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1

Yoltar-Yildirim, Ayşin. "Raqqa: The Forgotten Excavation of an Islamic Site in Syria by the Ottoman Imperial Museum in the Early Twentieth Century." Muqarnas Online 30, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-0301p0005.

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Raqqa, in Syria, was the only Islamic site excavated by the Ottoman Imperial Museum during its existence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although the Imperial Museum may not have been searching specifically for an Islamic site of the medieval period to excavate, its response to the plundering of Raqqa, which began as early as 1899, was to pursue an archaeological excavation in a systematic manner. Two campaigns were conducted, under the directorships of Macridy and Haydar Bey, in 1905–6 and 1908 respectively. Although not lasting more than a couple of months, they were relatively important from the perspective of the Imperial Museum and Islamic archaeology at that time. This article focuses on the history of these Raqqa excavations, namely, the reasons the Imperial Museum began excavating there, how it conducted its excavations, and, finally, the finds and the way they were displayed at the Museum. Existing archival documents on the excavation, along with the earliest inventories of the finds in the Imperial Museum and the personal letters of Macridy, all hitherto unpublished, are analyzed in order to shed light on these long forgotten excavations.
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2

Liu, Jianwei, Bingshuang Xue, Haibo Wang, Xuemin Zhang, and Yongxing Zhang. "Numerical Study on the Behavior of an Existing Tunnel during Excavating Adjacent Deep Foundation Pit." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 19, 2023): 9740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129740.

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The excavation of a deep foundation pit adjacent to an existing tunnel may lead to the large deformation and induce damages in the tunnel structure. However, the influence on existing tunnel structure from nearby excavations has not been understood clearly, since it is affected by complex influencing factors of not only the geological and topographical conditions but also the construction method and positional relationship of the adjacent structures. This paper presents a numerical investigation into an existing underground rail transit line during the excavation of an adjacent deep foundation pit, in which the behavior of the existing tunnel structure from excavating the aforementioned foundation pit is clarified, and the effectiveness of the adopted three-dimensional model is confirmed by comparison between the numerically calculated and field-measured ground settlement of the monitoring point. The results demonstrate that the deformation of the existing tunnel structure is mostly induced by the excavation of the deep foundation pit. This study can provide a reference of deep excavations adjacent to existing infrastructures.
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3

Ying, Hong-Wei, Kang Cheng, Li-Sha Zhang, Chang-Yu Ou, and Yong-Wen Yang. "Evaluation of excavation-induced movements through case histories in Hangzhou." Engineering Computations 37, no. 6 (February 7, 2020): 1993–2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-06-2019-0256.

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Purpose Deep excavation in soft clay often causes additional deformations to surroundings. Then, if deformations cannot be predicted reasonably, the adjacent buildings may be threatened by the deep excavation. Based on the good field observations from ten deep excavations in Hangzhou, this paper aims to thoroughly investigate the characteristics of wall deflections and ground settlements induced by deep excavations. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of good field observation of ten deep excavations, the performances of excavations, supported by contiguous pile in Hangzhou, were studied, and also compared with other case histories. Findings The maximum wall deflections (dhm) rang mostly from 0.7 to 1.2 per cent He, where He is the final excavation depth, larger than those in Taipei and Shanghai. The observed maximum ground settlement in the Hangzhou cases generally ranges from 0.2 to 0.8 per cent He. Then, the settlement influence zone extends to a distance of 2.0-4.0 He from the excavation. The relatively large movements and influence zones in Hangzhou may be attributed to low stability numbers, large excavation widths and the creep effect. The excavation width is justified to have a significant influence on the wall deflection. Therefore, to establish a semi-empirical formula for predicting the maximum wall deflection, it is necessary to include the factor of excavation width. Originality/value The relevant literature concentrated on the characteristics of deep excavations supported by the contiguous pile wall in Hangzhou soft clay can rarely be found. Based on the ten deep excavations with good field observation in Hangzhou, the characteristics of wall deflection and ground settlements were comprehensively studied for the first time, which can provide some theoretical support for similar projects.
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4

Chiu, Hao-Wei, Chia-Feng Hsu, Fu-Huan Tsai, and Shong-Loong Chen. "Influence of Different Construction Methods on Lateral Displacement of Diaphragm Walls in Large-Scale Unsupported Deep Excavation." Buildings 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010023.

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This study examines the influence of different construction methods on the lateral displacement of diaphragm walls in large-scale, unsupported deep excavations. Using the three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) with PLAXIS 3D 2017 software, the research assesses how varying construction techniques impact wall stability, particularly in proximity to sensitive structures like metro systems. The project uniquely integrates peripheral top-down and central bottom-up approaches to minimize environmental disruption. Key focus areas include the roles of back-pull slabs, zoned excavation, and cross walls in reducing wall deformation. Findings reveal that zoned excavation significantly controls lateral displacement on longer site sides, enhancing adjacent structure safety and overall construction integrity. Back-pull slabs are shown to effectively decrease top wall deformation, thereby increasing structural stiffness. Moreover, despite their considerable length (nearly 60 m), cross walls play a crucial role in controlling lateral deformation along the excavation’s length. These insights offer valuable guidance for future projects, especially in regions like Taiwan, where experience with such large-scale, unsupported excavations is limited.
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5

Onderka, Pavel, Vlastimil Vrtal, Gabriela Jungová, and Jiří Honzl. "Preliminary Report on the Eighteenth Excavation Season of the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 42, no. 1 (2021): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/anpm.2021.004.

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The eighteenth excavation season of the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga focused on the continued excavations of the so-called Isis Temple (WBN 300; more specifically on the frontal part of the proper temple), the continued excavations of structure WBN 250, and the continued excavations of cemetery WBN C260.
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6

Zhu, Yihong, Mingming Wu, Gangping Zhang, Jianlin Yu, Qiliang Xu, Riqing Xu, and Tianci Yu. "The Influence of Geological Conditions in the Hangzhou Bay Area on the Deformation Behavior of Deep Excavations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): 1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091836.

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The deformation behavior of deep excavations is affected by many factors, among which the geological conditions are greatly affected. Hangzhou Bay is affected by marine siltation and river alluvium, and the geological conditions within the urban area of Hangzhou are quite different. In this paper, the geological and deformation data of 79 deep excavation cases in the Hangzhou urban area were collected, and the statistical analysis showed that the deformation control of excavations in the silt area was poor. The average maximum lateral wall displacement of deep excavations of the Hangzhou urban area was 0.41%H (H was the depth of the excavation), the average value of the alluvial area was 0.22%H, and the average value of the silted area was 0.55%H. The influence of geological conditions, wall type, and construction period on the deformation of excavations was compared, and the deformation behavior of excavations in the silted area was clearly affected by various factors.
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7

Adhikari, Govind Raj, R. Balachander, and A. I. Theresraj. "Execution of Safe Blasting Under Adverse Conditions of a Powerhouse Complex: A Revisit to Sardar Sarovar Project, India." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32832.

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When the excavation of the underground powerhouse of the Sardar Sarovar Project, India was nearly complete, cracks were observed on the upstream and downstream walls of the powerhouse, and the installed instrumentation readings sounded an alert for the instability of the powerhouse cavern that could possibly derail the project, further excavation in the powerhouse cavern was halted. After completing stabilisation measures, the remaining underground excavations by drill and blast method were to be completed. This paper revisits case studies of controlled blasting for the remaining excavations, namely a construction ramp, turbine pits, draft tube tunnels connecting the powerhouse, and the concrete plugs erected at the exit ends of the draft tube tunnels. To ensure overall stability around the excavations, blast vibration was controlled by planning the excavations in proper sequences. The damage outside the planned line of excavations was controlled by adopting modified line drilling/smooth blasting techniques. The details of the sequence of excavations, drilling and blasting parameters, compiled from previous publications, are presented in this paper. This paper also describes the reasons why concrete plugs were erected in the draft tube tunnels, the details of the concrete plugs, the optimised drilling and blasting procedure for safe removal of the plugs, and the method adopted to quantify the damage.
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8

Toksarov, V. N., I. A. Morozov, N. L. Beltyukov, and A. A. Udartsev. "Deformation of underground excavations under conditions of the Gremyachinsk potassium salt deposit." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 7 (June 20, 2020): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2020-7-0-113-124.

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The analysis of rock mass deformation around permanent excavations in sylvinite seam at a depth of 1100 m is presented. Surrounding rock mass features occurrence of hard anhydrite-dolomite rocks in the roof and soft carnallite in the floor of underground excavations. The test openings were driven with height of 3.7 m and width of 6.0 m using a cutter- loader. The deformation control used 6 measurement points in the excavations with support by rockbolting in the patterns of 1.0×1.0, 1.5×1.5 and 2.0×2.0 m. Two measurement points were arranged in an unsupported excavation. It is found that the key factors influencing deformation of the perimeter of underground excavations are the rockbolting design and the geological structure of enclosing rock mass. For instance, the reinforcement of roof support decreases values and velocities of deformation both in the roof and sidewalls of excavations. The highest values of velocities of displacements are recorded in the floor. The increased displacements in the floor rocks should be expected when the distance between the excavation perimeter and the nearest interface of seams (layers) in the floor of a tunnel decreases. The presented results can be of use to experts in the fields of geomechanics as well as in design and construction of underground excavations.
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9

Sutanto, Anthonius Steven, Paulus Pramono Rahardjo, and Aswin Lim. "Influence of Pre-Stressing on Tieback Retaining Wall for Sandy Soils Excavations." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 7, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.61564.

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Pre-stressed ground anchor systems or tieback systems are commonly used at wide and irregular-shaped excavations, with the advantage of lower cost and ease of construction compared to the braced excavations, but they come with the drawback on permits for excavations near buildings and tunnels. Research on tieback systems in sands was generally conducted. However, the studies on the correlation between the retaining wall deflection and pre-stress force are few. The objectives of this paper are to study the influence of pre-stress force, depth of excavation, wall embedment length, and soil shear strength that is represented by soil friction angle on the deflection and soil pressure acting on the retaining wall. The parametric study was conducted on an excavation in sand using the finite element method with the Hardening soil model. The results showed that a 50 kN/m increase in pre-stress force reduced the wall deflection on top of the wall by 0.005–0.083% of excavation depth. However, the pre-stressing influence in reducing wall deflection at excavations became less significant along with the sand density increase due to higher friction angle contribution to excavation stability. Moreover, the pre-stress force needed for stabilization of the wall with long embedment length is smaller than those on the wall with shorter embedment length, since the embedment length increase of 0.25 times of excavation depth reduces wall top deflection by 0.002–0.095% of excavation depth. Also, the increase of soil density reduces the need for wall embedment length, so at dense sand, the embedment length of 0.5 times of excavation depth is sufficient to support the excavation.
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10

Wang, Zhong W., Charles WW Ng, and Guo B. Liu. "Characteristics of wall deflections and ground surface settlements in Shanghai." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-056.

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The characteristics of wall deflections and surface ground settlements at six deep multi-strutted excavations in Shanghai soft soils were studied and compared with those of similar case histories reported worldwide, particularly in Taipei and Singapore. The measured wall deflections at the six metro stations of the Pearl II Circle Line show a typical bulging profile (or deep-seated shape) at the end of the excavation. The ratio between the measured maximum wall deflection and the depth of the excavation (δhm /H) in Shanghai was <0.007, which was similar to the ratio measured in Taipei, but it was substantially smaller than the Peck bounding limit of 0.01. At each station, the measured maximum displacement was <0.45% of the final excavation depth. Because of the large aspect ratios of the underground excavations, no significant three-dimensional effects or corner effects were observed. The measured maximum settlements of the six metro excavations fell within zone I of the Peck classical normalized settlement-distance chart. These small measured settlements were consistent with the small measured wall deflections. The observed relatively small maximum wall deflections can likely be attributed to the use of prestressed struts, the constant adjustment of the stresses to about 0.7 times the total vertical stress during the excavation, and the short horizontal span of the excavation.Key words: multi-strutted excavations, soft clay, Shanghai, metro stations, horizontal deflection, settlement.
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11

Onderka, Pavel, and Vlastimil Vrtal. "Preliminary Report on the Eleventh Excavation Season of the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 37, no. 2 (2016): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anpm-2017-0015.

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The eleventh excavation season of the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga focused on the rescue excavations around the rail track intersecting the western part of the archaeological site, excavations around the so-called Circular Building (WBN 50), conservation of the Palace of Queen Amanishakheto (WBN 100) and other minor projects.
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12

Gestrich, Nikolas, and Kevin C. MacDonald. "On the Margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: Four Seasons of Excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500-1150), Mali." Journal of African Archaeology 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20180001.

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AbstractThis article summarises the results of four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD500-1150), near Douentza, Mali. Deep stratigraphic excavations were directed by MacDonald and Togola in 1993, 1995 and by MacDonald in 1996. Complementary, large exposure excavations of the abandonment layer were undertaken by Gestrich in 2010. The combined excavation results speak to topics of craft specialisation, trade, and social organisation. They provide evidence of a specialised blacksmithing community situated at the margins of early Middle Niger and Niger Bend statehood and urbanisation.
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13

Medvedev, A. "Local details on the history of paleontological excavations near Kotlas." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2024-1-12-21.

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Based on archival data, the paper provides local topographic and historical details of paleontological excavations near Kotlas in 1899-1929. The 1905 color map of the area shows the villages closest to the excavation sites with their land plots and surrounding landscapes, and describes the changes in the area to date. Lists of scientists and specialists who participated in the work or visited the excavations are given. It is concluded that there is a high interest in excavations in the region, their Russian and global scientific and historical significance.
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14

Åstveit, Leif-Inge. "Formidling fra felt i den digitale tidsalder." Primitive Tider, no. 22 (December 15, 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/pt.8396.

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Most archaeologists agree that public outreach is an important part of archaeological practice. Communication of fresh results from excavations and new research creates both legitimacy and greater understanding of our activities. In Norway, large scale archaeological excavations are often funded by the public sector, and public outreach is considered an important way of giving something back to society. Still, reaching out to the public is often downgraded during stressful fieldwork and considered as something you do when (or if) you have some spare time. This is unfortunate, because fieldwork is what most people associate with archaeology and has a huge potential when it comes to public outreach. In 2017-2019 the University of Bergen carried out a large excavation project, Sotrasambandet. While excavating 12 sites, we wanted to reach the public as well, to present fresh findings, introduce them to our methods, tell stories from the excavation and of course of what Stone Age life in Western Norway could have been like. In total, we produced 56 films and several different texts, and used social media as well as “open day” (evt. public day?), talks and small exhibitions to reach people. The films got great feedback, and were appreciated by schoolchildren, politicians and journalists alike.
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Majcherczyk, Tadeusz, Zbigniew Niedbalski, and Łukasz Bednarek. "Stability Assessment of Mining Excavations: the Impact of Large Depths." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 40, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2018-0021.

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AbstractBack in the early 1980s, coal deposits occurring at depths of ~700 m below surface were already regarded as large-depth deposits. Meanwhile, today the borderline depth of large-depth mining has extended to >1,000 m. Design, excavation and maintenance of mining roadways at the depth of >1,000 m have, therefore, become crucial issues in a practical perspective in recent years. Hence, it is now extremely important to intensify research studies on the influence of large depths on the behaviour of rock mass and deformation of support in underground excavations. The paper presents the results of the study carried out in five mining excavations at depths ranging from 950 to 1,290 m, where monitoring stations with measurement equipment were built. The analysis of data from laboratory and coal mine tests, as well as in situ monitoring, helped to formulate a set of criteria for stability assessment of underground excavations situated at large depths. The proposed methodology of load and deformation prediction in support systems of the excavations unaffected by exploitation is based on the criteria referring to the depth of excavation and the quality of rock mass. The depth parameter is determined by checking whether the analysed excavation lies below the critical depth, whereas the rock mass quality is determined on the basis of the roof lithology index (WL) and the crack intensity factor (n)
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16

Hong, Y., C. W. W. Ng, and L. Z. Wang. "Initiation and failure mechanism of base instability of excavations in clay triggered by hydraulic uplift." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 5 (May 2015): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0343.

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Excavations in clay overlying an aquifer may cause catastrophic basal failure due to hydraulic uplift. Although case histories with hydraulic uplift failures are reported worldwide from time to time, the initiation and failure mechanism of the base instability are not well studied and understood. To address these two issues, dimensional analysis is firstly conducted to propose dimensionless groups (DGs) possibly relevant to this subject. Effects of these DGs on the initiation and failure mechanism of base instability are then investigated, by carrying out a series of finite element analyses, in which constitutive models and model parameters have been previously validated against centrifuge test results. It is revealed that the initiation and failure mechanism of base instability due to hydraulic uplift is mainly governed by a ratio of excavation width over the thickness of soft clay inside excavation (B/D). As excavation becomes narrower (i.e., B/D decreases), the hydraulic pressure (Pi) required to initiate uplift movement of clay inside excavation increases significantly (maximum percentage increase = 50%), due to increased effect of downward shear stress acting along soil–wall interface on basal resistance. Based on the parametric study, a calculation chart is developed for estimating Pi of excavations with varied B/D and undrained shear strength of clay. At basal failure caused by hydraulic uplift, the dominant failure mode changes from simple shear in relatively narrow excavations (i.e., B/D < 4) to combined modes of triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and simple shear in relatively wide excavations (i.e., B/D > 4).
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17

Khuziakhmetov, Rustam. "Step fixings of vertical trench walls to prevent ground failure." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127406006.

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The most commonly used designs for securing vertical walls of trenches and excavations in the actual conditions of work in them do not allow for strict compliance with regulatory safety requirements. To prevent ground failure in trenches and excavations, you can develop ground with a slope angle smaller than the natural slope angle. Development of excavations with vertical walls without securing them is limited to their depth depending on the strength properties of the ground. When excavating to a depth of up to 2-3 m the vertical walls of trenches and excavations must be secured. In this case, the development and backfilling of such excavations should be carried out using constructive solutions (e.g. anchoring), which in original combinations with modern construction materials and technologies allow various construction works to be safely performed in them.
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18

Sanders, Donald H. "Enabling Archaeological Hypothesis Testing in Real Time using the REVEAL Documentation and Display System." Virtual Archaeology Review 2, no. 4 (May 20, 2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2011.4560.

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<p>This paper focuses on a system that can ensure that excavations are indeed fully documented and that the record is accurate. REVEAL is a single piece of software that coordinates all data types used at excavations with semi-automated tools that in turn can ease the process of documenting sites, trenches and objects, of recording excavation progress, of researching and analyzing the collected evidence, and even of creating 3D models and virtual worlds. Search and retrieval, and thus testing hypotheses against the excavated material happens in real time, as the excavation proceeds. That is the important advance.</p>
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Wong, I. H., T. Y. Poh, and H. L. Chuah. "Analysis of case histories from construction of the Central Expressway in Singapore." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 5 (November 6, 1996): 732–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-099-320.

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The construction of the cut-and-cover tunnels and depressed roadways of the Central Expressway (CTE) Phase II, Singapore, involved deep excavations. An extensive instrumentation program was carried out to monitor the behaviour of the excavations. The performance of three instrumented excavations from the construction of the CTE Phase II have been documented and analyzed using the finite element method (EXCAV) or finite difference method (FLAC). The results of the analyses show that the computed wall movements agree well with field measurements of wall movement and the computed wall bending moments generally agree quite well with those obtained from back-calculation. Key words: deep excavation, stiff clay, numerical analysis, displacements.
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Nong, Xingzhong, Yanhong Wang, Benhai Lin, Wentian Xu, Wuzhang Luo, and Ren Tang. "Performance of Diaphragm Walls during Ultra-Deep Excavations in Karst Areas: Field Monitoring Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2024 (April 10, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/5834253.

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Deep foundation pit excavations have become more extensive for the construction of underground spaces with rapid urbanization. Diaphragm walls are commonly used to support deep excavations. However, due to the complex geological conditions in karst areas, construction accidents frequently occur during the excavation of foundation pits. This study aims to investigate the performance of diaphragm walls in karst areas through field monitoring analysis. A kick-in deformation mode of the diaphragm wall is revealed during the foundation pit excavation. Furthermore, the results show that the diaphragm walls present multiple deformation modes rather than a single mode. Additionally, this study proposes a method to calculate the lateral displacement of the diaphragm walls at different depths. It is found that the karst caves have a considerable impact on the stability of diaphragm walls, as demonstrated by their lateral displacement. The hidden karst caves reduce the bearing capacity of the bedrock, rendering it insufficient to resist the active earth pressure. As a result, the bottom of the diaphragm wall is kicked into the foundation pit, causing significant lateral displacement and posing risks during excavation. The findings of this study contribute to the design and construction of similar excavations in karst areas.
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GÜNDÜZ, Serkan. "UAV Image-Based Plan Drawing Method in Submerged Terrestrial Archaeological Settlements: The case of Kibotos." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1231224.

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Documentation with drawing and photography is one of the most important stages in archaeological excavations and surveys. It takes a long time to draw walls by stone by stone during the excavations. Carrying out these studies on land that does not belong to human habitats, such as underwater, is an activity that requires extra effort, time, and experience. This article will examine the possibility of drawing the plans of the structures unearthed or detected in the archaeological underwater excavations and surface surveys in shallow waters with the help of aerial photographs in a shorter time and with less effort. The research results show that the photograph-based archaeological plan drawing is an excellent and suitable method for shallow water archaeological excavation and surveys. It reveals that it can save time and labour in surveys and rescue excavations where time is limited.
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Pineda-Jaimes, Jorge Arturo, Cesar Augusto García-Ubaque, and Rodrigo Elías Esquivel-Ramírez. "Assessment of Geotechnical Hazard due to Deep Excavations in Bogota Clays: A Contribution for Sustainability in Urban Environments." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 29, no. 54 (August 19, 2020): e11373. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11373.

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The development of resilient and sustainable cities considers the construction of infrastructure projects that involve deep excavations. During excavations, surface displacements frequently occur that may be inadmissible for previously constructed elements of the urban environment, threatening the sustainability of already consolidated sectors. In this article, we present an approximation to the estimation of the geotechnical hazard by deep excavations in soft lacustrine soils of Bogotá, DC, using parametric numerical simulations that sought to establish the probability of occurrence of base bottom heave, and the estimation of surface displacements for variable excavation geometries. A database was consolidated from 85 projects found in geotechnical zones having soft soils in the city. From this base, statistically representative values of shear strength and stiffness were determined, and a statistically representative geotechnical profile of the lacustrine clays was prepared for parametric analyzes. The hazard estimation was developed in three stages: construction of the geotechnical model, approach of hazard scenarios and determination of the hazard level. The following parameters were considered: excavation geometry (base and height), safety factor, failure probability and vertical ground displacements (settlements). Finally, a matrix is ​​presented to determine the hazard level by excavations in the soft soils of Bogotá, whose data provide a prior assessment that contributes to promoting resilience and sustainability of already developed areas.
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Jusino, Michelle A., Daniel L. Lindner, Mark T. Banik, Kevin R. Rose, and Jeffrey R. Walters. "Experimental evidence of a symbiosis between red-cockaded woodpeckers and fungi." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1827 (March 30, 2016): 20160106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0106.

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Primary cavity excavators, such as woodpeckers, are ecosystem engineers in many systems. Associations between cavity excavators and fungi have long been hypothesized to facilitate cavity excavation, but these relationships have not been experimentally verified. Fungi may help excavators by softening wood, while excavators may facilitate fungal dispersal. Here we demonstrate that excavators facilitate fungal dispersal and thus we report the first experimental evidence of a symbiosis between fungi and a cavity excavator, the red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW, Picoides borealis ). Swab samples of birds showed that RCWs carry fungal communities similar to those found in their completed excavations. A 26-month field experiment using human-made aseptically drilled excavations in live trees, half of which were inaccessible to RCWs, demonstrated that RCWs directly alter fungal colonization and community composition. Experimental excavations that were accessible to RCWs contained fungal communities similar to natural RCW excavations, whereas inaccessible experimental excavations contained significantly different fungal communities. Our work demonstrates a complex symbiosis between cavity excavators and communities of fungi, with implications for forest ecology, wildlife management, and conservation.
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Hsieh, Pio-Go, Chang-Yu Ou, and Chiang Shih. "A simplified plane strain analysis of lateral wall deflection for excavations with cross walls." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 10 (October 2012): 1134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-071.

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Previous studies have shown that installation of cross walls in deep excavations can reduce lateral wall deflection to a very small amount. To predict the lateral wall deflection for excavations with cross walls, it is necessary to perform a three-dimensional numerical analysis because the deflection behavior of the diaphragm wall with cross walls is by nature three dimensional. However for the analysis and design of excavations, two-dimensional plane strain analysis is mostly used in practice . For this reason, based on the deflection behavior of continuous beams and the superimposition principle, an equivalent beam model suitable for two-dimensional plane strain analysis was derived to predict lateral wall deflection for excavations with cross walls. Three excavation cases were employed to verify the proposed model. Case studies confirm the proposed equivalent beam model for excavations with cross walls installed from near the ground surface down to at least more than half the embedded depth of the diaphragm wall. For the case with a limited cross-wall depth, the proposed model yields a conservative predicted lateral wall deflection.
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Gambin, Timmy, Maja Sausmekat, John Wood, and Kari Hyttinen. "When Time Is of the Essence—Recording an Underwater Excavation at 110 m." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9 (September 20, 2023): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091835.

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Underwater archaeological excavations present unique challenges, particularly when conducted at significant depths where divers face limited time on the archaeological site. Traditional methods of recording excavation progress, such as manual documentation and drawings, are too time-consuming when the time on the site totals no more than 12 min. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an innovative approach for daily recording and observation of underwater archaeological excavations using 3D photogrammetric models and point of view (PoV) cameras developed specifically for the excavation of a shipwreck situated at a depth of 110 m. The proposed system leverages advancements in photogrammetry and 3D modelling techniques to capture and analyse detailed visual data of the excavation site on a daily basis. Three-dimensional photogrammetric models offer a comprehensive and easily accessible representation of the excavation site, enabling the team to record and analyse excavation levels and features in a highly precise and detailed manner. By comparing the 3D models captured on consecutive days, researchers can precisely measure changes in the excavation area, identify new artifacts or structures, and record the progress of the excavation. The PoV cameras contribute to the planning of daily tasks required on the site. Overall, this paper showcases innovative methods for underwater archaeological excavations at significant depths, employing 3D photogrammetric models for daily recording as well as PoV cameras for observation. The proposed system represents a substantial advancement in the field of underwater archaeology, offering a more accurate, efficient, and reliable approach to documenting and analysing excavation progress, whilst also producing results that can be subsequently adapted and applied to other deep water archaeological sites.
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Knell, S. J. "Palaeontological excavation: historical perspectives." Geological Curator 6, no. 2 (October 1994): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc487.

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Palaeontological excavation is common in a limited number of contexts. The techniques used in the excavation of caves were established in the nineteenth century by Buckland, Pengelly and Dawkins and others. Whilst this approaches modem method it was operated within the confines of inductive science prevalent at the time. Open-site excavations of Pleistocene remains began in spectacular fashion with the investigations in American of Peale. The philosophical societies of Yorkshire also pursued their own local research projects which resulted in the early excavation of a marl pit at Bielbecks. Modem methodology is epitomized in the excavations at Rancho La Brea. The excavation of the exceptional fauna of Messel, and of dinosaur sites worldwide, shows the development of techniques chosen to meet local needs. Excavation of the Frodingham Ironstone exploited a unique resource of invertebrate fossils and demonstrates the merit of the technique in exposing rare elements in the fauna and the potential of professional collectors in building public collections using these methods.
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Fang, Yingang, Jian Jia, and Xiaolin Xie. "Responses of metro shield tunnels to an adjacent deep excavation in Shanghai soft ground." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1336, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1336/1/012025.

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Abstract Deformation in metro shield tunnels is a consequence of conducting adjacent deep excavations. Accordingly, this research examines the response of existing metro shield tunnels in Shanghai’s soft ground to nearby deep excavations, focusing on how tunnel deformation correlates with the distance to the excavation. Utilizing actual measurement data from metro shield tunnels located 12-45 m from an 11.5-24.1-m-deep excavation, the study initiates with a project overview before analyzing the deformation data of the metro tunnels. This analysis includes the settlement and transverse convergence of both upward and downward lines. Furthermore, by integrating the settlement history curve and settlement increment ratio statistics, the study explores the deformation of the metro tunnels across different construction stages of the adjacent excavation. Additionally, the effect of the distance to the excavation on metro tunnel deformation is discussed, considering identical excavation depths, supporting stiffness, construction levels, and soil conditions. This investigation aims to provide insights applicable to similar cases and inform future research.
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Hong, Y., and Charles W. W. Ng. "Base stability of multi-propped excavations in soft clay subjected to hydraulic uplift." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 2 (February 2013): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0170.

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Excavations in soft clay underlain with an aquifer may be destabilized by hydraulic uplift. Previous studies on this subject are based mainly on field observations. Dewatering from the aquifer is a common method to improve base stability where ground settlement is not a major concern. Alternatively, piles readily installed as part of the top-down construction method for multi-propped excavation may be considered to provide base stability and minimize ground settlement outside the excavation. This paper presents results from two centrifuge tests that were conducted to simulate multi-propped excavations in-flight (with and without piles) in soft clay destabilized by hydraulic pressure from an underlying sand aquifer. Moreover, coupled three-dimensional finite element analyses were carried out to back-analyse the centrifuge tests. Numerical parametric studies were also conducted to study the influence of pile length on the effectiveness of base stabilization. It is revealed that both for excavations with and without piles, the artesian pressure required to initiate uplift inside the excavation is about 1.2 times the overburden pressure of the clay. By using “anti-uplift” piles inside the excavation, the ultimate hydraulic uplift resistance increases by 16%, while the uplift movement can be reduced by 80%. The presence of piles also increases the passive resistance in front of the wall by 70%, but reduces the mobilized undrained shear strength, cu, of clay by 53%.
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Kazimierczak, Mariola. "Michel Tyszkiewicz (1828-1897) et les fouilles archéologiques en Italie." Światowit 57 (December 17, 2019): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6819.

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According to Stanisław Lorentz, the collections of Michel Tyszkiewicz, enriched by his excavations in Egypt and Italy, undoubtedly “belonged to the more valuable European collections created in the second half of the 19th century”. After his first journey to Egypt, Tyszkiewicz, enlivened with a passion for excavations, first lived in Naples and then settled permanently in Rome in 1865. As the political situation changed there after 1870 and the new government restrained issuing permits, he started applying for excavation permits in his estate of Birże, in Lithuania (1871). Later, in 1894, he also tried to obtain excavation permits at Olbia, in Southern Russia, but this time unsuccessfully. His unpublished letters to the famous German scholar Wilhelm Froehner (1834–1925), now in the Goethe und Schiller Archiv in Weimar, throw a new light on the discoveries that took place in Boscoreale and in Lake Nemi and on his purchases there, as well as on his great enterprise in relation to the Satricum excavations in 1896, from which he was excluded after discovering the trace of “thousands of different votive objects”.
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Thorne, Renée. "Excavations." Colorado Review 47, no. 1 (2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2020.0020.

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Gleba, Margarita. "Excavations." Archaeological Reports 55 (November 2009): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608400001393.

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MacSween, Ann. "Excavations at Northton, Isle of Harris By Derek D.A. Simpson, Eileen M. Murphy and Richard A. Gregory. Pp. 282. Black and white illustrations. ISBN 1 84171 936 6 Oxford: BAR British Series 408. 2006. £38 (pb). ann macsween." Scottish Archaeological Journal 28, no. 2 (October 2006): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1471576707000095.

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The site of Northton in Harris is known to most of those familiar with Scottish prehistory for the excavations which produced Scotland's largest domestic assemblage of Beaker pottery. This often-quoted fact, along with previous glimpses of what publication of the 1965–6 excavations would offer, such as those in the excavator's preliminary report in Settlement and Economy in the Third and Second Millennia BC ( Simpson 1976 ), has had many eagerly awaiting the publication of this important site. The site was discovered in 1963 by James McEwen of Aberdeen University, and rescue excavations were undertaken by Derek Simpson of the University of Leicester a couple of years later. Excavations revealed a multi-period site which could be divided into two Neolithic, two Beaker and two Iron Age/Historic phases. The Northton project was one of the first multi-disciplinary studies in the Western Isles with the excavation complemented by topographic and geological survey, and palaeoenvironmental analysis.
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Xu, Jianzhuang, Benli Sun, Ming Wu, and Haifeng Yang. "Deformation Assessment of Deep Excavations Retaining Structure in Collapsible Loess Areas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2424, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2424/1/012031.

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Abstract In this study, the deformation characteristics of deep excavations retaining structure in loess areas are investigated statistically by analyzing filed measurements in three typical loess areas of Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Gansu. Generally, the study results showed that the maximum lateral displacement of the retaining structure ranges between 0.277‰H to 3.712‰H, with an average of 0.1029%H (H is the final excavation depth of excavations). The maximum lateral displacement is approximately located at 2/3 of the excavation depth. In addition, a quantitative analysis is carried out on the influencing factors for the lateral deformation of the retaining structure, such as the insertion ratio of retaining piles (walls), the length-wide ratio of the excavation plane, synthetical stiffness of the support system, heave-resistant safety factor, and the set depth of support in the first tunnel.
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Nissen, Zachary A., Kacey C. Grauer, Gabriela Dziki, Hannah Hoover, Erin Niles, Debra S. Walker, Anna Moles, and Cynthia Robin. "SITUATING HOUSEHOLDS WITHIN AN URBAN COMMUNITY: RECENT RESEARCH AT AVENTURA, AN ANCIENT MAYA CITY." Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 18 (2023): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.62064/rrba.18.21.

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Recent excavations at the Maya site of Aventura, Belize provide insights into the social, economic, and environmental resources available to the residents of its ancient urban community. In 2019, the Aventura Archaeology Project (AAP) horizontally excavated three households and continued vertical test-pit investigations across commoner and elite domestic groups. The horizontal excavations, comparable to previous excavations of households in 2018, provided new insights into the similarities and differences between structures, features, burials, and middens across status groups at Aventura. One household excavation, Group 54, elucidated commoners’ access and relationships to a nearby water management feature. Commoner household excavations at Group 24, one of the smallest mound features identified by the AAP survey, revealed that even the smallest of Aventura’s households had access, though limited, to cut limestone blocks for domestic architecture. Excavations of an elite patio group, Group 38, to the north of the site core provided architectural data which complicate distinctions between elite and non-elite households. These excavations of households across the site also revealed a pattern of primary and secondary subfloor-burial deposits across elite and non-elite groups, which may indicate an attempt to socially integrate households of all statuses into Aventura’s urban community. Vertical test excavations further support Aventura’s community was inhabited over the long-term, with multiple households revealing Early and Middle Classic materials, and all households revealing occupation during the Late to Terminal Classic transition. Together, household excavations provide insights into the social, economic, and environmental forces that shaped the lives of Aventura’s urban community, bringing better focus to heterogenous and enduring urban populations during dynamic periods of Maya society.
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Roboski, Jill, and Richard J. Finno. "Distributions of ground movements parallel to deep excavations in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-091.

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An empirical procedure for fitting a complementary error function (erfc) to settlement and lateral ground movement data in a direction parallel to an excavation support wall is proposed based on extensive optical survey data obtained around a 12.8 m deep excavation in Chicago. The maximum ground movement and the height and length of an excavation wall define the erfc fitting function. The erfc fit is shown to apply to three other excavation projects where substantial ground movement data were reported.Key words: excavations, clays, ground movements, performance data.
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Liu, Chen, Ji Chao Zhang, and Ke Yi Wang. "Technology of Preventing the Metro Tunnel Disaster Caused by Overhead Excavation in Underground Space." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2422.

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Rapid urbanization process brings large-scale excavation engineering and subway tunnel in city. Especially ,some excavations are just above the subway tunnel with almost no distance between the excavations and the subway. How to effectively reduce the deformation of tunnel becomes a subject worthy of researching. Based on the underground space in Zhujiang New Town which would be constructed cross metro tunnel, protecting technology has been proposed to guarantee the metro tunnel’s safety by application of time and space effect, which could benefit the following similar projects.
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Li, Tingting, Min Yang, and Xiaocen Chen. "A Simplified Analytical Method for the Deformation of Pile Foundations Induced by Adjacent Excavation in Soft Clay." Buildings 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2023): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081919.

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The development of foundation excavations in congested urban areas inevitably induces stress release and soil movements, resulting in additional lateral deflections in adjacent pile foundations, commonly referred to as passive loading piles. Prior research on pile deflection resulting from nearby excavations primarily focused on single-pile behavior and paid little attention to the characteristics of pile groups. This paper presents a two-step approach to predicting the behavior of pile deformation resulting from nearby excavation. Firstly, Mindlin solution in combination with the double Gauss-Legendre formula is employed to calculate the additional lateral stress acting on the centerline of the passive pile resulting from nearby excavations. Secondly, the equation governing the deflection of the passive pile is determined using the Pasternak foundation model and solved using the finite difference method. On the basis of the Mindlin equation, shielding influence among piles is developed and applied to the analysis of a laterally loaded passive pile group. Last but not least, the accuracy of the presented approach is validated by comparing the results from two published centrifuge model tests with single piles and pile groups, and good agreements are obtained. Generally, the recommended two-step approach presents effective insight into the interaction between the excavation, soil, and pile, taking into account the influence of the shielding effect between piles. It can be applied as an alternative method for the conservation evaluation of the deformation tendency of pile foundation deformation in the pre-design of nearby excavations.
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Guo, Panpan, Gang Lei, Lina Luo, Xiaonan Gong, Yixian Wang, Baojian Li, Xunjian Hu, and Haibo Hu. "Soil Creep Effect on Time-Dependent Deformation of Deep Braced Excavation." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (January 10, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5655592.

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This paper describes recent advances in the effect of soil creep on the time-dependent deformation of deep braced excavation. The effect of soil creep is generally investigated using the observational method and the plain-strain numerical simulation method. The observational method is more applicable for deep braced excavations in soft clays constructed using the top-down method. The plain-strain numerical simulation method can be conveniently used for parametric analysis, but it is unable to capture the spatial characteristics of soil creep effect on lateral wall deflections and ground movements. The additional lateral wall deflections and ground movements that are generated due to the soil creep effect can account for as large as 30% of the total displacements, which highlights the importance of considering the effect of soil creep in deep braced excavations through soft clays. The magnitude of the displacements due to soil creep depends on various factors, such as excavation depth, elapsed period, unsupported length, and strut stiffness. Parametric analyses have indicated several effective measures that can be taken in practice to mitigate the detrimental effect of soil creep on the deformation of deep braced excavation. Based on the literature review, potential directions of the related future research work are discussed. This paper should be beneficial for both researchers and engineers focusing on mitigating the adverse effect of soil creep on the stability of deep braced excavations.
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Moloney, Colm, and John A. Lawson. "Excavations at Maybury Park, Edinburgh (1990–2)." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, no. 23 (2006): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2006.23.1-39.

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This paper presents the results of a series of excavations carried out by the City of Edinburgh Council Archaeology Service between 1990 and 1992 in advance of the Edinburgh Park development (NGR: NT 178 720). Following a programme of test excavations, seven areas were opened up for excavation. Three of these contained significant archaeology dating to the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. The main findings included a Neolithic trackway, evidence for Bronze Age settlement and a large stone-built structure dating to the beginning of the 1st millennium AD.
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Kolen, Jan. "A new empiricism. Excavating at the start of the 21st century." Archaeological Dialogues 18, no. 1 (April 21, 2011): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203811000080.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the rationale for excavation against the background of a new trend in archaeology: the renewed interest in the values of experience and empiricism in both archaeological practice and interpretation. It is argued that we should seriously reconsider the principles of archaeological heritage management as it has developed from the 1970s onwards. Reasons for excavating are discussed by referring to three examples: (1) the reconstruction of cultural evolution in the time period roughly between 40,000 and 30,000 B.P., when anatomically modern humans entered Europe but Neanderthals were still there; (2) recent excavations in 20th-century terrorscapes; and (3) public activities, like geocaching, that evoke a kind of ‘archaeological experience’. It is concluded that the time is ripe for a broad empirical and experiential attitude, based on new intellectual orientations like the new empiricism, to return to the archaeological agenda. Excavation may fulfil a vital role in this project.
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Gooder, John. "Excavations in the Canongate Backlands, Edinburgh." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, no. 56 (2013): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2013.56.1-42.

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The following paper presents the results of two excavations undertaken in 1999 and 2000 within parts of the World Heritage Site of the Old Town of Edinburgh and the Canongate (NGR: NT 2665 7377). Excavation at Plot N of the Holyrood North Re-Development Project, Holyrood Road, unearthed evidence of medieval boundary works (including a possible 12th-century burgh ditch), a 17th-century well, a medieval graindrying kiln, refuse pits, drainage features and post-medieval cultivation soils. Excavation alongside Calton Road revealed evidence of medieval/post-medieval property divisions, cultivation soils and quarry pits. Both sites yielded significant artefact assemblages.
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McCormick, Finbar, Paul Buckland, Stephen Carter, Ruby Cerón-Carrasco, Richard Fawcett, Barbara Ford, Dom Ambrose Flavell, et al. "Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 124 (November 30, 1995): 391–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.124.391.432.

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This report, prefaced by a brief history of Pluscarden Priory, and by a description of the church, describes excavations on the western side of the Priory. Features investigated include the western end of the nave, a series of burials, a stone-lined pit containing a rich organic deposit, and walls associated with the medieval monastic complex. The excavation was arranged and funded by Historic Scotland.
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43

Malovichko, Dmitriy. "Description of Seismic Sources in Underground Mines: Theory." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 5 (August 11, 2020): 2124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200093.

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ABSTRACT In underground mines, episodes of sudden inelastic deformation in the rockmass are often induced by mining and are therefore localized near the excavations. The seismic radiation associated with such deformation can be described by a point seismic source using a volume integral of the stress-free strain (or incremental plastic strain)—expression (1) in the Theory section. This conventional description is valid if seismic waveforms are modeled or inverted using the elastodynamic Green’s function, which takes the presence of nearby excavation(s) into account. If the adopted Green’s function does not model these excavations, then the conventional expressions for a point source need to be adjusted by adding a term that depends on the displacement at the surface of the excavations (equations 2). Alternatively, a Kirchhoff-type representation can be used, in which the parameters of the point source are expressed using increments of displacement and traction over the surface covering both the volume of inelastic deformation and nearby excavation(s) (equations 3). Numerical simulations demonstrate that the suggested expressions provide a very different result to the conventional expressions for the case of inelastic deformation in a volume adjacent to an excavation. The utilization of the suggested expressions results in a change in the type of mechanisms from explosive to implosive and significantly affects other characteristics of the modeled sources (moment magnitude and orientation of principal axes). Typically, seismic waveforms recorded by monitoring systems in underground mines are processed using an elastodynamic Green’s function that does not take medium-sized excavations (e.g., tunnels and stopes) into account. Therefore, the results of such processing need to be interpreted using the suggested expressions: adjusted conventional (equations 2) or Kirchhoff-type (equations 3).
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Garrison, Thomas G., Dustin Richmond, Perry Naughton, Eric Lo, Sabrina Trinh, Zachary Barnes, Albert Lin, Curt Schurgers, Ryan Kastner, and Sarah E. Newman. "Tunnel Vision." Advances in Archaeological Practice 4, no. 2 (May 2016): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.4.2.192.

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AbstractArchaeological tunneling is a standard excavation strategy in Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya built new structures atop older ones that were no longer deemed usable, whether for logistical or ideological reasons. This means that as archaeologists excavate horizontal tunnels into ancient Maya structures, they are essentially moving back in time. As earlier constructions are encountered, these tunnels may deviate in many directions in order to document architectural remains. The resultant excavations often become intricate labyrinths, extending dozens of meters. Traditional forms of archaeological documentation, such as photographs, plan views, and profile drawings, are limited in their ability to convey the complexity of tunnel excavations. Terrestrial Lidar (light detection and ranging) instruments are able to generate precise 3D models of tunnel excavations. This article presents the results of a model created with a Faro™ Focus 3D 120 Scanner of tunneling excavations at the site of El Zotz, Guatemala. The lidar data document the excavations inside a large mortuary pyramid, including intricately decorated architecture from an Early Classic (A.D. 300–600) platform buried within the present form of the structure. Increased collaboration between archaeologists and scholars with technical expertise maximizes the effectiveness of 3D models, as does presenting digital results in tandem with traditional forms of documentation.
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45

Kaljanac, Adnan, and Dženan Brigić. "Rezultati arheološke prospekcije 2017. godine na prahistorijskom lokalitetu Butmir i njegovo stanje danas / Results of the archeological prospection on the site of Butmir from 2017." Journal of BATHINVS Association ACTA ILLYRICA / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA Online ISSN 2744-1318, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2020.17.

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Preventive archaeological excavations on the national site Butmir continued during 2017 with the same goal, to determine the actual area of distribution of the archaeological potential on the site. These excavations have been conducted on the area around Hotel Hills, by a consortium consisting of the Institute of Archaeology at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo and the Association “Društvo arheologa 1894” (Association of Archaeologists 1894). The implemented methods of research were the same as for the previous excavation, which combined machine-dug and hand-dug test trenches. Bore holing was also used to determine the depth of geological and potential archaeological layers, which would serve as a basis for getting clearer and wider results on the distribution of archaeological potential. Using the listed methods, there have been excavated 32 machine-dug test trenches whose length goes from 3 to 20 m, 3 hand-dug test trenches, and 7 boreholes. It has been determined that cultural layers from the ancient and prehistoric periods exist between 0.60 and 0.90 m. In trenches 1-6 there have been found a significant amount of pottery and traces of metallurgy from the prehistoric period. Trench number 3 provided the most significant results – a large amount of pottery and one bowl with remains of iron slag. Trenches 6 to 15 showed a deeper cultural layer and potential settlement layer which resulted in excavating hand-dug trenches with specifically prehistoric remains that have been reliably determined to the Neolithic period. Nevertheless, the national monument Butmir is not the same as at the time of discovery, and the area for potential new archaeological excavations has been significantly shrunk because of modern architecture and infrastructure. Having that in mind, previous excavations have determined that the present Neolithic Butmir settlement contains findings from an area excavated during the Austro-Hungarian period and a smaller part of the marginal area of the Neolithic tells where the central part of the settlement has been found.
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Hodges, Richard. "Rewriting the Rural History of Early Medieval Italy: Twenty-five Years of Medieval Archaeology Reviewed." Rural History 1, no. 1 (April 1990): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003186.

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The archaeology of rural settlements is a comparatively new branch of history. Its genealogy is easy to trace. Spurred on by the growth of economic and social history in the inter-war years, Dutch archaeologists, like A.E. van Giffin, and younger Danish archaeologists, such as Gunther Hatt and Axel Steensburg, undertook large open-area excavations of North Sea Migration period settlements. Van Giffin's excavation of the terp at Ezinge during the ‘thirties is a typical example. Using open-area excavation, a controlled form of the clearance excavation being employed on the large classical sites in Mussolini's Italy, it became feasible to examine the Migration-period architecture (as an architectural historian might) and the evolution of the settlement (as a classical topographer might do it). Neither would have been possible if a site such as Ezinge had been trenched. As far as we can tell today, van Giffin et al. did not intend to rewrite history, so much as to use archaeology to confirm prevailing ethnically-oriented theses about Migration period peoples. In some ways this was also the case when W.G. Hoskins and Maurice Beresford began to undertake small excavations of deserted medieval villages in England in 1947. Both hoped that small excavation trenches might help them to date the desertion of some of these settlements. In practice, of course, what they discovered in the course of nineteen excavations merely proved to be confusing (cf. Hurst, 1971: 83). Hoskins turned to other matters, but Beresford pursued the possibilities of archaeology at Wharram Percy, a fine example of a so-called deserted medieval village.
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Honti, Szilvia, Csilla Aradi, Csilla Balogh, László György, László Költő, István Molnár, Péter Gergely Németh, Mónika Skriba-Nagy, Krisztina Somogyi, and Zita Mária Tokai. "Régészeti feltárások Somogy megyében 2012–2015." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 4 (2016): 247–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2016.4.247.

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In the first half of the study excavation projects fi-nanced through grants are described during the 2012-2015 period (Bárdudvarnok, Iharos, szőkedencs, őrtilos, zamár-di). In the second half the archaeological results of those pre-liminary excavations are dealt with which are connected to a given project e.g. the construction of Route No. 67., of the gas pipeline between Csombárd and Edde, and of the southern Balaton sewage pipeline. At the end of the paper the outcome of various other projects - further preliminary excavations, find protection and archaeological observation are mentioned.
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KARNACHEV, I. P., V. G. NIKOLAEV, V. V. BIRYUKOV, and S. A. GUSAK. "THE THERMAL MODE OF LARGE-SPAN EXCA VATIONS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER FACILITIES." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 2, no. 1 (2020): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2020-2-1-289-301.

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The paper observes particular experimental research results on increase of stability of mining excavations in a permafrost area under low positive temperatures. The authors discuss the tasks on determining the temperature field parameters around the different-section excavations of underground small nuclear power plants at the construction stage. The mathematical models were designed for heat transfer processes in frozen rocks. The rocks were simulated as pore media filled with water with phase transfer under heating. This allowed creating virtual computing stands on which it became possible to work out the thermal modes of excavation driving.
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Keser-Kayaalp, Elif, and Nihat Erdoğan. "The cathedral complex at Nisibis." Anatolian Studies 63 (July 11, 2013): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154613000070.

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AbstractThe cathedral complex at Nisibis sits within what is currently a large excavation site. The excavations, continuing on and off over the last 12 years, have yielded exciting discoveries. This article is not a report of the excavations as such, but, in the light of them, it revisits the cathedral complex in an attempt to reconstruct the possible cathedral on the site and to establish the building phases of the only standing structure on the site, known as the ‘Church of Mor Yaqub’, which was the baptistery of the cathedral.
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Karlsson, Lars, Jesper Blid, Olivier Henry, and Ragnar Hedlund. "Labraunda 2011. A preliminary report on the Swedish excavations." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 5 (November 2012): 49–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-05-03.

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The main goals of the 2011 campaign were the excavation of the Kepez tower, the West Church and the necropoleis. The tower of Kepez was excavated and black-gloss pottery indicates a date in the 3rd century BC. The 2011 excavations in the West Church uncovered three Late Roman and Byzantine building phases. Among the finds from Late Antiquity was a well-preserved glass lamp with a Greek inscription and a marble figurine, possibly representing an apostle or a saint. The excavations in the necropolis uncovered eleven tombs in the Area 5B, located along the Sacred Way, completing the excavation initiated in 2010. New tombs were discovered in the territory east and south of the sanctuary. Finally, the three stone sarcophagi inside the Built Tomb were moved in order to facilitate complete excavation and the cleaning of all the interior space of this monumental tomb. The conservation of architectural marble was continued and included the conservation of an Ionic column capital and an anta capital from Andron B. Thomas Thieme and Pontus Hellström prepared the publication of the andrones.
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