Journal articles: 'Excretory canal'

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Sergeev, M. A., and O. I. Shorkina. "EFFICIENCY OF THE PUBLIC URETHROSTOMIA IN CIRCULAR URETHRAL CANAL OBSTRUCTION IN CATS." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 247, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-247-3-232-236.

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Absolute indications for performing pubic urethrostomy in cats are recurrent stenosis and overgrowth of the urogenital canal fistula after its formation in the perineal region of the excretory system. Pubic urethrostomy, with the removal of the genitourinary canal outside the pelvic cavity in cats, is the best option for surgical treatment with significant traumatic damage and perforation of the genital part of the urethra and soft tissues in the perineum area.

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Burglin, T. R., and G. Ruvkun. "Regulation of ectodermal and excretory function by the C. elegans POU homeobox gene ceh-6." Development 128, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.5.779.

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Caenorhabditis elegans has three POU homeobox genes, unc-86, ceh-6 and ceh-18. ceh-6 is the ortholog of vertebrate Brn1, Brn2, SCIP/Oct6 and Brn4 and fly Cf1a/drifter/ventral veinless. Comparison of C. elegans and C. briggsae CEH-6 shows that it is highly conserved. C. elegans has only three POU homeobox genes, while Drosophila has five that fall into four families. Immunofluorescent detection of the CEH-6 protein reveals that it is expressed in particular head and ventral cord neurons, as well as in rectal epithelial cells, and in the excretory cell, which is required for osmoregulation. A deletion of the ceh-6 locus causes 80% embryonic lethality. During morphogenesis, embryos extrude cells in the rectal region of the tail or rupture, indicative of a defect in the rectal epithelial cells that express ceh-6. Those embryos that hatch are sick and develop vacuoles, a phenotype similar to that caused by laser ablation of the excretory cell. A GFP reporter construct expressed in the excretory cell reveals inappropriate canal structures in the ceh-6 null mutant. Members of the POU-III family are expressed in tissues involved in osmoregulation and secretion in a number of species. We propose that one evolutionary conserved function of the POU-III transcription factor class could be the regulation of genes that mediate secretion/osmoregulation.

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Buechner, Matthew, Zhe Yang, and Hikmat Al-Hashimi. "A Series of Tubes: The C. elegans Excretory Canal Cell as a Model for Tubule Development." Journal of Developmental Biology 8, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb8030017.

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Formation and regulation of properly sized epithelial tubes is essential for multicellular life. The excretory canal cell of C. elegans provides a powerful model for investigating the integration of the cytoskeleton, intracellular transport, and organismal physiology to regulate the developmental processes of tube extension, lumen formation, and lumen diameter regulation in a narrow single cell. Multiple studies have provided new understanding of actin and intermediate filament cytoskeletal elements, vesicle transport, and the role of vacuolar ATPase in determining tube size. Most of the genes discovered have clear homologues in humans, with implications for understanding these processes in mammalian tissues such as Schwann cells, renal tubules, and brain vasculature. The results of several new genetic screens are described that provide a host of new targets for future studies in this informative structure.

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Buechner, Matthew, David H. Hall, Harshida Bhatt, and Edward M. Hedgecock. "Cystic Canal Mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans Are Defective in the Apical Membrane Domain of the Renal (Excretory) Cell." Developmental Biology 214, no. 1 (October 1999): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1999.9398.

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Mansursab, Shaikh Kalim. "Cestode Parasite (Platyhelminthes) of Rodent Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India with a Redescription of Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819)." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.029.

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In this study Cestodes collected from a species of rodents of the genera Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Aurangabad district Maharashtra, India are reported. Sixty three specimens of the cestode parasites were collected from 23 infected intestines after examining 110 host house rat (Rattus rattus) at Aurangabad, (MS), India during the period of April, 2005-March, 2007. The present form of cestode parasite is redescribed on the basis of some similar characters with the previously described species Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819). The characters of present form are similar with Hymenolepis diminuta having the scolex well-marked rostellum, hooks in single crown on rostellum, oval cirrus pouch, three testes, one poral and two aporal, two pairs longitudinal excretory canal and pre-ovarian ootype but differs due to globular scolex, squarish mature proglottids and differs in size of ovary (0.526 - 0.552 x 0.114 - 0.184 mm).

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Fujino, T., and Y. Ishii. "Comparative histochemical studies of glycosidase activity in some helminths." Journal of Helminthology 60, no. 1 (March 1986): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00008142.

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AbstractComparative histochemical studies of glycosidase activity were carried out in Clonorchis sinensis, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Fasciola hepatica, Dipylidium caninum, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis and Dirofilaria immitis. The enzymes examined were: N-Acetyl-α-Glucosaminidase (Ec 3.2.1.30), α-Glucuronidase (Ec 3.2.1.31) and α-Galactosidase (Ec 3.2.1.23). There were variations in enzyme distribution and intensity among the species and also between trematodes and nematodes; no marked positive reaction for these enzymes occurred in cestodes. In some trematodes, the caeca, especially in the brush border, and the tegument, subtegumental cells and testes, were reactive to the enzymes. In nematodes, although there was variation in reactions among species, N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase and α-galactosidase were localized in the hypodermis and lateral cords excluding the excretory canal, and coelomocytes, intestinal epithelium and the walls of the reproductive systems.

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Polanska, Urszula M., Elisabeth Edwards, David G. Fernig, and Tarja K. Kinnunen. "The Cooperation of FGF Receptor and Klotho Is Involved in Excretory Canal Development and Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis inCaenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 7 (December 21, 2010): 5657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.173039.

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WENNING, ANGELA. "Salt and Water Regulation in Macrobdella Decora (Hirudinea: Gnathobdelliformes) Under Osmotic Stress." Journal of Experimental Biology 131, no. 1 (September 1, 1987): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.131.1.337.

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The anatomy, infrastructure and innervation of the nephridia of the North American leech, Macrobdella decora (Say), are described. The osmotic concentrations of blood, crop fluid and final urine, as well as urine flow under normal conditions, were found to be similar to those of the well-studied European medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis L. The capacity of the excretory system after changes in external salinity, and after salt and water loading with artificial blood meals, was investigated. In contrast to H. medicinalis, M. decora does not tolerate hypertonic environments and is less efficient in rapidly excreting excess salt and water. Three factors make salt and water regulation in M. decora different from that in H. medicinalis: a slower fluid resorption from the crop, a limited transport capacity of the primary urine-forming cells, and a lower rate of salt reabsorption in the central canal. Note: Dedicated to Professor Dr Ernst Florey on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

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Manser, James, Chan Roonprapunt, and Ben Margolis. "C. elegansCell Migration Genemig-10Shares Similarities with a Family of SH2 Domain Proteins and Acts Cell Nonautonomously in Excretory Canal Development." Developmental Biology 184, no. 1 (April 1997): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8516.

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Shioi, Go, Michinari Shoji, Masashi Nakamura, Takeshi Ishihara, Isao Katsura, Hajime Fujisawa, and Shin Takagi. "Mutations Affecting Nerve Attachment of Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 157, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.4.1611.

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Abstract Using a pan-neuronal GFP marker, a morphological screen was performed to detect Caenorhabditis elegans larval lethal mutants with severely disorganized major nerve cords. We recovered and characterized 21 mutants that displayed displacement or detachment of the ventral nerve cord from the body wall (Ven: ventral cord abnormal). Six mutations defined three novel genetic loci: ven-1, ven-2, and ven-3. Fifteen mutations proved to be alleles of previously identified muscle attachment/positioning genes, mup-4, mua-1, mua-5, and mua-6. All the mutants also displayed muscle attachment/positioning defects characteristic of mua/mup mutants. The pan-neuronal GFP marker also revealed that mutants of other mua/mup loci, such as mup-1, mup-2, and mua-2, exhibited the Ven defect. The hypodermis, the excretory canal, and the gonad were morphologically abnormal in some of the mutants. The pleiotropic nature of the defects indicates that ven and mua/mup genes are required generally for the maintenance of attachment of tissues to the body wall in C. elegans.

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Khan, Liakot A., Gholamali Jafari, Nan Zhang, Edward Membreno, Siyang Yan, Hongjie Zhang, and Verena Gobel. "A tensile trilayered cytoskeletal endotube drives capillary-like lumenogenesis." Journal of Cell Biology 218, no. 7 (June 25, 2019): 2403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201811175.

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Unicellular tubes are components of internal organs and capillaries. It is unclear how they meet the architectural challenge to extend a centered intracellular lumen of uniform diameter. In an RNAi-based Caenorhabditis elegans screen, we identified three intermediate filaments (IFs)—IFA-4, IFB-1, and IFC-2—as interactors of the lumenal membrane-actin linker ERM-1 in excretory-canal tubulogenesis. We find that IFs, generally thought to affect morphogenesis indirectly by maintaining tissue integrity, directly promote lumenogenesis in this capillary-like single-cell tube. We show that ERM-1, ACT-5/actin, and TBB-2/tubulin recruit membrane-forming endosomal and flux-promoting canalicular vesicles to the lumen, whereas IFs, themselves recruited to the lumen by ERM-1 and TBB-2, restrain lateral vesicle access. IFs thereby prevent cystogenesis, equilibrate the lumen diameter, and promote lumen forward extension. Genetic and imaging analyses suggest that IFB-1/IFA-4 and IFB-1/IFC-2 polymers form a perilumenal triple IF lattice, sandwiched between actin and helical tubulin. Our findings characterize a novel mechanism of capillary-like lumenogenesis, where a tensile trilayered cytoskeletal endotube transforms concentric into directional growth.

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Rodrigo, Ana P., Maria H. Costa, António Pedro Alves de Matos, Francisco Carrapiço, and Pedro M. Costa. "A Study on the Digestive Physiology of a Marine Polychaete (Eulalia viridis) through Microanatomical Changes of Epithelia During the Digestive Cycle." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 1 (November 12, 2014): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761401352x.

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AbstractAs for many invertebrates, the gut of marine polychaete species has key physiological functions. However, studies integrating microanatomical descriptions with physiological processes are scarce. The present investigates histological, histochemical and cytological changes in the alimentary canal during the digestive cycle of the marine annelid Eulalia viridis, a species that combines opportunist scavenging, predation and cannibalistic behavior. The gut is comprised of an eversible pharynx, esophagus, intestine and rectum. Three main phases of digestion were identified, namely, resting/secretory, absorptive and excretory. The intestinal epithelium is complex and exhibited the most significant changes regarding intracellular digestion, excretion and storage. Conversely, the pharynx and esophagus were chiefly important for enzyme secretion. The results also indicate the existence of two distinct types of secretory cells in the intestine, with likely distinct physiological roles. Some similarities have been found between the intestinal epithelia and the molluscan (especially cephalopod) digestive gland, as, for instance, the shedding of apical corpuscles by digestive cells at posterior stages of digestion. The findings indicate that the digestive process in this worm is complex and related to the many physiological roles that cells need to play in the presence of reduced organ differentiation.

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Katsenko, A. L., O. A. Sherstyuk, R. L. Ustenko, N. L. Svintsytska, and A. V. Piliuhin. "MORPHOLOGY OF LACRIMAL GLANDS AND HARDERIAN GLAND IN LABORATORY RATS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.18.4.132.

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Lacrimal apparatus of laboratory rodents and, in particular, rats has been comparatively well studied. The history of its research was presented in works by Levental and Kulchitskyi (1894, 1911.). The structure of human’s lacrimal glands has being studied and completed. Much attention was paid to the drainage of tears from the lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal canal in the humans and rats, age-related changes of secretory epithelium in lacrimal glands of rats, detailed study of the major lacrimal glands in humans (palpebral and orbital lobes). Otherwise, tear-producing and tear-secreting parts of human lacrimal apparatus are understudied organ microcomplexes. This research paper descrides the morphological and functional peculiarities of tear secretion ducts under normal functioning of lacrimal glands.Rats have two paired lacrimal glands. One of glands, smaller in size, is intraorbital (infraorbital) and another, larger, is exoorbital one. Exoorbital gland is larger than intraorbital one. Ducts of these glands join before opening through common duct into conjunctival sac in the external corner of the eye. Both lacrimal glands of rats originate from common embryonic germ and perform the same function and thus, are of the similar histological structure. Moreover, they demonstrate similar spectrum of age-related changes in the morphology. Orbits of rats whithin their boundaries form one more glandular formation, Harderian glands. They release the secretion, rich in lipids and porphyrines. Some scientists report that there no glands like those in humans, but others support the idea that they are in their germinal state. Changes in rats’ lacrimal glands and in Harderian glands can serve as models for simulating diseases of human lacrimal apparatus. This modeling requires in-depth study of spatial organization of the system of excretory ducts and their terminal excretory ducts in syntopic unity with hemomicrocirculatory bed of lacrimal glands in lab rats and humans. It is also important to carry out comparative morphological and stereomorphological analysis of data received, and to describe the peculiarities of the structure of lacrimal glands in lab rats and person.

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Hidayati, Rizka, Ari Asnani, Muhamad Salman Fareza, and Dwi Utami Anjarwati. "Efek antibakteri ekstrak larva Chrysomya megacephala terhadap Enterococcus faecalis sebagai alternatif bahan irigasi saluran akarAntibacterial effect of Chrysomya megacephala larva extract on Enterococcus faecalis as a root canal irrigant alternative." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v32i2.27094.

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Pendahuluan: Desinfeksi saluran akar dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan bahan irigasi saluran akar pada perawatan endodontik. Selama ini, natrium hipoklorit (NaOCl) menjadi protokol bahan irigasi saluran akar karena bersifat antimikroba. Penggunaan NaOCl memiliki kekurangan karena kurang adekuat dalam mengeliminasi bakteri persisten dalam saluran akar gigi, seperti Enterococcus faecalis. Upaya pengeliminasian E. faecalis yang dapat dilakukan yakni dengan mengkombinasikan NaOCl dengan bahan irigasi lain atau menggunakan bahan alternatif lain. Salah satu bahan alam yang memiliki efek antibakteri adalah ektrak larva dari lalat hijau (Chrysomya megacephala). Produk eksretori dan sekretori larva instar ke-3 C. megacephala mengandung protease serin yang memiliki efek antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis efek antibakteri ekstrak larva C. megacephala dalam menghambat pertumbuhan E. faecalis. Metode: Jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Ekstrak larva C. megacephala dibuat dengan konsentrasi 0-100%. Efek antibakteri diketahui dengan pengukuran nilai Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Nilai MIC diukur dengan metode pengenceran microbroth dalam cawan microtiter 96-well. Nilai MBC diukur dari hasil pengukuran MIC yang di-plating pada media kultur Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) dengan metode total counting. Hasil: Nilai MIC diperoleh pada ekstrak larva 50% (0,5x106mg/L) (p>0,05) sedangkan nilai MBC tidak ditemukan. Simpulan: Ekstrak larva C. Megacephala tidak memiliki efek yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Enterococcus faecalis.Kata kunci: Antibakteri, natrium hipoklorit, Chrysomya megacephala, Enterococcus faecalis. ABSTRACTIntroduction: In endodontic treatment, the root canal is disinfected by applying root canal irrigant. Commonly, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is used as the protocol of the root canal irrigant due to its antimicrobial effects. The usage of NaOCl has limitation because it is inadequate in eliminating persistent bacteria in the root canal, such as Enterococcus faecalis. The effort to eliminate E. faecalis is by combining NaOCl with other irrigant or using an alternative material. One of the natural products with antibacterial effects is the larva extract of greenfly (Chrysomya megacephala). The excretory and secretory products of the third instar of the larva contain serine protease that has been known for the antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to analyse the antibacterial effect of Chrysomya megacephala larva extract in inhibiting the E. faecalis bacteria. Methods: Experimental laboratory research was conducted towards an extract of C. megacephala larva, which was prepared with a concentration of 0-100%. The antibacterial effect was determined by measuring the value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The MIC values were measured by the micro broth dilution method in a 96-well microtiter dish. The MBC value was measured from the results of the MIC measurement plated on the Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) culture media using the total counting method. Results: The MIC values obtained in 50% larva extract was 0.5x106mg / L (p > 0.05) while the MBC value was not found. Conclusion: Chrysomya megacephala larva extract does not have the effect in inhibiting the Enterococcus faecalis.Keywords: Antibacterial, sodium hypochlorite, Chrysomya megacephala, Enterococcus faecalis.

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Boström, Sven, Andrij Susulovsky, and Oleksandr Holovachov. "Description of two species of Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 (Nematoda: Plectidae) from Ukraine and a revised taxonomy of the genus." Nematology 2, no. 4 (2000): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509240.

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AbstractTwo species of the genus Chiloplectus are described from Ukraine. Detailed studies by light and scanning electron microscopy were made to differentiate between C. andrassyi, a new senior synonym of Plectus telekii, and C. loricatus. Some previously unknown characters like the shape of the excretory gland duct, the number and position of somatic setae, and the epiptygmata are introduced for this differentiation. C. loricatus is found to be a junior synonym of Plectus cancellatus, which is transferred to Chiloplectus. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Chiloplectus are proposed, and a key to the species of the genus is provided. Plectus globilabiatus Kirjanova, 1958 and P.annulatus Maggenti, 1961 are regarded as species inquirendae. Description de deux espèces de Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 (Nematoda: Plectidae) d'Ukraine et une classification nouvelle pour le genre - Deux espèces du genre Chiloplectus sont décrites d'Ukraine. Des études détaillées en microscopie optique et électronique à balayage ont été conduites pour différencier C. andrassyi, un nouveau synonyme majeur de Plectus telekii, et C.loricatus. Quelques caractères jusqu'à présent inconnus comme la forme du canal de la glande excrétrice, le nombre et la position des soies céphaliques et les epiptygmes ont été utilisés pour cette différentiation. C. loricatus est considéré comme un synonyme mineur de Plectus cancellatus, lequel est transféré au genre Chiloplectus. Sont proposées une diagnose amendée et une classification révisée du genre Chiloplectus; une clef des espèces du genre est proposée. Plectus globilabiatus Kirjanova, 1958 et P.annulatus Maggenti, 1961 sont considérés comme species inquirendae.

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Stergiopoulos, Konstantinos, Pablo Cabrero, Shireen-Anne Davies, and Julian A. T. Dow. "Salty dog, an SLC5 symporter, modulatesDrosophilaresponse to salt stress." Physiological Genomics 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.90360.2008.

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To regulate their internal environments, organisms must adapt to varying ion levels in their diet. Adult Drosophila were exposed to dietary salt stress, and their physiological, survival, and gene expression responses monitored. Insects continued to feed on NaCl-elevated diet, although levels >4% wt/vol ultimately proved fatal. Affymetrix microarray analysis of flies fed on diet containing elevated NaCl showed a phased response: the earliest response was widespread upregulation of immune genes, followed by upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism as the immune response was downregulated, then finally a switch to amino acid catabolism and inhibition of genes associated with the reproductive axis. Significantly, the online transcriptomic resource FlyAtlas reports that most of the modulated genes are predominantly expressed in hindgut or Malpighian (renal) tubule, implicating these excretory tissues as the major responders to salt stress. Three genes were selected for further study: the SLC5 symporter CG2196, the GLUT transporter CG6484, and the transcription factor sugarbabe (previously implicated in starvation and stress responses). Expression profiles predicted by microarray were validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR); expression was mapped to the alimentary canal by in situ hybridization. CG2196::eYFP overexpression constructs were localized to the basolateral membrane of the Malpighian (renal) tubules, and RNAi against CG2196 improved survival on high-salt diet, even when driven specifically to just principal cells of the Malpighian tubule, confirming both this tissue and this transporter as major determinants of survival upon salt stress. Accordingly, CG2196 was renamed salty dog ( salt).

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Tzvetkova, P. "Congenital anomalies of the mesonephronic duct and fertility." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 54, no. 2 (2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0702063t.

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Agenesia of deferential duct and the others congenital malformations of mesonephronical duct are often encountering condition in andrological practice. This study presents the possibilities of reproductive medicine to restore the male fertility and concentrates on biological and clinical aspects of malformations of mesonephronic duct like factors for excretory male infertility. The investigations including 104 patients (mean age 30.25+1.91 years old) with congenital anomalies of mesonephronical duct with: Agenesia of mesonephronical derivates - case with unilateral agenesia of the deferent duct, kidney and left urether (n=1); Dysgenesia of the epididymis (n=5); Cysts of the epididymis (n=47); Agenesia of the deferential duct (n=48); Aplasia of the eja-culatorial duct (n=3). The following methods were used: open testicular biopsy by Vilar; objective findings in situ operation; bilateral epididymo - and deferentovesiculography; morphological specimens of the testicular and epididymal tissues; enzymohistochemical analysis of testicular specimens; the ejaculates and morphological analysis of spermatozoa were assessed for quality parameters by the standard protocol; enzymocytological research of spermatozoa in seminal fluid; biochemical analysis of seminal fluid fructose and citric acid concentrations; radioimmunoassay for measurements of blood FSH and testosterone concentration. Results: Most often observed localization of the malformations of mesonephronic canal is bilateral at 54.81%. The testicular specimens proved preserved testicular architecture and spermatogenesis, and the epididymal slides showed dilatation of the epididymal tubules, which were overfilled with a lot of spermatozoa. The strongest expression of the enzymichistochemical NADH-TR reactions is in the Sertoli cells. We observed spermatozoa with disrup-ted configuration among which the abnormalities in sperm head and acrosome were predominated. The biochemical analysis of seminal fluid proves normal citric acid and low or lack of fructose concentration in seminal fluid. There were no breaches in endocrine regulation of the reproductive process. Patients with congenital anomalies of mesonephronic canal have preserving fertility in 31.73%. There are morpho-functional disorders of the testes, epididymis and seminal ducts in 68.27%. Conclusion: There are normal spermatogenesis but definite sterility. These results necessitate an application of plastic reconstructive operation for recovery of fertilizing ability of the patients, or their involvement in ICSI programme. .

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Strote, G., I. Bonow, and S. Attah. "The ultrastructure of the anterior end of male Onchocerca volvulus: papillae, amphids, nerve ring and first indication of an excretory system in the adult filarial worm." Parasitology 113, no. 1 (July 1996): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066294.

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SUMMARYA detailed morphological investigation of the anterior sensory organs, the nerve ring and a glomerulus-like structure in male Onchocerca volvulus was performed by means of electron microscopy. The 8 head papillae are arranged in the common 4 + 4 pattern of most filarial worms in circles around the mouth opening. The amphidial openings are found between the circles of inner and outer papillae on both sides of the mouth. Inside, several additional nerve axons are seen in the tissue of the anterior tip not related to one of the identified papillar structures. The inner and outer papillae exhibit a remarkably different fine structure, and are part of a complex system of at least 2 different receptor cell types at the anterior tip of the worm. The amphidial channel contains 8 modified cilia; accessory axons are associated with the cytoplasm of the sheath cell. The anterior nerve ring of male worms is located about 150 µm posterior from the outermost tip of the head region. It consists of several fibres coiled around the oesophagus. The comparison of the fine structure of the central nervous system did not show the expected morphological differences associated with the heterogeneous age distribution in the natural worm population. This was in contrast to previous findings with respect to tissues in different parts of the worm. The study also provides the first evidence that suggests the existence of an excretory organ in a filarial worm in the region of the anterior nerve ring. Paired glomerulus-like structures in the lateral chords and a canal formed by a projection of the basal zone of the cuticle were identified.

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Nery, Breno, Victor Ribeiro Xavier Costa, Glaudir Donato Pinto, Andrey Maia Silva Diniz, Lucas Ribeiro de Moraes Freitas, Davi Coutinho Marcelino Guerra Leone, José Alencar de Sousa Segundo, Mariana Junqueira Reis Enout, Eduardo Quaggio, and Renan Lopez Rivero. "Nasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma after radiotherapy: Case report." Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 41, no. 01 (January 10, 2022): e85-e89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739269.

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Abstract Introduction Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a tumor originated from the epithelium of the glandular excretory ducts and has highly variable biological potential. It is the most prevalent cancer of the salivary glands. The present report aims to describe a case of nasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma that developed after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) treatment of a recurrent pituitary macroadenoma. Case Report Male patient, 62 years old, presented with recurrent nasal epistaxis on the right, associated with intense pulsatile headache, visual analogical scale (VAS) 10/10, with improvement only with the use of opioids and morphine. After undergoing oncological screening and study by imaging exams, the presence of an expansive seal lesion with suprasellar extension was seen, involving the medial wall of the cavernous segment of the right carotid artery and the anterior cerebral artery, as well as the presence of a new expansive lesion in the right nasal cavity, with ethmoid bone invasion superiorly and medial orbit wall invasion laterally, compressing the ipsilateral optic nerve canal. Discussion Sinonasal neoplasms represent a small portion of all malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract, accounting for < 5% of these neoplasms. The development of MEC involves risk factors such as occupational issues, history of trauma and surgery involving the nasal area, and radiation exposure, as in previous RT. Conclusion Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasia and can be associated with RT treatment, as used in cases of recurrent pituitary macroadenoma. In general, surgical resection to obtain free margins of neoplastic tissue is the aimed treatment, seeking better prognosis.

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KAMINSKYI, A. V., O. I. ZHDANOVYCH, T. V. KOLOMIICHENKO, R. I. ISMAILOV, and S. M. YANUTA. "CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY: ANAMNESIS, PREGNANCY AND CONSEQUENCES OF PREGNANCY (RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS)." Scientific digest of association of obstetricians and gynecologists of Ukraine, no. 1(47) (September 8, 2021): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35278/2664-0767.1(47).2021.242673.

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Cervical insufficiency (CI) remains one of the leading causes of miscarriage and premature birth. Purpose of the study: to determine the frequency of CI, the characteristics of the anamnesis, the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the state of the newborn and the identification of potential risk factors. Material and research methods. 8728 birth histories were analyzed, among which 166 (1.9%) stories of women whose pregnancy was complicated by CI were found. The main group consisted of 166 pregnant women with CI, the control group included 55 women without CI and other severe obstetric- gynecological and somatic pathologies. The results obtained and their discussion. The incidence of CI on average over 5 years was 1.9%. With CI, there is a significantly lower percentage of young women, and at the age of 35 and over - 27.1% of pregnant women versus 10.9% in the control group. Only one third (33.7%) of women with CI can be considered somatically healthy. The morbidity structure is dominated by endocrine pathology (30.7%), among which metabolic syndrome / obesity (19.9%) and diseases of the urinary excretory system (27.7%) are distinguished. High frequency of pathology of the cardiovascular system (21.1%) and autonomic dysfunction syndrome (25.9%), hepatobiliary pathology (15.1%), gastrointestinal diseases (19.3), allergic manifestations (16.9%). A third of patients (28.9%) have a combination of two or more somatic diseases. Every fourth woman has a history of an infectious pathology of the urinary excretory sphere (25.9). In 27.7% of patients - a combination of several infectious pathologies. Half of the patients (53.0%) had a complicated gynecological history: cervical ectopy (33.7%), chronic infectious diseases of the genital area (16.3%) and PCOS: (13.9%), synechiae of the uterine cavity (6.6 %) and congenital malformations of the genitals (3.0%). The combination of several gynecological pathologies was observed in 18.1% of women. Every fourth woman underwent an excision of the cervix (25.9%), 42.8% - intrauterine interventions with the expansion of the cervical canal, 59.2% of them two or more times. According to the obstetric anamnesis, spontaneous miscarriages and medical abortions in 27.7% and 33.7% of women, in 18.1% - a missed pregnancy, every fourth patient has premature birth (25.9%), and every 10th patient has suffered injuries cervix. With a current pregnancy, the threat of premature birth is most often noted (51.2%), in second place is an exacerbation of infection of the genitourinary sphere (41.0%) and the threat of premature birth (38.0%). High incidence of placental dysfunction (30.7%), gestational diabetes (13.9%), fetal growth retardation (12.0%) and preeclampsia (7.3%). Premature birth in 38.0% of cases, in 31.9% - premature rupture of membranes, delivery by cesarean section in 19.3% of cases. Noteworthy is the high frequency of intrauterine infection (13.9%). Conclusion. Based on the results of a retrospective analysis, after a more detailed assessment of possible risk factors for CI, the most informative ones will be identified and proposed for use in clinical practice.

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KORNEVA, J. V., B. I. KUPERMAN, and V. G. DAVYDOV. "Ultrastructural investigation of the secondary excretory system in different stages of the procercoid of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea, Triaenophoridae)." Parasitology 116, no. 4 (April 1998): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097002242.

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The formation of the definitive procercoid excretory system of the pseudophyllidean cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus has been investigated. This process can be divided into 3 main stages. In the first stage, active autophagic processes lead to the formation of intracellular excretory canals. In the second stage, the process of the autolysis is enhanced and the system of intercellular lacunae functioning as an excretory system is formed. A definitive excretory system of the procercoid forms at the next stage, by means of the migration and proliferation of undifferentiated cells replacing the lacunar system.

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Barthélémy, Roxane-Marie, Corinne Cuoc, Xavier Caubit, and Michel Brunet. "The shell glands in some calanoid copepods (Crustacea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-104.

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This study represents the first structural, ultrastructural, and biochemical investigation of the shell glands in calanoid copepods. These glands, located inside the points of the last prosomal segment, constitute voluminous syncytial secretory units, each of which extends into an excretory canalicule with a cellular or syncytial wall. The canalicules merge into two collector canals, or shell ducts, that rejoin the oviducts and then open into the egg-laying ducts. Each secretory unit synthesizes heterogeneous granules containing both light and predominantly dense material. Exocytosis of these mature secretory granules occurs in an apical excretory chamber. In freshwater species, the modifications observed during the secretory cycle emphasize a gradual discharge from the secretory units in the hours following laying. Cytochemical and biochemical studies of the secretions reveal the presence of N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine glycoconjugated proteins.

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Al-Hashimi, Hikmat, Travis Chiarelli, Erik A. Lundquist, and Matthew Buechner. "Novel exc Genes Involved in Formation of the Tubular Excretory Canals of Caenorhabditis elegans." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 1339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.200626.

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Varga-Parada, L., Marie Therese Merchant, Kaethe Willms, and J. P. Laclette. "Formation of calcareous corpuscles in the lumen of excretory canals of Taenia solium cysticerci." Parasitology Research 85, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050514.

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Schindler, Matthias, Michaela M. Hofmann, Dieter Wittmann, and Susanne S. Renner. "Courtship behaviour in the genus Nomada – antennal grabbing and possible transfer of male secretions." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65 (August 27, 2018): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.24947.

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Due to low population densities, copulation in the cuckoo bee genus Nomada has not previously been observed, although a seminal paper by Tengö and Bergström (1977) on the chemomimesis between these parasitic bees and their Andrena or Melitta hosts postulated that secretions from male glands might be sprayed onto females during copulation. Our observations on the initiation and insertion phase of copulation in three species of Nomada now indicate antennal grabbing as a mechanism by which chemicals are transferred between the sexes. Histological studies of the antennae of N.fucata and N.lathburiana reveal antennal modifications associated with cell aggregations that represent glandular cells, and SEM studies revealed numerous excretory canals.

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Fujita, Masaki, Dana Hawkinson, Kevin V. King, David H. Hall, Hiroshi Sakamoto, and Matthew Buechner. "The role of the ELAV homologue EXC-7 in the developmentof the Caenorhabditis elegans excretory canals." Developmental Biology 256, no. 2 (April 2003): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00040-x.

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Ko, R. C., and T. F. Ng. "Evaluation of excretory/secretory products of larval Taenia solium as diagnostic antigens for porcine and human cysticercosis." Journal of Helminthology 72, no. 2 (June 1998): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00016333.

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AbstractExcretory/secretory antigens (ES) of larval Taenia solium were obtained by maintaining the bladder worms in Medium 199 for 3 days. Analsysis by SDS-PAGE showed that ES antigens consisted of at least 19 polypeptides, with Mrranging from 14–116 kDa. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed eight bands with acidic pI. An immunocytolocalization study using the peroxidase method demonstrated the presence of ES epitopes on the tegument of the wall of the spiral canals of bladder worms. The specificity of ES antigens was evaluated by EITB, ELISA and FAST-ELISA using antisera against the common parasites of Chinese pigs and man. ES antigens cross-reacted with the antiserum against larval T. hydatigena of pigs. However, these antigens were generally more specific in diagnosing human cysticercosis. Three host-like molecules with molecular masses 43, 58 and 66 kDa were present in the ES products.

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Dabus, Guilherme de Castro, and Inês Minniti Rodrigues Pereira. "Tumor de Wilms extra-renal: relato de caso." Radiologia Brasileira 37, no. 4 (August 2004): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-39842004000400016.

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Um caso de tumor de Wilms extra-renal de localização retroperitoneal em uma paciente do sexo feminino de dois anos de idade é apresentado, associado a revisão de literatura. Foram realizados exames de radiografia simples do abdome, urografia excretora, ultra-sonografia e tomografia computadorizada sem e com contraste, que evidenciaram a presença de massa retroperitoneal adjacente ao rim direito. A paciente foi submetida a intervenção cirúrgica, com ressecção de toda a massa, sendo o diagnóstico de tumor de Wilms confirmado com exame anatomopatológico. O tumor de Wilms extra-renal é uma entidade extremamente rara e maligna, descrito na literatura principalmente sob a forma de relato de caso. Pode ocorrer no retroperitônio, útero e ovários, canal inguinal, testículos, pele, e até mesmo no tórax. O mecanismo exato que poderia explicar a ocorrência deste tumor em tecido extra-renal não foi bem estabelecido ainda. O diagnóstico é feito através do estudo anatomopatológico da lesão, geralmente após intervenção cirúrgica.

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Stringham, Eve, Nathalie Pujol, Joel Vandekerckhove, and Thierry Bogaert. "unc-53 controls longitudinal migration in C. elegans." Development 129, no. 14 (July 15, 2002): 3367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.14.3367.

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Cell migration and outgrowth are thought to be based on analogous mechanisms that require repeated cycles of process extension, reading and integration of multiple directional signals, followed by stabilisation in a preferred direction, and renewed extension. We have characterised a C. elegans gene, unc-53, that appears to act cell autonomously in the migration and outgrowth of muscles, axons and excretory canals. Abrogation of unc-53 function disrupts anteroposterior outgrowth in those cells that normally express the gene. Conversely, overexpression of unc-53 in bodywall muscles leads to exaggerated outgrowth. UNC-53 is a novel protein conserved in vertebrates that contains putative SH3- and actin-binding sites. unc-53 interacts genetically with sem-5 and we demonstrated a direct interaction in vitro between UNC-53 and the SH2-SH3 adaptor protein SEM-5/GRB2. Thus, unc-53 is involved in longitudinal navigation and might act by linking extracellular guidance cues to the intracellular cytoskeleton.

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Sohn, Woon-Mok, Byoung-Kuk Na, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, and Duk-Young Min. "Echinostoma macrorchis Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR and Morphologies of Adults from Experimental Animals." Korean Journal of Parasitology 57, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.657.

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We identified the echinostome metacercariae in Chinese mystery snails, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR with morphologies of adult worms recovered. Total 20 snails were examined with artificial digestion method and then the collected metacercariae were orally infected to a mouse and a rat. Adult worms recovered from experimental animals were observed with a light microscope and a SEM. The metacercariae were round, 125×123 µm in average size, with a moderately thick cyst wall, collar spines distributed in the head collar and excretory granules in 2 canals of excretory tube. Adult flukes (3-week-old in a rat) were elongated, ventrally curved and 5.310×1.023 mm in average size. Head collar distinct, bearing 43 collar spines with 5 end group ones on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, prepharynx very short, pharynx well developed, and esophagus relatively short. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and ventral sucker very large. Ovary round and on the median line of the body. Testes tandom and elongated. Eggs operculated, elliptical and 90×57 µm in average size. In the SEM observation, the head crown prominent, with 43 collar spines resembled with horns of younger stag. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the surface between the head collar and ventral sucker, and their densities were decreased posteriorly. Conclusively, the metacercariae detected in C. chinensis malleata from Lao PDR were identified as those of Echinostoma macrorchis based on the morphological characteristics of adult worms.

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Finkelstein, Yehuda, Asher Meshorer, Yoav P. Talmi, Yuval Zohar, Jacob Brenner, and Rivka Gal. "The Riddle of the Uvula." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 107, no. 3 (September 1992): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210700318.

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Since ancient times, the uvula has been a subject of interesting and contradictory observations. On the one hand, it was regarded as having a functional role in speech and in immunology, but on the other hand it was regarded as a potentially hazardous organ, possibly responsible for sudden infant death syndrome. None of these hypotheses, however, has been proved. In a previous study on patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, we suggested that the most important function of the uvula is connected with the muscularis uvulae. Its function could be related to drinking while bending over. This previous assumption was that the uvula is a philogenetic remnant from mammals that drink while bending their neck downward. In the present study, the soft palate of eight different mammals was macroscopically and microscopically studied and compared. Of all animals in the study, a small underdeveloped uvula was found only in two baboons. We found that the human uvula consists of an intermix of serous and seromucous glandular masses, muscular tissue, and large excretory canals. The serous and seromucous glands are absent in the other mammals. Thus, the uvula is a highly sophisticated structure, capable of producing a large quantity of fluid saliva that can be excreted in a short time. Both uvula and speech serve to differentiate human beings from animals. Our conclusion is that the uvula is possibly an accessory organ of speech, and may be another marker of human evolution that differentiates man from other mammals.

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Batchenko, Natalya Y., Olga G. Mokrushina, and Alania A. Gogichaeva. "Surgical treatment of newborns with small bowel atresia (literature review)." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care 10, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/psaic639.

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Intestinal atresia is a congenital obstruction of the lumen of the jejunum or ileum and is one of the most common causes of congenital obstruction in newborns. This literature review is devoted to the surgical treatment of newborns with various types intestinal atresia. Causes of intestinal atresia are considered, where a special role is assigned to the genetic theory, the expression of the nucleotide sequences ITGA2 873G/A and NPPA 2238T/C and antenatal circulatory disorders of the developing intestine. Topographical-anatomical and morphological characteristics of the intestine in newborns with intestinal atresia are studied in detail in articles. A table of revealed histomorphological features of the small intestine in children with atresia was compiled. In addition, processes occurring in the mucosa, submucosa, muscle, and serous membranes are described in detail. A relationship was found related to the size of the atresia site and duration of ischemia. The theory of neuromuscular regulation of the intestine is considered, in which an important role is assigned to interstitial pacemaker cells of Cajal. Variants of anastomosis depending on the difference in diameters of the adductor and excretory parts of the intestine are analyzed, and results of treatment in patients with laparoscopic access are described. The postoperative course of disease, development of complications, recurrent operative interventions, duration of parenteral nutrition, and onset of enteral load was evaluated. Conclusion. The choice of surgical technologies used to restore the patency of the intestinal tube is determined by the degree of discrepancy between diameters of anastomosed segments. The prognosis is not determined by tactics of surgical treatment, type of atresia, time before treatment, and presence of associated anomalies.

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Abdel-Gaber, R., F. Abdel-Ghaffar, A. R. Bashtar, K. Morsy, and R. Saleh. "Interactions between the intestinal cestode Polyonchobothrium clarias (Pseudophyllidea: Ptychobothriidae) from the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus and heavy metal pollutants in an aquatic environment in Egypt." Journal of Helminthology 90, no. 6 (January 8, 2016): 742–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15001054.

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AbstractIn an aquatic environment, there is a profound and inverse relationship between environmental quality and disease status of fish. Parasites are one of the most serious limiting factors in aquaculture. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out during the period of February–December 2014 to determine the parasitic infections in the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, relative to the capability of internal parasites to accumulate heavy metals. Up to 100 catfish were examined for gastrointestinal helminths and 38% of fish were found to be infected with the cestode Polyonchobothrium clarias. The morphology of this parasite species, based on light and scanning electron microscopy, revealed that the adult worm was characterized by a rectangular scolex measuring 0.43–0.58 (0.49 ± 0.1) mm long and 0.15–0.21 (0.19 ± 0.1) mm wide, with a flat to slightly raised rostellum armed with a crown with two semicircles each bearing 13–15 hooks, followed by immature, mature and gravid proglottids which were about 29–55 (45), 16–30 (24) and 15–39 (28) in number, respectively. The mature proglottid contained a single set of genitalia in which medullary testes measured 0.09–0.13 (0.11 ± 0.01) mm long and 0.05–0.08 (0.06 ± 0.01) mm wide; a bi-lobed ovary was situated near the posterior margin of the proglottid, extending laterally up to the longitudinal excretory canals; the tubular uterus arose from the ootype up to the anterior margin of the proglottid; and vitelline follicles were cortical. The greater portion of the gravid proglottid was occupied by a uterus filled with unoperculate and embryonated eggs. Chemical analysis confirmed that the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni and Pb) accumulated in P. clarias were higher than in fish tissues and values recommended by FAO/WHO, with the exception of Zn, which was found to be higher in fish kidneys than in the cestode. This supports the hypothesis that cestodes of fish can be regarded as useful bioindicators when evaluating the environmental pollution of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals.

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Yang, Zhe, Brendan C. Mattingly, David H. Hall, Brian D. Ackley, and Matthew Buechner. "Terminal web and vesicle trafficking proteins mediate nematode single-cell tubulogenesis." Journal of Cell Biology 219, no. 11 (August 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202003152.

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Single-celled tubules represent a complicated structure that forms during development, requiring extension of a narrow cytoplasm surrounding a lumen exerting osmotic pressure that can burst the luminal membrane. Genetic studies on the excretory canal cell of Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed many proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton, vesicular transport, and physiology of the narrow canals. Here, we show that βH-spectrin regulates the placement of intermediate filament proteins forming a terminal web around the lumen, and that the terminal web in turn retains a highly conserved protein (EXC-9/CRIP1) that regulates apical endosomal trafficking. EXC-1/IRG, the binding partner of EXC-9, is also localized to the apical membrane and affects apical actin placement and RAB-8–mediated vesicular transport. The results suggest that an intermediate filament protein acts in a novel pathway to direct the traffic of vesicles to locations of lengthening apical surface during single-celled tubule development.

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Al-Hashimi, Hikmat, David H. Hall, Brian D. Ackley, Erik A. Lundquist, and Matthew Buechner. "Tubular Excretory Canal Structure Depends on Intermediate Filaments EXC-2 and IFA-4 inCaenorhabditis elegans." Genetics, June 26, 2018, genetics.301078.2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301078.

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Özyurt Koçakoğlu, Nurcan, Selami Candan, and Mustafa Güllü. "Anatomical and histological descriptions of digestive canal and excretory system of Mylabris cernyi Pan & Bologna, 2014 (Coleoptera: Meloidae)." Oriental Insects, October 22, 2021, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2021.1991853.

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Nisa, N. UN, W. Khan, A. Khan, S. N. Das, N. Rafiq, K. Anwar, B. T. Khan, I. Ullah, M. Khan, and A. Alam. "Description of Lutziella swatensis sp.n. (Trematoda: Dicrocoelidae) from Rattus rattus in Swat, Pakistan." Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.225092.

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Abstract A new species of the genus Lutziella (Rohde, 1966) Yamaguti, 1971 is described here and named Lutziella swatensis sp.nov. from the liver of rat (Rattus rattus L.). The new species is characterized by having body flat, smooth, longer than broad with maximum width at the level of the ovary, oral sucker with weak musculature, pharynx small; eosophagus long; caeca of irregular shape which bifurcate on the anterior border of the ovary in to unequal portions, acetabulum weakly muscular, post-testicular, testes lobed, cirrus pouch somewhat median, small in size containing winding seminal vesicle, prostatic complex and short ejaculatory duct. Genital pore median. Ovary post testicular, submedian; seminal receptacle overlapping ovary, laurer’s canal present. Vitellaria follicular extending on each side from almost the level of testes to anterior portion of posterior half of the body. Uterus filled with eggs occupying most of the body, eggs oval rather small, numerous, brownish in colour, excretory vesicle tubular with terminal pore. Lutziella swatensis n. sp. is the second species of the genus known from Pakistan as well as the second species described from murid rodents in the world.

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Özyurt Koçakoğlu, Nurcan, and Selami Candan. "Ultrastructural Characterization of Salivary Glands, Alimentary Canal and Malpighian Tubules of the Red Shield Bug Carpocoris mediterraneus Tamanini, 1958 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)." Microscopy and Microanalysis, March 2, 2022, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927622000307.

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Abstract In this study, the gut structure and excretory system of Carpocoris mediterraneus which is phytophagous insect, were described with light and electron microscopies and discussed in relation to other Heteroptera species. The salivary system has two principal and accessory salivary glands, two principal and accessory gland ducts. The salivary gland and duct wall have a single layer of cuboidal cells. The duct lumen is surrounded by a thick intima layer. In the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells are seen vesicles. The gut includes fore, mid, and hindguts. The foregut consists of a long narrow tubular pharynx which opens into a slightly wider esophagus. The esophagus is thin walled and in turn opens into the midgut. The midgut has four regions (V1–V4). V1–V4 walls have a monolayered epithelium. V1 epithelium is double-nucleated. V1 cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, secretory granules, spherocrystals, and cytoplasmic inclusions. Rod-shaped bacteria are seen in V4 lumen. The hindgut has pylorus and rectum. Malpighian tubules were attached in the pylorus. Malpighian tubules have a single-layer cuboidal epithelium. In their lumen, there are spherocrystals. The rectum wall has a monolayer of squamous epithelium and muscle layer. Numerous bacteria and uric acid crystals are seen in its lumen.

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Arena, Anthony F., Julianna Escudero, and Daniel D. Shaye. "A metazoan-specific C-terminal motif in EXC-4/CLIC and Ga-Rho/Rac signaling regulate cell outgrowth during tubulogenesis in C. elegans." Development, November 18, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.200748.

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Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are conserved proteins whose cellular and molecular functions remain mysterious. An important insight into CLIC function came from the discovery that C. elegans EXC-4/CLIC regulates morphogenesis of the excretory canal (ExCa) cell, a single-cell tube. Subsequent work showed that mammalian CLICs regulate vascular development and angiogenesis, and human CLIC1 can rescue exc-4 mutants, suggesting conserved function in biological tube formation (tubulogenesis) and maintenance. However, the cell behaviors and signaling pathways regulated by EXC-4/CLICs during tubulogenesis in vivo remain largely unknown. We report a new exc-4 mutation, affecting a C-terminal residue conserved in virtually all metazoan CLICs, that revealed a specific role for EXC-4/CLIC in ExCa outgrowth. Cell culture studies suggest a function for CLICs in heterotrimeric G-protein (Ga/b/g)-Rho/Rac signaling, and Rho-family GTPases are common regulators of cell outgrowth. Using our new exc-4 mutant we describe a previously unknown function for Ga-encoding genes (gpa-12/Ga12/13, gpa-7/Gai, egl-30/Gaq, and gsa-1/Gas), ced-10/Rac, and mig-2/RhoG in EXC-4-mediated ExCa outgrowth. Our results demonstrate that EXC-4/CLICs are primordial players in Ga-Rho/Rac-signaling—a pathway critical for tubulogenesis in C. elegans and in vascular development.

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Carstensen, Heather R., Reinard M. Villalon, Navonil Banerjee, Elissa A. Hallem, and Ray L. Hong. "Steroid hormone pathways coordinate developmental diapause and olfactory remodeling in Pristionchus pacificus." Genetics 218, no. 2 (May 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyab071.

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Abstract Developmental and behavioral plasticity allow animals to prioritize alternative genetic programs during fluctuating environments. Behavioral remodeling may be acute in animals that interact with host organisms, since reproductive adults and the developmentally arrested larvae often have different ethological needs for chemical stimuli. To understand the genes that coordinate the development and host-seeking behavior, we used the entomophilic nematode Pristionchus pacificus to characterize dauer-constitutive mutants (Daf-c) that inappropriately enter developmental diapause to become dauer larvae. We found two Daf-c loci with dauer-constitutive and cuticle exsheathment phenotypes that can be rescued by the feeding of Δ7-dafachronic acid, and that are dependent on the conserved canonical steroid hormone receptor Ppa-DAF-12. Specifically at one locus, deletions in the sole hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) in P. pacificus resulted in Daf-c phenotypes. Ppa-hsd-2 is expressed in the canal-associated neurons (CANs) and excretory cells whose homologous cells in Caenorhabditis elegans are not known to be involved in the dauer decision. While in wildtype only dauer larvae are attracted to host odors, hsd-2 mutant adults show enhanced attraction to the host beetle pheromone, along with ectopic activation of a marker for putative olfactory neurons, Ppa-odr-3. Surprisingly, this enhanced odor attraction acts independently of the Δ7-DA/DAF-12 module, suggesting that Ppa-HSD-2 may be responsible for several steroid hormone products involved in coordinating the dauer decision and host-seeking behavior in P. pacificus.

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Zhang, Nan, Edward Membreno, Susan Raj, Hongjie Zhang, Liakot A. Khan, and Verena Gobel. "The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging." Journal of Visualized Experiments, no. 128 (October 3, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/56101.

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"Structure and function in the excretory system of archaeogastropods and their significance in the evolution of gastropods." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 310, no. 1145 (September 12, 1985): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0124.

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Three species of archaeogastropod mollusc, Monodonta lineata (da Costa), Emarginula reticulata Sowerby and Patella vulgata L. were selected as representative members of the Trochacea, Fissurellacea and Patellacea, respectively, for a comparative anatomical and ultrastructural study of the excretory system. Primary urine formation takes place by filtration of blood through the walls of the paired auricles in Monodonta and Emarginula and of the single auricle and ventricle in Patella . Urine then passes to right and left kidneys along the renopericardial canals. Contrary to earlier reports the two kidneys are different in structure and function in all three species, the larger right kidney retaining the primitive function of nitrogenous excretion, the left having a predominantly resorptive role and with a capacity to abstract from the blood solutes of larger molecular mass. The difference in the size of the two kidneys is exaggerated in Patella and Emarginula as a consequence of partial restoration of bilateral symmetry in these limpets. It has been possible to demonstrate at the ultrastructural level that the minute left kidney of Emarginula is functional. The vacuolated epithelial cells of the right kidney contain layered excretory spherules composed of purines, melanin and ferric iron in different proportions in the three genera. There is close similarity in the ultrastructural organization of these cells in Monodonta and Emarginula , but those of Patella show marked differences and their excretory spherules contain a higher proportion of melanin. The position of the left kidney in the mantle skirt, as exemplified by Monodonta , is believed to have arisen in the earliest gastropods correlated with the development of helical coiling. This was accompanied by a change in its blood vessels. It has lost its afferent renal vein, which primitively would have carried deoxygenated blood from the viscera, an arrangement which persists in the right kidney. The left efferent renal vein is reduced in Monodonta and lost in Patella and Emarginula . A new vessel has arisen linking left auricle and left kidney and there is evidence to suggest that it carries post-branchial oxygenated blood. It is believed to serve as both an afferent and major efferent route. The physiological implications of this change in the blood supply are discussed and held to be responsible for the functional differences between the two kidneys, creating conditions in the left which favour resorption of organic solutes and ions, and leaving the right kidney with the primary role of nitrogenous excretion. The evolution of the nephridial gland is examined in this context and is also believed to be correlated with the change in the blood supply to the left kidney. Ultrastructural evidence is given in support of its suggested resorptive function. The significance of the differences between right and left kidneys of archaeogastropods is discussed in relation to the evolution of the monotocardian excretory system, and the possible phylogenetic relationships of the groups of archaeogastropods are considered.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Excretory canal'

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