was used to evaluate the difference between groups after program for each parameter. The statistic significance was set atα=.05. After 12 weeks, the results showed that: 1). no significant difference on body composition for any groups; 2). No adverse effects or indexes of blood biochemistry data were observed. A reduction in the HDL-C concentration was found in all the groups after 12 wk of treatment. The any group showed significant reduction in HDL-C concentrations, but this result significant significantly decline, but this result, the null association between this result and CLA supplementation or circuit exercise training; 3). no significant difference on isometric strength of the hand for any groups. Therefore, a 3.4g/day CLA supplementation or 30 minutes/day, three times a week circuit exercise training for 12 weeks was proven no effect on body composition, blood biochemistry and sport performance in the overweight or obese adult women.

In this thesis, I examined the psychological correlates of weight training exercise among 123 older adults (n = 84 females; n = 39 males) who were attending a community recreation program.Towards this aim, six hypotheses were tested that were formulated within three theoretical frameworks—the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change. Relationships among the constructs of exercise selfefficacy, physical self-esteem, psychological health, and exercise behaviour were examined. Participants completed a battery of measures (Part 1), and a subset of participants completed additional measures to assess change 10-12 weeks later (Part 2). Part One. In general although the findings were modest, the results supported the multidimensional, hierarchical structure proposed by the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989). Fourteen of the fifteen correlation coefficients between psychological health, four physical self-esteem subscales-Physical Self-Worth (domain level), Attractive Body, Physical Condition, and Physical Strength (subdomain level), and Exercise Self- Efficacy—were of the expected magnitude and direction. The combination of demographic variables (gender and age) and physical self-concepts accounted for a small but significant amount of variance (10%) in psychological health; women were associated with more positive Overall Mood. As expected, the four physical self-esteem subscales and exercise self-efficacy correctly classified 66% of exercisers in the action or maintenance stage of exercise behaviour adoption. Greater Physical Condition Self-esteem was associated with the maintenance stage. Part Two. Among a subset of the older adult exercisers (n = 67) who completed a postquestionnaire 10-12 weeks later, psychological health was not predicted by the physical selfconcepts and exercise behaviour variables. As expected, the combination of physical selfconcepts accounted for a small but statistically significant amount of variance (13%) in average duration of exercise per week. Greater Body and Strength self-esteem were associated with more exercise per week. Furthermore, the three subdomain physical self-esteem constructs (Body, Condition, and Strength) discriminated between the two stages of exercisers (action and maintenance). Ancillary open-ended program-related questions revealed factors that promote and inhibit exercise participation, and perceived benefits from weight training, consistent with the three theoretical frameworks. An unexpected finding was the high level of fitness and psychological functioning of participants. Implications for program design and future research are discussed.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
高齡長期照護碩士學位學程
106
Purepose: Aging, disease, and inactivity all affect health and cause deterioration of body functions. Although aging is a physiological development that is gender-neutral and unavoidable and irreversible. Aging is irreversible. Disease factors still need to be overcome by further advances in medicine and science. However, “inaction” is the part that can be changed immediately. In addition to activities that are more motivating, they want to develop a circular exercise program that is simple and easy to implement and can meet the needs of the elderly in the community. He hopes to increase the muscles and bones of the elderly through a purposeful exercise program. The quality and quantity promote the health of the elderly, reduce and reduce the effects of the musculoskeletal system due to aging, maintain, improve or delay the deterioration of the physical function of the elderly, and thus improve the overall health of the elderly. Methods: The participants in this study were elderly people in the community who were over 65 years old in Kaohsiung City. This study was one-group pretest-posttest design used to analyze whether the physical fitness and bone density of the elderly in the general community could be improved after 24 weeks of intervention. The circuit exercise training for the elderly in the community is a self-variation of this research. According to the test items, it is divided into functional fitness, balance ability, grip strength, bone density, body composition and flexicurve detection. It is implemented before and after the course to investigate the effect of circulatory exercise on physical fitness and bone density in elderly people in general communities. Results: This study was one-group pretest-posttest design. After 24 weeks of intervention the results show that thoracic and lumbar curvature, lower limb strength, cardiorespiratory strength, static balance, functional balance in the functional extension test and single leg extension test and fukuda stepping test, upper limb softness, grip strength, and proprioception are significantly different(P<0.05); There was no significant difference between the dynamic balance of 8 feets up and go and the softness of the lower extremities, BMD, upper limb muscle strength. Conclusion: Circuit exercise is helpful to improve the body composition in the community elderly. Although BMD not reach significant differences after intervention, but improve thoracic kyphosis and maintain good body posture, and enhance the physical fitness.

碩士
國立中正大學
運動與休閒教育研究所
101
The Effects of Circuit Exercise Training with Hydraulic Resistance on Balance in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults Abstract Purpose: To explore the effects of circuit exercise training on balance in middle-aged and elderly adults. Methods: Twenty volunteers were recruited in this study. Subjects were divided into experimental group　(n=9, age: 61.5±5.77yrs, height:159.56±7.39cm, mass: 58.38±4.82kg) and control group　(n=11, age: 62.21±4.54yrs, height:158.95±6.12cm, mass: 64.15±5.43kg) by their personal preference. The experimental group was instructed to progressively increase the intensities in circuit exercise training for 3 days per week, 30~40 minutes per session for 8 weeks.Pre-tests and Post-tests were implemented before and after the intervention in both groups.The data collected included results for 8-ft up-and-go test (for dynamic balance) and clinical test of sensory interaction on balance,(CTSIB)(for static balance). A mixed design, One-way ANCOVA was used to evaluate the difference between groups after training for each parameter. Paired-t-test was used to evaluate the difference between Pre-tests and Post-tests for each parameter. Significant level was set at α=.05. Results: The experimental group had significant improvement on static balance and dynamic balance between Pre-tests and Post-tests. But, there were no significant changes in control group. Conclusions: Circuit exercise training can improve static balance and dynamic balance in middle-aged and elderly adults. It is also a time-saving and safe method for middle-aged and elderly adults. Key words:balance、circuit exercise training、aging、elderly adults

碩士
高雄醫學大學
運動醫學系碩士在職專班
103
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of cross-circuit training program on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance, muscular strength endurance in overweight or obese students with intellectual disability. 43 intellectual disability students in National Miaoli special school were enrolled in this program, age 13~19, 28 students BMI≧24 assigned either to obesity- control group (n=14) or obesity-exercise group (n=14), BMI 19~24 as normal weight group (n=15). The study course divided into three periods: pre-test (three groups attended), exercise intervention (obesity-exercise group only), and post- test (obesity-exercise and obesity- control groups attended). Pre-test was same as post-test, included measurement of body composition, one minute sit-up, dynamic and static balance , vertical jump and modified Bruce treadmill protocols measuring cardiorespiratory fitness. The duration of training program was lasting for12 weeks , at least 5 days a week, 50 minutes for each day, contained 15 times up and down stairs practice, 50 times of sit-up, 15~20 minutes aerobic fitness, and three consecutive two feet jumps for 15 times. The program involved in cross-circuit training concept, conducted non-stop with different kinds of exercises to improve muscular strength, endurance, fitness and weight-controlled in individuals with intellectual disability. The results showed that the obesity-exercise group reduced in weight, body mass index and fat mass after intervention, moreover, exercise tolerance test (including total exercise time, maximal heart rate), dynamic balance , sit-up, and vertical jump were improved significantly. In conclusion, cross-circuit training program improved cardio- respiratory fitness, dynamic balance, muscular strength endurance and weight control effectively in overweight or obese students with intellectual disability in special school.

碩士
國立中正大學
運動與休閒教育研究所
99
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of circuit exercise training on the heart rate variability and sleep quality for the patients with insomnia and to analyze the difference between HRV and Sleep Quality. Purposive sampling was conducted on 42 insomnia patients as subjects (Age : 53.40 ± 10.8 years old ; Height : 159.27 ± 6.97cm ; Body Weight 59.87±10.32kg) in a psychiatric department of the example of hospital at Chiayi county. The experimental procedure for the exercise group involved 12 weeks circuit exercise training, the intensity ranged between 60-80%, and was equipped with the Polar heart rate monitor in order to intensity control. Based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and HRV analyzer as assessing instruments, the collecting data was analyzed and processed by descriptive statistics and paired-sample t test using SPSS 17.0 statistical package. The results of this research are as follows: 1. The results of pre and post 12 weeks circuit exercise training was presented a significant increase on HF and HFnu a significant decrease on LF and LFnu and balancing on LF/HF. The questionnaire of sleep quality was divided into eight dimensions: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, drug use, daytime dysfunction, and sleep quality. The total score was worse more than five points. There were a marked improvement due to a significant decreasing the points after 12 weeks circuit exercise training. 2. After 12 week’s circuit exercise training, the exercise group had a significant increase on the HF and decrease LF, which divided by the variables of age, gender, taking nap, drinking tea behavior, drug usage so that the HRV had gradually improvement for the people with insomnia. 3. After 12 week’s intervention of circuit exercise training, the exercise group had a significant decrease the score on the dimension of sleep quality included age, gender, napping habits, drinking tea habits, drug usage so that the sleep quality had improved. 4. Regarding the correlation between sleep quality and HRV, there were a highly negative correlation among HF, HFnu, LFnu, and LF/HF for the people with insomnia, which means that it had helpful for improving sleep quality, if the value of HRV was gradually increase and the score of sleep quality was decrease.

碩士
國立體育大學
教練研究所
99
Weight training have been proved to improve basic fitness and specific ability by many researches, especially circuit training also had positive effect on basic fitness and specific ability. On the other hand, core muscle training also was a main factor of improving specific performance. The purpose of this study will like to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks circuit training plus slide exercise training on basic fitness and water life saving ability of police university students. Methods: plan may use 60 central police university male student (37 department of fire science students as experimental group (177.07±5..23cm, 69.03±8.12kg, 19.88±0.84years) and 30 department of martime police students as control group (174.86±4.92cm, 70.29±6.7kg, 19.56±0.76years)).Experimental group will be training on circuit training plus slide exercise training; control group will be training on circuit training. After 8 weeks training two groups will be evaluate the difference of basic fitness and water life saving ability. The data will be analyze by independent t-test and paired t-test. Result: The result of the study presented the basic fitness and water life saving ability had significant improvement on experimental group and control group (p&lt;0.5), and experimental group also had significant higher than control on 3000m running and 200m swimming (p&lt;0.5). Conclusion: circuit training program had positive effect on basic fitness and water life saving ability, circuit training plus SET training program had better effect on aerobic and anaerobic ability, therefore circuit training plus SET training program should be added to training program of police university students.

碩士
國立中正大學
運動與休閒教育研究所
100
The purpose of this study was to explore an intervention of circuit exercise training to analyze health-related physical fitness and biomarkers for the elderly people with cardiovascular diseases and further to analyze the relationship between health-related fitness and biomarkers. The 67 subjects were recruited by the sports medicine center of the example of hospital at Chai Yi county, which average age: 59.65±9.51yrs, body weight: 159.19±7.47cm, height: 66.37±9.86kg. The subjects were involved 12 weeks circuit exercise training which included stretching exercise (20min), aerobic exercise (20min, 60-80%MHR) and resistance training (20min, 60-80%RM, 2set). The subject had to take Polar heart rate monitor during doing circuit exercise training and to take pre-post examination by blood testing and fitness testing with Helmas III. All collecting data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, paired samples t-test and canonical correlation analysis. The results of the study were found as following:1.The index of BMI of all subjects was presented over standard, which means that total groups were overweight. There were a better performance on cardiovascular and strength(grip and back muscle strength), but sit-up was lower than the standard of norm; balance and flexibility went on general level, but power, reaction time and agility had to make more efforts. The value of high sensitivity C-reactive protein reached the medium risk level of infection for cardiovascular diseases. fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure were in normal range, but systolic blood pressure attained to the risky level of pre-hypertension. 2.The intervention of 12 weeks circuit exercise training presented significant differences on health-related physical fitness. It was a better performance of power, reaction ability, balance and flexibility (situp) for female subject and below 60 years old person could get more exercise benefits from power and reaction ability. The higher education people could get training effect on muscle strength. The non-exercise group had better performance than exercise group.The habit of no take nap at noon group and non drinking coffee group had significant differences on power and reaction ability than nap and drinking coffee group seperatly. 3.The intervention of 12 weeks circuit exercise training presented significant difference on total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure for the elderly people with medium risk cluster of cardiovascular diseases. Both of the exercise behavior group and drinking coffee group in triglycerides had better training efficiency for male subjects; the younger group(below 60) in systolic blood pressure had better training performance, the elderly group (above 60) in total cholesterol had better training effects; above college level education group in cholesterol and low density lipoprotein had better training performance; exercise behavior group in low density lipoprotein had better training effects; non take nap group in high sensitivity C-reactive protein had better training performance. 4.There were high correlation between health-related physical fitness and biomarker index. BMI had a positive correlation with biomarker index and cardiovascular fitness, agility, flexibility had a negative correlation with biomarker index.

碩士
國立中正大學
運動與休閒教育研究所
100
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of intervention of 12-weeks circuit exercise training on the health-related physical fitness and quality of life for the people with metabolic syndrome. The subjects were recruited by 121 patients with metabolic syndrome (age : 56.06 ± 13.69 years, height : 160.34 ± 8.07 cm, weight : 68.70 ± 12.19 kg) from the sports medicine center of the example of the hospital at Chia-Yi county. This study was applied by purposive sampling and divided to the experimental group (n = 86) and control group (n = 35). The experimental group had treated by 12 weeks circuit exercise training, 60 minutes per day, three days a week. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and multiple regression analysis. The results of the study were found as follow : 1. In terms of demographic variables of the patients with metabolic Syndrome, most of subjects(70.2%) belonged to the elderly and higher, education level distribution of average(30%), unemployed 56%, married persons 80%, live with spouses and children 50%, gained wage mostly 33.9% , Buddhism religion mostly 45.5%, doing exercise behavior 60%, taking a nap 50%, drinking tea behavior 57%, drinking coffee behavior 30%, the few subject alcohol abuse(7.4％), smoking(9.1％), chewing betel nut(3.3％), vegetarian 10%, drug use 47%, the sleep time of most subject(57.9％) was 5-7 hours. 2. Regarding of the health-related physical fitness after 12-weeks circuit exercise training: there were an obvious improvement among body composition, cardiovascular, muscle strength, power, agility, reaction time, balance and flexibility. According to demography variables, the health-related physical fitness was made apparently progress. For example, the groups of non-drinking coffee, doing exercise behavior, sleep time 5-7 hours, higher education, under 66 years old, living with a spouse and children, taking a nap. 3. Regarding of the quality of life after 12-weeks circuit exercise training: it was a significant improvement included physical function(PF), general health(GH), vitality( VT), role emotional(RE), and mental component summary (MCS). Based on demography variables, the quality of life was made obviously progress. For example, the groups were included non-drinking coffee, doing exercise behavior, sleep time 5-7 hours, higher education, age between 66-80 years old, living with a spouse, taking a nap. 4. There was no significant correlation between health-related physical fitness and quality of life via the intervention of 12 weeks circuit exercise training, which was analyzed by multiple regression. Key words: circuit exercise training, health-related physical fitness, quality of life, metabolic syndrome

Angela Carter (1940-1992) positions herself as a writer in ‘the demythologising business’ (1983b:38). She defines myth in ‘a sort of conventional sense; also in the sense that Roland Barthes uses it in Mythologies’ (in Katsavos 1994:1). Barthes states that ‘the very principle of myth’ is that ‘it transforms history into nature’ (Barthes 1993:129). This process of naturalisation transforms culturally and historically determined fictions into received truths, which are accepted as natural, even sacred. This thesis explores Carter’s demythologising approach in her collection of fairy tales, The Bloody Chamber, and her novel, Nights at the Circus. The readings of these texts are informed by the ideas that Carter discusses in her feminist manifesto The Sadeian Woman: An Exercise in Cultural History, which she describes as ‘a late-twentieth-century interpretation of some of the problems [de Sade] raises about the culturally determined nature of women and of the relations between men and women that result from it’ (1979:1). In The Bloody Chamber and Nights at the Circus, Carter questions the culturally determined roles that patriarchal ideology has ‘palmed off’ on women as ‘the real thing’ (1983b:38), and she scrutinizes the relations between the sexes that have resulted from them. In The Sadeian Woman, the subject-object dichotomy of gendered identity is explored as a predatory hierarchy. The Bloody Chamber explores the same ideological ground, and ‘the distinctions drawn are not so much between males and females as between “tigers” and “lambs”, carnivores and herbivores, those who are preyed upon and those who do the preying’ (Atwood 1994:118). The most discomfiting point that Carter makes in The Bloody Chamber is that patriarchal ideology has traditionally viewed women as herbivores, or ‘meat’, that is, as passive objects of desire and inert objects of exchange. In Nights at the Circus, the subject-object dichotomy is presented in its spectator-spectacle guise. Fevvers, the female protagonist, is a winged aerialiste who articulates an autonomous identity for herself that exists outside of patriarchal prescription. She presents herself as feminine spectacle and, in so doing, becomes simultaneously a spectator, as she ‘turns her own gaze on herself, producing herself as its object’ (Robinson 1991:123). Mary Ann Doane refers to this strategy of self-representation as the masquerade. In ‘flaunting femininity’, Fevvers ‘holds it at a distance’, and in this way womanliness becomes ‘a mask which can be worn or removed’ (Doane 1991:25). Susanne Schmid points out that ‘every act of deconstruction entails a process of reconstructing something else’ (1996:155), and this suggests that Carter, in demythologising, also remythologises. Roland Barthes argues that ‘the best weapon against myth is perhaps to mythify it in its turn, and to produce an artificial myth’ (1993:135). In the characterisation of Fevvers, Carter creates an ‘artificial myth’ that does not present itself as either eternal or immutable. In masquerading as a feminine spectacle, Fevvers temporarily incarnates an archetypal femininity. But this is just a performance, for Fevvers is also an agent of self-representation, and so she is both a real woman and an artificial myth of femininity.
Dissertation (MA (English))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
English
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