Books on the topic 'Excessus Mentis'

Nos últimos anos, alguns questionamentos nortearam a minha busca pelo conhecimento nas ciências do exercício e esporte. O exercício físico sempre é benéfico? O excesso de exercícios físicos entre atletas é uma realidade? Do que se trata o overtraining? Qual a diferença entre overtraining e overreaching? Deve-se evitar exercícios extremos? Há uma linha tênue entre benefícios e prejuízos modulados pelo exercício físico? O excesso de exercícios físicos entre atletas de recreação é uma realidade? O exercício físico pode apresentar “efeitos colaterais”? Qual a origem do overtraining? Quanto mais exercício, melhor? No pain, no gain? Viver SEMPRE fora da zona de conforto? Existe algum tipo de relação paradoxal com o exercício físico? Qualquer coisa é melhor do que nada? Muita coisa é melhor que qualquer coisa? Quais são os benefícios e riscos potenciais de durações prolongadas, cargas extremas e frequência alta? Como evitar o overtraining? Este livro tem o objetivo de discutir e refletir sobre essas questões. Normalmente, os debates sobre os possíveis efeitos colaterais do exercício físico acontecem em outras áreas da saúde, como a fisioterapia e medicina, por exemplo, quando são tratados assuntos envolvendo lesões e desenvolvimento de doenças por estresse acumulado e repetitivo. Ao longo da minha graduação, três cursos de pós-graduação e mestrado, raríssimos foram os professores e disciplinas que debateram sobre excesso de exercício físico. No doutorado, onde investiguei especificamente esse tema e onde surgiu o Grupo de Pesquisa sobre Excesso de Exercício (GPEEx), alguns professores chegaram a me questionar: “em um mundo com pessoas cada vez mais sedentárias, como pode você falar mal do exercício?” Esse questionamento reflete um tremendo conflito de interesse. Fazendo uma analogia, consegue imaginar se todo pesquisador e profissional da área de farmacologia partisse da premissa de que a sua fórmula seria perfeita contra determinadas doenças? Há períodos de um programa de condicionamento ou treinamento onde o excesso de estresse provocado pelo exercício físico é desejável – isso mesmo! Porém, o profissional de educação física que desconhece a linha tênue entre seus riscos e benefícios potenciais, pode prestar um desserviço. Se uma pessoa que se exercita vive cansada, lesionada, apática, inflamada e dolorida, certamente, em algum momento, ela revisará o exercício enquanto prioridade, podendo aumentar as estatísticas de abandono e sedentarismo. Dentro das ciências do exercício e esporte diversas dificuldades metodológicas limitam o avanço sobre o entendimento do tema aqui tratado. Por exemplo, experimentos com humanos devem respeitar critérios éticos que protejam o bem-estar físico e emocional das pessoas, sendo necessária a utilização de modelos animais. Além disso, infelizmente, prevalece o paradigma de que apenas atletas de elite experimentam os sintomas da síndrome do overtraining. Ainda não há sequer um consenso sobre a terminologia mais adequada para caracterizar o “descondicionamento paradoxal”. A própria literatura aponta a inexistência de um marcador único, objetivo, preciso e confiável, a partir de parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos classicamente estudados, para o diagnóstico da exaustão crônica relacionada ao treinamento. Para se ter uma ideia, um comunicado especial publicado pelo Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte e Colégio Europeu de Ciências do Esporte, em 2013, afirma que o assunto é muitas vezes abordado de forma anedótica (evidências informais, relatos subjetivos e baseados no “ouvir falar”). O exercício físico por si só não faz milagres e uma boa execução de movimento não é garantia de sucesso. Se pensarmos que o esforço físico é mais um estímulo estressor na já agitada vida de algumas pessoas, uma importante precaução é o seu excesso. Afinal, “o estresse mata e o pior: não aparece no atestado de óbito.” Portanto, recomendações e prescrições consistentes dependem de uma melhor compreensão sobre seus mecanismos fisiológicos e funcionais. Com muita alegria, doutores, mestres, egressos dos nossos grupos de pesquisas e graduandos dedicaram parte do seu tempo precioso para propor reflexões sobre o paradoxo do excesso de exercício físico. O primeiro capítulo – PARADOXO: INATIVIDADE FÍSICA x EXCESSO DE EXERCÍCIO, serve para confrontar os dois extremos do espectro relacionado ao exercício. Sedentarismo e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis geram sofrimento, dependência funcional, gastos intangíveis e muitas mortes. Porém, cargas extremas, ao longo do tempo, podem impactar de forma negativa o funcionamento celular, gerando, inclusive, doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. No segundo capítulo – TERMOS E DEFINIÇÕES PARA O EXCESSO DE EXERCÍCIO, diferentes nomenclaturas são apresentadas, assim como possíveis condições que impactam o desenvolvimento de seus sinais e sintomas. O terceiro capítulo – PREVALÊNCIA, versa sobre a dificuldade de se encontrar estudos epidemiológicos relacionados à síndrome do overtraining entre diferentes populações. Há pesquisa mostrando que 64 % de corredores de elite já experimentaram pelo menos um episódio da síndrome. Isso é realmente muito relevante. O capítulo quatro – OVERTRAINING NO FISICULTURISMO, discute a vigorexia e diversos aspectos negativos dessa condição. O capítulo cinco – OVERTRAINING NO AMBIENTE MILITAR, reforça a necessidade de redobrar as atenções durante treinamentos extremos. O capítulo seis – ORIGEM DO OVERTRAINING: SISTEMA IMUNE, aborda um assunto que cada vez mais recebe atenção por parte da comunidade científica mundial. O sistema imunológico, na maioria dos cursos de graduação em educação física no Brasil, ainda não é trabalhado. Comentamos também resultados da minha pesquisa de doutorado, premiada no tradicional congresso brasileiro de medicina do esporte, em 2019. O capítulo sete – ORIGEM DO OVERTRAINING: ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO, explica uma importante hipótese relacionada aos possíveis efeitos colaterais do excesso de exercícios. O capítulo oito – ORIGEM DA FADIGA AGUDA: CÉREBRO, é muito importante para o entendimento da exaustão aguda, que certamente impacta a fadiga crônica. Como a percepção de cansaço é desenvolvida, estruturas críticas determinantes para a superação de limites, integração de áreas do encéfalo, controle de funções vitais. Conta com diversas informações provenientes da neurociência do exercício e serve também para refletirmos sobre dependência ao exercício, hedonismo, estado de fluxo. A intensa perturbação da homeostase é um processo comprometedor das funções fisiológicas, mas por que será que entusiastas dos esportes e atividades físicas, atletas de recreação, amadores e de elite, praticantes de modalidades “radicais” ou qualquer outra pessoa assídua nos exercícios, experimentam com frequência a sensação de exaustão e tornam a repetir, alguns diariamente, esses estímulos tão estressantes? Exercício sem prazer não favorece sua adesão, mas o vício em exercícios físicos é um tipo de dependência não química. Como trabalhar essa linha tênue? O capítulo nove – SINTOMAS CLÍNICOS DO EXCESSO DE EXERCÍCIOS, apresenta um caso concreto para discutir o monitoramento de cargas no esporte. O capítulo dez – VARIABILIDADE DA FREQUÊNCIA CARDÍACA, contextualiza uma importante e cada vez mais utilizada ferramenta biológica para ajudar a controlar a distribuição de cargas em programas de condicionamento ou treinamento. O capítulo onze – PERIODIZAÇÃO E ESTRATÉGIAS DE TREINAMENTO, serve como revisão sobre o assunto e tenta estabelecer um link entre as “atualidades” apresentadas nos capítulos anteriores e os conceitos norteadores da prescrição de clássicos autores. Finalmente, o capítulo doze – TÓPICOS ESPECIAIS: METABOLÔMICA, convida o leitor para uma área muito promissora nas ciências do exercício e esporte. Em nome de todos os colaboradores, desejo a você uma boa leitura e que o senso crítico despertado possa iluminar muitas tomadas de decisão!

Political abuse of psychiatry refers to the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, treatment, and detention for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain individuals and groups in a given society. The practice is common to but not exclusive to countries governed by totalitarian regimes. In this chapter the question is raised as to why, in spite of the fact that in most countries medical practice takes place according to internationally accepted guidelines, there is at the same time continued evidence of cases of incarcerating dissidents in mental institutions and of social activists and/or practitioners of various religions who are subjected to psychiatric treatment. In addition, the authors analyze why in particular in mental health the ethical borders have been corrupted and which measures can be put in place to combat these excesses.

While cardiovascular risk remains the most important factor in early death among people with schizophrenia, a host of other physical health maladies are also found in excess in this group of individuals. These include pulmonary problems, poor bone health with associated risk of fractures, sexual health problems, infectious diseases, and poor oral health. Certain cancers are seen in excess in people with schizophrenia, but what is perhaps more of a shameful indictment of our health systems is that if they develop cancer, they are less likely to be effectively treated than people without a mental illness. Intriguingly, there is some evidence of higher pain tolerance among people with schizophrenia, as well as remarkably low rates of degenerative musculoskeletal conditions.

Both copper and iron are essential metals that have a critical function in a series of biochemical pathways. This chapter describes the disorders associated with genetic abnormalities in copper and iron metabolic pathways and their manifestations in adult patients. Mutations in the genes of the copper transporting P-type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B are associated with Wilson disease, Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome and ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of disorders characterized by excess iron deposition in globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, striata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. Several genes associated with NBIA have been identified.

This chapter presents a general theory of defiance, both in general terms and as it pertains to patients with mental disorders. The author frames defiance as a response to authoritative norms for civility and argues that these norms are, and often should be, questioned by those who are systemically adversely affected by them. Defiance is distinguished from civil disobedience, civil resistance, and other challenges to authority. Aristotle’s virtue ethics is introduced, but with challenges to his neglect of oppressive or disabling conditions on the ability to flourish. The concept of master narratives is used to identify ways that dominant norms for reasoning make it difficult to assess properly when defiance is virtuous, vicious, or a symptom of mental illness. Examples are employed to illustrate what would count as a deficiency, an excess, and the mean. The author also introduces the framework of burdened virtues—virtues that impede flourishing and that do harm to those who develop them.

This book is the first extended study into the politics of whiteness inherent within postfeminist popular cinema. It analyses a selection of Hollywood films dating from the turn of the millennium, arguing that the character of the ‘melancholic white woman’ operates as a trope through which to explore the excesses of late capitalism and a crisis of faith in the American dream. Melancholia can function as a form of social capital for these characters yet betrays its proximity to a gendered history of emotion and psychopathology. This figure is alternately idealised or scapegoated depending on how well she navigates the perils of postfeminist ideology. Furthermore, the book considers how performances of melancholia and mental distress can confer benefits for Hollywood actresses and female auteurs on the labour market, which in turn has contributed to the maintenance of white hegemony within the mainstream US film industry. Case studies in the book include Black Swan (Darren Aronofksy 2010), Gone Girl (David Fincher 2014) and Alice in Wonderland (Tim Burton 2010).

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of risk factors including increased waist circumference, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose and triglycerides in conjunction with low levels of high-density lipoprotein. MS is associated with an elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular and other events. The general population rate of MS is increasing, but people with schizophrenia have markedly elevated rates compared to people without a mental illness. Reasons for this excess are complex, but certain antipsychotic agents can exacerbate risk and due care needs to be taken in prescribing such medications, with awareness of longitudinal risk. Treatment needs to be provided following established guidelines, to address aspects of MS should they occur.

This chapter deals with an increasingly important topic: the recognition that individuals with severe mental illness die nearly 20 years before they should. The situational factors contributing to this excess mortality are outlined—failure to register with a GP, homelessness, and dysfunctional help-seeking behaviour. Individual risks, including self-neglect, co-morbid conditions, and the impact of treatments (e.g. metabolic syndrome caused by novel antipsychotics), are also outlined. The role of the outreach worker can involve building liaison with the GP and, on occasions, taking direct responsibility for the physical care of some of the more severely ill patients. There are risks of blurred confidentiality, marginalization, and withdrawal by GP services in this approach, but sometimes it is inevitable.

One of the most vexing questions for the framers of the Constitution was how to create a vigorous and independent executive without making him king. In today's divided public square, presidential power has never been more contested. This book cuts through the partisan rancor to reveal what the Constitution really tells us about the powers of the president. The book provides a comprehensive account of the drafting of presidential powers. Because the framers met behind closed doors and left no records of their deliberations, close attention must be given to their successive drafts. The book shows how the framers worked from a mental list of the powers of the British monarch, and consciously decided which powers to strip from the presidency to avoid tyranny. It examines each of these powers in turn, explaining how they were understood at the time of the founding, and goes on to provide a framework for evaluating separation-of-powers claims, distinguishing between powers that are subject to congressional control and those in which the president has full discretion. Based on the Tanner Lectures at Princeton University, the book restores the original vision of the framers, showing how the Constitution restrains the excesses of an imperial presidency while empowering the executive to govern effectively.

The term “epidemic” is broadly employed to refer to any occurrence of illness that is clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Whenever there is an apparent increase in the number of cases over a relatively short time, there are three possibilities: (1) a true epidemic in which the actual incidence of the disorder is increasing; (2) an increase in the number of previously undiagnosed individuals coming to clinical attention; or (3) a broadening of diagnostic definitions over time. Although reports of greatly increased rates of some psychiatric disorders in the past 30 years suggest possible “epidemics,” a closer examination raises questions about whether any of these truly represent increased incidence of the disorder in the community. In most cases, claims for the existence of an epidemic depend on reports of increased numbers of diagnoses made by mental health providers as opposed to evidence of increased rates of the symptomatic presentation.

This book draws on the latest research about identifying and treating the pain of perpetration to advance and deploy a literary theory of moral injury that addresses fictional representations of the mental anguish of those who have injured or killed others. The book foregrounds moral injury, a recent psychological concept distinct from trauma that is used to describe the psychic wounds suffered by those who breach their own deeply held ethical principles. Complementing writings on trauma theory that posit the textual manifestation of trauma as absence, the book argues that moral injury appears in literature in a variety of forms of excess. The author closely reads works by Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment), Camus (The Fall), and veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan (Brian Turner's Here, Bullet; Kevin Powers' The Yellow Birds; Phil Klay's Redeployment; and Roy Scranton's War Porn), contending that recognizing and understanding the suffering of perpetrators, without condoning their crimes, enriches the experience of reading — and of being human.

“Discipline” explores how the performance of justice, with its associated aesthetics and normative codes, involves disciplines that seek to “translate” discourse, bodily movement, and subjectivity into a juridical form, one that asserts the liberal democratic, right-bearing subjectivity the transitional justice imaginary aspires to produce. Drawing in part on translation theory, this chapter notes that such translation involves power, discourse, control, and a sort of exile as speech and actions are shaped into a form according with juridical order. These attempts to realize the transitional justice imaginary, however, are unable to contain an excess—a surplus of meanings creating cracks in the justice facade—that emerges from the lived experience and understandings of particular actors. These juridical disciplines were manifest at a 2008 Reenactment described in the section preamble, as the victims and defendants were invested with rights and agency that enabled (and constrained) their actions within this juridical performance. They were also evident in the testimony given by another S-21 artist and survivor, Bou Meng, who participated as a civil party in Duch’s trial and is the focus of Chapter 6. In particular, the chapter explores how the court disciplined Bou Meng, “translating” what he said, how he felt, and even how he moved his body into a legalistic form. Despite this juridical canalization, an excess of meaning was evident throughout Bou Meng’s testimony, as illustrated by his invocation of Buddhist understandings and spirit beliefs, including the soul of his wife. This “bushy undergrowth” of meaning is largely occluded by the justice facade even as it remains central to lived experience and practice.

The association between mental health and physical health forms the core of this book. While it is recognized that serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia carry a reduced life expectancy, it is often assumed that suicide is the main cause of this disparity. But in actuality, suicide accounts for no more than a third of the early mortality associated with schizophrenia: the vast majority is due to cardiovascular factors. This book seeks to put this stark fact in context, detailing the extent of cardiovascular risk, sharing information regarding reasons for this excess, and outlining approved approaches for screening for and treatment of such risk factors in people with schizophrenia. As such, this book seeks to inform those caring for people with schizophrenia of these parameters and suggests ways in which they may be addressed, using a holistic model which embraces shared decision-making and which is compatible with the recovery framework. It provides guidance regarding monitoring as well as information about focused interventions that can help ameliorate risk. It also addresses those physical health factors apart from cardiovascular, that add to the burden of ill health amongst people with schizophrenia: pulmonary health, bone health, sexual health, and cancer risk are just some of these. In addition, the book provides patient and carer information material that can be used to try to ensure that all involved have a truly informed role in decision-making about their treatment and that both psychiatric and physical health issues are taken seriously.