Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Execution of public expenditure'
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Eyeghe, Minko Sébastien. "Recherche sur l'amélioration des délais de paiement dans la commande publique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0100.
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L'exécution des dépenses publiques est strictement encadrée. Tout en respectant ce cadre, des réformes ont été conduites au fil du temps en matière de commande publique afin d'apporter des réponses aux difficultés que peuvent parfois rencontrer les cocontractants de l'Administration en phase d'exécution (réduction progressive du délai réglementaire de paiement, droit aux intérêts moratoires en cas de retards, législation des avances et des acomptes etc.). Les études récentes semblent toutefois souligner les limites de ces évolutions, en particulier lorsque le cocontractant est une petite ou moyenne entreprise. Si bien que cette thèse propose une transformation de l'exécution des dépenses publiques dans le champ de la commande publiqueThe execution of public expenditure is strictly regulated. While respecting this framework, reforms have been carried out over time in terms of public procurement in order to provide responses to the difficulties that co-contractors of the Administration may sometimes encounter during the execution phase (progressive reduction of the regulatory deadline for payment, right to default interest in the event of delays, legislation on advances and deposits, etc.). However, recent studies seem to highlight the limits of these developments, in particular when the co-contractor is a small or medium-sized company. So much so that this thesis proposes a transformation of the execution of public expenditure in the field of public procurement
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Bateman, William. "Parliamentary control of public money." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286229.
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This dissertation analyses the idea that parliament controls public money in parliamentary constitutional systems of government. That analysis proceeds through an historical and contemporary examination of the way legal practices distribute authority over public money between different institutions of government. The legislative and judicial practices concerning taxation, public expenditure, sovereign borrowing, and the government financing activities of central banks are selected for close attention. The contemporary analysis focuses on the design and operation of those legal practices in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the context of the boom-bust-recovery economic conditions experienced between 2005 and 2016. The dissertation's ultimate claims are explanatory: that "parliamentary control" is a poor explanation of the distribution of financial authority in parliamentary systems of government and should be jettisoned in favour of an idea of "parliamentary ratification". An empirically engaged methodology is adopted throughout the dissertation and (historical and contemporary) public sector financial data enrich the legal analysis. The dissertation acknowledges the impact of, but remains agnostic between, different economic and political perspectives on fiscal discipline and public financial administration. The dissertation makes a number of original contributions. It provides a detailed examination of the historical development, legal operation and constitutional significance of annual appropriation legislation, and the legal regimes governing sovereign borrowing and monetary finance. It also analyses the way that law interacts with government behaviour in situations of economic emergencies (focusing on the Bank of England's public financing activities since 2008), and the institutional and doctrinal obstacles facing judicial involvement in disputes concerning public finance (focusing on the Australian judiciary's recent engagements with public expenditure legislation).
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Värja, Emelie. "Local public expenditure : Equality, quality and growth." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-52009.
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The focus of this dissertation is local government expenditure, where growth, quality, and equality is in the center of attention Essay 1: Sports and Local Growth in Sweden: Is a Sports Team Good for Local Economic Growth? The purpose of Essay 1 is to analyzethe effect of professional sports on the municipality’s tax base. I find no indications of a positive effect on the growth rate of per capita income from having a team in the top series. Essay 2: Equality of Quality of Day Activity Service Programs in Sweden. In this Essay we investigates the equality of the day activity service programs for people with intellectual disabilities provided by local governments in Sweden. The findings are that despite the Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments intended to secure equality in living conditions, the quality of day activity service programs seems to be dependent on the local government’s tax base as well as the political preferences. In Essay 3: Analysis of Cost and Quality Indicators of Day Activity Service Programs in Sweden, we analyze the distribution of observable quality indicators for daily activity service programs. We find that municipalities that conduct regular user surveys find reasons to spend more per user on average. Additionally, the probability for transitions to employment at a regular workplace is higher in municipalities where as a routine a review is made of whether each participant can be offered an internship or work. The objective of Essay 4: The Composition of Local Government Expenditure and Growth: Empirical Evidence from Sweden, is to analyze whether there is a possibility of enhancing the average income growth rate at the local level by redistributing expenditure between main functional areas of local governments, while keeping the budget restriction fixed. We find that devoting large shares of expenditure on areas that increase labor supply, such as child care are positively related to growth in income. Additionally we find that spending areas previously categorized as productive can have a non-linier relationship with growth.
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Hutchinson, D. Graeme. "Aspects of public expenditure in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321636.
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Das, Kuntal K. "Essays on public debt, expenditure and policy /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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McInerney, Melissa Powell. "Responses to incentives in public expenditure programs." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8479.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Misra, Sanjeev. "Returns to Public Agricultural Expenditure Under Uncertainty." DigitalCommons@USU, 2000. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4197.
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A vast literature has investigated the returns to investment in agriculture research and generally found extremely high rates of return. These results suggest policymakers would do well to maintain or increase resource allocation to public agricultural research. Remarkably little attention has been paid, however, to the issue of how best to allocate public agricultural research funding between competing research areas and organizations. This paper considers the relative returns to alternative uses of public agricultural research funds committed to the agricultural experiment stations of 10 western states of the United States over the years 1967-91. A model of expected utility maximization subject to risk is presented with comparative analysis. After establishing empirically that the mean variance analysis would be an inappropriate method to solving the problem, a stochastic dominance testing method is employed to identify dominated and undominated research categories and state agricultural experiment stations. The mean variance analysis also is used to evaluate whether research productivity has been increasing or decreasing over time, and to establish which among the western states hold absolute advantage in particular research areas.
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Kappeler, Andreas. "Essays on the institutional determinants of public expenditure." kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9645/.
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Kappeler, Andreas. "Essays on the institutional determinants of public expenditure." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-96459.
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Kim, Eui-Seob. "The growth of public expenditure in Korea, 1953-1991." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30134.
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As in most other developed countries, the growth of the public sector has become an important issue in the economic and political debate of Korea in recent years. In 1953 the public sector was relatively small compared to other developed countries, but since the end of the Korean War, the public sector has grown dramatically. Over the last four decades, governments have exerted an enormous influence on the level and allocation of scarce resources in the economy. Especially, since the early 1960s, government involvement in the economy has increased rapidly to promote export and economic growth. Although the public sector has played an important role during the Korean modernisation process and public expenditure has grown rapidly, few studies have been carried out to explain the sustained growth of public expenditure in Korea. These thesis seeks to explain the nature and causes of the growth of government expenditure in Korea for the period of 1953-1991. This thesis reviews nine alternative theories of government growth which attempt to explain the observed phenomenon of the rising trend in public expenditure. After reviewing theories of public expenditure growth, we analyse the applicability of these leading hypotheses on public expenditure behaviour with data taken from Korea during the period 1953-1991. Our empirical study shows that Wagner's hypothesis of expanding state activity is more reliable than Peacock and Wiseman's displacement effect hypothesis in explaining the Korean case. Moreover, our empirical research indicates that the income effect, the relative price effect and the lagged dependent variable are the main causes of the expansion of government expenditure in Korea over the study period.
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McDonald, Andrew John. "The formulation of British public expenditure policy : 1919-1925." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327943.
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Jarupasin, Kritchasorn. "Essays on economic growth, public expenditure and telecommunication infrastructure." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30274.
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This thesis consists of four studies, presented in three main essays, empirically linking economic growth to public expenditure and telecommunication infrastructure using four different sample groups of countries with data from 1972-2012. In the second chapter, in Study 1, the permanent growth effects of fiscal policy are investigated across countries with different income levels using the public-policy endogenous growth model, where public spending is classified by function. The endogeneity problems associated with taxes and investment are taken into account, as is a possible non-linear relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. The results have shown that gross capital formation is the only control variable that has a significant positive coefficient in all growth regressions, while the evidence of conditional convergence hypothesis is reaffirmed. An increase in transportation and communication spending is conducive to growth in both developing and high-income countries, whereas other types of spending are not. In the third chapter, in Study 2, we firstly consider the relationship between public spending and growth with a government budget constraint. The evidence for productive expenditure being conducive to growth only exists in high-income OECD countries. Distortionary taxes are shown to have growth-deteriorating effects in both the developing country and the high-income OECD country groups. When considering the relationship between public spending and long-run GDP per capita level in Study 3, it was found that an increase in total spending financed by non-distortionary taxes enhances the per capita level of GDP in high-income OECD countries. Regardless of implicit financing elements, increases in total spending in developing countries cannot promote long-run increases in GDP per capita levels. In developing countries, increases in the shares of health care and general public services in spending can improve long-run GDP per capita. In high-income OECD countries, increasing in the share of education in spending is conducive to increasing per capita GDP in the long-run. In the fourth chapter, in Study 4, we assess the link between telecommunication infrastructure and economic development. The system of equations is used while considering stationarity and cointegration of variables in the models. The output dividend of fixed telephones in the period from 1975 to 1990 for the group of high-income OECD countries is higher than for developing countries. When considering mobile phone infrastructure, an increase in penetration has positive effects on aggregate output in developing countries for the period from 1990 to 2012. There is only weak evidence that increased mobile phone penetration in high-income OECD countries has a negative effect. When fixed telephone penetration is low, an increase in mobile phone penetration enhances aggregate output. When fixed telephone penetration is already high, an increase in mobile phone penetration might have deteriorating effects. The results have shown that mobile phone and fixed telephone infrastructures are, in fact, substitutes for one another rather than complements.
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Harutyunyan, Tigran. "THE EFFECT OF MILITARY EXPENDITURE ON PUBLIC INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1973.
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To determine the association between military expenditure (ME) and public investment efficiency, I regressed a measure of public investment effectiveness upon a measure of ME in a cross-section of 59 developing countries. A strong association was only observed for Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the main explanations for the strong association is a relatively big government which was accompanied by government operations being inefficient and corrupt. This served as a reason to separately observe group of regions with relatively small and big governments. The results confirmed that the effect of ME on public investment effectiveness in the group with a relatively big government is negative whereas the effect is positive in group of region with small governments. Thus, it confirms that the increase of ME is not always negative but can in some cases improve the effectiveness of public investment.
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Geue, Claudia. "Population ageing in Scotland - implications for healthcare expenditure." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3370/.
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POPULATION AGEING IN SCOTLAND - IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE Population ageing is a major concern for developed countries in terms of public expenditure required to pay for health care (HC). The broad aim of this thesis is to contribute to and expand the debate on the independent effects that population ageing and the time immediately before death (TTD) have on HC expenditure in Scotland. This study analyses, for the first time in Scotland, how HC expenditure projections are influenced through the application of two approaches; the first only accounting for an increasing proportion of the elderly population, and the second also implementing a TTD component. Several issues that are under-researched or have not been addressed in TTD studies previously, are explored and alternative approaches are presented. Utilising two large linked datasets this thesis addresses important methodological issues. Alternative methods to cost inpatient hospital stays are examined as this has pivotal implications for any analysis undertaken to estimate the independent effect of TTD and age on HC expenditure. Explanatory variables that have previously not been considered, such as health risk and health status measures at baseline, are included in these analyses. The issue of sample selection, arising through the inclusion/exclusion of survivors in a TTD study is investigated and the impact of individuals’ socio-economic status on costs is examined. The analysis of alternative costing methods clearly showed that any inference that can be made from econometric modelling of costs, where the marginal effect of explanatory variables is assessed, is substantially influenced by the chosen costing method. The application of a Healthcare Resource Group (HRG) costing method was recommended. This study found that TTD, age and the interactions between these two factors were significant predictors for HC expenditure. The analysis further identified some of the health status and health risk measures to be important predictors of future HC expenditure. An examination of how sample selection impacts on estimated costs at the end of life showed that if survivors were excluded from the analysis, costs might be overestimated. Drawing on a representative sample of the Scottish population, the investigation of the association that the socio-economic status had with HC costs suggested that less is spent on individuals from more deprived areas. This might partly be explained through the decreased probability of accessing hospital services for individuals from more deprived areas. Furthermore, results showed that projected HC expenditure for acute inpatient care for the year 2028 was overestimated by ~7% when an approach that only accounts for the higher proportion of elderly people in a population in the future is being used as compared to an approach that also accounts for the effect that remaining TTD has on costs.
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Lindvall, Lars. "Public expenditures and youth crime /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6921.
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Kaliki, Chipalo. "An analysis of expenditure on HIV/AIDS patients in Zambia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9323.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-89).According to the 2000/2001 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), HIV/AIDS prevalence is 16% and is expected to be higher in the next five years. The disease is quite pervasive across all sectors of economic activity, but the impact is especially acute on the Zambian health sector, which is faced with increasing demands on healthcare for not only HIV/AIDS but other diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, diarrhoea, to mention but a few. It is therefore essential that expenditure on HIV-related care among different health care systems be analysed so as to determine areas of relatively greater need. It is against this background that this study entitled, "An analysis of expenditure on HIVIAIDS patients in Zambia", was conducted. The main objective of the study is to analyse expenditure on HIV-related care and treatment among the different health care systems and geographical localities in Zambia. The study used utilisation data on total and HIV-related outpatient visits and inpatient days collected from the country's facility based database called the Health Management Information System (HMIS); and HIV-prevalence data compiled from the Central Statistics Office's report on Epidemiological Projections. Expenditure data on the other hand was compiled from the National Health Accounts (NHA) report for 1999-2002 and separate data on HIV/AIDS expenditure was collected from the District Health Boards reports for 2003. Utilisation and HIV-prevalence data were then combined with expenditure data to estimate the overall utilisation of services by HIV-positive patients and the annual expenditure required to meet the burden of HIV/AIDS. Both utilisation and expenditure statistics were analysed and compared according to different levels of healthcare and geographical localities. Data analysis was exploratory and descriptive.
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Semmler, Willi, Alfred Greiner, Bobo Diallo, Anand Rajaram, and Armon Rezai. "Fiscal Policy, Public Expenditure Composition, and Growth: Theory and Empirics." Instituto de Estudios Bursátiles, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5357/1/Semmler_etal_2011_Aestimatio_Fiscal%2DPolicy.pdf.
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This paper responds to the development policy debate involving the World Bank and the IMF on the use of fiscal policy not only for economic stabilization but also to promote economic growth and increase per capita income. A key issue in this debate relates to the effect of the composition of public expenditure on economic growth. Policy makers and some researchers have argued that expenditure on growth-enhancing functions could enhance future revenue and justify the provision of "fiscal space" in the budget. But there are no simple ways to identify the growth-maximizing composition of public expenditure. The current paper lays out a research strategy to explore the effects of fiscal policy, including the composition of public expenditure, on economic growth, using a time series approach. Based on the modeling strategy of Greiner, Semmler and Gong (2005) we develop a general model that features a government that undertakes public expenditure on (a) education and health facilities which enhance human capital, (b) public infrastructure such as roads and bridges necessary for market activity, (c) public administration to support government functions, (d) transfers and public consumption facilities, and (e) debt service. The proposed model is numerically solved, calibrated and the impact of the composition of public expenditure on the long-run per capita income explored for low-, lower-middle- and uppermiddle-income countries. Policy implications and practical policy rules are spelled out, the extension to an estimable model indicated, a debt sustainability test proposed, and the out-of-steady-state dynamics studied.
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Pejsarová, Iva. "Composition of Public Expenditure and Growth: Is there a Nexus?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71657.
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This paper investigates the effects of the composition of public spending together with the impact of fiscal decentralization on growth for a set of four Central European countries over the period from 1995 to 2010. The main contribution to the current literature arises from the fact that for the first time, this paper examines a possible common trend of the variables which may lead to misleading results if left untreated. Indeed, most variables suffered from this problem. The interpretation of obtained results must therefore take this issue into account. We found that expenditure on education and defence seems to have positive and significant impact on economic growth. On the contrary, economic affairs consistently exhibit a negative and significant impact on the growth rate. In addition, fiscal decentralization seems to be beneficial for economic growth of the concerned countries. Furthermore, the implication of a strong negative impact of economic affairs is robust regarding different specifications, and especially with respect to the common trend issue.
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Demirbas, Safa. "The growth of public expenditure in Turkey, 1950-1990 (macro-models)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30145.
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This thesis investigates statistically the existence of a long-run relationship between public expenditure and GNP (Wagner's Law) using data for Turkey over the period 1950-1990 and examines whether there is a structural break in the public expenditure series as a result of the 1974 Cyprus War (Peacock and Wiseman's Displacement Effect Hypothesis). In the public finance literature several models have been used to explain public expenditure growth. For example, macro models such as Wagner's Law, Peacock and Wiseman's displacement effect hypothesis, and microeconomic (or decision process) models of public choice. This thesis concentrates on macro models. These models try to explain the time pattern of public expenditures relative to broad aggregate variables such as GNP. In terms of macro models, the most prominent empirical generalisations about public expenditure growth are Wagner's Law and the Displacement Effect Hypothesis. Recent developments in time series analysis, such as cointegration analysis, investigate long-run relationships between variables, which allow us to apply news tests to Wagner's Law. Using the Eagle and Granger cointegration test and Turkish time series aggregate data for the period 1950-1990, we find no empirical support for Wagner's Law. Recent advances in times series analysis allow us to test for the existence of a structural break in the series for public expenditure arising from the 1974 Cyprus War. The results do not support the existence of a displacement effect hypothesis due to the Cyprus War. Using disaggregated data (public expenditure by economic and functional categories), Engle-Granger cointegration and causality test results provide some evidence in favour of Wagner's Law. Finally, a synthetic approach encompassing various theories of public expenditure growth (e.g. Wagner's Law, displacement effect hypothesis, demographic variables, relative prices and some dummy variables for country specific conditions) has been used to model public expenditure growth. The results provide some new evidence for Turkey.
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Aris, Sulaiman Bin. "Risk management in public expenditure management and service delivery in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1119/.
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The study seeks to clarify why donors such as the World Bank still insist on the use of their financial management system rather than the recipient country’s financial management system, despite the intention under the Paris Declaration 2005 to use the respective government’s systems. The study then explores the reasons why the financial management system used by the World Bank is more effective in managing risks related to public financial management and aid as compared to the Government of Malaysia approach. The study compares financial management by the World Bank and Ministry of Education, Government of Malaysia, in their parallel implementation of Educational Sector Support Projects (ESSP) under the Eighth Malaysian Plan, 2001-2005. The quality of financial management of projects in two systems is compared using established criteria of good financial management practice. Findings are based on evidence from interviews, documentation and direct observations. The study demonstrates the significant roles in reducing risks played in the World Bank approach by the Project Management Reports (PMR), the high quality of Project Implementation Unit (PIU) staff and the better procurement procedures. The implication is that more effective risk management and financial management reporting were needed by the Ministry of Education in implementing the ESSP under the Eighth Malaysian Plan 2001 - 2005.
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Viegas, Miguel Lopes Batista. "Debt, Government Size and Public Expenditure in a Heterogeneous-Agent Framework." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/44744.
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Viegas, Miguel Lopes Batista. "Debt, Government Size and Public Expenditure in a Heterogeneous-Agent Framework." Tese, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/44744.
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Ward, Marvin Jr. "Does one size fit all? An analysis of tax and expenditure limitations in Colorado." Thesis, American University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3714331.
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This analysis evaluates three tax and expenditure limitation (TEL) policies in Colorado: the Taxpayers' Bill of Rights (TABOR), the Statewide Limitation on Property Tax Revenue (SLPTR), and the Gallagher Amendment (GA). It extends previous research in two novel ways. First, it enables analysis of overlapping policies while incorporating county-specific characteristics, by abstracting away from specific policies. Rather, the focus rests on the impacts of these policies on property tax levies. Second, it incorporates spatial dependency to account for overlapping populations and economic activity. Econometric and machine learning techniques are employed to analyze county-level panel data from Colorado over the 1993-2009 time period. Within this framework, the revenue and expenditure implications of TEL policies are evaluated, and TELs are found to have material impacts in both cases. TELs are associated with depressed revenues and measurable changes in expenditure behavior. With this context, the final empirical section evaluates the drivers of successful "deBrucing" efforts, in which localities are able to exempt themselves from components of TABOR and SLPTR. The analysis demonstrates that socioeconomic factors are the dominant determinant of voting outcomes.
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Edgren, Oskar. "Public Execution and the Symbolism of Urban Space in Florence’s Crisis." Thesis, Department of History, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18261.
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This thesis examines the Florentine Grand Council’s use of public execution to demonstrate political power in the crisis of 1494-1512. Using the example of Antonio Rinaldeschi’s execution for blasphemy in 1501, it explores how the Council appropriated humanist and republican symbolism and urban space to tighten their grip on the increasingly unstable and fractured republic.
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Nyamongo, Esman Morekwa. "The determinants of the structure of government expenditure in Africa." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11212007-132033.
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de, Souza Motta Celina Maria. "Constitutional change in Brazil : political and financial decentralisation, 1981-1991." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2839/.
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The aim of the present study is to investigate how and why a country facing issues that needed to be tackled nationwide chose to decentralise political power and financial resources when it moved from military rule to redemocratisation. Furthermore, the study examines whether the decision to decentralise taken in Brazil in the period 1981-1991 has changed the allocation of public expenditure at sub-national level, especially to education. By analysing the decision to decentralise and its results at the sub-national level, the study embodies both an upstream and a downstream approach. The upstream approach encompasses the topics related to decentralisation in the Brazilian Constituent National Assembly that sat from 1987 to 1988. Research sources are based on the archives of the Constituent National Assembly and on interviews with key political leaders in Congress and practitioners. The decision to decentralise is analysed in three dimensions: the relationship between political parties and the State; intra- and inter-party competition; and regional cleavages. The downstream approach comprises three case studies: the state of Bahia, its capital, Salvador, and its most industrialised municipality, Camacari. The political analysis is based on (a) interviews with politicians in executive and in legislative positions, and officials and (b) newspaper material as a complementary source. The financial performance is based on the analysis of expenditure extracted from balance sheets. This study fills four gaps in political-science and public-administration works on contemporary Brazil First, it deepens the understanding of how and why Brazil became such a decentralised nation. Second, it links the analysis of political and financial resources. Third, it highlights differences between levels of government in their experiences with decentralisation. Fourth, it investigates the impact of decentralisation on political arrangements and on education expenditure. The results suggest that in Brazil there was a lack of social consensus on what was to be achieved by decentralisation. They suggest that decentralisation fosters democracy but its impacts on policy results have so far been limited. The evidence further implies that decentralisation and democratisation bring about a fragmentation of power without necessarily disintegrating previous political coalitions or changing the way public resources are spent. These findings indicate that various political and economic factors influence the outcomes of decentralisation, thus exposing the limits of decentralisation on policy results.
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Basu, Anuradha. "Procedural rationality in public expenditure decision making with specific reference to India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385638.
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Ghosh, Dastidar Sayantan. "Essays on public education expenditure, trade openness and economic growth of India." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1feac28f-1c23-42cd-933b-4b56de653c4f.
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This study addresses some of the widely debated issues in the empirical education and trade literature in the context of India. Chapter 3 examines the impact of public education expenditure and trade openness on economic growth of India using aggregate or country level data. The estimation results indicate that public education expenditure has a positive effect on growth but the impact is not very robust and sensitive to different estimation methods. The major contribution of this chapter to the existing literature has been to establish the dynamism in India’s trade-growth nexus. The nature of the relationship between trade openness and economic growth of India has changed following the change in policy regime since the 1980s. In Chapter 4, I investigate the trade-growth nexus further by employing disaggregated level analysis. Firstly, I disaggregate GDP by agriculture, manufacturing and services sectors and try to check which sector benefitted most from trade openness. Secondly, I try to assess whether trade openness affects manufacturing sector growth at the Indian state level. The latter analysis has been conducted using panel model analysis for 22 states. Econometric analysis indicates that the effect of trade openness has been heterogeneous across sectors. Only the services sector seemed to have reaped the benefits of increasing openness, so far. Consequently, no significant relationship could be found between agricultural sector performance and trade openness. It seems that the agricultural sector suffers from gross underinvestment and its performance still relies heavily on the monsoon cycles. At the country level, manufacturing sector failed to take advantage of the trade openness but the picture of stagnancy is not uniformly true when we look at the state-level manufacturing performance. I therefore re-estimate the relationship between state-level manufacturing performance and state-level trade openness using state level data. The most notable contribution of this chapter to the existing literature has been the construction of trade openness indices for major Indian states. Overall, I find that there is a robust association between trade openness and manufacturing sector performance at the Indian state level. However, this relationship seems to be driven solely by the performance of the unregistered segment of Indian manufacturing. In Chapter 5, I disaggregate the public education expenditure data by primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and examine the nature of the relationship between each sectoral expenditure and growth. None of the sectoral education expenditure had any impact on growth when the analysis is carried out for the entire time period 1951-2011. Both school and tertiary education expenditure started to exert a positive impact on Indian GDP growth once the country started to shift from a state-led growth model to a pro-business regime from the early 1980s. Finally, I examine the determinants of public education expenditure by the state governments using panel data for 16 Indian states. The economic variables such as NSDP per capita and tax revenue came out to be statistically significant indicating that richer states spend more on education compared to their poorer counterparts. States with smaller child population share (0-14 years, as percentage of total population) managed to allocate more funds towards education than those with larger shares. No significant evidence was found to suggest that political factors such as corruption and political ideology of the ruling party affect education spending decisions in Indian states.
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Taylor, Marvin E. Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Poverty and public expenditure on social programmes; the case of Costa Rica." Ottawa, 1986.
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Kent, Gael K. Franklin David L. "Legal precedents relating to the receipt, budgeting, and expenditure of Illinois public school funds." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1987. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8806859.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1987.Title from title page screen, viewed August 25, 2005. Dissertation Committee: David L. Franklin (chair), Robert Arnold, Norman T. Endsley, Mary Ann Lynn, Ronald J. Yates. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-224) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Olivier, Anton J. "Closing the strategy execution gap in the public sector : a conceptual model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96486.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of strategy execution to achieve organisational objectives is increasingly recognised. However, successful execution seems to remain problematic, not only in government, but also in the business world today. Because of the gap between strategy planning and execution, the required benefits stated in this planning are seldom realised. The consistent and generally poor execution of strategic plans in the public sector leads to poor service delivery. The objective of the research was to develop, test and further improve a conceptual model that can specifically be applied in public sector organisations (PSOs) to help close their strategy execution gap. According to the research hypothesis, strategy execution will significantly improve by using a simplified, dynamically integrated conceptual model as guide in tailoring strategy execution in each PSO. The qualitative Participative Action Research (PAR) methodology was used based on case studies in Namibia, including ministries, state-owned enterprises and local authorities. The literature gap was found to be the limited number of resources addressing strategy execution in the public sector and the limited number of sources presenting a multi-disciplinary or integrated model involving the whole organisation. Based on previous literature reviews and experience, the researcher developed his first conceptual model in 2006. After the development of four more models, the final MERIL-DE Model was arrived at in 2014 as conceptual model to help close the strategy execution gap in the public sector. Additional literature review and analysis of the public sector context, supported by ten case studies in Namibia over the eight year period (2006–2013), led to the MERIL-DE Model containing and integrating the nine vital strategy execution components. These are as follows: 1) Leadership, 2) Strategic Planning, 3) Project Management, 4) Alignment (with organisational elements), 5) Performance Management (containing the MERIL elements Measure, Evaluate, Report, Improve and Learn), 6) Drive (mostly internal motivation), 7) Engagement (through dialogue), 8) Risk Management and 9) Stakeholder Management. The first seven components were identified through literature review and the last two from considering the unique public sector context. Features of the model include the critical role of leadership, the need to clearly link strategy and projects, the important role of project management, the shorter review periods for both strategic and project plans, the need for an institutionalised quarterly strategy execution cycle and importance of engagement and motivated workforce. The MERIL-DE Model shows the need to build adaptive and sustainable organisations in a complex and challenging public sector. The conventional plan-and-execute processes have to be complemented by sense-and-respond capabilities through a system of Measure, Evaluate, Report, Improve and Learn – linked to Drive and Engagement – in which components are dynamically integrated. Each PSO, however, needs to develop its own unique or tailor-made MERIL-DE model. This tailored model is referred to as the “Stratex Car” to be designed and built by each PSO, considering its own unique conditions. The Strategy Execution Framework (SAF) is presented as tool to assess the strength of each MERIL-DE component with the Total Strategy Execution Capacity (TSEC) to determine the total capacity of the PSO to execute its strategy. It is believed that the use and application of the MERIL-DE Model will significantly contribute to close the strategy execution gap present in the public sector, not only in Southern Africa, but worldwide – to see governments and public organisations deliver real beneficial public service. Monitored application of this model will be valuable for future research towards the ongoing closing of the strategy execution gap.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word toenemend ag geslaan op die belangrikheid van strategie-uitoefening om organisatoriese mikpunte te bereik. Suksesvolle uitoefening blyk egter problematies te bly, nié net in die regering nie, maar ook in vandag se besigheidswêreld. Weens die gaping tussen strategie-beplanning en -uitoefening word die voordele wat in die beplanning uiteengesit word selde ’n realiteit. Die konstante en oor die algemeen swak uitoefening van strategiese beplanning in die openbare sektor lei tot swak dienslewering. Die doel met die navorsing was om ’n begripsmodel wat spesifiek in publieke sektororganisasies (PSOs) toegepas kan word, te ontwikkel, te toets en te verbeter om die gaping in strategie-uitoefening te oorbrug. Volgens die navorsingshipotese sal strategie-uitoefening kenmerkend verbeter deur ’n vereenvoudigde, dinamies-geïntegreerde begripsprosesmodel te gebruik wat die strategie-uitoefening in elke staatsonderneming aanpas. Die kwalitatiewe deelnemer-aksie-navorsingsmetodologie (Participative Action Research) is in gevallestudies in Namibië toegepas, insluitende ministeries, staatsondernemings en plaaslike owerhede. Die gaping in die literatuur het geblyk die beperkte hoeveelheid hulpbronne te wees wat strategie-uitoefening in die openbare sektor en die beperkte hoeveelheid bronne wat ’n multidissplinêre of geïntegreerde model wat die hele organisasie betrek, aanspreek. Die navorser het in 2006 sy eerste begripsmodel ontwikkel wat op vorige literatuuroorsigte en ervaring gegrond was. Na die ontwikkeling van nóg vier modelle het die finale MERIL-DE-model in 2014 as begripsprosesmodel onstaan om die gaping in strategie-uitoefening in die openbare sektor die hoof te help bied. Addisionele literatuurstudie en -analise van die openbare sektorkonteks, ondersteun deur die tien gevallestudies in Namibië oor die agtjaarperiode (2006– 2013), het gelei tot die insluiting en integrasie van die nege strategie-uitoefeningskomponente in die MERIL-DE-model. Hierdie komponente is soos volg: 1) Leierskap, 2) Strategiese Beplanning, 3) Projekbestuur, 4) Belyning (met organisatoriese elemente), 5) Prestasiebestuur, 6) Dryfkrag (meestal interne motivering), 7) Betrokkenheid (deur dialoog), 8) Risikobestuur en 9) Belanghebberbestuur. Die eerste sewe komponente is deur literatuurstudie geïdentifiseer en die laaste twee deur die unieke konteks van die openbare sektor in ag te neem. Eienskappe van die model sluit in die kritiese rol van leierskap, die behoefte om strategieë en projekte duidelik te verbind, die belangrike rol van projekbestuur, die korter oorsigperiodes vir beide strategie- en projekplanne, die behoefte aan ’n geïnstitusionaliseerde kwartaallikse strategie-uitoefeningsiklus en die belangrikheid van betrokkenheid en gemotiveerde diensnemers. Die MERIL-DE-model wys die behoefte om aanpasbare en onderhoubare organisasies in ’n komplekse en uitdagende openbare sektor uit. Die konvensionele beplan-enuitoefenprosesse moet deur waarneem-en-reageervermoëns gekomplementeer word deur ’n stelsel van Meet, Evalueer, Rapporteer, Verbeter/ ”Improve” en Leer – verbind met Dryfkrag en Betrokkenheid/ ”Engagement” (MERIL-DE) – waarin komponente dinamies geïntegreer is. Elke PSO moet egter sy eie unieke MERIL-DE-model ontwikkel. Hierdie situasie-aangepaste model staan bekend as die “Stratex Car” wat deur elke PSO ontwerp en gebou moet word deur hul eie unieke toestande in ag te neem. Die Strategie-uitoefeningsraamwerk (sg. SAF) word as hulpmiddel voorgestel om die gehalte van elke ‘MERIL-DE’-komponent na te gaan te bepaal met die Totale Strategie-uitoefeningskapasiteit (sg. TSEC) om die totale kapasiteit van die PSO te bereken vir die uitoefening van sy strategie. Dit word verwag dat die gebruik en toepassing van die MERIL-DE-model kenmerkend kan bydra om die gaping in strategie-uitoefening wat aanwesig is in die openbare sektor die hoof te bied, nié net in Suider-Afrika nie, maar wêreldwyd – om te verseker dat regerings en openbare organisasies ware voordelige publieke diens lewer. Gekontroleerde toepassing van hierdie model sal waardevol wees vir toekomstige navorsing vir die verdere vernouïng van die gaping in strategie-uitoefening.
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Kikule, Kate. "Review of drug financing and expenditure in Uganda : sustainability and improved access to essential medicines." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8914.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-80).Drugs are an important factor of production in health care. They constitute a significant proportion of health care expenditure in both developed and developing countries rendering financing of drugs an important health care concern. Previous studies have focused on health care financing in general and less on drug financing specifically and more so in least developed countries. This study therefore aims to provide an overview of the drug-financing situation in Uganda demonstrating the flow of funds for drugs in the health sector. The study further investigates whether the available financial resources could be sustained over time and assesses financial sustainability of resources for drugs in the public sector required to meet the drug component in the National Minimum Health Care Package. Data collection methods involved in-depth interviews with key informants in the relevant institutions and document reviews of financial records and other major relevant publications. The data obtained was analyzed using well-established methodologies. Financing mechanisms were analyzed using a framework consisting of aspects regarding viability, reliability and level of funding. The fund flows for drugs in the health sector were analyzed using the modified National Health Accounts methodology and finally financial sustainability was assessed using projections from the available financial resources. The study findings reveal a mix of financing mechanisms from both the public and the private sector employed to make drugs available to the population. The largest source of drug funding is out-of-pocket expenditure by households followed by central government tax revenue including donor support. There has been a noted increase in drug funding in the public sector though this is not adequate to cover the quantified drug need in the country. The size of the market for drugs increased over the review period (2001-2004) with an estimated total drug expenditure of 210 billion Uganda shillings. The projections show that the available financial resources for drugs will not be able to cover the predicted drug requirement within the National Minimum Health Care Package more so with the introduction of drugs required to treat new diseases like HIV/AIDS and the change to more expensive treatments for endemic diseases like malaria. The study concludes with policy recommendations urging government's commitment to allocate more resources to health and consequently to drugs so that there is less reliance on donor funding. It recommends that more effective means of utilizing available resources by mobilization of domestic resources including out-of-pocket payments through better-designed and well-managed health insurance schemes.
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Lutz, Joachim [Verfasser]. "Foreign vs. domestic public debt and the composition of government expenditure / Joachim Lutz." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110614063X/34.
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Emran, Md Masum. "Essays on co-residing decision, public education expenditure, income inequality, and education policies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4073/.
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The determinants of residing arrangements of senior citizens to explain household formation behaviour, the role of public education expenditure to change income distribution, and the success of educational policies to increase school attendance in Bangladesh are the research objectives of this thesis which consists of four independent essays. Theoretical models and empirical analysis have been conducted both in the first and second essays to find appropriate determinants of residing arrangements of senior citizens in developing and developed countries respectively. The results suggest that economic growth and religion determine co-residence arrangements in developing countries while life-cycle pensionable wealth and cultural factors determine solitary residing patterns in developed countries. The third essay investigates, theoretically and empirically, the impact of public education expenditure on income inequality. The findings show that public education expenditure reduces income inequality for developed OECD countries but increases for developing countries. Finally, the success issues of two education policies in Bangladesh – the “(Obligation to) Primary Education Act 1990" (PEA 1990) and the “Female Secondary School Stipend Program 1994" (FSSSP 1994), are theoretically and empirically evaluated. The results highlight that the PEA 1990 policy is not fully successful but the PEA 1990 and the FSSSP 1994 policies jointly make remarkable success in school attendance and literacy rates in the country.
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Watt, P. A. "Topics in the analysis of government expenditure and intervention : a public choice approach." Thesis, University of York, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10782/.
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Garasky, Steven Brian. "Bureaucrat and voter strategies for determining public good expenditure levels by local jurisdictions." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269536715.
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Grose, Robert, and robert grose@deakin edu au. "Formal and Informal Controls of Government over Social Security Expenditure-An Analysis." RMIT University. Business, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080627.102004.
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While a significant amount of research has examined the more traditional budgetary and procedural controls used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure, very little research has examined the more obscure formal social controls used to achieve the same purpose. The primary aim of this study was to fill this research vacuum by examining both the formal and informal mechanisms used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure and to achieve longer-term public policy appropriation. In particular the study focused on the payment of Job Newstart and Youth Allowances and how the social control discourse of marginalisation was used to achieve such control. The study was undertaken in two stages. In stage one, an e-mail questionnaire was distributed to Job Network consultants (n = 739) employed at 66 not-for-profit Job Network Providers throughout Australia. In stage two, focus group interviews were conducted to expand on the responses previously obtained from the e-mail questionnaire survey. The study produced several significant findings from the views of Job Network consultants. Most significantly the results support Foucault's discourse on marginalisation. That is the results help to explain how consultants identify and single out people who do not fit the norm and therefore represent a case for special treatment. The effect of this marginalisation process is that governments are able to assert power and authority over welfare claimants and that the process is justified from the government's viewpoint. It would also seem that society and the individual accept such institutional arrangements. The techniques of marginalisation are disciplinary in their nature and relate to the multiplication of social security rules and procedures and a correlative division of the claimant population in accordance with constitutive criteria of status and entitlement. The study also concluded that Job Network consultants recognised that the breaching regime should be modified longer-term to take account of the i nformal ethical and moral criteria of fairness, justice and the rights of individuals. Having said this however, the same group of consultant's indicated in very strong terms that recipients' of Newstart and Youth Allowances should comply with their mutual obligation requirements and that they should be penalised in those instances where they do not comply with these requirements.
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Maleka, Dennis Mandla. "Should the public sector (central government) borrow domestically or offshore." University of the Western Cape, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7089.
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Magister Commercii - MCom1. Taxes are an important source of government revenue (income). A failure by the government to collect sufficient taxes to cover for its ever increasing expenditures, engenders fiscal problems. Amongst others the government is compelled to borrow to finance its budget short fall. In this instance, should the government borrow domestically or offshore to finance its short fall . 2. Amongst the theories discussed in this paper, are the views of the Neoclassical Keynesian and the Ricardi an schools of thought. Further more, South African theories on government debt are also discussed. 3. There is a considerably large number of indicators that can be used to determine an appropriate level of both domestic and foreign debt of a country. Certain well establish criteria such as the ratio of foreign interest payments to exports, the ratio of foreign debt to gross domestic product, the ratio of·govemment debt to gross domestic product and the ratio of foreign debt to exports, are amongst the pool of indicators that can be used. However, the following indicators have been identified as the most commonly used in the analysis of budget deficits, and they are; ratio of deficit before borrowing and debt repayment to GDP, the ratio of government debt to GDP, the ratio of interest payments to government expenditure, the level of real interest rates relative to economic growth and the net asset value or net worth of the government. 4. Deficit financing refer to the ways in which the budgetary gap is financed. Overreliance on domestic borrowing may mean high real interest rates and falling investment, and overreliance on foreign borrowing can cause appreciating real exchange rates and unsustainable external indebtedness, amongst others. 5. Amongst the available remedies for debt ills in this country, is the suggestion to significantly cut government expenditure. However, realities currently confronting the authorities, like the increase in public servants as a result of the abolishment of homelands and the constitutionally guaranteed employment of civil servants from the old order, automatically put pressure on public consumption. 6. On the international front, South Africa is underborrowed. In this regard favour should go more for offshore borrowing. Certainly South Africa has to generate the means of meeting debt obligations by running a surplus of exports over imports of goods and services. The bulk of the country's debt is of domestic origin which account for well over 90 % of total debt. The current anti inflationary monetary policy with its concomitant high interest rates, makes domestic borrowing more costly.
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Kim, Young Jae. "Government expenditure and capital accumulation in a developing economy with external debt /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7418.
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Blount, Ian Y. "Policy Implementation by Executive Order: A Quantitative Analysis of the Effects of Agency Decisions and Organizational Characteristics on Government Expenditures Through a Minority Businesses Enterprise Set-Aside Program in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366041200.
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Silva, Ivanildo Lopes da. "An analysis of impacts of public expenditure on poverty and inequality in the brazilian." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8774.
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nÃo hÃThe state aims to meet social needs, promote an efficient use of resources and improve income distribution. However, the degree of income inequality in Brazil is still very high and is one of the main indicators of social inequality, thus requiring reexamining the mechanisms to protect people and promote socio-economic development. From this premise, this study analyzed the effects of public expenditure in relation to indicators of poverty and income inequality in the Brazilian states in the period 2005 to 2009, identifying which variables were most influential to the improvement of these indicators in the period. The theoretical reference includes chapters on Economic Growth and Income Inequality, Public Expenditure and Social and Public Policy in Brazil. The study was made using data and information from the Institute of Applied Economic Research â IPEA and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics â IBGE, and the relationship of selected variables with indicators of poverty and inequality is demonstrated empirically by estimating the elasticities using regressive cross-section models. This model was chosen because of its clear interpretation, allowing support the development of policies aimed at reducing inequality in the states. The results show that the advances were discrete in time for some of the indicators selected, being more significant for those with policies relating to proposals to transfer income and poverty reduction, which contributed to the fall of the poor and indigent and increased income, indicating that well-focused programs are better inducers of social progress.
O Estado tem como objetivos satisfazer as necessidades sociais, promover um eficiente uso dos recursos e melhorar a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Contudo, o grau de desigualdade de renda no Brasil ainda à muito elevado e se constitui como um dos principais indicadores da desigualdade social, necessitando desta forma que sejam avaliados os mecanismos de proteÃÃo à populaÃÃo e de promoÃÃo do desenvolvimento sÃcio-econÃmico. Partindo dessa premissa, este estudo consiste na anÃlise dos efeitos de algumas despesas pÃblicas em relaÃÃo aos indicadores de pobreza e desigualdade de renda nos estados brasileiros no perÃodo de 2005 a 2009, identificando quais variÃveis foram mais influentes para a melhora desses indicadores no perÃodo. O referencial teÃrico contempla os capÃtulos sobre Crescimento EconÃmico e Desigualdade de Renda, Despesas PÃblicas e PolÃticas PÃblicas Sociais no Brasil. O estudo foi constituÃdo por meio de dados e informaÃÃes do Instituto de Pesquisas EconÃmicas Aplicadas â IPEA e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica â IBGE, e a relaÃÃo das variÃveis selecionadas com os indicadores de pobreza e desigualdade à demonstrada empiricamente por estimaÃÃo das elasticidades utilizando modelos regressivos cross-section. Essa modelagem foi escolhida por ser de clara interpretaÃÃo, permitindo dar suporte à elaboraÃÃo de polÃticas que visem à reduÃÃo da desigualdade nos estados. Os resultados demonstram que os avanÃos foram discretos no perÃodo para alguns dos indicadores selecionados, sendo mais significativos para aqueles relacionados a polÃticas com propostas de transferÃncia de renda e reduÃÃo da pobreza, os quais contribuÃram para a queda da populaÃÃo pobre e indigente e aumento da renda, indicando que programas bem focalizados sÃo melhores indutores de avanÃos sociais.
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Naidu, Priyanka. "Surgical catastrophic health expenditure at New Somerset Hospital, a South African public sector hospital." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32510.
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Background: Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishing health expenditure (IHE) are significant barriers to surgical care. Worldwide, 3.7 billion people risk financial catastrophe if they require surgery, mostly affecting the poorest populations in LMICs. Surgical CHE and IHE are not described in the South African context. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the proportion of surgical participants at New Somerset Hospital (NSH) ), a second-level public sector South African hospital, who experienced CHE and IHE and 2) to determine the risk factors associated with out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional retrospective questionnaire administered to participants admitted to any department of surgery (obstetrics, gynaecology, general surgery, urology, otorhinolaryngology, or orthopaedics) for a surgical procedure at NSH. Direct healthcare expenditure for the surgical admission was defined to be catastrophic according to three definitions: 1) OOP payments 10% or more of annual household expenditure (HHE) (CHE10); 2) OOP payments 25% or more of annual HHE (CHE25); 3) OOP payments 40% or more of capacity to pay (CHE40). IHE was based on the national poverty lines and was defined according to new impoverishment or worsening impoverishment, as a result of OOP expenditure on the surgical admission. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between OOP payments and per capita HHE, age, type of procedure, department to which participant was admitted, distance from NSH, and length of stay. Results: Out of the 274 participants interviewed: 263 were included in the analysis (4% attrition rate). Two (0.8%), five (1.9%), and three (1.1%) participants experienced CHE according to the CHE40, CHE10, and CHE25 definitions, respectively. About 98.5% of participants spent less than 10% of their annual HHE, while 95.4% spent less than 10% of their annual non-food expenditure OOP. Median OOP expenditure was R100 (IQR R15 – R350). About 23% of the participants (n=62) were not charged for their surgical admission. Low per capita HHE (p=0.02), cancer (p=0.001), having a non-generous health insurance plan (p=0.002), and the hospital bill amount (p<0.001) correlated positively with OOP expenditure on healthcare. Linear regression revealed that there was no correlation between the proportion of OOP payments and LOS or distance. One in five patients (n=50, 19%) experienced new or worsening impoverishment and were pushed below the poverty line for receiving surgical care at a public hospital. Furthermore, 65 (25%) patients reported their household was unable to cope or household still recovering from the financial burden of the surgical admission. Discussion: Surgical CHE was not common among this study population, however IHE was substantial and the majority of participants incurred OOP for surgical care, with the main drivers of OOP costs being the hospital bill and transport. Financial catastrophe might have been low because: 1) most participants were protected by the uniform patient fee schedule and therefore did not incur a medical bill and 2) direct non-medical costs did not account for a significant proportion of OOP payments. Understanding the financial impacts of OOP health care expenditure is essential in the planning of the impending National Health Insurance in South Africa.
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McCarthy, Donna. "AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLEPROCUREMENT ACTIVITIESIN THE EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC FUNDSAT THE STATE AND LOCAL LEVEL." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2521.
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The aggregate annual expenditures of federal, state and local governments, in concert with universities and school districts represents incredible purchasing power and requires great prowess in its expenditure. Over the course of centuries, procurement has been used as a policy tool to improve society. This research delved into defining and determining the involvement of state and local governments in socially responsible activities related to the expenditure of public funds. Data collected in 2005 by the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing, Inc., was reviewed to determine if the expectations set for the private sector known as corporate social responsibility could be applied to the public sector. The study found that the definition as established for the private sector with regard to procurement social responsibility may also be employed in the public sector. A composite index of Public Procurement Social Responsibility (PPSR) was created as a benchmark for future comparison. Further, the presence of top-down management support for socially responsible initiatives in procurement in the areas of formal policies, goals and objectives and performance tracking mechanisms dictated higher PPSR scores for agencies. Mean Scores for PPSR were reviewed using independent variables of agency type, location, population served, procurement volume, and budget size. While top-down support of PPSR initiatives dictated strong involvement of an agency, there was no correlation between agency type, size, procurement spend, or population size on the mean score of a governmental entity, with or without the presence of PPSR drivers. The variables that influence the PPSR activities of an agency are similar across all demographics. What appears to drive the participation in socially responsible initiatives of government is the buy-in and mandate through regulation, policy and example set by management. This posture is emulated not only professionally, but the data indicates that it influences personal behavior as well. In order to bring about societal change, results are best achieved through the creation of policy for participation, establishing benchmarks for measuring success and integrating performance review milestones for achievement of goals and objectives related to PPSR.Ph.D.
Department of Public Administration
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs: Ph.D.
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Scheu, Linda L. "Household health care expenditure and health services utilization decisions in Honduras." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278809.
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This study utilizes national household income and expenditure data from Honduras, collected by the Honduran Central Bank in 1998--99, to examine two distinct health issues. First a tobit censored regression model is estimated to identify the variables that affect monthly household expenditures on health. This analysis is then used to examine income elasticities for health goods. Secondly, a nested bivariate probit model is used to study the socio-economic and demographic variables that influence a Honduran household's decision to seek health services attention when a household member is acutely ill and, consequently, how they then choose between public and private health services.
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Norgbey, Wisdom Selorm. "Management of capital expenditure for infrastructure programmes in the North-West Province." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021075.
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The need for programme management to align, coordinate and manage a portfolio of construction projects to deliver benefits that would not be achievable if the projects were managed independently in a turbulent economic environment, limitations of project management, and increasing stakeholder expectations cannot be over emphasised. In the construction industry, the implementation of programme management has been bedevilled with major challenges of which the North West Department of Public Works (DPW) CAPEX programme is no exception. The CAPEX programme has been noted for delivering fewer infrastructure projects as planned in terms of budget, time, and other expectations. The research documented in this treatise thus examined the existing programme management approach of the North West DPW CAPEX programme with respect to generally accepted standards and practices. A mixed research approach was used to identify problems such as delays in payment of works, poor reporting standards, improper planning of works, procurement difficulties, and inadequate management structures. The results point to excessive bureaucratic processes, improper information management systems and lack of commitment and ownership towards government works as the major underlying causes of the programme predicaments. Dogmatic implementation of government’s black economic empowerment policies and inadequate in-house capacity were also contributing factors. The research findings imply that effective processes should be laid for prompt payment of works certificates and invoices. Improved reporting standards and proper planning of the programme as a whole and its constituent projects is necessary for the attainment of stipulated goals. In particular, it is crucial to ensure that adequate management considerations in terms of capacity, infrastructure, structures and expertise are put in place while the procurement processes should be continually reviewed for programme success purposes.
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Choudhury, Enamul H. "Administration and ambiguity : a study of the roles and routines in the budget execution process /." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08082007-120300/.
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Nava, Mario. "Optimal taxation, tax evasion and rent-seeking." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1436/.
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This thesis is made of five different chapters. Chp 1: OPTIMAL FISCAL AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURE POLICY IN A TWO CLASS ECONOMY This paper deals with optimal taxation and provision of public goods in a two-class economy with non linear income and linear commodity taxes. As far as optimal taxation is concerned, we first show that with two private goods the good complementary with leisure should be taxed more heavily. Second the standard income tax rules are shown to be augmented by considerations for offsetting the distortions created on the commodity markets. As to the provision of public goods we extend recent results for a two class economy with public funds raised entirely by means of a non-linear income tax system. The standard Samuelson rule is modified by two additional terms related to the self selection constraint and to the revenue of indirect taxes. They are both shown to vanish when the agents' utility functions are weakly separable between public and private goods (taken together) and leisure. Chp 2: DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAX EVASION: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE The purpose of this selective survey of the literature on both income and commodity tax evasion is to show in which directions, the literature has evolved. Two main approaches are identified for both direct and indirect tax evasion literature. The so-called taxpayer's point of view approach which is basically an exercise of maximization under uncertainty and the so-called tax collector's point of view which is a refinement of the Mirrlees-Stiglitz approach to income taxation and of the Ramsey approach to commodity taxation. The current state of the art is such that both approaches share similar strengths and weaknesses. Chp 3: TAX STRUCTURE, TAX REFORM AND TAX EVASION In this paper we explore whether the shift from an ad valorem tax to a value added tax (which is a prerequisite to join the European Union) improves the "integrity" (number of people in the regular market) and the "efficiency" (total tax revenues) of the tax system. A model of two parallel (black and regular) markets is analyzed. The production in both the black and the regular market is divided in three stages: raw material, intermediate good and final good. Firstly, we prove that if an ad valorem tax is levied, at all stages of the regular market, any, even partial, tax reform towards VAT unequivocally increases integrity (the number of agents). Secondly, we prove that efficiency of the tax system is a direct function of its integrity. Therefore a tax reform from ad valorem to VAT seems justifiable under these two criteria. As a passing result, regular market consumers' welfare is shown to increase. Chp 4. A NOTE ON CORRUPTION, PRODUCTION AND SHORTAGE IN USSR AND RUSSIA Shleifer and Vishny, 1992 argue that privatization increases production and reduces shortage; Komai, 1979 argues that privatization reduces both production and shortage. The transition from USSR to Russia reduced both production and shortage. We argue that this is just the result of the shrinking of the loss-making sector (industrial sector) and the expansion of the profit-making sector (the service sector and namely trade and retailing). We also argue that the validity of Kornai's model is limited to those firms which are overproducing (i.e. more than the profit maximization quantity) and the validity of Shleifer and Vishny's model is limited to those firms which are underproducing. This reconciles two otherwise contradictory papers. Chp 5: LABOUR MARKET REALLOCATION AND RENT-SEEKING IN TRANSITION ECONOMY We present a simple two-sector model of the Russian labour market. Starting from a "full-employment" equilibrium with no search (the USSR), we analyze the path to the new equilibrium with unemployment and search (Russia). The links between the fraction of people searching, the wage differential and the hiring and firing probability of both sectors are investigated. A tentative way to compute these probabilities is proposed starting from recent (91-94) Russian data on unemployment and wages. It is shown that the wage differential across sectors rises with the strengthening of the entry barriers. It is argued that if no action is taken by the Authorities to fight unemployment and to reduce the wage differential across sectors (e.g. relaxing the entry barriers to the most productive sector), the market will react by developing, as an endogenous alternative to unemployment, a third sector which would act as a rent seeking one against the most productive sector. This will increase the outflow of workers from the least productive sector. Finally, it is shown that if the fraction of rent-seeking people attains a critical mass the above-mentioned policies may not be enough to rid the economy of the rent-seeking sector.
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Брюханов, Максим Віталійович, Максим Витальевич Брюханов, Maksym Vitaliiovych Briukhanov, Д. В. Упоров, and А. А. Шульчевский. "Влияние государственных расходов на экономический рост: эмпирический анализ и оптимизации." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12190.
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Dlomo, Phelelani Automan. "The impact of irregular expenditure in the South African public finance with specific reference to the National Department of Public Works." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2453.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.In 1999 the South African Parliament passed the Public Finance Management Act No.1 of 1999 (PFMA). The intention was to ensure effective and better public finance management practice. The Act requires that government departments should establish measures to prevent irregular expenditure. However, there has been persistent irregular expenditure reports every year, which is an indication of non – compliance. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of irregular expenditure in the South African public finance management domain, using the national Department of Public Works as a case study.
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Jacobs, Thomas Alexander. "CONTINUING RESOLUTIONS: THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPORARY SPENDING RESTRICTIONS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE PATTERNS OF FEDERAL AGENCIES." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/12.
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The federal fiscal year runs from October 1 to September 30, and many federal agencies rely on annual appropriations to fund activities and programs. Nonetheless, the federal government often enters a new fiscal year without a fully approved budget, which actuates the requirement for a temporary means of funding government operations. Congress and the president provide provisional resources by way of continuing resolutions which enable the operation of government programs until regular appropriations are enacted. However, continuing resolutions are restrictive by design and may have unintended effects on government spending behavior beyond the timeframe to which the resolutions apply.
This study explores the relationship between the uncertainty generated by the implementation of continuing appropriations and the modification of expenditure behavior in federal agencies. After a summary of the federal budget process and a survey of the literature related to continuing resolutions, a model of agency spending is presented. The associated theory explores suppositions related to ex ante and ex post reactions of agency officials to: (1) a one-time occurrence of continuing resolutions, and (2) an environment of regularly occurring continuing resolutions. Afterward, event study methods are applied to a subset of federal monthly obligation data to reveal patterns of spending which are suggestive of: (1) a saving-dissaving approach to compensate for the restrictive nature of continuing resolutions, and (2) the presence of signaling mechanisms between higher echelons of the federal government and subordinate agencies. A second quantitative chapter builds on the idea that federal agencies engage in expense shifting in anticipation of the enactment of continuing resolutions. An agenda setting framework is used to demonstrate how agencies monitor particular sources of the federal budget process to gain insight to the likelihood of continuing appropriations being enacted. Findings show that decision-makers may be able to determine the relevancy of particular budgetary signals within the congressional budgetary scheme.