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1
United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to provide individuals with access to health information of which they are a subject, ensure personal privacy with respect to health-care-related information, impose criminal and civil penalties for unauthorized use of protected health information, to provide for the strong enforcement of these rights, and to protect States' rights. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
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2
John, Knight. Access denied: Disabled people's experience of social exclusion. London: Leonard Cheshire, 1998.
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3
Bose, Anuradha. Rich pickings?: Access and exclusion to solid wastes in Calcutta. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.
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4
Ribot, Jesse Craig. From exclusion to participation: A history of forest access control in eastern Senegal. Boston, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1994.
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5
Foreign accents: Chinese American verse from exclusion to postethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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6
Durand-Lasserve, Alain. L' exclusion des pauvres dans les villes du Tiers-Monde: Accès au sol et au logement. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1986.
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7
Computing made easy for the over 50s: A straight-forward guide to your PC, including exclusive access to the Which? Computing helpdesk. London: Which?, 2009.
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8
Tight, Malcolm, ed. Access and Exclusion. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1479-3628(2003)2.
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Malcolm, Tight, ed. Access and exclusion. Amsterdam: JAI, 2003.
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10
Gray, Kevin, and Susan Francis Gray. 10. Privacy, access and exclusion. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0010.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines the legal concept of trespass upon land and describes the most common forms of licence known to English law, which include bare licences, contractual licenses, and licenses coupled with an equity or the grant of an interest. It concludes with a review of various other entitlements to enter another's land – rights which are exercisable by anyone merely by virtue of the fact that he or she is a member of the public (or of a section of the public).
11
Bullrich, Juan. de La Exclusion Al Acceso. Prometeo, 2005.
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12
Paradigms of exclusion: Women's access to resources in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Women and Law in Southern Africa Research Project, 1997.
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13
Tight, Malcolm. Access and Exclusion (International Perspectives on Higher Education Research). JAI Press, 2003.
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14
Meyer, Stephen. The Challenge to White Manhood. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040054.003.0008.
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This chapter considers how the increase in numbers of African American men at the workplace brought differing and contentious visions of manhood to the automotive factory. White men, who had long dominated the better jobs, divided into two groups: those who strove for the respectability of high-paid union jobs and those who resented others, fearing the loss of their exclusive white privileges. When black men fought for workplace equity, the more conservative whites conducted racial hate strikes to protect traditionally “white” jobs. In reaction, African American workers conducted what might best be labeled “pride strikes” to gain access to better jobs and later to improve the inequitable situation of black women in the automobile factories. These workplace struggles involved robust clashes over differing visions of manhood.
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Corder, Professor Hugh, and Dr Terhemen Andzenge. Regulation as a Catalyst for the Electrification of Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0005.
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Availability and access to electricity is central to the economic and social development of any nation. The state provided electricity as a social infrastructure thus expanding the role of the state as owner, manager, and regulator. This route has, however, failed given the mounting budgetary crisis triggered by global financial dislocations and oil market meltdowns which affected state revenues and impacted upon the ability of states to own, manage, and operate electricity infrastructure. The huge electricity deficits in Africa call for hitherto unexplored solutions beyond those of public sector funding. Private sector participation became inevitable and with it the imperativeness of balancing the interests of consumers, investors, and the state that are always mutually exclusive. Regulation offers itself as a veritable tool to moderate the differing interests to ensure the availability of electricity at sustainable and affordable levels.
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Financial Access of the Urban Poor in India: A Story of Exclusion. Springer, 2017.
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17
European Commission. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, ed. Policy measures to ensure access to decent housing for migrants and ethnic minorities. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union, 2005.
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18
Robolin, Stéphane. Cultivating Correspondences; or, Other Gestures of Belonging. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039478.003.0004.
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Transnationalism is not the exclusive province of globe-trotting authors, but also includes the practices of those who could not access the means of transatlantic mobility. This chapter begins by considering Bessie Head's exilic life and her quest for belonging that motivated the grounded transnationalism she expressed. It then investigates one of its most exemplary practices: her letter writing, with particular attention to the set of letters between Head and her four African American correspondents: Nikki Giovanni, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, and Michelle Cliff. Some of their epistolary exchanges and writing published around the same period feature repeated references to gardens, whose political and imaginative implications are considered at length. The chapter concludes by framing the practice of letter writing as a form of cultivation that re-centers our attention on the labor that transnational engagement requires, even as it yields a whole spectrum of outcomes.
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Roeber, A. G. The Orthodox Christians and the Bible. Edited by Paul C. Gutjahr. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.013.37.
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Orthodox Christians (Eastern or Oriental) regard the Bible as an integral but not exclusive part of tradition. They have historically encountered the Bible primarily through their liturgical worship. No fixed “canon” describes the role of the Bible in Orthodoxy. The history of the Orthodox Bible in America moved in stages that reflected the mission to First Peoples, arrival of Middle Eastern and Eastern European immigrants, and the catastrophic impact of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia on Orthodox communities in America. Recovery from the fragmented, ethno-linguistic expressions of Orthodoxy occurred only after World War II. Orthodox biblical scholarship began in earnest in those years and today Orthodox biblical scholars participate in national and international biblical studies and incorporate scholarly approaches to biblical study with patristic commentary and perspectives. Parish-level studies and access to English translations have proliferated although New Testament studies continue to outpace attention given to the Hebrew Bible.
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Harmer, Tanya. Beatriz Allende. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469654294.001.0001.
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This biography of Beatriz Allende (1942–1977)—revolutionary doctor and daughter of Chile’s socialist president, Salvador Allende—portrays what it means to live, love, and fight for change. Inspired by the Cuban Revolution, Beatriz and her generation drove political campaigns, university reform, public health programs, internationalist guerrilla insurgencies, and government strategies. Centering Beatriz’s life within the global contours of the Cold War era, Tanya Harmer exposes the promises and paradoxes of the revolutionary wave that swept through Latin America in the long 1960s. Drawing on exclusive access to Beatriz’s private papers, as well as firsthand interviews, Harmer connects the private and political as she reveals the human dimensions of radical upheaval. Exiled to Havana after Chile’s right-wing military coup, Beatriz worked tirelessly to oppose dictatorship back home. Harmer’s interviews make vivid the terrible consequences of the coup for the Chilean Left, the realities of everyday life in Havana, and the unceasing demands of solidarity work that drained Beatriz and her generation of the dreams they once had. Her story demolishes the myth that women were simply extras in the story of Latin America’s Left and brings home the immense cost of a revolutionary moment’s demise.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. The EU Right to Asylum: An Individual Entitlement to (Access) International Protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0009.
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This chapter analyses the right to asylum enshrined in Article 18 CFR and its relevance in relation to access to international protection in the EU. It sets out the origins and evolution of the notion. The chapter shows the impact of the CSR51 and the ECHR on the classic understanding that the right of asylum is a matter exclusively belonging to the sovereign. The rights to leave any country and to seek asylum implicit in those instruments are assessed, together with the principle of proportionality and the limits it imposes on State discretion, and the intersection with the absolute prohibition of refoulement. The ‘right to gain effective access to the procedure for determining refugee status’ established by the Strasbourg Court as well as developments within the Common European Asylum System are also given attention. Comparisons are made with the approach adopted by the CJEU in the areas of free movement, legal/illegal migration, and EU citizenship. This serves as a basis for the clarification of the meaning of the right to (leave to seek) asylum inscribed in the Charter that Member States must ‘guarantee’ and its implications for mechanisms of ‘integrated border management’.
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Crow, Ben, and Brent M. Swallow. Water and Poverty. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.9.
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The use and transformation of water is intimately connected to wealth, poverty, and social change. Does the extension of irrigation, for example, allow escape from poverty or does it cause dispossession and deprivation? Can the transformation of water be shaped to increase opportunities for breaking free from deprivation and exclusion? Do infrastructure projects like big dams inevitably uproot and impoverish millions? This chapter employs ideas of income poverty and relational poverty to examine how uses of water are implicated in the making and the breaking of poverty. It considers three pathways of escape—the provision of irrigation, access to safe drinking water, and access to adequate domestic water—and examines two pathways causing descent into poverty. The evaluation suggests that escape can be facilitated and descent discouraged through initiatives to contest water injustice, to advance access to domestic productive water, and to develop anti-deprivation practices for irrigation and infrastructure.
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Gulati, Namrata, and Tridip Ray. Inequality and Neighbourhood Effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0011.
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The key insight in our research is to recognize inequality–neighbourhood interaction: neighbourhood effects interacting with income inequality may affect poor people’s ability to access basic facilities like health-care services, schooling, and so on. While Gulati and Ray (2016) model this interaction on a monopolist service provider in a neighbourhood structured as a linear city where rich and poor consumers live side by side, in this chapter we extend the analysis to a competitive framework with free entry and exit where the natural neighbourhood structure is a circular city. We find inverted-U shape relationships between income inequality and market access and welfare of the poor: if we compare a cross-section of societies, the poor community as a whole is initially better off living in relatively richer societies, but, beyond a point, the aggregate market access and consumer surplus of the poor starts declining as society becomes richer. We identify the possibility of complete exclusion of the poor from the market: a scenario where the service providers cater only to the rich and the poor have absolutely no market access, and find that it is the higher income gap between rich and poor that exposes the poor to this unfortunate outcome.
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Whittle, Jane. Rural Economies. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.024.
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The great majority of the population of medieval Europe lived and worked in the countryside. This article examines gender differences in access to land (the key resource), in patterns of work or "the gender division of labor," and in wage earning and wage payments. Work in agriculture, textile production, and food processing is discussed, as well as the nature of domestic work or housework. Although evidence of everyday life is slight or nonexistent in many periods and regions, it is possible to discern important changes across the medieval period in women's access to land and the gendered organization of work. Commercialization, demographic trends, and technological change all had an impact. Nonetheless, continuities in the type of work women did are also striking, particularly their exclusion from high-status and profitable activities, and their consistently low wages.
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Raleigh, Clionadh. The Absence of Water Conflicts in the Developing World. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.8.
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The debate concerning how water access, availability, and change will impact conflict is bolstered by growing evidence that some influence exists, however inconsistent. Clear conclusions are obscured by the variety of water issues in developing countries, the difference between direct and indirect effects on conflict, and the additional uncertainty of what future climate changes may do to water availability and rights. This chapter summarizes how the conflict literature has integrated water issues into analyses of violence. In contrast, water researchers are mainly concerned with how little and how poorly water resources are used and managed across Africa. Resource management and politics emerge as the most serious contributors to water stress. Initial conclusions suggest that climate change and associated water shortages are far less of a problem than access and scarcity, and that water politics is leading to new contests, possibly violent, embedded in patterns of marginalization, exclusion, and poor governance.
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Condon, Louise, and Julie Mytton. Gypsy/Traveller, migrant, and refugee children. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0026.
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Children living in special circumstances due to migration or refugee status, or being of Gypsy, Roma, or Traveller ethnicity, have extra health needs and difficulty in accessing universal and specialist health services. Migrant, refugee, and Traveller children belong to diverse ethnic and social groups, but share characteristics which increase their need for targeted health promotion. All groups are subsections of the population with poor self-reported health and access to health services, and higher numbers of dependent children. It is well recognized that they experience discrimination and social exclusion which adversely impacts health. There is overlap between groups, for example, refugees are migrants who have left their country of origin to avoid persecution, and Roma are migrants who are of Gypsy ethnicity. This chapter identifies the reasons why children from these groups require focused health promotion; it summarizes their health needs, describes interventions to improve their physical and mental health through the child health programmes, and discusses factors that influence their ability to access preventive services.
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Reinarz, Jonathan. Heavenly Scents. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252034947.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses exclusively on sacred scents and traces smell's role in the realm of religion, particularly the Christian tradition. It concentrates on the fourth century, when scent began to play an increasingly important role in early Christian practices. Initially, smells were present in ancient Christian texts, often as undercurrents within the text's larger purpose. Ancient Christians found numerous biblical models for experiencing a domain that lay beyond the physical senses but to which the senses provided access. Through sense encounters, people in the ancient world expected and experienced interaction with their gods, even when this implied communication with realms beyond the physically finite world.
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Priel, Dan. The Return of Legal Realism. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.25.
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This chapter considers what might be called the ‘realist puzzle’: How can scholars who otherwise agree on very little all see themselves as legal realists? It suggests four possible explanations, not mutually exclusive: (a) that the Realists’ ideas were banal and obvious; (b) that they identified something fundamental that—despite all other differences—all contemporary legal scholars now accept; (c) that different people simply identified in the realists whatever they had already believed; and finally (d) that the Realists were less consistent than people commonly assume. Although there is little direct discussion of the realist puzzle in writings on legal realism, it is a useful framework for considering some current trends in scholarship on legal realism, in a way that helps put some recent discussions in a new light.
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Zehmisch, Philipp. The Concept of Subalternity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469864.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 explores the intellectual trajectory of the concept of subalternity. The first section revisits some key debates of subaltern theory which are considered relevant for the book. It demonstrates that subaltern theory may be fruitfully applied to understanding social inequality, especially when it comes to analysing the interlinked exclusion of subalterns from hegemonic frameworks of speech and, access to means of production in the modern state. The second part reflects on the methodological and theoretical consequences of applying subaltern theory to anthropological fieldwork and ethnographic writing. The author demands that the fieldwork method of participant observation is particularly suited to document the everyday life of subalterns, especially their often embodied practices and rituals. Beyond, he argues that the establishing of social relations with subalterns may serve as a precondition enabling the fieldworker to ‘speak with subalterns’ and thus to capture their voice in a more direct way.
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Epstein, Richard A. The Basic Structure of Intellectual Property Law. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.7.
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This chapter puts forward a comprehensive framework for evaluating property regimes for both physical and intellectual property resources. It starts with an account of the trade-off between common and private property regimes, noting that the former is appropriate, as a first approximation for resources that facilitate communication and transportation, where holdout problems dominate externality constraints. But where high levels of investment are needed, and coordination problems are low, private property, as bounded by laws of trespass, nuisance and infringement now tend to dominate. There are no rules of acquisition for an open-access regime. But for private property in all its forms, the common and civil law rules of occupation avoid virtually all the complications that stem from Locke’s erroneous labor theory of acquisition. The chapter then explores the rules governing duration, exclusion, remedies, and alienation in multiple private property interests, including the major forms of intellectual property.
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Smith, Christen A. The Paradox of Black Citizenship. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039935.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the politics of citizenship, blackness, and exclusion in Bahia, taking up the question of Afro-nationalism. It argues that black people confront visible and invisible human walls in their everyday attempts to access resources and dignity in the city, and these walls are often subtle, elusive, and guileful. The police and other residents tasked with maintaining security act as a border patrol that delineates the boundaries of the moral racial social order. Spatial practices of race performatively and theatrically press the black body to the margins of national belonging. Through these embodied practices, the state produces national frontiers of belonging along the cartographic lines of a racial hierarchy. The maintenance of racial democracy as a national ideology depends on the diffuse, mundane repetitions of violence in states, cities, and neighborhoods as well as the more spectacular moments of state terror that we associate with police violence.
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Hicks-Keeton, Jill. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878993.003.0001.
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The Introduction claims that the ancient romance Joseph and Aseneth moves a minor character in Genesis from obscurity to renown, weaving a new story whose main purpose was to intervene in ancient Jewish debates surrounding gentile access to Israel’s God. Aseneth’s story is a tale of the heroine’s transformation from exclusion to inclusion. It is simultaneously a transformative tale. For Second Temple-period thinkers, the epic of the Jewish people recounted in scriptural texts was a story that invited interpretation, interruption, and even intervention. Joseph and Aseneth participates in a broader literary phenomenon in Jewish antiquity wherein authors took up figures from Israel’s mythic past and crafted new stories as a means of explaining their own present and of envisioning collective futures. By incorporating a gentile woman and magnifying Aseneth’s role in Jewish history, Joseph and Aseneth changes the story. Aseneth’s ultimate inclusion makes possible the inclusion of others originally excluded.
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Bebbington, Anthony, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0006.
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This chapter synthesizes findings from Bolivia, Ghana, Peru, and Zambia. It concludes that political settlements influence the relationships between resource-dependent economies and patterns of social inclusion. However, neither authoritarian, dominant leader forms of politics, nor competitive democratic politics has fostered significant economic diversification or reduced levels of resource dependence. The extractive economy does, however, influence the dynamics of national political settlements. The rents that resource extraction makes possible, and the high cost of engaging in extractive industries, induce asymmetries and create incentives for political exclusion. Colonial and post-colonial histories of resource extraction give political valence to ideas that have helped mobilize actors who have challenged relations of power and institutional arrangements. The materiality of subsoil resources has direct implications for subnational forms of holding power that can influence resource access and control. Mineral and hydrocarbon economies bring both transnational and local political actors into the constitution of national political settlements.
34
Shelter, ed. Europe against exclusion: Housing for all : a set of practical policy proposals to promote social inclusion and ensure access to decent housing for all citizens and residents of the European Union. London: Shelter, 1999.
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35
Banting, Keith, and Edward Koning. Just Visiting? The Weakening of Social Protection in a Mobile World. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0006.
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Recent scholarship has become increasingly attentive to the way different welfare states include or exclude newcomers. Much of this literature has focused on the access to benefits granted to immigrants with a permanent status. While this emphasis is understandable, it ignores the growing ranks of individuals who do not settle permanently, either because they are only given temporary status or because they choose to move on. This paper helps to fill this gap by comparing four countries that are very different in the way they treat temporary migrants: Sweden, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. We find that migrants on a temporary permit are among the most weakly protected in each of these countries, but that the exclusion is more severe in countries where politicians face considerable political pressure to appear tough on immigration and where there are few institutional protections to protect temporary residents from such pressures. These findings highlight both the fragility of social protection in a world of mobility and the importance of firmly entrenched protections of equal treatment.
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Treves, Tullio. Introductory Note. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0017.
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ITLOS has handed out in 2015 two provisional measures orders and an advisory opinion. The Provisional Measures Order of 25 April 2015, in the maritime delimitation case between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire, was adopted by an ad hoc Chamber of the Tribunal. It accepts for the first time in ITLOS jurisprudence the “plausibility” test for the merits submission as a prerequisite of a provisional measures order In the Provisional Measures Order of 24 August 2015 on the Enrica Lexie incident between Italy and India, the provisional measure prescribed consists in that both parties suspend or refrain from initiating proceedings which might aggravate the dispute submitted to the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal. The Advisory Opinion of 2 April 2015, upon the request of a West African fisheries commission, rejects the view that ITLOS in its full formation lacks advisory jurisdiction. It throws light on the obligations of the flag state of vessels fishing in the exclusive economic zone of another state and on the role of the European Union.
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Salge, Manuel. El principio arcóntico del patrimonio. Origen, transformaciones y desafíos de los procesos. Universidad de los Andes, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2018.49.
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Este libro estudia cómo el discurso del patrimonio desencadena mecanismos de inclusión y exclusión a través de los cuales el Estado construye su proyecto nacional y cómo las comunidades se valen de él para anclar sus luchas sociales. El principio arcóntico del patrimonio visibiliza las tensiones y las diferentes agendas estéticas, históricas y políticas que enfrentan a los actores institucionales con los sujetos de la política patrimonial en cuatro diferentes contextos en Colombia: el Carnaval de Barranquilla espectacularizado y comercializado, que segrega y jerarquiza el acceso a la fiesta; un corregimiento como San Basilio de Palenque, donde la frustración y la desconfianza se vuelven norma ante la imposibilidad de transitar a sistemas productivos con base cultural; el Carnaval de Negros y Blancos, que por cuenta de la burocracia ha olvidado a un segmento de sus actores; y las procesiones religiosas en Popayán, que son el testimonio del monopolio de una institución frente a una creencia popular.
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Sharma, Mukul. Dalit Memories and Water Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477562.003.0004.
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Water is a deeply contentious issue, intersecting with caste, class, and gender in India in multifaceted ways, and producing complex cultural meanings and social hierarchies. Culturally, politically and economically, it has been a source of power. It has been controlled by the powerful, and used as a means to exert control over others. It has been a traditional medium for exclusion of Dalits in overt and covert ways: denying Dalits the right over, and access to, water; asserting monopoly of upper-castes over water bodies, including rivers, wells, tanks and taps; constructing casteist water texts in cultural and religious domains; obscuring Dalit narratives and knowledge of water; and rendering thinking and speaking about caste, water and Dalits together as peripheral to discourses on water. The chapter takes up two case studies from two different regions of Bihar, where Dalits have used water to represent their own ecological vision in a collective manner, drawing from a rich repertoire of their religious, cultural, and social resources. Cultural symbols and myths of Deena-Bhadri and Ekalavya are assembled by Dalits as a community tool-box, to demand river and fishing rights, and to attach themselves to pasts, places, and resources.
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Ng, Wing Chung. Theater and the Immigrant Public. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039119.003.0009.
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This chapter delineates the history of Chinatown theater as a public space for social interaction and community building in migrant societies. With Chinese migrants living under highly circumscribed conditions without much access to resources and amenities in mainstream society, the theater acquired extra significance within the enclave. Especially noteworthy is the active involvement of traditional organizations in promoting Cantonese opera and cultivating patronage with the touring companies and itinerant actors. On the one hand, the close-knit personal and social networks, and the group affiliations and loyalties associated with these organizations, were critical ingredients for the success of the theater business. On the other hand, the theater personnel and the spectacle of the stage became available to aid the organizations and the leaders in furthering their agendas by gaining visibility and public support. On the overseas stage, the enthusiastic reception afforded to actresses unleashed interesting dynamics of gender in an overwhelmingly male population. Aside from an entertainment venue enjoyed by many, the immigrant theater was acted upon by those concerned as an important site for the negotiation and inscription of power relations, normative behaviors, and community politics in exclusion-era Chinatown.
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Gaisbauer, Helmut, Gottfried Schweiger, and Clemens Sedmak, eds. Absolute Poverty in Europe. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341284.001.0001.
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This book examines absolute poverty in Europe, which is at the moment fairly neglected in academic and policy discourse. It opens with conceptual and methodological considerations that prepare the ground for an application of the concept of absolute poverty in the context of affluent societies and analyses shortcomings of social statistics as well as possibilities to include highly vulnerable groups. This includes thoughts on ethics of research in this particular field where people live under severe circumstances and research can make a difference. The book sheds light on crucial dimensions of deprivation and social exclusion of people in absolute poverty in affluent societies: access to health care, housing and nutrition, poverty related shame and violence. After conceptual and practical issues, the book investigates into different policy responses to absolute poverty in affluent societies from social policy concerns to civic organizations, e. g. food donations, and penalisation and “social cleansing” of highly visible poor. The book finally frames this discussion by profound ethical considerations and normative reasoning about absolute poverty and its alleviation, how it is related to concerns of justice/injustice as well as human dignity. Furthermore, it questions the power and importance of human rights and their judicial protection in regard of persons in absolute poverty.
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Magnuson, Doug, Mikael Jansson, and Cecilia Benoit. The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190624934.001.0001.
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The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth tells the story of young people who were street-involved from their early to middle teens and into their 20s, particularly their experiences of emerging adulthood while struggling toward young adulthood and independence. These youth experienced emerging and early adulthood earlier than other youth while living independently of guardians, detached from formal education, and working in the underground economy. After leaving their guardians they were choosing how to be different than their family, learning to cope with instability, and enjoying and protecting their independence, and they experienced some satisfaction with their ability to manage. As one youth stated, “away from my family, I learned that I was not stupid.” Their success was facilitated by harm reduction services, like access to shelter and food, that gave them time to experiment with living independently and to practice being responsible for themselves and others. Later they began to prefer nonstreet identities, and they began to think about their desires for the future. The distance between their current lives and those aspirations was the experience of feeling “in-between,” and progress toward their aspirations was often complicated by past experiences of trauma, current experiences of exclusion, coping with substances, and the mismatch between their needs and available services.
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Harris, Frances. 1660–1688. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802440.003.0003.
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The first chapter traces the friendship of Godolphin and Marlborough from their early years at the Restoration court, through the Exclusion crisis until the Revolution of 1688. Both marry for love at a time when many men with no inherited fortune regard wives and families as encumbrances they cannot afford, but Margaret Godolphin dies early in childbirth. They share a diplomatic mission to William of Orange in 1678, and afterwards their friendship enables them to work in different ways towards his intervention to defeat the Catholicizing policies of James II, so that England can participate in a European alliance against the expansionism of Louis XIV. When James flees to France in 1688 both Churchill and Godolphin accept William and Mary as de facto monarchs, though their strongest loyalties are to Mary’s sister Anne, with whom Sarah Churchill has become a favourite.
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Rhodes, R. A. W. On Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786115.003.0002.
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An interpretive approach to political science provides accounts of actions and practices that are interpretations of interpretations. It is distinctive because of the extent to which it privileges meanings as ways to grasp actions. This chapter develops this argument using the idea of ‘situated agency’. It focuses on eight criticisms of this approach: an interpretive approach is mere common sense; it focuses on beliefs or discourses, not actions or practices; it ignores concepts of social structure; it seeks to understand actions and practices, not explain them; it is concerned exclusively with qualitative techniques of data generation; it must accept actors’ own accounts of their beliefs; is insensitive to the ways in which power constitutes beliefs; and is incapable of producing policy relevant knowledge. It shows that the criticisms rest on misconceptions about an interpretive approach and misplaced beliefs in the false idols of hard data and rigorous methods.
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Concha Cantú, Hugo A., Miguel Ángel Lara Otaola, and Jesús Orozco Henríquez. Towards a Global Index of Electoral Justice: International IDEA Discussion Paper 2/2020. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.29.
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Globally, a wide variety of indices and indicators evaluate and provide information on different aspects of democracy and electoral procedures. On the one hand, there are indices that measure the quality of democracy and its resilience over time, focusing on building blocks such as the existence of representative governments, civil and political rights and necessary power limits. Other indices evaluate the quality of elections and specific aspects, such as voter registration, campaign financing and the performance of electoral authorities. Finally, others evaluate rule of law and access to justice. However, none of these indices focuses on the dimension of electoral justice, understood as the means and procedural mechanisms that guarantee free and fair elections, carried out in accordance with the law, and that guarantee the exercise and fulfilment of political rights. This is about to change. International IDEA, with the support of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary of Mexico, makes an unprecedented proposal for the construction of a Global Index dedicated exclusively to electoral justice. This document includes a measurement proposal with normative design, process and result indicators, which will offer useful and comparative information on the electoral conflict resolution system of a given country or countries. It will provide comparative knowledge on electoral processes and institutions from around the world and assess the quality of their electoral justice.
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Forceville, Charles. Visual and Multimodal Communication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845230.001.0001.
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Successful communication requires optimal relevance to a target audience. Relevance theory (RT) provides an excellent model based on this insight, but the impact of the theory has until now been restricted due to an almost exclusive focus on spoken face-to-face communication. Visual and Multimodal Communication: Applying the Relevance Principle is the first book to systematically demonstrate how RT can fulfill its promise to develop into an inclusive theory of communication. In this book, Charles Forceville refines and adapts RT’s original claims to show its applicability to static visuals and multimodal discourses in popular culture genres. Using colorful examples, he explains how RT can be expanded and adapted to accommodate mass-communicative visual and visual-plus-verbal messages. Forceville addresses issues such as the difference between drawing prospective addressees’ attention to a message and persuading them to accept it; the thorny continuum from implicit to explicit information; and the role of genre. Case studies of pictograms, advertisements, cartoons, and comics provide contemporary and accessible examples of the importance of genre and of how the RT model can be connected to other approaches. By expanding the application of relevance theory to include mass-communicative messages, Visual and Multimodal Communication reintroduces a central framework of cognitive linguistics and pragmatics to a new audience and paves the way for an inclusive theory of communication.
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El acceso y la exclusión en el cuidado de la salud: una perspectiva antropológica. Análisis de las continuidades y las rupturas en la forma de abordar la salud, la discriminación, la segregación, los prejuicios. Volumen 2. Educo, 2015.
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Moore, Gregory J. Niebuhrian International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500446.001.0001.
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Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) may have been the most influential and insightful American thinker of the twentieth century. In dealing with the intricacies of human nature, society, politics, ethics, theology, racism, and international relations, Niebuhr the teacher, preacher, philosopher, social critic, and ethicist was highly influential and difficult to ignore during the World War II and Cold War eras because of his intellectual heft and the novel manner in which he addressed the economic, spiritual, social, and political problems of his time. This book distills Niebuhr’s disparate and now difficult-to-access work on international relations into one volume, making it more easily accessible than ever before, at the same time bringing his work into the twenty-first century. It argues that if he were alive today Niebuhr would be a champion of the United Nations, a supporter of globalization, a fierce opponent of America’s 2003 Iraq War (for all the reasons he opposed the Vietnam War), an advocate of responsibility to protect, and a pragmatic hawk on China as it rises today. This book also highlights his many contributions to international relations (IR) theory, from Realism to Liberalism to existentialism to the English School to constructivism. This is the first book that focuses exclusively on the IR thought of Reinhold Niebuhr, one of America’s most important public intellectuals and classical Realism’s most important figures, dubbed “the father of us all” by American diplomat and Realist George Kennan.
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Kyritsis, Dimitrios. Where Our Protection Lies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.001.0001.
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In this book Dimitrios Kyritsis advances an original account of constitutional review of primary legislation for its compatibility with human rights. Key to it is the value of separation of powers. When the relationship between courts and the legislature realizes this value, it makes a stronger claim to moral legitimacy. Kyritsis steers a path between the two extremes of the sceptics and the enthusiasts. Against sceptics who claim that constitutional review is an affront to democracy he argues that it is a morally legitimate institutional option for democratic societies because it can provide an effective check on the legislature. Although the latter represents the people and should thus be given the initiative in designing government policy, it carries serious risks, which institutional design must seek to avert. Against enthusiasts he maintains that fundamental rights protection is not the exclusive province of courts but the responsibility of both the judiciary and the legislature. Although courts may sometimes be given the power to scrutinize legislation and even strike it down, if it violates human rights, they must also respect the legislature’s important contribution to their joint project. Occasionally, they may even have a duty to defer to morally sub-optimal decisions, as far as rights protection is concerned. This is as it should be. Legitimacy demands less than the ideal. In turn, citizens ought to accept discounts on perfect justice for the sake of achieving a reasonably just and effective political order overall.
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Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. Reform Impulses in a Bipolar Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.003.0015.
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This chapter describes the far reaching changes as a result of which the Indian education system ceased to be almost exclusively public funded and closed system, how these far reaching changes were not steered by any policy of the Government, and how the policy has to catch up to do. It describes how the early initiatives of the Manmohan Government aroused great hopes that higher education was poised for remarkable transformation, and how these hopes were dashed as the Prime Minister was only a minor centre of power and could not prevail upon Arjun Singh to accept the ambitious reform agenda drawn up by the National Knowledge Commission (NKC) he set up. It also describes the special focus on skill development and the new initiatives launched during the Eleventh Five Year Plan such as the expansion of Central Universities, IITs, IIMs and NITs, and the launch of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). It compares and contrasts the philosophical underpinnings and recommendations of the NKC and Yash Pal Committee on the rejuvenation of Higher Education, and critques the recommendations of that Committee’s idea of university, and its proposal to constitute a National Commission on Higher Education and Research as an imperium imperio.
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Hupaniittu, Outi, and Ulla-Maija Peltonen, eds. Arkistot ja kulttuuriperintö. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/tl.268.
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Archives and the Cultural Heritage The edited volume Archives and the Cultural Heritage focuses on archives as institutions and to their tense relationship with archives as material. These dynamics are discussed in respect of the past, the present, and the future. The focus lies in the mechanisms the Finnish archive institutions have utilised when taking part in forming the cultural heritage and in debating the importance of the private archives in society. Within social sciences and history from the early 1990s onwards, the effects of globalisation have been seen as a new focal point for research. Momentarily, the archives saw the same paradigm shift as the focus of the archival studies proceeded from state to society. This brought forth the notion that the values of society are reflected in the acquisition of archival material. This archival turn draws attention to the archives as entities formed by cultural practices. The volume discusses cultural heritage within Finnish archives with diverse perspectives and from various time periods. The key concepts are cultural heritage and archives – both as institution and as material. Articles review the formation of archival collections spanning from the 19th to the 21st century and highlight that the archives have never been neutral or objective actors; rather, they have always been an active process of remembering and forgetting, a matter of inclusion and exclusion. The focus is on private archives and on the choices that guided the creation of the archives and the cultural perceptions and power structures associated with them. Although private archives have considerable social and research value, and although their material complements the picture of society provided by documentary data produced by public administrations, they have only risen to the theoretical discussions in the 21st century. The authors consider what has happened before the material ends up in the archive, what happens in the archive and what can be deduced from this. It shows how archival solutions manifest themselves, how they have influenced research and how they still affect it. One of the key questions is whose past has been preserved and whose is deemed worthy of preservation. Under what conditions have the permanently preserved documents been selected and how can they be accessed? In addition, the volume pays attention to whose documents have been ignored or forgotten, as well as to the networks and power of the individuals within the archival institution and to the politics of memory. The Archives and the Cultural Heritage is an opening to a discussion on the mechanisms, practices and goals of Finnish archival activities. It challenges archival organisations to reflect on their own operating models and to make visible their own conscious or unconscious choices. It raises awareness of the formation of the Finnish documentary cultural heritage, produces new information about private archives and participates in the scientific debate on the changing significance of archives in society. The volume is related to the Academy of Finland research project “Making and Interpreting National Pasts – Role of Finnish Archives as Networks of Power and Sites of Memory” (no 25257, 2011–2014/2019), University of Turku. Project partners Finnish Literature Society (SKS) and Society of Swedish Literature in Finland (SLS).