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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exclusive access'
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Salau, Aaron Olaniyi. "Right of access to information and its limitation by national security in Nigeria: mutually inclusive or exclusive?" Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25429.
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Section 39(1) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria guarantees freedom of expression, including the right to receive and impart information. Also, the domestication of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights' makes the Charter's protections for access to information part of Nigerian law. Indeed, sections 39(3) and 45(1) of the Constitution permit restrictions on access to information, but only by 'law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society'. Unfortunately, access to information in Nigeria is heavily circumscribed by statutes that confer absolute powers on the executive to classify information to protect vague 'national security' interests inconsistently with what is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. Underlying this problem are a colonial legacy of administrative secrecy that disdains disclosure of official information and clumsy constitutional rights provisions that accentuate security restrictions rather than the right to information. Using democratic theory as an analytical tool, this thesis advocates for the right of access to information as not just a constitutional value, but also a minimum requirement for the functioning of a democratic society. In so doing, it aims to curtail abuse of executive powers under national security laws that permit limitations on access to information. The thesis uses African human rights standards of reasonableness to evaluate how national security laws that limit access to information measure against constitutional standards of reasonableness and justifiability in a democratic society. The thesis finds that constitutional protection and jurisprudential recognition of the right of access to information in Nigeria do not comply with minimum international law requirements. The thesis ultimately suggests that limitation of access to information on grounds of national security must be in the public interest. In striking a balance between access to information and national security, it recommends a sufficient legislative description of 'national security' and clear constitutional framework for access to information, subject to restrictions only where harm to national security is demonstrably greater than access to information.
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Amador, Karina, and Natalie Salas. "MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN AN EXCLUSIVE LATINO COMMUNITY VERSUS A DIVERSE COMMUNITY." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/878.
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This study examined whether Latino immigrants’ community environment influenced perceptions about the meaning of mental health and accessing mental health services. The two environments analyzed in were an exclusively Latino community (primarily Latino members) and a diverse community (composed of different ethnicities including Latinos). The research method used in this study was a qualitative survey design. A semi-structured interview guideline with questions on the meaning of mental health, mental health services access, and community norms on mental health was utilized with 24 respondents. Responses were then analyzed to find themes. Findings from this study found similarities as well as differences in the two groups in seeking mental health services. Differences were more commonly in the details of the responses rather than in the themes of the responses. The finding will help social workers, who provide a large percentage of mental health services, understand the individual, the barriers, and the importance of social environments in seeking mental health services.
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Shipilina, Mariia. "Trade Mark Law and the Concept of Bad Faith : A fair balance between the protection of exclusive rights conferred on the proprietor and free access to the European market?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412977.
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The purpose of the research is the analysis of the concept of bad faith in the sphere of trade marks from the perspective of a fair balance of different interests of the trade mark proprietor and other undertakings in the European market. On the one hand, the starting point of European trade mark law is the protection of exclusive rights conferred on the owner of a registered mark. On the other hand, Article 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union guarantees the right to free access to the market. The research work analyses the scope of these conflicting rights and comes to the conclusion that the interests of trade mark law and market competition may have common ground despite different starting points between them. Bad faith behaviour in the market should also be assessed as an acute common issue. In that connection, the objective of the thesis is to examine how the balance of the interests is achieved in European trade mark legislation and in practice, whether this balance is fair when dealing with bad faith. Additionally, the thesis considers the issues of the definition of bad faith in European legislation and possible changes in the European trade mark system related to the concept of bad faith.
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Willaschek, Tomáš. "Backend pro kolaborativní programování v rozšířené realitě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445523.
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This thesis deals with the implementation and application of exclusive access for the ARCOR2 system, which is used for collaborative programming of robots, using augmented reality. The goal of this thesis is an analysis of default state, proposal, and implementation of an exclusive access solution for this system. The implementation is extensive and allows for a number of work scenarios, which require the usage of exclusive access. Scenarios are revealed by the system analysis. Based on the analysis proposal of a solution is created. The problem is resolved by creating a global lock manager, which is applied. Patterns of how the manager should be used, are defined in the work. The benefits of this work are effective and easygoing collaborative programming.
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Bose, Anuradha. "Rich pickings? : access and exclusion to solid wastes in Calcutta." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247163.
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Xie, Ailei, and 谢爱磊. "Guanxi exclusion in rural China: parental involvement and students' college access." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48329915.
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This study examines the differential patterns of access to higher education of students from rural areas in transition from a planned to a market economy. In respect to college access, the research argues that market reforms have reproduced the advantages for students from the cadre’s and the professional’s families while simultaneously creating new opportunities for the children of the new arising economic elite. Yet, it has performed less for traditional peasant families whose children still fail to gain access to college in proportions higher than the size of the population.
Based on the literature, this research places a special emphasis on how economic and cultural resources become the main influence on rural students? college access. The process dimension -- how families from different social backgrounds within rural society involve themselves in the schooling of their children and how this contributes to inequality of college access within rural society, are investigated.
This research unpacks this process by examining the school involvement experiences of parents in Zong, a county located in the province of Anhui. Parental involvement is conceptualized in terms of how economic and cultural resources are converted to social capital as part of family strategies within the increasingly stratified social context of rural China. The research identifies the consequences of activating different types of social networks within family and community, and also between family and school to facilitate this process by gaining advantages in access to college. Household interviews and field notes were used as the main methods of data collection with a range of parents and teachers involved in this ethnographic study.
The data analysis suggests that state, schools and teachers provide few formal and routine channels for rural parents to become involved in schooling. This raises the importance of family strategic initiatives to employ interpersonal social networks (guanxi) within family, community and between school and family. Parents from cadres and professional backgrounds are capable of maintaining these social networks that are useful for their children’s chances of entering higher education. Their counterparts from the new economic elites? backgrounds have developed the means to capitalize upon their families economic and cultural resources by converting them into social capital that creates advantages in college access for their children. Peasants, however, rely heavily on teachers and relatives in education and are substantially marginalized from those important interpersonal social networks of capital conversion.
Although this research found the structure constrains interpersonal social network of peasant families, it also highlights the agency of parents from different families. For example, in some cases it found, that peasants actively use their kinships to create chances for school involvement to potentially improve the chances of their children’s college access.
This research is one of the first empirical studies to inquire about the mechanism of capital conversion in affecting higher education opportunities in the post-socialist era, which will help to re-evaluate the influence of market reforms over rural education system in China.published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Sutherland, Laura A. "Right to Education - From Policy to Practice: Social Exclusion and Gender in Delhi's Primary Education System." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35008.
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This thesis explores patterns of access and experiences of meaningful access under India’s Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act) from a critical gender perspective (Fraser, 1997; Jackson, 1999). Within the RTE Act, special attention is given to Section 12(1)(c), the free private school seats provision. The argument is that in order to fully analyze education progress, research must advance beyond focusing on physical access to exploring indicators of meaningful access. This thesis discusses the construction of a quantitative variable, ‘silent exclusion’, as a composite drawn from wider qualitative research.
The first available data from the Insights into Education household survey in Delhi are analyzed using statistical and econometric techniques. It was found that private unaided recognized schools remain inaccessible for the most marginalized households. Child’s sex was not found to have a significant effect on school management choice, and both boys and girls attended privately and publically managed elementary schools in the sample. Four access issues pertaining to the free seat provision were identified: public awareness; reaching intended beneficiaries; low success rates for applicants; and continuing financial challenges for households accessing a free seat. In terms of children’s schooling experiences, low levels of silent exclusion were reported overall. Explicit displays of discrimination and exclusion were not found in the sample; however, less visible displays of exclusion were noted, such as a lack of leadership opportunities for children from lower income households, scheduled castes/tribes, and children attending government-managed schools. A lack of political and social pressure to fully implement the RTE Act at the local level is evident, which raises the question of how much a law in itself can bring about social change in the education sector.
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Hillman, Alexandra. "Negotiating access : practices of inclusion and exclusion in the performance of 'real' emergency medicine." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54338/.
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This ethnography examines how Accident and Emergency (A&E) operates as both threshold and gatekeeper. The study draws upon field work undertaken in the accident and emergency department of a major UK teaching hospital. Focussing on patients' and staffs' everyday practices and interactions, the study shows how, and in what moments, medical, administrative and cultural classifications are drawn upon to legitimate and contest different interests. The exploration of categorisation and classification practices is important, not only for a better understanding of A&E as a site in which access to important life chances are negotiated, but also for understanding more about the relations between medicine and socio-cultural classification, and the consequences for those enrolled in their re-making. A&E is shown to be an important sociological site in which forms of knowledge, moral values and relations of power are produced. The thesis situates itself between a body of sociological research that focuses on medical practices as socially constructed, and that pays attention to how medicine re-produces socio-cultural classification, and a set of literatures that account for medicine as particular forms of knowledge. Building on an emergent tradition of research that extends and moves beyond this division, the thesis adopts a particular view of medical knowledge practice that is performative, existent in and through social relations, not only the social relations that occur between people and between people and materials, but also the relations that occur with other modes of ordering such as those produced through clinical governance guidelines. The thesis shows how staff continually perform 'real' emergency medicine. 'Real' emergency medicine is shown to be produced in a number of different ways. It is often accounted for as purely clinical, and as a knowledge practice that relies upon a specific form of medical perception and clinical practice. However, in their accounts of those persons presenting at A&E who fall beyond the boundaries of the purely clinical, members help to accomplish what the 'real' is not. In other moments 'real' emergency medicine includes the organisation and rationing of resources through medical staffs' managing of clinical expertise. Finally, during processes of patient assessments 'real' emergency medicine can be accomplished through patient's own performance of good citizenship as they negotiate their access to health services. Thus, in developing 'accessing' as its central trope, the study shows how A&E as a critical site, is one in which medicine emerges as deeply implicated in mundane practices of social inclusion and exclusion.
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Riddlesden, Dean. "Expanding the Big E-Society : a contemporary model of Internet access, exclusion and investment." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3004566/.
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Since inception in the mid 1990s, the Internet has become increasingly commonplace, engendering benefits for everyday life across multiple domains, including; information access, education, entertainment, retail and governance. Although such advantages are wide-reaching, access to, and engagement with the Internet is not evenly distributed across physical space or societal groups. Such disparities have been the focus of numerous academic and government studies within the contemporary period, attempting to isolate those physical and socio-economic factors that may impact Internet access and engagement. This thesis is comprised of five empirical chapters and two published papers. The empirical chapters broadly cover; a review of relevant literature, a study of broadband performance and access within the national context, a study of engagement patterns, the creation of a nested typology of Internet use and engagement and an example study demonstrating the application of the nested typology.
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Ullah, Abid. "Mechanisms for Enhancing Spectrum Utilization in a Spectrum Access System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84932.
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The goal of this thesis is to build a Protected Shared Access Model (PSAM) through database enabled Spectrum Access System (SAS). A model for the SAS is proposed, which is based on our vision for the SAS as a more dynamic and responsive architecture as a geolocation database than the current TVWS database. Major functions and capabilities of the model include, calculations of exclusion zone (EZ) of primary users with different operational parameters, use interference estimation techniques for predicting interference levels
that will be generated by the new secondary users (SUs) and existing systems operating in the database service area, allocate location based transmit power levels and provide an algorithm for communications among the PUs, SUs, and the SAS to implement management and authorization framework of spectrum resources to different types of SUs.
The selection of a propagation model is of utmost importance in spectrum sharing studies. Existing literature on EZs with simplified propagation models does not consider the effect of LOS interference between the PU to SU link and SU to PU link on peak points in the terrain area around the PU. The use of a terrain profile based model captures the essence of propagation over irregular terrain. Terrain regions that are far away from the PU may have a LOS between the PU and SU. So its not only the nearest area where the PU/SU can get interference, but interference is present from areas further away on high grounds having a direct LOS with the PU antenna. The exclusion zone computation with terrain profile based propagation model captures this effect, and it is the same effect that makes the shape of the exclusion zone irregular. So the propagation model used in spectrum sharing studies must be able to use the terrain for the specific geographical area for precise propagation calculations, and provide statistical reliability parameters for the computed propagation values for area of interest.
For a multi-tier shared access model with incumbent access (IA) users, priority access (PA) users and general authorized access (GAA) users. The SU interference tolerance thresholds varies by the type of SU's i-e., PA users like public safety systems and mission critical users have low tolerance for interference and hence need to operate further from the PU. While GAA users like commercial broadband systems have higher interference tolerances and can operate closer to the PU. This multi-tier shared access model requires varying levels of interference protection from PU, that can be provided with multiple exclusion zones defined for different types of SU's.
We propose the concept of differential spectrum access hierarchy, and define it in the context of a multi-tiered EZs that are based on quantiles of tolerable interference levels for different tiers of SUs. We also quantify and show the gain in SU capacity (or throughput) obtained by using multi-tiered EZs for different tiers of SUs. Using simulation results, we show that the size of EZs can be significantly reduced with the use of a terrain profile-based propagation model that takes into account terrain profile for signal attenuation between PUs and SUs in the P2P link.
The exclusion zones involve the use of interference test points at the circumference of the protection contour of the PU. They are monitoring test points that the SAS uses with a propagation model and locations of SUs to calculate interference. Consider a model of Figure 5.1, the coexistence environment with PU, SU and the SAS with a database. As more SUs enter the system, their transmit powers creates interference for the PUs. In the event of SU interference exceeding a predefined threshold level at any of the test points, the SAS uses an interference based power control algorithm to turnoff the nearest dominant interferer's. Turning off the dominant interferers eliminates interference generated by that node at the PU. This nearest node interference cancellation significantly reduces the outage probability at the PU.
Unlike existing metrics for spectrum utilization efficiency that considers separate metrics for PU interference protection and maximum use of the band for secondary use, we define a new metric for spectrum utilization efficiency. This metric uses utility functions and cost functions to measure the impact of secondary use of the spectrum on PUs as well as the degree of satisfaction SUs can achieve from reuse of such spectrum. The new spectrum utilization metric is used to evaluate tradeoffs between interference protection of PUs and SU spectrum utilization.Ph. D.
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Wilson, Kelly Robyn. "Do women reap the benefits? Exploring access and social exclusion among village chicken producers in Kenya." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563200862443867.
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Gonzalez, Ortega Omar. "STUDY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL-FUNCTION AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHIC ADSORBENTS HAVING SIZE EXCLUSION AND ADSORPTION PROPERTIES TO ISOLATE, PURIFY AND RECOVER SMALL BIOMOLECULES FROM COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL MIXTURES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195896.
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In this work, the main emphasis of the research concerns the development of isolation and purification methods of biomolecules from biological fluids. Several separation techniques were incorporated in chromatographic gels to obtain multifunctional hybrid chromatographic separation media for proteins, peptides and amino acid isolation and purification.In the first part of the research, several chelating agents were synthesized and their effectiveness to purify immunoglobulins using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) was investigated. Ethylenediamine triacetic acid (TED) with immobilized copper resulted in the most effective in terms of purification and protein capacities.The next part of the work involved the development of hybrid chromatographic media that combines protein specific adsorption with sharp controlled size access permeation. This was accomplished by incorporating two types of ligand derivatives, one that permits the permeation of only certain molecular size range compounds, and a second one that specifically binds target biomolecules among the compounds of that specific molecular size range. Hybrid systems included binding ligands for Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC), Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEX) and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) combined with a controlled access polymer at different densities such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran derivatives. In general, low grafting density of high molecular weight PEG was found to be as effective as high grafting density of low molecular weight PEG in the rejecting properties of the semi-permeable synthesized media.Theoretical and experimental batch adsorption studies were also performed with the hybrid media and a mathematical model was developed to study the uptake of proteins under specific conditions of controlled permeation.In the last stage of this work, chelating surfactants were synthesized and used as reversible affinity ligands on reversed phase adsorbents for protein separations.One of the main accomplishments of this research was the development of separation media for small molecular size compounds from larger molecules and from complex biological systems. Applications of special interest will include the isolation and purification of solutes, such as metal ions, toxins, drugs, biomolecules, including proteins, biotoxins, nucleic acids, peptides, hormones, and biomarkers from biological fluids (such as human serum, urine, etc.) and from aqueous solutions.
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Ndlovu, Godfrey. "Access to financial services: towards an understanding of the role and impact of financial exclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28085.
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This thesis investigates the nature and extent of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It sequentially investigates this in three related studies. The first study examines the impact of access to finance on poverty, while the second investigates the extent to which cross-country structural and macroeconomic variations contribute to the observed variations in the levels of financial inclusion. Finally, because both financial inclusion and financial stability have been embraced as key policy initiatives over the past decade, the third study examines the nature of relationship between these two policy goals. The first paper uses household-level data from FinScope Surveys conducted in eight SSA countries between 2014 and 2015 to examine the impact of access to finance on household wealth. The few studies which have looked at this relationship in the past apply a linear estimation and thus inadvertently assume a uniform distribution across all levels of poverty. This study examines the heterogeneous impact of access to finance along the entire wealth distribution line using a Re-centered Influence Function (RIF) regression model. Further, to eliminate potential endogeneity, an instrumental variable quantile approach is implemented. Results from both estimations indicate that the unconditional effect of access to finance on poverty is non-monotonic. For most of the countries, the effect is highest at the median level, and very low at the bottom of the wealth index. This suggests that the extension of formal financial services disproportionately benefits the middle-class more than the very-poor and rich categories. The second paper uses macroeconomic data obtained from various World Bank databases over the period 2004-2014 to examine the extent to which the observed cross-country variations in financial inclusion are mirrored by country-specific structural and macroeconomic characteristics. To conceptualize, the study uses a benchmark model to establish the optimal level of financial inclusion given the country's fundamentals, and thus provide a meaningful cross-country comparison. The key structural and policy factors that determine the extent of the gap between the actual and predicted levels of access to finance are analysed via a fixed-effects model based on selected SSA countries. The results suggest the existence of a gap in access to finance within the region, compared to their potential. The gap is wider in banking systems with high concentration, low proportion of foreign banks and poor economic conditions. The final paper empirically examines the theoretical ambiguity between financial inclusion and stability. Theory provides conflicting views on whether the two are complimentary, or mutually exclusive. This paper examines this dynamic relationship via a system-GMM panel estimation model using a panel of 40 countries from the SSA region over the period 2004-2014, while controlling for both bank-specific and macroeconomic-wide factors. The results indicate that financial inclusion has a positive impact on bank stability, however, high market power within the banking systems and poor institutional framework tends to undermine the impact of financial inclusion on stability. Overall, the results provide evidence that the existing portfolio of formal financial services does not provide sustainable solutions to poverty eradication in terms of meeting the unique needs of the poorer members of the societies. This ultimately widens the gap between the poorest and the middle-class which further complicates the poverty structure. Therefore, there is a need for more investment on improving both the range of existing product offering and the financial capabilities of the poor, in order to improve their participation in financial markets. Demand-side policies should focus on increasing the bankable population by improving both awareness and usage of financial services and products. Supply-side policies should seek to eliminate market frictions by reducing concentration levels, improve competiveness through relaxation of entry restrictions, and opening the market to foreign institutes and non-banking players, and thus improve innovation in both new products offering and service delivery. This work further argues that financial inclusion is not only a developmental or welfare issue, but has positive ramifications on the banking system. Therefore, to be effective financial inclusion policies should adopt a market systems approach to development, which recognizes the importance of support structures and seek to benefit the poor by incentivizing service providers to improve product quality, variety and returns, and thus create value throughout the value chain. An effective approach should also embrace the role of macro-prudential regulatory and supervisory framework, as an indispensable tool, not only in governing the behavior of financial services providers, but because of its efficacy in building consumer confidence- a key element for increased access and usage of financial services.
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Solomon, Mark Deon. "Capability theory, school dropout, exclusion and inclusion. The case of Youth Care School." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8471.
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Magister Educationis - MEdThe study was prompted by the need to look at alternative options to mainstream education for learners who are too old for their grade, who have opted out of the education system but find themselves wanting to re-access the education system. Mainstream schooling seems a difficult option for many learners who would like to complete their basic education but find that they have problems fitting in the multi-age classroom. If they are too old for their grade, they are at risk of dropping out. Following a review of the literature around access, re-access, over-age, dropout, exclusion, inclusion, capability and a methodological approach to the study, the analysis will focus on the Youth Care School, a school for age-inappropriate learners as a form of intervention. This is a day school operating independently from the Western Cape Education Department, taking on learners who are too old for their grade, who would otherwise be on the streets. The theoretical perspective of the study will focus on the capability theory and alternative schools as forms of capability development.
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Powell, S. Jacob. "ZipperOTF: Automatic, Precise, and Simple Data Race Detection for Task Parallel Programs with Mutual Exclusion." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8659.
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Data race in parallel programs can be difficult to precisely detect, and doing so manually can often prove unsuccessful. Task parallel programming models can help reduce defects introduced by the programmer by restricting concurrent functionalities to fork-join operations. Typical data race detection algorithms compute the happens-before relation either by tracking the order that shared accesses happen via a vector clock counter, or by grouping events into sets that help classify which heap locations are accessed sequentially or in parallel. Access sets are simple and efficient to compute, and have been shown to have the potential to outperform vector clock approaches in certain use cases. However, they do not support arbitrary thread synchronization, are limited to fork-join or similar structures, and do not support mutual exclusion. Vector clock approaches do not scale as well to many threads with many shared interactions, rendering them inefficient in many cases. This work combines the simplicity of access sets with the generality of vector clocks by grouping heap accesses into access sets, and attaching the vector clock counter to those groupings. By combining these two approaches, access sets can be utilized more generally to support programs that contain mutual exclusion. Additionally, entire blocks can be ordered with each other rather than single accesses, producing a much more efficient algorithm for data race detection. This novel algorithm, ZipperOTF, is compared to the Computation Graph algorithm (an access set algorithm) as well as FastTrack (a vector clock algorithm) to show comparisons in empirical results and in both time and space complexity.
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Rubilar, Morales Rosa Lidia. "Identidad Mapuche: Estudio en jóvenes con acceso a estudios superiores y nacidos en Santiago de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113341.
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Magíster en Antropología y DesarrolloEsta investigación buscó describir los elementos presentes en la constitución de identidad en jóvenes mapuche con acceso a estudios superiores y nacidos en Santiago de Chile. Para ello se identificó y describió sus conceptos, ideas y juicios respecto a la cultura originaria tanto urbana como rural, sus vinculaciones con el mundo indígena y sus expectativas de inclusión relacionadas con su participación formal en la educación superior. El enfoque teórico escogido fue la psicopoiésis de Thumala-Dockendorff (2010), sumado al enfoque de inclusión/exclusión propuesto por Niklas Luhmann (2007). La información se obtuvo a través de metodología cualitativa, específicamente, entrevistas semiestructuradas, a las narraciones se les aplicó el análisis estructural semántico. La investigación estuvo dirigida a obtener información que permitiera dar luces respecto a la hipótesis inicial de que estos jóvenes mapuches, al tener la experiencia de discriminación en el sistema escolar básico y medio, al no haber sido socializados en la cultura originaria de sus padres y con el propósito de alcanzar la inclusión social a través de su ingreso a la educación superior invisibilizan su cultura de origen. Entre los principales hallazgos esta el que en las observaciones de estos(as) jóvenes se encuentra, que en Santiago no es posible desarrollar una identidad étnica y ser profesional porque ser mapuche significa vivir en el sur, en contacto con las prácticas culturales ancestrales y en Santiago hay que estudiar y trabajar para ser incluidos socialmente, dejando de lado la cultura mapuche.
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Morales, Cerda Natalia Paz. "Acciones afirmativas en el acceso a la educación superior en Chile. Desigualdad estructural y mérito como factor de exclusión." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138596.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)El acceso a la educación superior en Chile está fuertemente condicionado por el contexto socioeconómico del postulante. En efecto, solo 2 de cada 10 alumnos pertenecientes al 10% de la población de menores ingresos, mientras que 9 de cada 10 jóvenes pertenecientes al 10% del grupo de más ingresos acceden al sistema de educación superior. Lo anterior nos lleva necesariamente a cuestionar los mecanismos de acceso a este sistema desde el prisma del derecho a la igualdad y no discriminación, afirmando que las medidas de acción afirmativa son el mecanismo idóneo para garantizar el goce del derecho a la educación superior de aquellos grupos históricamente excluidos del sistema. Con dicho propósito en mente, en la presente memoria de prueba para optar al grado de Licenciada en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, se analiza el contenido normativo del derecho a la educación tanto en el derecho doméstico como en el derecho internacional. Luego, se analiza el principio de igualdad y no discriminación a partir de las concepciones teóricas propuestas por Amartya SEN, Martha NUSSBAUM y Roberto SABA, y su relevancia en el derecho a la educación. Posteriormente, se analizan exhaustivamente las medidas de acción afirmativa: su origen y desarrollo histórico en Estados Unidos y Europa, y su consagración en el sistema internacional de derechos humanos, con especial énfasis en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos. Finalmente, a partir de las nociones teóricas expuestas en los capítulos I, II y III, en el capítulo IV se expondrán los argumentos que permitan justificar la tesis propuesta y descartar los motivos para rechazar la adopción de este tipo de medidas como un arma contra la estratificación social en el sistema educativo
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Nicholson, Laura. "The health, support needs, access to healthcare services and social exclusion of adults with intellectual disabilities living in rural areas : a rural-urban comparison." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3738/.
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Background: Almost all intellectual disabilities research is conducted in urban areas, and very little is known about the population of adults with intellectual disabilities living in rural areas. It is important to know whether there are significant rural-urban differences, in order to provide appropriate services and address inequalities. In particular, the general rural population is known to be disadvantaged with respect to access to healthcare and social exclusion. Adults with intellectual disabilities are also disadvantaged in these areas, and therefore adults with intellectual disabilities living in rural areas may have a double disadvantage. Method: A sample of adults with intellectual disabilities living in a rural area on the West Coast of Scotland participated in a face-to-face semi-structured interview; their medical notes were also accessed. Demographics, healthcare, access to services, daytime opportunities, access to community facilities, recent contact with others, the quality of personal relationships, and area deprivation by postcode were measured. Data were already available for a pre-existing urban sample. Data were analysed using direct comparison and binary logistic regression. Results: A representative sample of adults with intellectual disabilities from rural (n=39) and urban (n=633) areas were compared. There were no significant rural-urban differences over a wide range of variables including: age, gender, ethnicity, level of intellectual disabilities, mental ill health and common co-morbidities such as mobility, visual impairment, incontinence and epilepsy. Both direct comparison and binary logistic regression showed the rural sample to have had significantly more contact with primary (Odds Ratio = 4.02, 95% CI 1.56 -10.35, P = 0.004) and secondary health care (OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.81 – 8.55, P = 0.001.) Participants from rural areas were significantly more likely to have any regular daytime opportunity (Odds Ratio = 10.8, 95% CI = 2.3 – 51.5) including employment (OR = 22.1, 95% CI = 5.7 - 85.5) and attending resource centres (OR = 6.7, 95% CI = 2.6 – 17.2) than were participants from urban areas. They were also more likely to have been on holiday (OR = 17.8, 95% CI = 4.9 – 60.1); however, were less likely to use community facilities on a regular basis. Participants from urban and rural areas had a similar number of contacts with other people in a wide range of situations, but the quality of relationships may have been less close in rural areas. Finally, rural participants lived in significantly less deprived areas (Mann Whitney U = 7826, Z = -3.675, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: There were no significant demographic and health differences between the rural and urban samples. The study was underpowered with respect to some of these findings, and some results may reflect a Type II error. Nevertheless this is an important negative finding. Contrary to original hypothesis, the rural sample was found to have better access to healthcare services, had better opportunities and lived in less deprived areas than adults with intellectual disabilities living in urban areas. However, the results suggest that the rural sample may not have held such positive or close relationships, and this may be important when considering the subjective experience of social exclusion. Additional qualitative sub-study: A qualitative sub-study investigated the difficulties experienced with recruitment to the original study. 10 semi-structured telephone interviews were held with professionals who had helped with recruitment. These were transcribed verbatim and anonymised, then analyzed using the Framework approach. A number of themes arose, including participant factors (interview anxiety, worry about negative feedback), the importance of the researcher (using a personal approach, meeting potential participants prior to recruitment) and motivators (enjoyment of the research interview (participant), obtaining a medical assessment (carer)). The themes were then used to generate strategies to improve recruitment to intellectual disabilities research: these include the research team applying a more personal approach, and considering motivators for both participants and carers. The findings of this study have implications in terms of both time and money. However, successful recruitment is essential to intellectual disabilities research, and the results can be used by intellectual disabilities researchers to review and improve their recruitment processes.
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Bhattarai, Sudeep. "Spectrum Efficiency and Security in Dynamic Spectrum Sharing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82872.
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We are in the midst of a major paradigm shift in how we manage the radio spectrum. This paradigm shift in spectrum management from exclusive access to shared access is necessitated by the growth of wireless services and the demand pressure imposed on limited spectrum resources under legacy management regimes. The primary constraint in any spectrum sharing regime is that the incumbent users (IUs) of the spectrum need to be protected from harmful interference caused due to transmissions from secondary users (SUs). Unfortunately, legacy techniques rely on inadequately flexible and overly conservative methods for prescribing interference protection that result in inefficient utilization of the shared spectrum.
In this dissertation, we first propose an analytical approach for characterizing the aggregate interference experienced by the IU when it shares the spectrum with multiple SUs. Proper characterization of aggregate interference helps in defining incumbent protection boundaries, a.k.a. Exclusion Zones (EZs), that are neither overly aggressive to endanger the IU protection requirement, nor overly conservative to limit spectrum utilization efficiency. In particular, our proposed approach addresses the two main limitations of existing methods that use terrain based propagation models for estimating the aggregate interference. First, terrain-based propagation models are computationally intensive and data-hungry making them unsuitable for large real-time spectrum sharing applications such as the spectrum access system (SAS). Second, terrain based propagation models require accurate geo-locations of SUs which might not always be available, such as when SUs are mobile, or when their locations are obfuscated for location privacy concerns.
Our second contribution in this dissertation is the novel concept of Multi-tiered Incumbent Protection Zones (MIPZ) that can be used to prescribe interference protection to the IUs. Based on the aforementioned analytical tool for characterizing the aggregate interference, we facilitate a framework that can be used to replace the legacy notion of static and overly conservative EZs with multi-tiered dynamic EZs. MIPZ is fundamentally different from legacy EZs in that it dynamically adjusts the IU's protection boundary based on the radio environment, network dynamics, and the IU interference protection requirement. Our extensive simulation results show that MIPZ can be used to improve the overall spectrum utilization while ensuring sufficient protection to the IUs.
As our third contribution, we investigate the operational security (OPSEC) issue raised by the emergence of new spectrum access technologies and spectrum utilization paradigms. For instance, although the use of geolocation databases (GDB) is a practical approach for enabling efficient spectrum sharing, it raises a potentially serious OPSEC problem, especially when some of the IUs are federal government entities, including military users. We show that malicious queriers can readily infer the locations of the IUs even if the database's responses to the queries do not directly reveal such information. To address this issue, we propose a perturbation-based optimal obfuscation strategy that can be implemented by the GDB to preserve the location privacy of IUs. The proposed obfuscation strategy is optimal in the sense that it maximizes IUs' location privacy while ensuring that the expected degradation in the SUs' performance due to obfuscated responses does not exceed a threshold.
In summary, this dissertation focuses on investigating techniques that improve the utilization efficiency of the shared spectrum while ensuring adequate protection to the IUs from SU induced interference as well as from potential OPSEC threats. We believe that this study facilitates the regulators and other stakeholders a better understanding of mechanisms that enable improved spectrum utilization efficiency and minimize the associated OPSEC threats, and hence, helps in wider adoption of dynamic spectrum sharing.Ph. D.
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Brocard, Nicole. "Soins, secours et exclusion : établissements hospitaliers et assistance dans le diocèse de Besançon, XIVe et XVe siècles /." Besançon : Paris : Presses universitaires franc-comtoises ; diff. les Belles lettres, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369726606.
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Beckert, Barbara [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Dittrich, and Heiko [Gutachter] Faust. "A post-frontier in transformation: land relations between access, exclusion and resistance in Jambi province, Indonesia / Barbara Beckert ; Gutachter: Christoph Dittrich, Heiko Faust ; Betreuer: Christoph Dittrich." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1126724785/34.
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Beckert, Barbara Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] [Dittrich, and Heiko [Gutachter] Faust. "A post-frontier in transformation: land relations between access, exclusion and resistance in Jambi province, Indonesia / Barbara Beckert ; Gutachter: Christoph Dittrich, Heiko Faust ; Betreuer: Christoph Dittrich." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3DBD-F-5.
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Bonder, Emma. "Får jag vara med? : Tillträdesstrategier och uteslutningsstrategier i förskoleklassens fria lek." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-71114.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about how children in a preschool class use access strategies and exclusion strategies in the free play. Also why children exclude each other during play. The questions of the study are: What access strategies do children in preschool class use during the free play? What exclusion strategies do children in preschool class use during the free play? Why do children exclude each other during play? To investigate this, I have been non-participating observer in a preschool class. I have used the fifteen access strategies of William Corsaro (1979) and Tellgren's (2004) eight exclusion strategies. The result of the study shows that the preschool class children often use verbal access strategies together with nonverbal strategies. And that those strategies together are more successful than to only use the non-verbal access strategies. The results also indicate that the children's exclusion strategies take place more discreet and inside the play. The children exclude each other to protect their established communities or play groups. The children at the top of the hierarchy are the ones who determines which ones should be included and excluded. My conclusion is that children are skilled users of play strategies and they learn from each other what access strategies are working and what exclusion strategies are being accepted by other children and by the teachers.
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Isoluoma, Rebecca, and Erika Östgren. "Får alla vara med? : En studie om hur förskollärare förstår barns inkludering och exkludering." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för utbildningsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29085.
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Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap om hur förskollärare agerar och stödjer barn i deras tillträde i den fria leken samt undersöka vilka tillträdesstrategier som används av barnen utifrån ett förskollärarperspektiv. Studien är kvalitativ och använder semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju förskollärare som metod. Data transkriberades och analyserades genom att använda Corsaros studier med begreppen tillträdesstrategier samt kamratkulturer. Vid analysen framkom två teman: stöttning och tillgänglighet samt ”får jag vara med?”. Båda teman har flera underrubriker. Studien visar att det fanns två olika uppfattningar kring stöttning och tillgänglighet, där den aktiva förskolläraren uppfattas som att förebygga exkludering långsiktigt medan den avvaktande förskolläraren har en mer kortsiktig plan och löser problemen som finns här och nu. Studien visar även förskollärarnas upplevelser kring barnens hinder och vägar till lek och vilka tillträdesstrategier som förskollärarna anser fungerar mer eller mindre bra för att få tillträde till den fria leken. En slutsats som framkom i vår studie utifrån tillträdesstrategier ur ett förskollärarperspektiv är att det inte är den strategi som förskollärarna uppfattar förekommer mest som är den som oftast leder till lek, något som även Corsaro har kommit fram till i sina studier.Fastställt via akademichefsbeslut HIG-STYR 2019/7 den 2019-01-07
Daniel Petterson, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik och Erika Björklund, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik går in som examinatorer på PEG700 under veckorna 1 till och med 3, 2019 då Peter Gill, prof. Pedagogik, gått i pension från och med 2019-01-01.
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Naidoo, David. "Institutional inclusion in Higher Education: an analysis of the experiences of access, belonging and participation of international/ foreign students at the University Of Cape Town." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33880.
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Despite the ongoing global conflicts, wars, disputes and crises which face the world, education is one of the forces enabling global unity. Cultural enrichment, through ‘semesters away,' student exchange programmes and the marketing of ‘ivy-league' education online, have resulted in an explosion in student migration. However, international student migration is not a new concept, dating back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in Europe, where foreign students formed communities at recognized universities. The value of global migration in the realm of academics, has gained increasing attention in light of the tremendous value migrant students add to host countries' cultural, political and academic landscapes. However, the largest contribution relates to economic gain, which earns host countries billions of US dollars. While migrant students may be ‘welcome' into host communities, evidence points to issues surrounding homesickness, xenophobia, acculturative stress and social adjustment. One of the largest pull factors in student migration is the issue of university rankings. The University of Cape Town (UCT) is described as the ‘Harvard' of Africa due to its global and local ranking. The institution is ranked 1st in Africa and 136th in the world, in part for its international outlook (staff, students and research collaboration) (Times Higher Education, 2020). It is for this reason that students from across the globe traverse to South Africa to obtain a recognised qualification. The seductive power of UCT as a highly ranked university, exerts a tacit, subtle power over IS. Although there is this academic attraction, student experiences of access, participation and belonging may be questionable. Apart from seductive power, overt power, as seen in the application process for visas, study permits and inflated fees for IS, may create barriers to entry. Migrant student experiences may also be affected by the recent and continued volatility in the higher education landscape. Student mass action, centred on the calls for the #feesmustfall / #rhodesmustfall (‘fallist movements') and calls to decolonise higher education, have taken centre stage in the South African academic landscape. This begs the question of where and how IS fit into the struggle of the host nation. Students' ability to cope and acculturate into the host society is influenced by socio-cultural capital, determined largely by their country of origin (global north versus global south). In this regard IS may experience acceptance or marginalisation based on their social capital or by how they are viewed and accepted by the host nation. Students can also build resilience through assimilation, integration and self- marginalisation. The role of host societies and institutions in assisting migrant students to cope with the acculturation process and culture shock is globally, well documented. This researched is aimed at uncovering issues of access, participation and belonging of IS at the University of Cape Town. The aim of this study was explored by asking the following questions: What are the lived experiences of access, belonging and participation of international students at the University of Cape Town? Sub questions: i. What factors motivated students to migrate to South Africa? ii. How did IS experience and negotiate their experiences during the application process? iii. What were their experiences during registration and orientation? iv. What were their experiences academically and socially? v. How did they negotiate their transition from their home countries to South Africa? vi. What are the differences in experience between IS from varying socio-economic, cultural and geographic backgrounds? This qualitative research, using constructivist grounded theory, sought to uncover the experiences of IS through the lens of inclusive education, power, social capital, acculturation and voice research. Addressing issues of inclusive education is sometimes described as a conundrum in seeking to find solutions to, exactly ‘who is included, and into what?' Research indicates that inclusion is rather a layered, grey area rather than a binary of ‘who is in or who is out?' What inclusive education points to however, is the nature of power between students and institutions. The effects of the various types of power relations on IS are greatly influenced by class, culture, race and origin of students. This study captures the experiences of a cohort of 25 IS from various parts of the world and includes representation from both sexes and varying years of study. Findings of this study, relating to access, participation and belonging within the ambits of inclusive education, indicate varying degrees of inclusion. In the main, the political and geographical nature of the country of origin has a pronounced bearing on the experience of the IS. Similarly, the effects of the seductive power of western, coloniality play an integral role in choice of institution. The South African scenario is further complicated by student unrest/ #fallist movements which further alienates IS.
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Silva, Hilda Maria Gonçalves da [UNESP]. "Os jovens provenientes do segmento popular e o desafio do acesso à universidade pública: a exclusão que antecede o vestibular." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101517.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apreender os motivos que levam muitos dos jovens oriundos das escolas públicas de educação básica de nosso país a sequer prestarem os concursos vestibulares para o ingresso no ensino superior público. Ou seja, busca-se levantar as causas dessa abstenção por parte de um majoritário número de jovens oriundos das camadas menos favorecidas da população. O desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, contou com a análise documental dos relatórios dos vestibulares da Unesp e com a aplicação de entrevistas junto a uma amostragem de estudantes e professores da 3ª série do ensino médio. Para alcançar os objetivos aqui propostos, tornou-se relevante entender o processo de construção da exclusão dos segmentos populares do acesso, primeiramente à educação fundamental e posteriormente aos níveis mais avançados de educação. Fez-se necessário, ainda, realizar uma digressão histórica acerca da trajetória de construção da caracterização do ensino superior público no Brasil. O aporte teórico utilizado é orientado pelos estudos de Robert Castel (1998) e Pierre Bourdieu (2008, 2009) entre outros e sustenta que as questões socioeconômicas e culturais encontram-se no cerne da construção do diálogo e da articulação entre o contexto que envolve a realidade do acesso a educação superior pública e a representação que os jovens estudantes oriundos das instituições públicas de educação básica fazem desse contexto
This study aims to understand the reasons why many young people from the public schools of basic education in our country don‟t even try to do the test to the entrance in Public University. Namely, we seek to raise the causes of abstention by a majority number of young people from disadvantaged sections of the population. The development of this qualitative study, included the documentary analysis of reports of vestibular Unesp and the application of interviews with a sample of students and teachers from 3rd grade of high school. To achieve the objectives proposed here, it became important to understand the process of construction of the exclusion of segments of popular access to primary education first and then to more advanced levels of education. There was also need to make a historical digression on the path of building the characterization of public higher education in Brazil. The theoretical approach is guided by studies of Robert Castel (1998) and Pierre Bourdieu (2008, 2009)and others claims that the socioeconomic and cultural issues are central to the construction of dialogue and interaction between the context of the reality of access to public higher education and representation of young students from public institutions of basic education built in this context
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Torstensson, Anemone. "Får jag vara med? : En studie om pedagogers syn på barns tillträdesstrategier och exkluderingar i leken samt sin egen roll i den fria leken." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66295.
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Denna studie har som syfte att öka kunskapen om pedagogers föreställningar om barns tillträdesstrategier och exkluderingar av varandra i leken samt pedagogernas egen roll i leken. För att undersöka detta har kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med tre förskollärare på olika förskolor. Resultatet visar att pedagogernas föreställningar om barns tillträdesstrategier är att barnen använder följande sätt för att starta upp en lek och ta sig in i en påbörjad lek: producera en liknande handling, observera och leka vid sidan om, fråga om lov att vara med, fråga en pedagog om hjälp samt att förstöra leken. Pedagogernas föreställningar om barns exkludering i leken är att de protesterar mot att någon försöker ta sig in genom att förstöra och klagar hos en vuxen, sätter upp ramar och förutsättningar för att hindra andra från att vara med samt verbalt neka tillträde. Att verbalt neka tillträde tar en pedagog upp som ett sätt att neka vuxna att vara med. Utifrån pedagogernas berättelser har jag urskilt tre övergripande roller som pedagogerna tar i barnens lekar. Dels att vara med bara för att det är roligt, dels för att styra leken så att den inte går överstyr och något barn far illa samt för att lära barnen sociala färdigheter och sakkunskaper.
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Silva, Hilda Maria Gonçalves da. "Os jovens provenientes do segmento popular e o desafio do acesso à universidade pública : a exclusão que antecede o vestibular /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101517.
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Orientador: Ricardo RibeiroBanca: Romualdo Luiz Portela de Oliveira
Banca: Célia Maria David
Banca: João Cardoso Palma Filho
Banca: Sebastião de Souza Leme
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apreender os motivos que levam muitos dos jovens oriundos das escolas públicas de educação básica de nosso país a sequer prestarem os concursos vestibulares para o ingresso no ensino superior público. Ou seja, busca-se levantar as causas dessa abstenção por parte de um majoritário número de jovens oriundos das camadas menos favorecidas da população. O desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, contou com a análise documental dos relatórios dos vestibulares da Unesp e com a aplicação de entrevistas junto a uma amostragem de estudantes e professores da 3ª série do ensino médio. Para alcançar os objetivos aqui propostos, tornou-se relevante entender o processo de construção da exclusão dos segmentos populares do acesso, primeiramente à educação fundamental e posteriormente aos níveis mais avançados de educação. Fez-se necessário, ainda, realizar uma digressão histórica acerca da trajetória de construção da caracterização do ensino superior público no Brasil. O aporte teórico utilizado é orientado pelos estudos de Robert Castel (1998) e Pierre Bourdieu (2008, 2009) entre outros e sustenta que as questões socioeconômicas e culturais encontram-se no cerne da construção do diálogo e da articulação entre o contexto que envolve a realidade do acesso a educação superior pública e a representação que os jovens estudantes oriundos das instituições públicas de educação básica fazem desse contexto
Abstract: This study aims to understand the reasons why many young people from the public schools of basic education in our country don‟t even try to do the test to the entrance in Public University. Namely, we seek to raise the causes of abstention by a majority number of young people from disadvantaged sections of the population. The development of this qualitative study, included the documentary analysis of reports of vestibular Unesp and the application of interviews with a sample of students and teachers from 3rd grade of high school. To achieve the objectives proposed here, it became important to understand the process of construction of the exclusion of segments of popular access to primary education first and then to more advanced levels of education. There was also need to make a historical digression on the path of building the characterization of public higher education in Brazil. The theoretical approach is guided by studies of Robert Castel (1998) and Pierre Bourdieu (2008, 2009)and others claims that the socioeconomic and cultural issues are central to the construction of dialogue and interaction between the context of the reality of access to public higher education and representation of young students from public institutions of basic education built in this context
Doutor
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Losada, Gorete. "Todos os nomes na escola : a (in)visibilidade dos alunos – uma discussão sobre o acesso e a permanência no Ensino Fundamental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172470.
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Esta Dissertação, intitulada Todos os Nomes na Escola: a (in)visibilidade dos alunos, traz para o debate o questionamento sobre a universalização do atendimento no Ensino Fundamental. Organiza-se em torno de duas categorias: os “excluídos da escola” (situações de não ingresso à escola ou de evasão escolar) e os “excluídos na escola” (situações de reprovações). Apresenta como objetivo investigar o acesso e a permanência na escola fundamental obrigatória, na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, no período pós anos 1990, a partir da produção das estatísticas educacionais e da discussão de políticas públicas relacionadas ao ingresso e à frequência escolar. A pesquisa apoiou-se nos estudos sobre a sócio história das estatísticas, acompanhando os processos da sua de produção dos números, a começar pelos registros individuais, passando pelas categorias de agrupamento até a sistematização e divulgação das mesmas. Os Censos Educacionais e Demográficos, assim como as PNADs, foram importantes para as análises relacionadas ao acesso, tratando-se da relação entre população escolarizável e população escolarizada. Procurou-se refletir sobre a produção das estatísticas educacionais em diferentes períodos, destacando as análises de Teixeira de Freitas (1930/40), estudos sobre fluxo escolar dos anos 1980/90, até chegar ao acompanhamento nominal do alunado propiciado pelo sistema Educacenso. A pesquisa documental, realizada nos arquivos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Porto Alegre, permitiu compreender os processos de categorização, reconhecidos a partir da década de 1990, e que estão relacionados a procedimentos de exclusão escolar, tais como: o cancelamento de matrículas, a exigência da rematrícula, a manutenção por falta e o afastamento por abandono. A partir do acompanhamento da trajetória escolar de 74 alunos, no período entre 2007 e 2015, constatou-se que é possível o aluno se tornar invisível, ou seja, desaparecer do sistema informatizado e, portanto, deixar de existir para o sistema escolar. Por fim, foram discutidas duas políticas educacionais voltadas à resistência aos processos de exclusão da/na escola: a Central de Matrículas e a Ficha de Comunicação do Aluno Infrequente. A primeira, para garantia do acesso à escola pública através do gerenciamento de vagas e demanda, sendo uma política para todos os nomes; a segunda política contribui para a permanência na escola, constituindo-se em uma política em que os alunos têm nome. As duas políticas exigem pensar que “[...] o processo de uma pessoa é o processo de todas” (SARAMAGO, 1997, p. 63).Esta Disertación de Maestría, llamada Todos os Nomes na Escola: a (in)visibilidade dos alunos, trae para el debate el cuestionamiento sobre la universalización de la atención en la Enseñanza Fundamental. Se organiza en torno a dos categorías: los "excluidos de la escuela" (situaciones de no ingreso a la escuela o de evasión escolar) y los "excluidos en la escuela" (situaciones de reprobaciones). Se presenta como objetivo investigar el acceso y la permanencia en la escuela primaria obligatoria, en la Red Municipal de Enseñanza de Porto Alegre, en el período posterior a los años 1990, a partir de la producción de las estadísticas educativas y de la discusión de políticas públicas relacionadas al ingreso y a la frecuencia escolar. La investigación se apoyó en los estudios sobre el socio histórico de las estadísticas, acompañando los procesos de su producción de los números, empezando por los registros individuales, pasando por las categorías de agrupamiento hasta la sistematización y divulgación de las mismas. Los Censos Educacionales y Demográficos, así como las PNADs, fueron importantes para los análisis relacionados al acceso, tratándose de la relación entre población escolar y población escolarizada. Se buscó reflexionar sobre la producción de las estadísticas educativas en diferentes períodos, destacando los análisis de Teixeira de Freitas (1930/40), estudios sobre flujo escolar de los años 1980/90, hasta llegar al acompañamiento nominal del alunado propiciado por el sistema Educacenso. La investigación documental, realizada en los archivos de la Secretaría Municipal de Educación de Porto Alegre, permitió comprender los procesos de categorización, reconocidos a partir de la década de 1990, y que están relacionados a procedimientos de exclusión escolar, tales como: la cancelación de matrículas, la exigencia de la matrícula, el mantenimiento por falta y la expulsión por abandono. A partir del seguimiento de la trayectoria escolar de 74 alumnos, en el período entre 2007 y 2015, se constató que es posible que el alumno se vuelva invisible, es decir, desaparecer del sistema informatizado y, por lo tanto, dejar de existir para el sistema escolar. Por último, se discutieron dos políticas educativas dirigidas a la resistencia a los procesos de exclusión de la escuela: la Central de Matrículas y la Ficha de Comunicación del Alumno Infrecuente. La primera, para garantizar el acceso a la escuela pública a través de la gestión de vacantes y demanda, siendo una política para todos los nombres; la segunda política contribuye a la permanencia en la escuela, constituyéndose en una política en la que los alumnos tienen nombre. Las dos políticas exigen pensar que "[...] o processo de uma pessoa é o processo de todas " (SARAMAGO, 1997, p.63).
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Cortes, Antoine. "Une vision socialiste de la politique contemporaine de santé : la couverture maladie universelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1095.
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La loi du 27 juillet 1999 portant création de la couverture maladie universelle est intervenue dans le cadre d'une politique générale de lutte contre l'exclusion. Afin d'améliorer l'accès aux soins d'un nombre croissant de personnes pauvres, les socialistes ont élaboré un dispositif comportant deux volets. Le premier volet visait la généralisation de l'assurance maladie, en permettant l'affiliation au régime général sur un critère subsidiaire de résidence. Le second volet avait pour ambition d'offrir une couverture santé complémentaire, aux millions de personnes qui n'en bénéficiaient pas. Cette prestation étant soumise au respect d'une condition de résidence et d'une condition de ressources. L'ensemble du dispositif instauré par la loi CMU s'est substitué à l'aide médicale départementale et à l'assurance personnelle. L'ampleur des inégalités de santé, touchant en premier lieu les individus les plus pauvres et les plus isolés de la société, a conduit au bon accueil général de la loi CMU. Cependant, bien que considérée comme une grande loi de santé publique, certaines mesures ont été le théâtre de débats et d'oppositions, tant sur la scène politique que dans la société. Cela a été le cas concernant l'effet de seuil induit par l'instauration d'un plafond de ressources, le risque de déresponsabilisation des bénéficiaires ayant accès gratuitement au dispositif, les règles de financement essentiellement basées sur des taxes et contributions publiques, le choix d'une gestion partenariale entre sécurité sociale et partenaires privés, ou encore concernant la réticence d'une minorité de professionnels de santé à l'égard du dispositifThe law of the bearing July 27th, 1999 creation of the universal health coverage intervened within the framework of a general policy of fight against exclusion. In order to improve the access to the care of a growing number of poor people, the Socialists worked out a device comprising two facets. The first facet aimed at the generalization of the health insurance, by allowing the affiliation the general scheme on a subsidiary criterion of residence. The second facet had as an ambition to offer a complementary coverage health, to the million people who did not profit from it. This service being subjected to the respect of a condition of residence and a condition of resources. The whole of the device founded by law CMU replaced for the departmental medical assistance and the personal insurance. The extent of the inequalities of health, concerning initially the poorest individuals and most isolated from the society, led to general warm welcome of law CMU. However, although regarded as a great law of public health, certain measurements were the theatre of debates and oppositions, as well on the political scene as in the society. That in particular was the case concerning the effect of threshold induced by the introduction of a ceiling of resources, the risk of deresponsabilisation of the recipients having access free to the device, rules of financing primarily based on public taxes and contributions, the choice of a partnership management between social security and private partners with in particular the organizations of complementary health, or concerning the reserve of a minority of health professionals with regard to the device leading to refusal of care
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Brandão, Juliana Ribeiro. "Percepções sobre o acesso à justiça: olhares dos usuários da Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-25082011-142156/.
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Percepções sobre o acesso à justiça: olhares dos usuários da Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de mestrado. Tratando de representações sociais relacionadas à experiência de acesso à justiça junto a assistidos pela Defensoria na área cível, o estudo se volta à reflexão dos significados produzidos nesse acesso. A coleta de dados de base qualitativa foi orientada pela teoria das representações sociais e pela técnica da análise de conteúdo. Conjugando a pesquisa empírica com pressupostos teóricos radicados, sobretudo nos Direitos Humanos e na Teoria do Reconhecimento, propõe-se a investigar em que medida a Defensoria é percebida como uma instituição que proporciona o acesso à justiça.Perceptions about access to justice: the users views of the Public Defenders Office of the State of Sao Paulo. Thesis. The study focuses on the reflection of the meanings produced in the access to justice of beneficiaries of the civil legal aid services provided by the Public Defenders Office. It takes into consideration the social representations related to the experience of access to justice of the aforementioned beneficiaries. The collection of qualitative data base was driven by social representations theory and technique of content analysis. Combining empirical research with theoretical assumptions rooted mainly in Human Rights and the Theory of Recognition, the study aims at investigating the extent to which the Public Defenders Office is perceived as an institution that provides access to justice.
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Morales, Petersen Walter Leonardo. "El acceso a la educación musical en comunidades en riesgo de exclusión social en México. Estudio sobre las orquestas infantiles y juveniles de los Núcleos Comunitarios de Aprendizaje Musical (NUCAM) inspiradas en el Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/333332.
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La formación de orquestas infantiles y juveniles como instrumento de educación musical e inclusión social es algo que está ganando cada vez más adeptos en diversos países. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el proceso de formación de las orquestas infantiles y juveniles de los Núcleos Comunitarios de Aprendizaje Musical (NUCAM) en México como alternativa de acceso a la enseñanza musical de niños y jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión. El epicentro de todo este movimiento orquestal y social está ubicado en Venezuela, “El Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela, que es la raíz del programa de los NUCAM.
En esta tesis se han estudiado tres aspectos básicos del proceso: las condiciones intrínsecas –origen, gestión de recursos, características socioeconómicas y culturales–, su proceso de desarrollo –características pedagógicas y musicales–, y sus resultados –impacto sociocultural, fortalezas y debilidades–. De la población de 12 NUCAM se recogieron datos de 7 de ellos. El diseño metodológico se basa en un enfoque mixto; a partir de entrevistas, cuestionarios y la revisión de fuentes documentales.
Los resultados del estudio reflejan que las orquestas de los NUCAM representaron una alternativa de acceso a la educación musical de niños y jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión social. El programa generó un impacto sociocultural positivo en los niños y jóvenes de las orquestas y en su comunidad. Y finalmente se concluyó que la carencia de una adecuada planeación de enseñanza, su aplicación y el seguimiento por parte de las autoridades implicadas en el proyecto, aunado a la falta de continuidad limitó su crecimiento musical y permanencia.The creation of Child and Youth Orchestras as a tool for musical education and social inclusion is being more and more followed by several countries. First target of this investigation is to analyse the process for the creation of these Child and Youth Orquestras in Community Centers of musical learning (NUCAM) in Mexico as an option of musical education access for communties with risk of social exclusion. The main Center of this orchestral and social movement, is located in Venezuela, the National System of Child and Youth Orquestras and Chuorus of Venezuela, which is the origin of NUCAM programs. Three key pionts have been studied in this thesis: intrinsic condition-origin, resource management, socio economic and cultural context-, development-musical and pedagogical qualitie-, and the results-socio-cultural impact. strengths and weaknesses-. From an original population of 12 NUCAM, was collected data from 7 of them. The methodological structure used is based on a combined approach: with the utilization of interviews, questionnaires and the review of documentation sources. The outcome of the study shows that the NUCAM orchestras represent an option of musical education acces for children and young people with risk of social exclusion. This program produced a positive socio-cultural impact in the orchestra's children and young people participants and in their communities. And finally, has been concluded that the lack of a good educational planning, its application and a correct follow up from the authorities to the proyect, together with a lack of continuity , has been a limitation for its musical growth and its continuation.
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Queiroz, Rubení Pereira de. "Educação Superior Pública Estadual, reparação histórica e democratização - um estudo sobre as cotas para negros em Goiás." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2008. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/1197.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-27The present study it is of exploratory nature with qualitative boarding arrived in port in an empirical research, consisting of interviews and significant documentary registers. The light in the dialectic method, was looked to guide the inquiry from the philosophical categories, essence and appearance, done by the law of the contradiction. The theme of study covers the configuration of the historical process of social and cultural exclusion of black Brazilian higher education. The problem is the search around for reflections on new strategies of access to higher education, through the policy of quotas, specifically for the black students . Intend question and analyse the main meanings of a legal process and academic inconclusive, under one of the institutions members of the State System of Higher Education in Goiás: the UEG, by the fact be in the single IES to deploy until now, the achievement of a legal right. Bi-to reconstruct the trajectory of the construction of Law No. 14.832, July 12, 2004 / Goias, their journeys, their problems, their deployment. With the deployment of Law, democratizing up access for blacks in higher education in Goias, leaving them, however, without the Program of Support and Monitoring. Consequently without the financial resources so these social agents could succeed in its path university, it is concluded that, in practice, have not been consolidated effective ways for the exercise and enjoyment of rights established by Law This fact can be observed by the absence of public interventions with the IES belonging the system. The standard is inert, the implementation of the Quota Law in higher education in Goias gave up in a limited way.
O presente estudo é de natureza exploratória com abordagem qualitativa aportada em uma pesquisa empírica, constituída por entrevistas e significativos registros documentais. À luz do método dialético, procurou-se orientar a investigação a partir das categorias filosóficas, essência e aparência, mediatizadas pela lei da contradição. A temática de estudo abarca a configuração do processo histórico de exclusão social e cultural do negro brasileiro no ensino superior. O problema de pesquisa volta-se para as reflexões sobre novas estratégias de acesso à educação superior, por intermédio da política de cotas, especificamente às destinadas aos estudantes negros. Pretendeu-se problematizar e analisar as principais significações de um processo legal e acadêmico inconcluso, no âmbito de uma das instituições integrantes do Sistema Estadual de Educação Superior em Goiás: a UEG, pelo fato de constituir-se na única IES a implantar, até o momento, a conquista legal de um direito. Pretendeu-se reconstruir a trajetória da construção da Lei nº 14.832, de 12 de julho de 2004 / Goiás, seus percursos, seus problemas, sua implantação. Com a da implantação da Lei, democratizou- se o acesso para negros na educação superior em Goiás, deixando-os, contudo, sem o Programa de Apoio e Acompanhamento. Conseqüentemente sem os recursos financeiros, para que esses agentes sociais pudessem ter êxito em sua caminhada universitária, conclui-se que, na prática, não foram consolidadas formas efetivas para o exercício e gozo de direitos estabelecidos por Lei. Tal fato pode ser observado pela ausência de intervenções públicas junto as IES jurisdicionadas ao Sistema. Com o engessamento da norma, a implantação da Lei das Cotas na educação superior em Goiás deu-se de forma limitada.
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Haudiquet, Agathe. "La formation juridique des travailleurs sociaux." Lille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL12002.
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Nous avons cherché à démontrer que les travailleurs remplissent effectivement des activités juridiques. Malgré cela, ils ne sont pas reconnus comme des acteurs juridiques à part entière, la transversalité de ces activités favorisant cette non reconnaissance. Nous nous sommes interrogée sur les besoins de formation juridique. Il nous a paru important, pour les définir dialectiquement, de partir de la position sociale des travailleurs sociaux, en déterminant leur capital juridique, et du contexte socio-économique dans lequel ils exercent leurs activités juridiques, Cette analyse des besoins a permis d'élaborer un idéal-type de formation juridique, ancré dans les objectifs pédagogiques et dans les modes de travail pédagogique. Nous nous sommes appuyée sur ce référent pour évaluer la formation juridique telle qu'elle existe. L'évaluation a mis en évidence des écarts et a conduit au constat que la formation juridique actuelle des travailleurs sociaux est partiellement inadaptée.
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Rudauskaitė, Auksė. "E.švietimo paslaugos skatinant socialinę raidą Kaišiadorių rajone." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060321_101444-17789.
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Throughout the Europe, special attention is paid to the development, provision and design of electronical services. Experience of foreign countries proposes that e-education plays a significant role both in social development and the development of country or its regions in economical, cultural and other aspects. Goal of work: to analyze the influence of the provided services of e-education to the social development in the municipal level.
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Menon, Kirti Shashikant. "Exclusion and access in higher education policies." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17000.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Governance, 2014.The democratisation process of higher education in South Africa commenced in 1994, with the refrains of ‘widening access, broadening participation’ and ‘the doors of education and culture shall be opened’. The deep structural and systemic deficits in the apartheid education system restricted access to higher education based on race, while simultaneously deepening inequalities in the schooling system. Education reform as the transition to democracy commenced, required seismic policy and systemic shifts widely described as an agenda to transform the higher education system. Thus equity of access and success reverberate in the policy documents and reforms undertaken by the government. This research study examined the policy texts and state instruments used to steer the system towards the goal of widening access. Using the conceptual model of Bowe, Ball and Gold (1992) it explored the role of universities in re-interpreting policies, while at the same time focusing on the difficulty of ‘widening access’ given the treacherous legacy of the past. The focus was on a 16 year time-span from 1994–2010, tracing the journey of policy reforms and analysing the quantitative data at the national level of the higher education system. The researcher sought to understand the enormity of the education system problems, while taking into account that changing the course for the country is a major task which would require deep transformation that would not be feasible in a short period. Findings of the research conducted are analysed and discussed during the course of this thesis. The thesis also recommends the adoption of an evaluative framework that would enable government to measure progress in relation to stated goals and inculcate greater accountability by universities.
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Zhang, Jingsong. "A mutual exclusion algorithm based on request and fair access." 2006. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-2066.pdf.
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Chiwandire, D., and Louise Vincent. "Wheelchair users, access and exclusion in South Africa higher education." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59984.
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Background: South Africa’s Constitution guarantees everyone, including persons with disabilities, the right to education. A variety of laws are in place obliging higher education institutions to provide appropriate physical access to education sites for all. In practice, however, many buildings remain inaccessible to people with physical disabilities. Objectives: To describe what measures South African universities are taking to make their built environments more accessible to students with diverse types of disabilities, and to assess the adequacy of such measures. Method: We conducted semi-structured in-depth face-to-face interviews with disability unit staff members (DUSMs) based at 10 different public universities in South Africa. Results: Challenges with promoting higher education accessibility for wheelchair users include the preservation and heritage justification for failing to modify older buildings, ad hoc approaches to creating accessible environments and failure to address access to toilets, libraries and transport facilities for wheelchair users. Conclusion: South African universities are still not places where all students are equally able to integrate socially. DUSMs know what ought to be done to make campuses more accessible and welcoming to students with disabilities and should be empowered to play a leading role in sensitising non-disabled members of universities, to create greater awareness of, and appreciation for, the multiple ways in which wheelchair user students continue to be excluded from full participation in university life. South African universities need to adopt a systemic approach to inclusion, which fosters an understanding of inclusion as a fundamental right rather than as a luxury.
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Beckert, Barbara. "A post-frontier in transformation: land relations between access, exclusion and resistance in Jambi province, Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3DBD-F.
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Glass, Laura Kristen. "The choice to walk, a parcel & network based analysis of pedestrian access and income in Austin, TX." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6350.
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Walkability is desirable for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, walkability is desirable because it is the only available or affordable transportation modal choice. Urban form and transportation infrastructure can be hostile to pedestrians because cars are prioritized first, and pedestrians often face unsafe situations and a lack of pedestrian facilities. This analysis explores a spatial distribution of pedestrian access to opportunities in Austin, TX, and examines the locations of households of different income levels relative to areas of high pedestrian access to opportunities. To achieve results that are equally precise across the study area, this analysis employs GIS analysis and U.S. Census 2000 data, and analyzes the study area using a ½ square-mile grid system. High pedestrian access areas are defined as locations where residential parcels have pedestrian network access to multiple types of opportunities and above average number of opportunities. This analysis finds that low income households are more associated with high pedestrian access areas in Austin, TX, than moderate and high income households. If lower income households are consistently shown to rely more on pedestrian infrastructure than moderate or high income households, it may be important to allocate funding to high pedestrian access areas with low income populations in such a way that is socially equitable, and that will result in more use of the pedestrian facilities.text
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Rawlings, Gertrude. "A Critical Exploration of Contingent Workers' Training and Access to Information and Communication Technology." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29844.
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In the late 1990s, many Western governments introduced policy programs to make information and communication technology (ICT) accessible to all. More than a decade later, however, such universal access is far from a reality. Between 2002 and 2005, in response to a request from a group of contingent workers who felt excluded from effective access to ICT training, a university research group on contingency conducted an applied research project in the form of a series of basic ICT courses. This qualitative dissertation both critically examines the training process and treats it as a case study for exploring broader issues of exclusion and resistance in the context of
access to ICT. Specifically, it explores: (1) the symptoms of exclusion as they relate to ICT, social capital, and the community; (2) possibilities for resistance that can alleviate the conditions of exclusion; (3) the assumptions, theories, knowledge construction, policy methods, and processes that underlie the symptoms of exclusion; and (4) alternative assumptions, strategies,
and activities that offer possibilities for resistive action. The case study provided an environment in which exclusionary and resistive experiences with access to ICT and training were examined from the perspective of excluded contingent workers, as supported by a university research group. A key finding is that generational behaviour in the domestic sphere erects barriers that
contribute to the silencing and exclusion of immigrant contingent women; these barriers then reinforce similar patterns of exclusion in institutionalized ICT training. Another major finding is the need for alleviating the barrier that limited English skills create for ICT learning; addressing this issue must be part of any recommendations for curricular change. Guided throughout by a
critical approach that focuses on the concept of ruling relations, this dissertation marshals critical knowledge gained from below in support of change by policymakers, educators, and community
practitioners.
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Tonkin, Ryan. "Public reasons or public justification: conceptualizing “can” and the elimination of exclusion in politics." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3445.
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In this essay, I aim to elucidate a concept of public justification. I outline several challenges faced by political philosophers, including a desire to secure stability and treat people respectfully against a background of reasonable pluralism. I suggest that John Rawls‟ account of public reason provides a helpful starting point for accomplishing these goals. But critics have been both persistent and persuasive in their objections to public reason‟s central element of reasons all can accept. I explicate three dominant criticisms: incomprehensibility, attenuation and exclusion. First, some critics have argued that the very idea of reasons all can accept cannot be plausibly articulated. Second, critics maintain that the set of reasons all can accept is insufficiently robust to solve constitutional essentials and matters of basic justice. Third, critics note that if public justification is constrained by reasons all can accept, then many informative and effective arguments must be excluded from the public sphere. In response to these criticisms, I argue for an interpretation of reasons all can accept which is sensitive to critics‟ reasonable demand for an explicit account of each element of the doctrine. My interpretation demonstrates the superfluity of what I call the sharability constraint—the thesis that only reasons acceptable to all can function as justifications in the public sphere. Once the sharability constraint is rejected, I argue that the problem of exclusion dissipates, but that substantive restrictions on acceptable reasons are still possible. I am optimistic that this approach is less attenuating than one constrained by sharability and that, at least under favourable empirical conditions, more problems can be resolved by this approach than by standard Rawlsian theory. I draw on actual convergence in the international realm to bolster this optimism. Finally, I relate this approach to the widespread influence of deliberative democracy. I argue that procedural apparatuses are insufficient for political legitimacy, but that deliberation may be an invaluable tool for uncovering reasons required by substantive justification.Graduate
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McGue, Mary Colleen. "Examining transportation's role in social vulnerability : São Paulo, Brazil." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3016.
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The City of São Paulo is one of the largest cities in the world, with 11,244,369 people living in the metropolitan area and over 19,672,582 people living in the greater metropolitan region, which is made up of 38 cities in the surrounding area (IBGE, Census 2010). Ten percent of the population in the entire country of Brazil lives in São Paulo, and 15.6% of Brazil’s Gross Domestic Product comes from São Paulo. There is an average of 38.1 million trips taken per day in the metropolitan region. Most of the city’s low-income population lives in the periphery of the city, where the land is least expensive, yet most job opportunities are concentrated in the city center, creating a spatial mismatch. Spatial mismatch occurs when low-income residents live in one area of a city, but their places of employment and job opportunities are located in another part of the city. In a spatial mismatch situation, low-income residents often travel long distances to find work and suffer from isolation based on the disconnect between where they live, where they work, and the difficulty in getting from one place to another. The current transportation infrastructure is insufficient to transport the number of commuters from the periphery to and from the city center to work on a daily basis. In this study I will explore this spatial mismatch through an analysis of both qualitative and quantitative travel data for the entire São Paulo Metropolitan Area, with a specific focus on the Zona Sul of the periphery, in order to understand the limitations of transportation infrastructure and spatial mobility for residents of the city.text
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Tardif, Jonathan. "Écologie politique de l'écotourisme dans les aires protégées des pays du Sud : le cas de Chi Phat dans les Cardamomes au Cambodge." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11637.
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L'écotourisme est souvent perçu comme une panacée capable de concilier le développement économique, la protection de l'environnement et le bien-être des communautés autour des aires protégées des pays en développement. La réalité sur le terrain est cependant tout autre, car son caractère complexe, politique et transcalaire est trop souvent négligé lors de la mise en œuvre des interventions. Le but de ce projet de recherche est de jeter un nouvel éclairage sur le développement de l'écotourisme dans les aires protégées des pays du Sud à travers une analyse critique des pratiques et des discours qui lui sont associés. Adoptant un cadre conceptuel dérivé de l'écologie politique, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment l'écotourisme affecte l'accès aux ressources naturelles pour différents acteurs sociaux. L'approche méthodologique s'appuie sur une étude de cas essentiellement qualitative qui s'attarde à un projet spécifique amorcé à Chi Phat, dans une forêt protégée des Cardamomes, au sud-ouest du Cambodge. Elle fait appel à l'analyse documentaire et discursive, à l'observation participante ainsi qu'à plus de 80 entretiens semi-directifs auprès d'acteurs clés. Nos résultats montrent d'abord qu'en matière d'écotourisme au Cambodge, il y a absence de lignes directrices claires et on observe très peu de collaboration, et ce, à tous les niveaux. Cela n'est pas étranger au fait que le gouvernement actuel accorde en général la priorité au développement devant la conservation. Ensuite, le projet d'écotourisme permet à Wildlife Alliance de justifier le maintien de la forêt protégée. Cette ONG se démarque par ailleurs des autres organisations au pays par son approche plus musclée. Le pouvoir dont elle jouit et les résultats qu'elle obtient sur le terrain tiennent en sa capacité à mobiliser, en temps opportun, l'ensemble des moyens disponibles pour contrôler l'accès. Globalement, nous pouvons affirmer que les principaux acteurs qui voient leur accès aux ressources naturelles touché négativement sont les paysans. Finalement, nous proposons deux ajouts au cadre conceptuel, soit la considération de l'aspect géographique de l'exclusion et l'introduction de modalités d'exclusion, qui permettent à notre avis une analyse plus juste de la situation.Ecotourism is often seen as a panacea for reconciling economic development, environmental protection and well-being of communities around protected areas in developing countries. However, the reality on the ground is different, because its complex, political and transcalar character is too often overlooked in the implementation of interventions. The purpose of this research project is thus to shed new light on the development of ecotourism in protected areas of the less developed countries through a critical analysis of practices and discourses that are linked to it. Adopting a theoretical framework derived from political ecology, we sought to understand how ecotourism affects access to natural resources for different social actors. The methodological approach is based on a qualitative case study that focuses on a specific project initiated in Chi Phat, located next to a protected forest in south-western Cambodia. It uses literature review, discourse analysis, participant observation as well as more than 80 semi-structured interviews with key actors. Our results show first that there are no clear guidelines for ecotourism development in Cambodia, and we observe very little collaboration at all levels. This is not unrelated to the fact that the current government is generally prioritizing development over conservation. Then we showed that the ecotourism project allows Wildlife Alliance to justify the existence of the protected forest. This NGO also stands out in the country by its more radical approach to conservation. The power it has and the results it obtains on the ground come from its ability to mobilize, in a timely manner, all available means to control access. Overall, we can say that the main actors whose access to natural resources are adversely affected through the ecotourism project are local farmers. Finally, we propose two additions to the conceptual framework, namely the consideration of the geographical aspect of access and exclusion, and the introduction of degrees of exclusion, which allow a more accurate analysis of the situation.
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Felgrová, Alžběta. "Dopady chudoby a sociálního vyloučení na vzdělávání a výchovu dětí a dospívajících." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-342093.
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The thesis deals with the topic of poverty and social exclusion in the context of education on the theoretical and empirical level. The theoretical part of the thesis concentrates on summary of poverty and social exclusion. It specifies the fundamental definitions, concepts and causes of its formation. Further, the thesis deals with the risks in the context of education, concentrates on government strategies, educational policy and institutions in the Czech Republic. Also, it describes the situation in the Czech Republic and concentrates on the demographic development of the Praha- západ county. The aim of the thesis is to find out how the social workers of Městský Úřad Černošice reflect poverty and social exclusion and whether it has any influence on school results. As far as the empirical part of the thesis is concerned, it contains qualitative research based on interviews with the social workers. The content of the interviews is based on the content analysis of the topics in the theoretical part of the thesis. Key words: poverty, social exclusion, child protection, equal access to education, risk behavior, education policy, district Prague-west
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Pulgrová, Michaela. "Vliv chudoby a sociálního vyloučení na vzdělávání žáků druhého stupně základní školy v regionu Most." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-342476.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with poverty and social exclusion in the context of education, on both a theoretical and empirical level. The theoretical part provides a comprehensive picture of the phenomena of poverty, social exclusion and low-income families and then shows them towards education. The theoretical basis of the protection of families and children is also clarified in this part. The text focuses in detail on the specifics of the schooling of students from low-income families in Most, this focus is then extended by a qualitative data survey in the practical part. The research report provides interpretation of data from interviews with primary school pupils in Most, whose families meet the poverty risk attributes. The results of the practical part capture the student's perception of their educational careers. The results of research interviews are then confronted with the conclusions of the research reports mentioned in the theoretical part. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Kšandová, Pavlína. "Hodnocení systému prevence a pomoci osobám ohrožených ztrátou bydlení v České republice." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337852.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis covers the main problems related to loss of housing in the context of the institutional setting in the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is explaining the institutional setup of the system of prevention and help people / households that are at risk of losing housing and evaluate the system in terms of the possibility of prevention of social exclusion.The introductory part describes the characteristics of the key concepts in housing policy in relation to social housing and various approaches to social housing in selected countries (Sweden, Germany, Great Britain). The thesis focuses on the institutional analysis of the existing legal framework and possible solutions to the current housing shortage (welfare, social work, social services). In the research part of this thesis a case study of Louny municipality has been chosen as a model sample of resolving the current shortage of housing. Results of the analysis had been confronted and evaluated by perspective of people solving housing problems and relevant social workers working with poor people. In the end of the thesis, a SWOT analysis is delivered identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the system.
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Lerm, Henry. "A critical analysis of exclusionary clauses in medical contracts." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24973.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the validity of exclusionary clauses in medical contracts, more especially, hospital contracts in which the healthcare provider exonerates itself against edictal liability arising from the negligent conduct of its staff, resulting in the patient suffering damages. In assessing whether these types of clauses should be outlawed by our courts, this thesis attempts to synthesize six major traditional areas of law, namely, the law of delict, the law of contract, medical law and ethics, international and foreign law, statutory law and constitutional law into a legal conceptual framework relating specifically to exclusionary clauses in medical contracts in South Africa. This thesis highlights systemic inconsistencies with regard to the central issue, namely, whether these types of clauses are valid or not, especially, given the fact that the practice of exclusionary clauses or waivers in hospital contracts has hitherto traditionally been assessed within the framework of the law of contract. The alignment of the various pre-existing areas of statutory and common law with the Constitution highlights that an inter-disciplinary and purposive approach under the value-driven Constitution, brings about a less fragmented picture in assessing the validity of these types of clauses. This approach accords with the new solicitude of the executive, the judiciary, the legislature and academia to transform the South African legal system not only in terms of procedural law but also substantive law. This has resulted in the alignment with constitutional principles and the underlying values to test the validity of these types of clauses, alternatively, contracts. Whereas pre-constitutionally the assessment of disclaimers in hospital contracts was done against the stratum of antiquated principles, namely, freedom of contract and the sanctity of contract, ignoring values such as reasonableness, fairness and conscionability, post-constitutionally, because the values that underlie the Bill of Rights and which affects all spheres of law, including the law of contract, concepts such as fairness, equity, reasonableness should weigh heavily with the decision-maker. In this regard, broader medico-legal considerations, normative medical ethics and the common law principles of good faith, fairness and reasonableness play a fundamental role in the assessment of contractual provisions, including the practice of disclaimers or exclusionary clauses in hospital contracts. This thesis critically examines how these types of clauses or contracts ought to be adjudicated eventually against the background of such alignment. It concludes that the entering into a hospital contract, in which the patient exonerates a hospital and its staff from liability flowing from the hospital or its staff's negligence causing damages to the patient, would be inconsistent with the Constitution and invalid. In the old order in which traditional divisions of law have been encouraged, a fragmented approach resulted in legal in congruencies which, in turn, created turbulence and a lot of uncertainty. This approach is apposite to that which the new constitutionally based legal system, aims to achieve. The rights in the Bill of Rights which are interconnected and which influences all spheres of law, including contract law, offers a fairer basis upon which, the validity of contracts, or contractual provisions, can be measured than, the pure contract approach. In this regard, although contracts or contractual provisions in the past may have been unfair and unreasonable, the courts, however, refused to strike them down purely on this basis. The law of contract, as a legal vehicle for adjudicating the validity of exclusionary clauses or waivers in hospital contracts, is therefore not ideal. This is primarily due to the antiquated approach the South African courts have always taken in this area of law. The law of delict, statutory law and medical law, standing alone, also does not provide a satisfactory answer. What is needed is an integrated approach in which the traditional areas of law are united and wherein constitutional principles and values, give much guidance and direction. Alternatively, should the unification of the traditional areas of law not be possible in bringing about fair and equitable results, the introduction of legislative measures may very well be indicated.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
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