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1
Lippi, Marco. Aggregation of simple linear dynamics: Exact asymptotic results. London: Suntory Centre, 1998.
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2
Filippi, Claudia. Generalized gradient approximations to density functional theory: Comparison with exact results. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell Theory Center, Cornell University, 1996.
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3
Paulauskas, V. Approximation Theory in the Central Limit Theorem: Exact Results in Banach Spaces. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989.
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4
Approximation theory in the central limit theorems--exact results in Banach spaces. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
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5
Stochastic equations through the eye of the physicist: Basic concepts, exact results and asymptotic approximations. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005.
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6
Kli͡at͡skin, Valeriĭ Isaakovich. Stochastic equations through the eye of the physicist: Basic concepts, exact results and asymptotic approximations. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005.
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7
Manichev, Vladimir, Valentina Glazkova, and Кузьмина Анастасия. Numerical methods. The authentic and exact solution of the differential and algebraic equations in SAE systems of SAPR. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13138.
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In the manual classical numerical methods are considered
and algorithms for the decision of systems of the ordinary differential
equations (ODE), nonlinear and linear algebraic equations
(NAU and LAU), and also ways of ensuring reliability and demanded
accuracy of results of the decision. Ideas, which still not are stated
are reflected in textbooks on calculus mathematics, namely: decision
systems the ODE without reduction to a normal form of Cauchy resolved
rather derivative, and refusal from any numerical an equivalent -
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It is intended for students, graduate students and teachers of higher education institutions
in the direction of preparation "Informatics and computer facilities".
The grant will also be useful for engineers and scientists on the corresponding specialties.
8
Zvyagin, Andrei A. Finite Size Effects in Correlated Electron Models: Exact Results. Imperial College Press, 2005.
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9
Paulauskas, V., and A. Rackauskas. Approximation Theory in the Central Limit Theorem: Exact Results in Banach Spaces. Springer, 2012.
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10
Klyatskin, Valery I. Stochastic Equations through the Eye of the Physicist: Basic Concepts, Exact Results and Asymptotic Approximations. Elsevier Science, 2005.
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11
Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Theorems of Natural Selection: Results of Price, Fisher, and Robertson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0006.
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This chapter reviews a number of “theorems” of natural selection. These include exact results (true mathematical theorems): the Robertson-Price identity, Price's general expression for any form of selection response, and the Fisher-Price-Ewens version of Fisher's fundamental theorem. Their generality comes as the cost of usually being very difficult to apply. An important exception is the Robertson-Price identity, which expresses the within-generation change in the mean of a trait as its covariance with relative fitness. This chapter also examines three classic approximations: Fisher's fundamental theorem for the behavior of mean population fitness, and Robertson's secondary theorem and the breeder's equation for the expected response in a trait under selection, showing both how these results are connected and the error given by the various approximations. Finally, the chapter examines the connection between the additive variance of a trait and its correlation with fitness.
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Klyatskin, Valery Isaakovich. Stochastic Equations - Theory and Applications in Acoustics, Hydrodynamics, Magnetohydrodynamic, and Radiophysics Vol. 1: Basic Concepts, Exact Results, and Asymptotic Approximations. Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.
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13
Klyatskin, Valery I. Stochastic Equations : Theory and Applications in Acoustics, Hydrodynamics, Magnetohydrodynamics, and Radiophysics, Volume 1: Basic Concepts, Exact Results, and Asymptotic Approximations. Springer, 2014.
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14
Klyatskin, Valery I. Stochastic Equations : Theory and Applications in Acoustics, Hydrodynamics, Magnetohydrodynamics, and Radiophysics, Volume 1: Basic Concepts, Exact Results, and Asymptotic Approximations. Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
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15
Hoenselaers, C., and W. Dietz. Solutions of Einstein's Equations : Techniques and Results: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Exact Solutions of Einstein's Equations, Held in Retzbach, Germany, November 14-18, 1983. Springer, 2014.
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16
McDuff, Dusa, and Dietmar Salamon. Generating functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses generating functions in more detail. It shows how generating functions give rise to discrete-time analogues of the symplectic action functional and hence lead to discrete variational problems. The results of this chapter form the basis for the proofs in Chapter 11 of the Arnold conjecture for the torus and in Chapter 12 of the existence of the Hofer–Zehnder capacity. The final section examines generating functions for exact Lagrangian submanifolds of cotangent bundles.
17
Morawetz, Klaus. Relaxation-Time Approximation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0018.
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A conserving relaxation time approximation is presented resulting into a Mermin-type of polarisation functions. The transport properties are calculated for the relaxation time approximation and an arbitrary band structure. The results for metals and gases are discussed and the shortcoming of relaxation time approximation to describe experimental values is outlined. As improvement, the exact solution of the linearised quantum Boltzmann equation is presented leading to momentum-depended relaxation times specific for each observable. Explicit expressions are given for the electric and thermal conductivity as well as the shear viscosity.
18
Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Bimolecular Reactions, Transition-State Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses an approximate approach—transition-state theory—to the calculation of rate constants for bimolecular reactions. A reaction coordinate is identified from a normal-mode coordinate analysis of the activated complex, that is, the supermolecule on the saddle-point of the potential energy surface. Motion along this coordinate is treated by classical mechanics and recrossings of the saddle point from the product to the reactant side are neglected, leading to the result of conventional transition-state theory expressed in terms of relevant partition functions. Various alternative derivations are presented. Corrections that incorporate quantum mechanical tunnelling along the reaction coordinate are described. Tunnelling through an Eckart barrier is discussed and the approximate Wigner tunnelling correction factor is derived in the limit of a small degree of tunnelling. It concludes with applications of transition-state theory to, for example, the F + H2 reaction, and comparisons with results based on quasi-classical mechanics as well as exact quantum mechanics.
19
Zimmermann, Jens. 7. Hermeneutics and science. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685356.003.0007.
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Science, we have been taught, rests on strictly empirical observation, accurate measurement, and the exact verification of its results. Scientific knowledge is independent of received opinion, personal bias, and the vagaries of language. ‘Hermeneutics and science’ shows that this position of scientific objectivism and scientific positivism does not hold. It explains the hermeneutics of scientific discovery, which depends heavily on the personal intuition of a scientist whose deep familiarity with a prior theory and the relevant facts, together with the hitherto stubbornly unexplained anomalies, allows them to intuit a better way of integrating all these particulars into a new coherent framework. It concludes by looking to the future of hermeneutics.
20
McCracken, Lindsay M., Mandy L. McCracken, and R. Adron Harris. Mechanisms of Action of Different Drugs of Abuse. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.010.
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Drugs of abuse represent a spectrum of chemically diverse compounds that are used via various routes of drug administration depending on the drug and its preparation. Although the exact molecular mechanisms by which these agents act to produce their intoxicating effects are not completely understood, many drugs of abuse are known to bind to specific neuronal membrane proteins that produce effects on cellular signaling and ultimately on behavior. With repeated administration of a drug, individuals often develop tolerance, and discontinuation of drug use following chronic administration typically results in withdrawal symptoms. This chapter describes the mechanism of action for the following classes of drugs of abuse: alcohol, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, sedative hypnotics, and stimulants. In addition, mechanisms of tolerance and withdrawal are discussed.
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Fabrizi, Fabrizio. Hepatitis C. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0186.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with a large spectrum of histopathological lesions in both native and transplanted kidneys. The exact frequency of kidney damage in HCV-infected patients remains unknown, but the most frequent associated renal lesion is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) with deposition of immunoglobulin and complement (MPGN type 1), usually in the context of type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia associated with a monoclonal IgM which binds IgG.Various approaches have been tried for the treatment of HCV-related glomerulonephritis, including immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents), plasma exchange, and antiviral agents. Use of antiviral drugs for treatment of HCV-associated glomerulonephritis has shown encouraging results. Immunosuppressive therapy is recommended for cryoglobulinaemic kidney disease. Two distinct approaches should be considered for the treatment of HCV-associated cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis according to the level of proteinuria and kidney failure. Preliminary evidence on rituximab therapy for HCV-related cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis exists but several questions related to its use remain unclear.
22
Seeck, Margitta, L. Spinelli, Jean Gotman, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Combination of Brain Functional Imaging Techniques. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0046.
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Several tools are available to map brain electrical activity. Clinical applications focus on epileptic activity, although electric source imaging (ESI) and electroencephalography-coupled functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG–fMRI) are also used to investigate non-epileptic processes in healthy subjects. While positron-emission tomography (PET) reflects glucose metabolism, strongly linked with synaptic activity, and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) reflects blood flow, fMRI (BOLD) signals have a hemodynamic component that is a surrogate signal of neuronal (synaptic) activity. The exact interpretation of BOLD signals is not completely understood; even in unifocal epilepsy, more than one region of positive or negative BOLD is often observed. Co-registration of medical images is essential to answer clinical questions, particularly for presurgical epilepsy evaluations. Multimodal imaging can yield information about epileptic foci and underlying networks. Co-registering MRI, PET, SPECT, fMRI, and ESI (or magnetic source imaging) provides information to estimate the epileptogenic zone and can help optimize surgical results.
23
Leaver, Susannah, and Timothy Evans. Hypoxaemia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0085.
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Hypoxaemia is a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood below 8 kPa/60 mmHg. Hypoxaemia results from one, or several, or a combination of causes. Calculating the alveolar–arterial gradient can help to delineate the cause. Acute respiratory failure manifests in a number of ways, the most sensitive indicator being an increased respiratory rate. Diagnosis is dependent on a comprehensive history, examination in combination with appropriate blood tests, and imaging. Hypoxaemia is the final common pathway of a number of conditions and the exact cause may not be immediately apparent. Despite this, the same management principles apply. A trial of non-invasive ventilation can be used to support patients during respiratory failure who do not require immediate endotracheal intubation. However, it is recommended that this is instituted for a preset trial period (e.g. 1–2 hours) in an HDU/ICU setting where facilities for definitive airway management are available. Invasive ventilation aims to facilitate treatment of the underlying condition whilst minimizing side effects through lung protective ventilatory strategies.
24
Goetze, Catherine, and Dejan Guzina. Statebuilding and Nationbuilding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.302.
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Since the early 1990s, the number of statebuilding projects has multiplied, often ending several years or even decades of violent conflict. The objectives of these missions have been formulated ad hoc, driven by the geopolitical contexts in which the mandates of statebuilding missions were established. However, after initial success in establishing a sense of physical security, the empirical evidence shows that most statebuilding efforts have failed, or achieved only moderate success. In some countries, violence has resumed after the initial end of hostilities. In others, the best results were authoritarian regimes based on fragile stalemates between warring parties. A review of the literature on statebuilding indicates a vast number of theories and approaches that often collide with each other, claim the exact opposite, and mount (contradictory) evidence in support of their mutually exclusive claims. Still they are united by their inquiry into the general structural and policy-making conditions that nurture or impede statebuilding processes. A problematic characteristic of the statebuilding literature is a lack of dialogue across the various disciplines. Many of the claims in the international relations literature on external statebuilding are a mirror image of the previous ones made on democratization. Another problem is the propensity to repeat the same mistakes of the previous generations.
25
Huybrechts, D. Fourier–Mukai Transforms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296866.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces the central notion of a Fourier-Mukai transform between derived categories. It is the derived version of the notion of a correspondence, which has been studied for all kinds of cohomology theories for many decades. In fact, Orlov's celebrated result, which is stated but not proved, says that any equivalence between derived categories of smooth projective varieties is of Fourier-Mukai type. Fourier-Mukai functors behave well in many respects: they are exact, admit left and right adjoints, can be composed, etc. The cohomological Fourier-Mukai transform behaves with respect to grading, Hodge structure, and Mukai pairing.
26
Morawetz, Klaus. Approximations for the Selfenergy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0010.
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The systematic expansion of the selfenergy is presented with the help of the closure relation of chapter 7. Besides Hartree–Fock leading to meanfield kinetic equations, the random phase approximation (RPA) is shown to result into the Lennard–Balescu kinetic equation, and the ladder approximation into the Beth–Uehling–Uhlenbeck kinetic equation. The deficiencies of the ladder approximation are explored compared to the exact T-matrix by missing maximally crossed diagrams. The T-matrix provides the Bethe–Salpeter equation for the two-particle correlation functions. Vertex corrections to the RPA are presented. For a two-dimensional example, the selfenergy and effective mass are calculated. The structure factor and the pair-correlation function are introduced and calculated for various approximations.
27
McCann, Shaun R. The role of technology in haematology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717607.003.0011.
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Various technologies have changed and improved the practice of haematology. Because it is possible to obtain blood cells so readily (via a simple venepuncture), haematology has been at the forefront of technological developments in medicine. The diagnosis of both malignant and benign haematological disorders has become more exact because of the technological advances outlined, and the understanding of the pathogenesis of many diseases has been advanced as a direct result of the application of technologies such as immunofluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy, automated cell counting, flow cytometry, digital cell morphology, advanced staining techniques, and PCR. However, it is important to stress that all technologies and ‘tests’ need to be cautiously interpreted, and a full history and physical examination should always be the first step in the investigation of patients.
28
Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Quantum field theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0024.
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Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques are developed to compute properties of a variety of quantum field theories. The method is introduced with a simple scalar field theory and used to evaluate the particle spectrum and phase diagram for parity symmetry breaking. The technique of micorcanonical updating is introduced to increase efficiency. The important topic of gauge theory is then introduced via the gauged Z2 model. Development of the gauge theory formalism continues with Abelian gauge theory in two dimensions. The interaction between static charges is computed and compared to the exact result. The string tension in nonableian SU(2) gauge theory is explored with the aid of the renormalization group, which gives an entrée to a discussion of the Higgs mechanism. Finally, the formalism for including fermions is briefly reviewed.
29
Dutton, Denis. Authenticity in Art. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0014.
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Many of the most often-discussed issues of authenticity have centred around art forgery and plagiarism. A forgery is defined as a work of art whose history of production is misrepresented by someone (not necessarily the artist) to an audience (possibly to a potential buyer of the work), normally for financial gain. A forging artist paints or sculpts a work in the style of a famous artist in order to market the result as having been created by the famous artist. Exact copies of existing works are seldom forged, as they will be difficult to sell to knowledgeable buyers. The concept of forgery necessarily involves deceptive intentions on the part of the forger or the seller of the work: this distinguishes forgeries from innocent copies or merely erroneous attributions.
30
Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Rate Constants, Reactive Flux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses a direct approach to the calculation of the rate constant k(T) that bypasses the detailed state-to-state reaction cross-sections. The method is based on the calculation of the reactive flux across a dividing surface on the potential energy surface. Versions based on classical as well as quantum mechanics are described. The classical version and its relation to Wigner’s variational theorem and recrossings of the dividing surface is discussed. Neglecting recrossings, an approximate result based on the calculation of the classical one-way flux from reactants to products is considered. Recrossings can subsequently be included via a transmission coefficient. An alternative exact expression is formulated based on a canonical average of the flux time-correlation function. It concludes with the quantum mechanical definition of the flux operator and the derivation of a relation between the rate constant and a flux correlation function.
31
Candido, Kenneth D., Teresa M. Kusper, Alexei Lissounov, and Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. Phantom Limb Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0013.
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Post-amputation pain (PAP) has challenged clinicians for centuries. The first written record of this perplexing condition came from the 16th-century French military surgeon Ambrose Paré. The term phantom limb pain (PLP) was coined by Silas Weir Mitchell, who provided a comprehensive description of the condition during the 19th century. Since that time, the understanding of PLP has greatly expanded; however, our knowledge of the exact mechanisms underlying it is still very deficient. Amputation of a body part can result in one sequela or more than one neurologic sequelae occurring concurrently: phantom sensation, phantom pain, and stump pain. The incidence and prevalence vary across the spectrum of these syndromes. A myriad of treatment modalities are employed in an attempt to terminate PLP, including pharmacotherapy, injections, alternative therapy, surgical interventions, and neuromodulation. Despite an extensive search for effective therapeutic options, PLP remains a highly challenging and debilitating condition.
32
Potochnik, Angela. Eight Other Questions about Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0004.
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Philosophical accounts of scientific explanation tend to focus on developing a conception of the kind of dependence that is explanatory, e.g., nomic, causal-mechanical, difference-making, etc. Disagreements about other features of explanation are often presented as secondary issues linked to specific accounts of explanatory dependence. As a result, many features of explanatory practices about which philosophers disagree have not received sufficient attention. This chapter articulates several of those features—eight, to be exact—and discusses some of the ideas that have been raised about each. The purpose of this chapter is not to defend any one conception of any of these features, but to distinguish among the relatively distinct features of explanation about which philosophers disagree and, for each, to clarify what is at stake. Most of these disagreements have little to do with the nature of explanatory dependence and, in particular, whether or not explanation is causal in nature.
33
Silva, José Asunción, and Camilo Hoyos Gómez. De sobremesa. 2nd ed. Ediciones Uniandes, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51566/humalite2241.
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«Gran parte de lo que hemos leído sobre Silva ha sido en realidad sobre Fernández. Hablar sobre De sobremesa y sobre José Fernández y Andrade es entrar en el terreno de la ficción biografiada por lo exacto y transparente que Silva logró dibujar la sensibilidad del fin de siècle francés. En esta extraordinaria confusión que tardó tantos decenios en ser resuelta y que auguró a su manera discusiones más tardías sobre metaliteratura y autoficción, reside una de las grandes virtudes de la única y agitada novela de Silva.» Tomado del prólogo de Camilo Hoyos Gómez
34
Bilański, Piotr. Trypodendron laeve Eggers w Polsce na tle wybranych aspektów morfologicznych i genetycznych drwalników (Trypodendron spp., Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-38-0.
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In Poland, there are 4 species of the liypodendron genus: T lineaium Oliv., T domestkum L., T signature Fakir. and 7: laeve Egg. Trypodendron laeve is the leastknown of this group. Many factors had influence on the state of research on this species, including taxonomic aspects. Taking into account the unsatisfactory state of knowledge regarding the prevalence of T iaeve in Poland, as well as scarce information on the morphology of this species, research was undertaken to I) document the presence, including new sites, of T laeve in Poland and define, if possible, the habitat and trophic conditions that may affect its occurrence, as well as II) determinate suitability of biometric and genetic methods for correct identification of t laeve against the background of other ambrosia beetle species. Research on the occurrence of T laeve in Poland, was carried out on 143 areas located throughout the country, representing various environmental conditions, primarily such as species composition of tree stands, terrain, altitude (from 16 to 929 meters above sea level) and their location in relation to zoogeographic regions. The research material was obtained mainly using various types of traps for catching ambrosia beetles baited with pheromone. Only in a few cases when attacking the wood of trees, the imagines of ambrosia beetles were obtained without luring agents. The research was conducted in 2007-2016. From the insect individuals identified on the grounds of morphological traits as T lineatum, T laeve, T domesticum and T signatum, originating from selected locations in Poland, 3-11 specimens were collected, for which genetic analyses were performed based on the COI gene fragments obtained by PCR. The research included tests for following paramcter: s sequence similarity, phylogenetic, evolutionary divergence and genetic. structure. As a result of research on the occurrence of ambrosia beetles in Poland, a total of 44207 individuals belonging to four species were collected: T lineatutn, 7: laeve, T domesticum and T signatum, whose share was respectively: 49.2%, 31.4%; 19.1% and 0.3%. In Poland, 1: laeve's imagines were found in 124 out of 143 examined sites. The presence of L reeve has been documented for the first time in 14 zoogeographic regions. This species was commonly found on study areas located from 118 to 929 m above sea level. In Poland the tree species attacked by T Mate include Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L) H. Karst. In Poland, T laeve as a host plant prefers sylvestris and reaches the highest population densities in the stands of this species. The work presents the exact morphological characteristics of T laeve and indicates the most important features that distinguish it from the other Trypodendrun spp. occurring in Poland. It has also been shown that the best results in the determination of species of the liypodendron genus, regardless of their sex, can be obtained using phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the COI gene.
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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
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Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Accessing Asylum in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.001.0001.
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This monograph examines the interface between extraterritorial border surveillance, migration management, and asylum seeking under EU law. The final goal is to determine the compatibility of pre-entry controls, carried out in the form of Schengen visas, carrier sanctions (with or without assistance from ILOs), and maritime interdiction, with the fundamental rights acquis of the EU, in particular the right to protection against refoulement, the right to asylum, and the rights to good administration and effective judicial protection enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The conflictual assertion contained in Tampere and successor programmes that the Union shall remain ‘open’ to those seeking access to it in search of protection, but, at the same time, ‘counteract illegal immigration and cross-border crime’ provides the background to this research. The result has been an ambiguous regulation of access to EU territory for asylum purposes. Two sets of rules have developed simultaneously, which are difficult to reconcile: one set assimilates protection seekers to the generic category of ‘third-country nationals’ subject to Schengen admission criteria, with another set containing references to ‘special provisions’ applicable to exiles, leading to a situation where up to 90% of refugee arrivals occur through irregular (unsafe) channels, as smuggled or trafficked migrants. In these circumstances, elucidating the exact reach of EU international protection obligations and the articulation between EU border/pre-border norms and EU fundamental rights becomes essential. The monograph thus strives to determine the content of the specific responsibilities of the Member States in this context and establish their implications for the ‘integrated border management’ system the Union is committed to realise.
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Hilgurt, S. Ya, and O. A. Chemerys. Reconfigurable signature-based information security tools of computer systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.458.297.
Full textAbstract:
The book is devoted to the research and development of methods for combining computational structures for reconfigurable signature-based information protection tools for computer systems and networks in order to increase their efficiency. Network security tools based, among others, on such AI-based approaches as deep neural networking, despite the great progress shown in recent years, still suffer from nonzero recognition error probability. Even a low probability of such an error in a critical infrastructure can be disastrous. Therefore, signature-based recognition methods with their theoretically exact matching feature are still relevant when creating information security systems such as network intrusion detection systems, antivirus, anti-spam, and wormcontainment systems. The real time multi-pattern string matching task has been a major performance bottleneck in such systems. To speed up the recognition process, developers use a reconfigurable hardware platform based on FPGA devices. Such platform provides almost software flexibility and near-ASIC performance. The most important component of a signature-based information security system in terms of efficiency is the recognition module, in which the multipattern matching task is directly solved. It must not only check each byte of input data at speeds of tens and hundreds of gigabits/sec against hundreds of thousand or even millions patterns of signature database, but also change its structure every time a new signature appears or the operating conditions of the protected system change. As a result of the analysis of numerous examples of the development of reconfigurable information security systems, three most promising approaches to the construction of hardware circuits of recognition modules were identified, namely, content-addressable memory based on digital comparators, Bloom filter and Aho–Corasick finite automata. A method for fast quantification of components of recognition module and the entire system was proposed. The method makes it possible to exclude resource-intensive procedures for synthesizing digital circuits on FPGAs when building complex reconfigurable information security systems and their components. To improve the efficiency of the systems under study, structural-level combinational methods are proposed, which allow combining into single recognition device several matching schemes built on different approaches and their modifications, in such a way that their advantages are enhanced and disadvantages are eliminated. In order to achieve the maximum efficiency of combining methods, optimization methods are used. The methods of: parallel combining, sequential cascading and vertical junction have been formulated and investigated. The principle of multi-level combining of combining methods is also considered and researched. Algorithms for the implementation of the proposed combining methods have been developed. Software has been created that allows to conduct experiments with the developed methods and tools. Quantitative estimates are obtained for increasing the efficiency of constructing recognition modules as a result of using combination methods. The issue of optimization of reconfigurable devices presented in hardware description languages is considered. A modification of the method of affine transformations, which allows parallelizing such cycles that cannot be optimized by other methods, was presented. In order to facilitate the practical application of the developed methods and tools, a web service using high-performance computer technologies of grid and cloud computing was considered. The proposed methods to increase efficiency of matching procedure can also be used to solve important problems in other fields of science as data mining, analysis of DNA molecules, etc. Keywords: information security, signature, multi-pattern matching, FPGA, structural combining, efficiency, optimization, hardware description language.