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Books on the topic 'Excess factor'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

National Council on Compensation Insurance. Excess loss factor calculations [for 2005]: [Name of state]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2005.

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Insurance, National Council on Compensation. Excess loss factor calculations [for 2007]: [Name of state]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2007.

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National Council on Compensation Insurance. Excess loss factor calculations [for 2006]: [Name of state]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2006.

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National Council on Compensation Insurance. Excess loss factor calculations [for 2004]: [Name of state]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2004.

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National Council on Compensation Insurance. Excess loss factor calculations [for 2010: [Name of state]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2010.

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6

Bhattarai, Keshab R. Efficiency and factor reallocation effects and marginal excess burden of taxes in the UK economy. Hull: University of Hull, Department of Economics, 2000.

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7

Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Payment for blood clotting factor exceeds providers' acquisition cost : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, DC: The Office, 2003.

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8

Dhumale, Rahul. Factors affecting the market for corporate control: The role of excess cash and diversification during mergers and acquisitions. Cambridge: University of Cambridge,Department of Land Economy, 1999.

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9

Kolpakov, Vasiliy. Economic and mathematical and econometric modeling: Computer workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24417.

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The textbook presents mathematical research methods and models of economic objects and processes designed for the analysis and prediction of economic factors and develop control solutions as in the deterministic conditions, and in conditions of some uncertainty, and dynamics. Each Chapter of the book consists of a theoretical framework, discussed in detail several examples and tasks for independent work. As workbench simulation uses standard office the program Excel and Mathcad. Tutorial focused on independent performance of students individual tasks on disciplines "Economic-mathematical methods" and "Econometrics". Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. The publication is intended for students and postgraduate students in economic disciplines. It can also be useful as they perform final qualifying works. The book will be useful for practitioners engaged in the analysis of the current financial and economic condition and future development of firms and businesses.
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10

Efremov, German. Modeling of chemical and technological processes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1090526.

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In an accessible form, the textbook presents the theoretical foundations of physical and mathematical modeling; considers the modeling of mass, heat and momentum transfer processes, the relationship and analogy between them; studies the theory of similarity, its application in modeling, models of the structure of flows in apparatuses. Experimental-statistical and experimental-analytical modeling methods are also described, which include "black box" methods, planning passive, active full and fractional factor experiments, and adjusting models based on the results of the experiment. At the same time, modeling of chemical reactors, methods of optimization of chemical-technological processes, their selection, comparison and application examples are considered. Examples of modeling and optimization of processes in chemical, petrochemical and biotechnology on a computer in Excel and MathCAD environments are given. The appendices provide the basics of working in the MathCAD environment and elements of matrix algebra. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for bachelors who are trained for the chemical, petrochemical, food, textile and light industries. It can be useful for specialists and undergraduates, as well as for scientists, engineers and postgraduates dealing with the problem under consideration.
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11

Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Factors affecting results from audits of large corporations : report to the Commissioner, Internal Revenue Service. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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12

National Council on Compensation Insurance., ed. Excess loss factor calculations [for 2005]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2005.

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13

National Council on Compensation Insurance., ed. Excess loss factor calcularions [for 2004]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2005.

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14

National Council on Compensation Insurance., ed. Excess loss factor parameters and tables [for 2004]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2005.

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15

Back, Kerry E. Factor Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0006.

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The CAPM and factor models in general are explained. Factors can be replaced by the returns or excess returns that are maximally correlated (the projections of the factors). A factor model is equivalent to an affine representation of an SDF and to spanning a return on the mean‐variance frontier. The use of alphas for performance evaluation is explained. Statistical factor models are defined as models in which factors explain the covariance matrix of returns. A proof is given of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory, which states that statistical factors are approximate pricing factors. The CAPM and the Fama‐French‐Carhart model are evaluated relative to portfolios based on sorts on size, book‐to‐market, and momentum.
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16

Gutiérrez, Orlando M. Fibroblast growth factor 23, Klotho, and phosphorus metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0119.

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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho have emerged as major hormonal regulators of phosphorus (P) and vitamin D metabolism. FGF23 is secreted by bone cells and acts in the kidneys to increase urinary P excretion and inhibit the synthesis of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and in the parathyroid glands to inhibit the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone. Phosphorus excess stimulates FGF23 secretion, likely as an appropriate physiological adaptation to maintain normal P homeostasis by enhancing urinary P excretion and diminishing intestinal P absorption via lower 1,25(OH)2D. The FGF23 concentrations are elevated early in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may be a primary initiating factor for the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in this setting. Klotho exists in two forms: a transmembrane form and a secreted form, each with distinct functions. The transmembrane form acts as the key co-factor needed for FGF23 to bind to and activate its cognate receptor in the kidneys and the parathyroid glands. The secreted form of Klotho has FGF23-independent effects on renal P and calcium handling, insulin sensitivity, and endothelial function. Disturbances in the expression of Klotho may play a role in the development of altered bone and mineral metabolism in early CKD. In addition, abnormal circulating concentrations of both FGF23 and Klotho have been linked to excess cardiovascular disease, suggesting that both play an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health.
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17

Excess--the factory. Commune Editions, 2018.

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18

Excess loss factors. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 1995.

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19

National Council on Compensation Insurance., ed. Excess loss factors [for 2002]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2002.

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National Council on Compensation Insurance., ed. Excess loss factors [for 2001]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2001.

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21

National Council on Compensation Insurance., ed. Excess loss factors [for 2003]. [Boca Raton, FL]: National Council on Compensation Insurance, 2003.

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22

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Other physical health problems in people with schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0004.

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While cardiovascular risk remains the most important factor in early death among people with schizophrenia, a host of other physical health maladies are also found in excess in this group of individuals. These include pulmonary problems, poor bone health with associated risk of fractures, sexual health problems, infectious diseases, and poor oral health. Certain cancers are seen in excess in people with schizophrenia, but what is perhaps more of a shameful indictment of our health systems is that if they develop cancer, they are less likely to be effectively treated than people without a mental illness. Intriguingly, there is some evidence of higher pain tolerance among people with schizophrenia, as well as remarkably low rates of degenerative musculoskeletal conditions.
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23

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Reasons for excess medical morbidity in schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0002.

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This chapter asks why it is that people with schizophrenia are at such high risk for so many physical health maladies. The answers are complex and multidimensional, encompassing shared aetiological factors, schizophrenia-related factors, personal issues, and system issues. Research into these causes and their associations with each other is advancing and is able to inform appropriate therapeutic interventions. At an individual patient level, it is important for clinicians to appreciate how these factors can interact with each other in increasing risk, so that person-specific factors can be addressed. There is also potential for system-level changes to be informed by these understandings: such changes require an appreciation of the breadth of these issues and of the barriers that act to exacerbate underlying vulnerabilities.
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24

Malhotra, Jyoti, Paolo Boffetta, and Lorelei Mucci. Cancer of the Lung, Larynx, and Pleura. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0014.

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Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in most countries, and is the primary cause of cancer death in men and women. Its epidemic increase in incidence began in the first half of the twentieth century, paralleling the uptake of cigarette smoking that occurred 20 years before. A series of landmark studies beginning in 1950 established tobacco as the primary cause of lung cancer. Current smokers have a 10- to 20-fold higher lung cancer risk compared to never smokers. Important for prevention, former smokers substantially reduce this excess risk 5 years after smoking cessation. Exposure to secondhand smoke, a well-established risk factor for lung cancer, has a 20%–25% higher risk for those exposed. There are several occupational exposures associated with lung cancer, including asbestos. Despite the success in defining lung cancer’s etiology, this highly preventable disease remains among the most common and most lethal cancers globally.
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25

First, Michael B. Factors in the development of psychiatric epidemics. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0017.

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The term “epidemic” is broadly employed to refer to any occurrence of illness that is clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Whenever there is an apparent increase in the number of cases over a relatively short time, there are three possibilities: (1) a true epidemic in which the actual incidence of the disorder is increasing; (2) an increase in the number of previously undiagnosed individuals coming to clinical attention; or (3) a broadening of diagnostic definitions over time. Although reports of greatly increased rates of some psychiatric disorders in the past 30 years suggest possible “epidemics,” a closer examination raises questions about whether any of these truly represent increased incidence of the disorder in the community. In most cases, claims for the existence of an epidemic depend on reports of increased numbers of diagnoses made by mental health providers as opposed to evidence of increased rates of the symptomatic presentation.
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26

Carter, C. Sue, and Suma Jacob. Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Mechanisms for Potential Sex Differences Observed in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0018.

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The effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the brain and behavior can be sexually dimorphic, especially during the course of development (Bales, Kim, et al., 2004; Bales, Pfeifer, et al., 2004; Bales, Plotsky, et al., 2007; Bielsky et al., 2005a; Carter, 2003; Thompson et al., 2006; Yamamoto et al., 2005; Yamamoto et al., 2004). Given the sexual discrepancy observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), these two neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), have received attention for their potential role in ASDs (Green and Hollander, 2010; Insel et al., 1999; Leckman & Herman, 2002; Welch et al., 2005; Winslow, 2005; Young et al., 2002). Changes in either OT or AVP and their receptors could be capable of influencing symptom domains or behaviors associated with ASDs. Arginine vasopressin is androgen dependent in some brain regions (De Vries & Panzica, 2006), and males are more sensitive to AVP, especially during development. We hypothesize here that AVP, which has a unique role in males, must be present in optimal levels to be protective against ASDs. Either excess AVP or disruptions in the AVP system could play a role in development of the traits found in ASDs. In contrast, OT may possibly be secreted in response to adversity, especially in females, serving as a protective factor.
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Chiou, Ai-Fu. THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS DISABILITY IN ARTHRITIC ELDERLY PATIENTS (DEPRESSION, LOCUS OF CONTROL, SELF ESTEEM). 1996.

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28

Bushinsky, David A., and Orson Moe. Calcium stones. Edited by Mark E. De Broe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0201.

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Key predisposing factors in calcium stone formation are idiopathic hypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, and hyperoxaluria (dietary, enteric, idiopathic, sometimes genetic). These are described in detail. Other predisposing conditions include renal tubular acidosis, and risk factors identified in epidemiological studies such as hypocitraturia, increased urinary urate. is defined as an excess of urine calcium excretion without a discernible metabolic cause.
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29

Lowitt, Kristen, Katherine Gray-Donald, Gordon M. Hickey, Arlette Saint Ville, Isabella Francis-Granderson, Chandra A. Madramootoo, and Leroy E. Phillip. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0010.

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Overweight and obesity affect over half a billion people globally and represent major public health concerns because excess weight gain is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in obesity, considering both developed and developing country contexts. It describes how this pandemic is rooted in the “nutrition transition” taking place around the world as a result of a globalized agri-food system that is changing the quantity, types, and desirability of foods available for consumption. In some countries, this is contributing to a “double burden of malnutrition,” as the problem of undernutrition now coexists alongside an increasing prevalence of over-nutrition. An overview of key policy responses and policy instruments that governments can utilize to address obesity is provided, recognizing that a holistic food systems response is needed to address the global challenge of obesity. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the food security and obesity challenges facing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and profiles a “farm to fork” school feeding project in the island nation of St. Kitts-Nevis that was designed to reduce obesity and improve food security among children. Implementation and key results of this integrated project are presented, including the core components of agricultural production, procurement of local produce, and children’s consumption of nutritious foods. The chapter concludes by identifying lessons for supporting “farm to school”-type projects as a possible food systems response to addressing obesity and food insecurity.
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Timperley, Jonathan, and Sandeep Hothi. Peripheral oedema. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0014.

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Peripheral oedema is a palpable swelling caused by increased interstitial fluid in soft tissues, and can be due to local or systemic disease. Fluid distribution between capillaries and the interstitium is governed by Starling forces. The lymphatic system returns excess fluid and protein from the extracellular, interstitial space to the bloodstream. Thus, interstitial oedema may arise from factors that increase capillary pressure or permeability, factors that reduce plasma colloid osmotic pressure, factors that impede lymphatic drainage, or a combination of these causes. This topic addresses the diagnosis of peripheral oedema.
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31

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Obesity. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0020.

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Definitions 150Epidemiology 150Evaluation 151Treatment 152Complications 153Weight gain in an individual is the result of an energy intake from food in excess of energy expenditure. Unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity are considered to be the leading causes of avoidable illness and premature death in Europe, and the rising prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern. There is a strong tendency for excess weight to continue to accumulate from childhood through to middle age. While 40–70% of the variation in fat mass between individuals may be genetically determined, environmental factors remain crucial. Important lifestyle choices predetermining health risks in adulthood are made during childhood and adolescence. Schools must come to play a key role in promoting healthy diets and enjoyment of physical activity....
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Covic, Adrian, Mugurel Apetrii, Luminita Voroneanu, and David J. Goldsmith. Vascular calcification. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0120_update_001.

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Vascular calcification (VC) is a common feature of patients with advanced CKD and it could be, at least in part, the cause of increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients. From a morphologic point of view, there are at least two types of pathologic calcium phosphate deposition in the arterial wall—namely, intima calcification (mostly associated with atherosclerotic plaques) and media calcification (associated with stiffening of the vasculature, resulting in significantly adverse cardiovascular outcomes). Although VC was viewed initially as a passive phenomenon, it appears to be a cell-mediated, dynamic, and actively regulated process that closely resembles the formation of normal bone tissue, as discovered recently. VC seems to be the result of the dysregulation of the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors. The determinants are mostly represented by altered calcium and phosphorus metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess, high fibroblast growth factor 23, and high levels of indoxyl sulphate or leptin; meanwhile, the inhibitors are vitamin K, fetuin A, matrix G1a protein, osteoprotegerin, and pyrophosphate. A number of non-invasive imaging techniques are available to investigate cardiac and vascular calcification: plain X-rays, to identify macroscopic calcifications of the aorta and peripheral arteries; two-dimensional ultrasound for investigating the calcification of carotid arteries, femoral arteries, and aorta; echocardiography, for assessment of valvular calcification; and, of course, computed tomography technologies, which constitute the gold standard for quantification of coronary artery and aorta calcification. All these methods have a series of advantages and limitations. The treatment/ prevention of VC is currently mostly around calcium-mineral bone disease interventions, and unproven. There are interesting hypotheses around vitamin K, Magnesium, sodium thiosulphate and other potential agents.
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33

Wakeman, Rosemary. Veblen Redivivus: Leisure and Excessin Europe. Edited by Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0021.

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Mass consumption and leisure are among the most fascinating and thought-provoking challenges for twentieth-century historians. It was precisely the initial phases of mass consumerism that prompted Norwegian-American economist Thorstein Veblen to warn of the consequences of ‘conspicuous consumption’ and misguided materialism in his 1899 The Theory of the Leisure Class. In Veblen's estimation, new-money leisure classes could dress up their pretensions and social status with a wasteful display of commodities. It was television more than any other factor that introduced people to the new world of things. Sports claimed a prominent place on television and in leisure life throughout Europe in the second half of the twentieth century and beyond. Tourism emerged from the ashes of World War II as one of the best prospects for European economic recovery and for providing relief for restive, war-weary Europeans only too happy for a few days of holiday respite. The second half of the twentieth century gives scholars every reason for pause in assessing the intertwining of citizen and consumer.
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Michael, Moser, and Bao Chiann. 1 Introduction to Arbitration in Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198712251.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter discusses the contributing factors that make Hong Kong a global arbitration centre that ‘meets or even exceeds all standards’ in the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators’ ten principles of an effective, efficient, and ‘safe’ seat of international arbitration. Hong Kong has long been at the forefront of international arbitration developments. It enjoys a high degree of autonomy (except in defence and foreign affairs) and retains a separate legal system from that of mainland China. Hong Kong’s legal system is based on the English common law and is guaranteed in Hong Kong’s constitutional instrument, the Basic Law. Furthermore, Hong Kong has a long tradition of upholding the rule of law and judicial independence, which are two key foundations for the city’s success as a global dispute resolution centre.
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Albright, Robert C. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0474.

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The most important principle in understanding disorders of water balance is that sodium balance is determined by the adequacy of the effective circulating volume, while water balance is determined by osmoregulation and the interplay between vasopressin activity, renal concentrating and diluting ability, and thirst. Disorders of sodium balance can be determined only by clinical examination. Orthostatic hypotension implies volume depletion and sodium deficiency. Edema implies volume excess and sodium excess. Potassium is predominantly an intracellular cation. The intracellular balance of potassium is regulated by endogenous factors such as acidemia, sodium, adenosine triphosphatase, insulin, catecholamines, and aldosterone. Clinically, it is absolutely critical to follow a stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Metabolic acidosis is defined as a primary disturbance in which the retention of acid consumes endogenous alkali stores. This is reflected by a decrease in bicarbonate. Metabolic alkalosis is defined as a primary disturbance in which plasma bicarbonate is increased. The signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis include weakness, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, alveolar hypoventilation, and arrhythmias.
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Day, Ashley K., and Elliot J. Coups. Affect and Tanning Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0016.

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Excess exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases the risk of skin cancers, yet a large number of individuals continue to engage in tanning behaviors. Although the majority of research on determinants of tanning behavior has focused on social cognitive factors, a number of studies have explored the role of affective factors, including feelings of relaxation, improved mood, and endorphin release in response to UV exposure. This chapter provides an overview of research on affective determinants and responses to tanning behaviors. This includes a focus on the association between anticipated mood changes and tanning behaviors. The chapter also examines the affective properties of tanning dependence and addiction, and the role of affective factors in improving skin cancer prevention behaviors. Future directions are considered, including methodological issues and promising avenues for intervention research.
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37

Yalin, Nefize, Danilo Arnone, and Allan Y. Young. Bidirectional relationships between general medical conditions and bipolar disorder: treatment considerations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0019.

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Increased medical co-morbidity is one of the underlying causes of excess and premature mortality in bipolar disorder. This increased prevalence of medical conditions is likely to result from a range of different factors. Some attention in recent years has been devoted to intrinsic illness factors resulting in excessive allostatic load and oxidative stress potentially predisposing to physical morbidity. Some other contributors have also been identified as unhealthy lifestyle habits and unwanted effects of pharmacological treatment. Irrespective of causality, risk minimization can be obtained by systematically addressing physical needs into the management of bipolar disorder. This can be achieved with a range of interventions including regular monitoring of physical health, tailored management of unhealthy lifestyle choices, and pharmacological optimization.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Physical Health and Schizophrenia (Oxford Psychiatry Library). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.001.0001.

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The association between mental health and physical health forms the core of this book. While it is recognized that serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia carry a reduced life expectancy, it is often assumed that suicide is the main cause of this disparity. But in actuality, suicide accounts for no more than a third of the early mortality associated with schizophrenia: the vast majority is due to cardiovascular factors. This book seeks to put this stark fact in context, detailing the extent of cardiovascular risk, sharing information regarding reasons for this excess, and outlining approved approaches for screening for and treatment of such risk factors in people with schizophrenia. As such, this book seeks to inform those caring for people with schizophrenia of these parameters and suggests ways in which they may be addressed, using a holistic model which embraces shared decision-making and which is compatible with the recovery framework. It provides guidance regarding monitoring as well as information about focused interventions that can help ameliorate risk. It also addresses those physical health factors apart from cardiovascular, that add to the burden of ill health amongst people with schizophrenia: pulmonary health, bone health, sexual health, and cancer risk are just some of these. In addition, the book provides patient and carer information material that can be used to try to ensure that all involved have a truly informed role in decision-making about their treatment and that both psychiatric and physical health issues are taken seriously.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Physical health care. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0022.

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This chapter deals with an increasingly important topic: the recognition that individuals with severe mental illness die nearly 20 years before they should. The situational factors contributing to this excess mortality are outlined—failure to register with a GP, homelessness, and dysfunctional help-seeking behaviour. Individual risks, including self-neglect, co-morbid conditions, and the impact of treatments (e.g. metabolic syndrome caused by novel antipsychotics), are also outlined. The role of the outreach worker can involve building liaison with the GP and, on occasions, taking direct responsibility for the physical care of some of the more severely ill patients. There are risks of blurred confidentiality, marginalization, and withdrawal by GP services in this approach, but sometimes it is inevitable.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. The metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0003.

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The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of risk factors including increased waist circumference, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose and triglycerides in conjunction with low levels of high-density lipoprotein. MS is associated with an elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular and other events. The general population rate of MS is increasing, but people with schizophrenia have markedly elevated rates compared to people without a mental illness. Reasons for this excess are complex, but certain antipsychotic agents can exacerbate risk and due care needs to be taken in prescribing such medications, with awareness of longitudinal risk. Treatment needs to be provided following established guidelines, to address aspects of MS should they occur.
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41

Lameire, Norbert. Renal outcomes of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0238_update_001.

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This chapter summarizes the accumulating evidence that incomplete or even apparent complete recovery of renal function after acute kidney injury (AKI) may be an important contributor to a growing number of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases, largely in excess of the global growth in CKD prevalence. Evidence based on epidemiologic studies supports the notion that even after adjustment for several important covariates AKI is independently associated with an increased risk for both CKD and ESRD. Several risk factors for the subsequent development of CKD among survivors of AKI have been identified. Besides well-known risk factors for CKD in general, such as hypertension, older age, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and proteinuria, AKIN staging and duration also predict longitudinal CKD development. These characteristics may identify a category of at-risk AKI patients at the time of hospital discharge that will need long follow-up times for appropriate screening and surveillance measures for CKD.
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42

Isett, Philip. Bounds for Coefficients from the Stress Equation. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0020.

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This chapter estimates the bounds for coefficients from the Stress equation. It starts by considering the coefficients γ‎subscript I and the equation that implicitly defines it. It then estimates the derivatives of γ‎subscript I by differentiating the equation. The first transport derivative always costs a factor Ξ‎eᵥ½ in the estimates, and each spatial derivative costs a factor of Ξ‎ until the total order of differentiation exceeds L, at which point one obtains a larger cost of Nsuperscript 1/LΞ‎ per derivative. The chapter also considers the bounds satisfied by the coefficients γ‎subscript I and shows that the final bound for the coefficients γ‎subscript I is exactly the same quality as the corresponding bound for ε‎.
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43

Sykes, Nigel P. Constipation and diarrhoea. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0203.

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Constipation is far more common in palliative care than diarrhoea and results not just from the use of opioids but also from the multifactorial effects of debility secondary to disease. Most palliative care patients will require regular administration of an oral laxative in a dose titrated against response, with the aim of avoiding the use of suppositories or enemas if possible as these are less liked. The lack of clear differences in laxative efficacy means that cost and patient choice are key factors in guiding treatment. Diarrhoea in palliative care most often results from excess laxative or from common infections that can be simply managed. Bowel shortening or diversion causes more resistant diarrhoea. Cytotoxic chemotherapy can lead to diarrhoea either as an adverse effect of treatment or from potentially life-threatening neutropenic colitis.
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44

Edelman, Lee, and Madhavi Menon. Queer Tragedy, or Two Meditations on Cause. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.18.

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This chapter argues that the tragedy of Othello consists in the fact that the play cannot find a cause for desire. From Plato and Aristotle, who insist that good drama should have a cause, we have inherited a desire to find explanations. But, as Jacques Lacan reminds us, the search for a cause is already an announcement of failure—we search for a cause only when there is none to be found. The queerness of tragedy lies in its failure to muster up a cause that explains the excess to which it is generically prone.
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45

Elewaut, Dirk, Heleen Cypers, Matthew L. Stoll, and Charles O. Elson. Extra-articular manifestations: inflammatory bowel disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0017.

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A significant overlap exists between spondyloarthritis (SpA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in the IL-23/IL-17 pathway. Shared immunologic mechanisms include aberrant innate immune responses, an excess of Th1/Th17-mediated immunity, and inadequate immune regulation. Many genetic factors associated with IBD are involved in host–pathogen interactions and intestinal barrier function, and the intestinal microbiota do appear to play an important role in disease development. Hence the current hypothesis for IBD pathogenesis is that it stems from a dysregulated immune response to intestinal microbiota in a genetically susceptible host. In SpA, evidence for a role of intestinal microbiota is less abundant, but given the overlap with IBD, it is plausible that gut microbiota are important players in SpA pathogenesis as well. However, there are significant genetic differences between these two conditions, as well as differing responses to biologic therapy.
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46

Baracos, Vickie E., Sharon M. Watanabe, and Kenneth C. H. Fearon. Aetiology, classification, assessment, and treatment of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0205.

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Anorexia-cachexia is a heterogeneous and multifactorial syndrome most likely driven by systemic inflammation and neuroendocrine activation. Key diagnostic features include reduced appetite, weight loss, and muscle wasting. Key clinical problems include management of anorexia without resort to artificial nutritional support, and muscle wasting that cannot be completely arrested/reversed even with such intervention. Assessment should cover domains such as body stores of energy and protein, food intake, performance status, and factors resulting in excess catabolism. Intervention should be early rather than late, informed by the assessment process and focused on a multimodal approach (nutrition, exercise, and pharmacological agents). This chapter aims to discuss these issues and provide (a) the reader with some background principles to classification, (b) a simple approach to patient assessment and a robust algorithm for basic multimodal treatment, and (c) an overview of the evidence base for different pharmacological interventions.
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47

Buckholtz, Joshua W., and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. Genetic Perspectives on the Neurochemistry of Human Aggression and Violence. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.009.

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Violence is a devastating social phenomenon that is costly both to affected individuals and to society at large. Pathological aggression, especially reactive/impulsive aggression, is a cardinal symptom common to several psychiatric disorders—including antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychopathy—that are associated with risk for violence. Thus, understanding the factors that predispose people to impulsive violence represents a crucial goal for psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Although we are far from a full understanding of the etiopathophysiology of violence, impulsive aggression is heritable, suggesting that genetic mechanisms may be important for determining individual variation in susceptibility. This chapter synthesizes available preclinical and human data to propose a compelling neurogenetic mechanism for violence, specifically arguing that a genetically determined excess in serotonin signaling during a critical developmental period leads to dysregulation within a key corticolimbic circuit for emotional arousal and regulation, inhibitory control, and social cognition.
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48

Satija, Ambika, and Frank B. Hu. Prevention of Obesity and Physical Inactivity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0065.

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Energy imbalance, obesity, and physical inactivity are key risk factors for at least eight types of cancer as well as other life-threatening conditions. Obesity results from an excess of energy intake relative to energy expenditure over time. Until recently, the onus for maintaining a healthy body weight was placed predominantly on the individual. The traditional concept of individual autonomy cannot explain the rapid worldwide increase in obesity and physical inactivity over the last 40 years. A new paradigm has emerged, in which individual choices are important, but these choices are made within a social, economic, and physical context that profoundly influences the options. Food choices are affected by the availability and pricing of different products and by social norms about eating patterns body weight. Urbanization and a more rapid pace of life reduce access to homegrown and home-cooked foods, and mechanization replaces the need for walking and manual labor.
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49

Balding, Christopher, and Kevin Chastagner. The China Investment Corporation. Edited by Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev, and Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.17.

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China’s sovereign wealth fund (SWF), the China Investment Corporation (CIC), was established in 2007 and has grown to become the fourth largest SWF in the world with assets and offices spanning the globe. This chapter looks at the range of unique factors that need to be understood in order to place the CIC in context. When China decided to form its own SWF, it decided to do so by borrowing from the central bank in a complicated swap transaction in order to highlight the CIC’s independence from existing entities like the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. While most SWFs grow from an excess of natural resource wealth, the Chinese SWF is unique in that it grew out of years of current account surpluses accumulated from ensuring a fixed exchange rate. The chapter discusses the macroeconomic interplay between China and the CIC.
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50

Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.

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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.
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