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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Zernetska, O., and O. Myronchuk. "Historical Memory and Practices of Monumental Commemoration of World War I in Australia (Part 1)." Problems of World History, no. 12 (September 29, 2020): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-12-11.

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The authors’ research attention is focused on the specifics of the Australian memorial practices dedicated to the World War I. The statement is substantiated that in the Australian context memorials and military monuments formed a special post-war and post-traumatic part of the visual memory of the first Australian global military conflict. The features of the Australian memorial concept are clarified, the social function of the monuments and their important role in the psychological overcoming of the trauma and bitter losses experienced are noted. The multifaceted aspects of visualization of the monumental memory of the World War I in Australia are analyzed. Monuments and memorials are an important part of Australia’s visual heritage. It is concluded that each Australian State has developed its own concept of memory, embodied in various types and nature of monuments. The main ones are analyzed in detail: Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne (1928–1934); Australian War Memorial in Canberra (1941); Sydney Cenotaph (1927-1929) and Anzac Memorial in Sydney (1934); Desert Mounted Corps Memorial in Western Australia (1932); Victoria Memorials: Avenue of Honour and Victory Arch in Ballarat (1917-1919), Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial (2004), Great Ocean Road – the longest nationwide memorial (1919-1932); Hobart War Memorial in the Australian State of Tasmania (1925), as well as Villers-Bretonneux Australian National Memorial in France dedicated to French-Australian cooperation during the World War I (1938). The authors demonstrate an inseparable connection between the commemorative practices of Australia and the politics of national identity, explore the trends in the creation and development of memorial practices. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of memorial sites are based on the clearly expressed function of a place of memory, a place of mourning and commemoration. It was found that the representation of the memorial policy of the memory of Australia in the first post-war years was implemented at the beginning at the local level and was partially influenced by British memorial practices, transforming over time into a nationwide cultural resource.

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2

Zernetska, O., and O. Myronchuk. "Historical Memory and Practices of Monumental Commemoration of World War I in Australia (Part 2)." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-10.

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The authors’ research attention is focused on the specifics of the Australian memorial practices dedicated to the World War I. The statement is substantiated that in the Australian context memorials and military monuments formed a special post-war and post-traumatic part of the visual memory of the first Australian global military conflict. The features of the Australian memorial concept are clarified, the social function of the monuments and their important role in the psychological overcoming of the trauma and bitter losses experienced are noted. The multifaceted aspects of visualization of the monumental memory of the World War I in Australia are analyzed. Monuments and memorials are an important part of Australia’s visual heritage. It is concluded that each Australian State has developed its own concept of memory, embodied in various types and nature of monuments. The main ones are analyzed in detail: Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne (1928–1934); Australian War Memorial in Canberra (1941); Sydney Cenotaph (1927-1929) and Anzac Memorial in Sydney (1934); Desert Mounted Corps Memorial in Western Australia (1932); Victoria Memorials: Avenue of Honour and Victory Arch in Ballarat (1917-1919), Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial (2004), Great Ocean Road – the longest nationwide memorial (1919-1932); Hobart War Memorial in the Australian State of Tasmania (1925), as well as Villers-Bretonneux Australian National Memorial in France dedicated to French-Australian cooperation during the World War I (1938). The authors demonstrate an inseparable connection between the commemorative practices of Australia and the politics of national identity, explore the trends in the creation and development of memorial practices. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of memorial sites are based on the clearly expressed function of a place of memory, a place of mourning and commemoration. It was found that the representation of the memorial policy of the memory of Australia in the first post-war years was implemented at the beginning at the local level and was partially influenced by British memorial practices, transforming over time into a nationwide cultural resource.

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3

Twomey, Christina. "Prisoners of war of the Japanese: War and memory in Australia." Memory Studies 6, no. 3 (June 28, 2013): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698013482649.

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This article reflects on the place of prisoners of war of the Japanese in Australian memory of World War II. It examines the return to prominence of prisoners of war memory in the 1980s and places this phenomenon in the context of the memory boom and the attention accorded to difficult or traumatic memories. By exploring the relationship between Australian war memories and debates about Indigenous suffering, it suggests that cosmopolitan memory cultures form an important conceptual link between them. Recognising prisoners of war memory as an example of traumatic memory allows us to move beyond an analysis bounded by the nation state, and to argue that instead of seeing it as emerging in competition with other contemporary memories focused on the suffering of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, it shares some elements in common with them.

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4

Lewandowsky, Stephan, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Klaus Oberauer, and Michael Morales. "Memory for Fact, Fiction, and Misinformation." Psychological Science 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00802.x.

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Media coverage of the 2003 Iraq War frequently contained corrections and retractions of earlier information. For example, claims that Iraqi forces executed coalition prisoners of war after they surrendered were retracted the day after the claims were made. Similarly, tentative initial reports about the discovery of weapons of mass destruction were all later disconfirmed. We investigated the effects of these retractions and disconfirmations on people's memory for and beliefs about war-related events in two coalition countries (Australia and the United States) and one country that opposed the war (Germany). Participants were queried about (a) true events, (b) events initially presented as fact but subsequently retracted, and (c) fictional events. Participants in the United States did not show sensitivity to the correction of misinformation, whereas participants in Australia and Germany discounted corrected misinformation. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the differences between samples reflect greater suspicion about the motives underlying the war among people in Australia and Germany than among people in the United States.

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5

Bonner, Frances. "The Mediated Asian-Australian Food Identity: From Charmaine Solomon to Masterchef Australia." Media International Australia 157, no. 1 (November 2015): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515700113.

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This article considers the significance of food competitions, not just in helping ex-contestants to achieve careers in various food media sites, but also the consequences of this, together with televised food programs generally, in making Australian television more fully represent a multicultural nation, most specifically its Asian-Australian citizens. In 1964, Charmaine Solomon came second in a Woman's Day recipe competition. This, combined with her earlier training as a journalist in Ceylon/Sri Lanka, led the magazine's food editor, Margaret Fulton, to offer her a job. This began her long career as the leading Australian writer on Asian food. More recently, television and shows like MasterChef Australia have replaced magazine competitions in providing a breakthrough into a mediated career in the food industry. Again it was as second place-getter in the very first series of MasterChef that Poh Ling Yeow achieved her break and found her place. Television requires and bestows celebrity, and Poh provides a valuable counterpoint to Solomon here. Several other Asian-Australian contestants have similarly flourished after exposure on the program, like second series winner Adam Liaw. It has become evident that cooking competitions have become one of the principal sites in prime-time Australian television for Asian faces to be seen as a matter of course. While scholars of, and commentators on, Australian multiculturalism are rightly scathing about popular statements claiming a better Australian food culture as an index of the success of post-war migration policies, it appears that Australian television and other media continue to find this conjunction fruitful.

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6

Astika Pidada, Ida Bagus. "PERALATAN PERANG NICA DALAM MENGHADAPI PEJUANG PADA MASA REVOLUSI FISIK DI BALI TAHUN 1945 - 1950." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.3.1.939.

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[Title: The Nica War Equipment in Facing Patriots in Physical Revolution in Bali In 1945 – 1950] Giving up without the conditions of Lieutenant General H. Ter Poorten (Commander of the Dutch East Indies) on behalf of the United States Army in Indonesia to Liuetenant General Hiroshi Imamura (Japanese Army Leader). Since the Dutch East Indies government ended in Indonesia. At that time Dutch soldiers who were Japanese prisoners of war because they did not have time to flee to Australia were sent to the interior of Siam and Birma to clear forests and make bridges and railways. On August 15th 1945, Japan finally surrendered to allies. This defeat of Japan caused the captives of the Dutch to quickly hold preparatory exercises back to Indonesia. The arrival of the Dutch in Bali received resistance from the fighters under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai. Although the weapons possessed by fighters in Bali is limited but the struggle is long enough to survive. NICA in the face of fighters in Bali during the physical revolution has used modern war equipment such as: pipercub airplanes, lucked airplanes, motorbikes, jeeps, telephones, bren, mitraliur, stengun, mortar, lichthalon and others but not easy can beat him. This is because the fighters with the people in Bali are united.

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7

Evans, Raymond. "The lowest common denominator: loyalism and school children in war-torn Australia 1914 – 1918." Queensland Review 3, no. 2 (July 1996): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600006474.

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It is the march of the troops through the children's playground which makes the recruits of ten years afterwards.R.E.N.Twopeny (1883)I made up my mind I was going to the war … I had no idea whatever what war implied, but I did know what it was to march to military music …– ex-AIF member (World War I)Most Australian school children, whether public or private, primary or secondary, had been finely tuned for warfare long before the Great War of 1914–18 had actually begun. School papers and reading books, history, geography and civics lessons, the personal persuasiveness of teachers trained to accept unequivocally “the power for good in teaching patriotism” to captive and captivated young audiences, the “rhythmic harmony” of loyalist singing, marching and versifying, the Imperial pageantry of Empire Day and the militaristic inculcations of highly disciplinary cadet training schemes all combined, in the closed educational environment of the schools, to produce young Australians well primed for unquestioning obedience to the State and martial sacrifice to the Empire. Children at a Sydney primary school were ordered to chant, in 1907, “I give my mind to my country to think for it; I give my heart because I love it; I give my hands to my country to work for it”; — “[and] to fight for it”, all the boy pupils were then expected to intone. Such orchestrated love of country was subordinated, in tum, to love of Britain's Empire — “our peace-bearing, peerless, guardian Empire” as one educator described it - which was presented as not only the largest but the worthiest empire in world history. The “cement of Empire”, it was said, contained such essential ingredients as social conformity, duty and sacrifice, which non-Catholic private schools and state schools applied with a heavily-laden trowel to impressionable young minds both preceding and during World War One.

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8

Absalom, Roger. "Hiding history: the Allies, the Resistance and the others in Occupied Italy 1943–1945." Historical Journal 38, no. 1 (March 1995): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016307.

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ABSTRACTOf the almost 80,000 prisoners-of-war held by Italy at the time of the Armistice with the Allies of 8 September 1943, more than half succeeded in escaping and almost 18,000 were not recaptured, largely due to the help offered spontaneously by Italian civilians. The records of the Allied Screening Commission preserved in Washington, and other official papers available in England, South Africa and Australia, complemented by oral history fieldwork among former escapers and their Italian helpers, reveal an Anglo-Italian epic of anti-heroism, whose protagonists nevertheless displayed great courage, ingenuity, perseverance and humanity.Exploration of this neglected but critical dimension of the secret history of the years of occupation and resistance between 1943 and 1945 throws new light upon the characteristics and the long-term potential of a submerged nation of peasants, charcoal-burners and shepherds. The article is an attempt to historicise their expression of an often overlooked but universal peasant culture of survival, far deeper at the time than political commitment, but not without ultimate political importance.

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9

Grayson, David A., Richard P. Marshall, Matthew Dobson, Brian I. O'toole, Ralph J. Schureck, Margot Ffrench, Belinda Pulvertaft, and Lenore Meldrum. "Australian Vietnam Veterans: Factors Contributing to Psychosocial Problems." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 5 (October 1996): 600–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609062655.

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Objective: The objective of the present paper is to present comprehensive models of the current psychosocial morbidity of Australian Vietnam veterans. Seldom has research in this area attempted to ‘untangle’ direct and indirect influences on current functioning via possible pre-army, Vietnam and homecoming pathways. Method: The Australian Vietnam Veterans' Health Study gathered data on a sample of 641 veterans throughout Australia drawn randomly from army Vietnam tour lists of the era. The data arose from interview and army records of the era, and fall into four temporal categories: pre-army, Vietnam service, homecoming after Vietnam, and current state. Path analysis models of the veterans' current psychological morbidities and social wellbeing are used to identify direct aetiological influences of earlier era constructs on current state, free of confounding by indirect (often selection) effects. Results: Our results indicate that psychological morbidity (particularly post-traumatic stress disorder) is largely influenced by combat and poor homecoming experiences, although pre-military characteristics do play some direct roles in symptomatology. Social dysfunction measures show smaller effects of the Vietnam War, which may be accounted for by an indirect association with Vietnam-related psychological morbidity. Some social measures show evidence of compensatory influences of combat, high combat leading to social dysfunction because of morbidity, but simultaneously being associated with healthier social disposition (possibly because of increased ex-service activity). Conclusions: For Australian Vietnam veterans, combat-related and homecoming effects persist on a range of psychosocial endpoints 20–30 years after exposure. These effects are not explicable in terms of veterans' pre-Vietnam characteristics.

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10

Roedyati, Joevi, Hafied Cangara, and Andi Faisal Bakti. "Rivalry USA and China in The Pacific: Interpretation of Communication Theorities." Journal Research of Social, Science, Economics, and Management 1, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 1545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jrssem.v1i9.164.

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Communication is a way of interacting with fellow human beings, because communication is essentially a needfor each individual to exist as a society. In communicating, ethics must be considered whencommunicating with others.Thisstudy aims to provide an overview of the perspectives and impressions exchanged by the United States and China during the Pacific War. Methods of the writings is qualitative, which sources are taken from many of Chinese and USA plus Australia and New Zealand’s policies in order to gain economic benefit from Pacific States. Superpowers have been put a lot of intentions in the Pacific regions, since its Colonial times. This writing only want to stressed the rivalty which had beenput in the region nowadays. This effort only tried to understand form of policies of the countries in the Pacific, to addressed these rivalries of ex colonial powers, USA and China, for least mentioned.

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11

Solomon, Zahava, Sharon Avidor, and Hila Givon Mantin. "Guilt Among Ex-Prisoners of War." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 24, no. 7 (August 9, 2015): 721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1079284.

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12

Baldry, Eileen, Desmond McDonnell, Peter Maplestone, and Manu Peeters. "Ex-Prisoners, Homelessness and the State in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 39, no. 1 (April 2006): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.39.1.20.

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13

Hill, J. A. "Strongyloidiasis in ex-Far East prisoners of war." BMJ 296, no. 6624 (March 12, 1988): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.296.6624.753.

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14

Tennant, Christopher, Kerry Goulston, and Owen Dent. "Clinical psychiatric illness in prisoners of war of the Japanese: forty years after release." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (November 1986): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011843.

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SynopsisClinical psychiatric and medical assessments were carried out on a randomly selected sample of Australian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in 1942 and a sample of combatants from Pacific theatres of war who were not captured. Prisoners of war had significantly more anxiety and depressive ‘neuroses’ and more major affective illness, although the latter finding was not statistically significant. The two groups did not differ in the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence.

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15

Kim, Min-chul. "Korean prisoners of war arrested by Australian Army." Journal of Studies on Korean National Movement 89 (December 30, 2016): 245–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19162/knm.89.2016.12.07.

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16

Johns, Diana Frances. "Semiotic Practices: A conceptual window on the post-prison experience." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i3.149.

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Most prisoners get out of prison. Staying out, for some, can be challenging. Understanding these challenges can help ex-prisoners and those supporting them to interrupt cycles of offending and imprisonment. This paper considers the possibilities of ‘culture’ as an analytical tool for uncovering aspects of the post-imprisonment experience that may contribute to imprisonment cycles. It draws on interviews with released prisoners and post-release support workers in Victoria, Australia, to illustrate how culture interpreted as ‘semiotic practices’ illuminates processes underpinning and constituting the cycle of reimprisonment. A semiotic-practical lens reveals how such processes can counteract efforts towards reintegration and reduced reoffending, on the part of ex-prisoners themselves and society more broadly.

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17

Selth, Andrew. "Australian Defence Contacts with Burma, 1945–1987." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 3 (July 1992): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009860.

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To most Australians, Burma is still associated with the Second World War, and in particular the infamous ‘death railway’ from Thailand. In May 1942 some 3,000 Australian prisoners of war (POWs) were sent from Singapore, to provide labour for the construction of an airfield at Tavoy. They were subsequently joined by another 1,800 or so Australians from Java, making a total in southern Burma of 4,851 men. Together with other Allied prisoners and Burmese levies they were later put to work building a railway line over Three Pagodas Pass, to link Burma with the Siam-Malaya railway system. Before the project was completed in November 1943, 771 Australian POWs (nearly 16 per cent of those on the Burma side of the border) had died from disease, malnutrition and the brutality of their Japanese captors. Casualties among the POWs working on the railway in Thailand were even higher.

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18

Levi-Belz, Yossi, Gadi Zerach, and Zahava Solomon. "Suicide Ideation and Deliberate Self-Harm among Ex-Prisoners of War." Archives of Suicide Research 19, no. 2 (July 10, 2014): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.845123.

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19

Čorović, N., Z. Duraković, M. Zavalić, and J. Zrinšćak. "Electrocardiographic changes in ex-prisoners of war released from detention camps." International Journal of Legal Medicine 113, no. 4 (June 16, 2000): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004149900087.

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20

Zerach, G., Y. Levi-Belz, M. Michelson, and Z. Solomon. "Suicidal ideation among former prisoners of war's wives – a longitudinal dyadic study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.735.

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IntroductionThe long-term associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal ideation (SI) among ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) has recently been exemplified. Several studies have revealed the toll of war captivity on secondary traumatization’ (ST) of ex-POWs’ wives. However, a question remains regarding the possible SI among ex-POWs’ wives.ObjectivesUnderstanding of SI phenomena among wives of severely traumatized ex-POWs in a longitudinal dyadic designed study.AimsAssessment of SI among ex-POWs’ wives and the longitudinal associations with their husbands’ PTSD. We also aim to assess the moderating role of the couple's dyadic adjustment in these associations.MethodA sample of 233 Israeli couples (142 ex-POWs couples and a comparison group of 91 veteran couples) completed self-report measures at two time points: T1 30 (2003-4) and T2 37 (2010) years after the ‘Yom Kipur’ 1973 war.ResultsSurprisingly, no significant differences were found between ex-POWs wives and veterans’ wives, with and without husbands’ PTSD, in SI at T1 and T2. Only among ex-POW couples, an increase in the husband's level of PTSD and SI was related to a more moderate increase in their wives’ SI between T1 and T2. Interestingly, the more a wife reported positive dyadic adjustment, the more moderate the increase in her SI between T1 to T2, regardless of the study group.ConclusionsSuicidal ideation among ex-POWs’ wives is closely related to their husbands’ PTSD and is moderated by their perception of marital adjustment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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21

Cook, Joan M., David S. Riggs, Richard Thompson, James C. Coyne, and Javaid I. Sheikh. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Current Relationship Functioning Among World War II Ex-Prisoners of War." Journal of Family Psychology 18, no. 1 (2004): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.36.

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22

Carr, Gilly. "Beyond Surrender: Australian Prisoners of War in the Twentieth Century." Australian Historical Studies 47, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2016.1162694.

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23

Guest, Charles S., and Alison J. Venn. "Mortality of former prisoners of war and other Australian veterans." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 2 (July 1992): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137048.x.

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24

Walton, Kate. "P. O. W.: Australian prisoners of war in Hitler's Reich." Journal of Australian Studies 36, no. 4 (December 2012): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2012.729352.

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25

Solomon, Zahava, Karni Ginzburg, Yuval Neria, and Abraham Ohry. "Coping with war captivity: The role of sensation seeking." European Journal of Personality 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090105.

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This study examines the implication of both sensation seeking and the subjective appraisal of captivity in the long‐term adjustment of ex‐prisoners of war (ex‐POWs). 164 Israeli ex‐POWs and 184 comparable controls were studied, 18 years after their participation in the Yom Kippur War. The findings indicate that high‐sensation seekers adjusted better than low‐sensation seekers to the stresses of captivity. Low‐sensation‐seeking ex‐POWs reported more PTSD symptoms, more severe psychiatric symptomatology, and more intense intrusive and avoidance tendencies. High‐ and low‐sensation‐seeking POWs differed also in feelings when taken prisoner, subjective assessment of suffering in prison, ways of coping with prison, and emotional states during captivity. The present study supports the postulation that sensation seeking is an important stress‐buffering personal resource. The role of coping styles in long‐term adjustment following war captivity is discussed.

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Middleton, David, and Kyoko Murakami. "Collectivity and Agency in Remembering and Reconciliation." Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v5i1.2158.

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This paper examines how British war veterans fold together war time and post war experiences in practices of remembering and reconciliation. We examine these practices as networks of association between British ex-servicemen (veterans) and the people, places and circumstances associated with their experiences as prisoners in Japan during WW2. We focus on the experience of World War 2 British ex-servicemen (veterans) who were prisoners of war in Far East. During their period of captivity they worked to build Thai-Burma Railway before transfer to a copper mine in Japan. Some 50 years later they participated in a "reconciliation trip" to Japan. We discuss two related issues. First, how and in what ways are the post war lives and war time experiences of these veterans gathered up in the emergent collectivity of such practices? In other words in what ways do these practices emerge and sustain themselves as a process of collection and dispersion of circulating reference in networks of association between people places and things. Second, we examine how accounts of redemption (claims to the consequences of experience as being other than you would expect them to be) create the basis for emergent forms of agency and settlement in expanding networks of remembering and reconciliation.

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Kinner, Stuart A., Nicholas Lennox, Gail M. Williams, Megan Carroll, Brendan Quinn, Frances M. Boyle, and Rosa Alati. "Randomised controlled trial of a service brokerage intervention for ex-prisoners in Australia." Contemporary Clinical Trials 36, no. 1 (September 2013): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2013.07.001.

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28

Monteath, Peter, and Katrina Kittel. "Prisoners of War to Partisans: Australian Experiences in Italy during the Second World War." War & Society 40, no. 3 (June 21, 2021): 188–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942627.

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29

Tennant, Christopher, Kerry Goulston, and Owen Dent. "Australian Prisoners of War of the Japanese: Post-War Psychiatric Hospitalisation and Psychological Morbidity." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (September 1986): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678609158880.

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Evidence of chronic psychiatric and psychosomatic morbidity was found in a randomly selected sample of Australian prisoners of war (POWs) of the Japanese over the 40-year period following the Second World War. A clinical interview revealed more contemporary depressive and anxiety disorders and more post-war psychiatric illness overall than in a comparison group of randomly selected combatant veterans of the Pacific and South East Asian campaign. The POWs were no more likely to have had psychiatric admissions than non-POWs and fewer of them had had multiple psychiatric admissions. POWs had more duodenal ulcers than controls but otherwise their physical health was similar, as was their age-adjusted mortality in the post-war years. Finally, POWs were more likely to have Totally and Permanently Incapacitated Service Pensions than controls.

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30

Smith, Coleman I., Frankie Patterson, Kerry J. Goulston, Pierre H. Chapuis, Grace Chapman, Alistair D. Tait, and Owen F. Dent. "Evidence of hepatitis virus infection among Australian prisoners of war during World War II." Medical Journal of Australia 147, no. 5 (September 1987): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133414.x.

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31

Dent, Owen F., Bruce Richardson, Sue Wilson, Kerry J. Goulston, and Catherine W. Murdoch. "Postwar mortality among Australian World War II prisoners of the Japanese." Medical Journal of Australia 150, no. 7 (April 1989): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136529.x.

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32

Venn, Alison J., and Charles S. Guest. "Chronic morbidity of former prisoners of war and other Australian veterans." Medical Journal of Australia 155, no. 10 (November 1991): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93966.x.

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33

Broe, G. A., Owen F. Dent, Anthony F. Jorm, C. C. Tennant, and Mary Rose Sulway. "Chronic morbidity of former prisoners of war and other Australian veterans." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 8 (April 1992): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121427.x.

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34

Pelletier, L. L., C. B. Baker, A. A. Gam, T. B. Nutman, and F. A. Neva. "Diagnosis and Evaluation of Treatment of Chronic Strongyloidiasis in Ex-Prisoners of War." Journal of Infectious Diseases 157, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/157.3.573.

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Walser, Robyn, C. Thuy Tran, and Joan Cook. "Posttraumatic stress symptoms and life functioning in older female ex-prisoners of war." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 4, no. 5 (2012): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027490.

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Tsur, Noga, Yafit Levin, Heba Abumock, and Zahava Solomon. "One ‘knows’: self-rated health and telomere length among ex-prisoners of war." Psychology & Health 33, no. 12 (November 21, 2018): 1503–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1509977.

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Johnson, Matthew. "Identity and Remembrance in the New Zealand Ex-Prisoners of War Association after the Second World War." Journal of Veterans Studies 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v6i1.154.

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Itzhaky, Liat, Sharon Avidor, and Zahava Solomon. "Long-Term Guilt and Hostility Underlying Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in War Combatants and Ex-Prisoners of War." Journal of Loss and Trauma 22, no. 3 (January 23, 2017): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2017.1284491.

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schinto, jeanne. "““A Beriberi Heart””: Lessons from Slave Soldiers of World War II." Gastronomica 9, no. 4 (2009): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2009.9.4.53.

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This article is a group portrait consisting of brief vignettes of three Americans who became prisoners of war and worked as slave laborers for Japanese corporations during World War II. It discusses the men's capture, their food deprivations, the effects of their malnutrition, their ways of coping with imprisonment, and their lives and attitudes toward food after liberation. The author visited with each of the men, all octogenarians living in San Diego County, California, at the time. One, in a wheelchair, was working as a national service director for American Ex-Prisoners of War; another was a retired businessman; the third, who remained in the military after the war, retired as a chief warrant officer, and had since spent a lot of his time in pursuit of physical fitness. Each of the men wrote about his experiences as a POW in both published and unpublished accounts, and this essay also quotes from those sources.

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Wishah, Um Jabr. "““Prisoners for Freedom””: The Prisoners Issue Before and After Oslo." Journal of Palestine Studies 36, no. 1 (2006): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.71.

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This is the third and final installment of Um Jabr's ““life story,”” earlier segments of which——on village life in pre-1948 Palestine and on the 1948 war and its aftermath——were published in JPS 138 (winter 2006) and JPS 140 (summer 2006). The current excerpts focus on Um Jabr's intense involvement in the prisoner issue that began when two of her sons were in Israeli jails. In particular, her activism took the form of organizing other women to visit prisoners from Arab countries who had no one to visit them on the twice monthly visits allowed. Um Jabr's 36,000-word ““life story”” was one of seven collected as part of an oral history project, as yet unpublished, carried out by Barbara Bill, an Australian who since 1996 has worked with the Women's Empowerment Project of the Gaza Community Mental Health Program, and Ghada Ageel, a refugee from al-Bureij camp now earning her Ph.D. at the University of Exeter in England. The women who participated in the project were interviewed a number of times during the first half of 2001; after the tapes were transcribed, the memories were set down exactly as they were told, the only ““editing”” being the integration of material from the various interviews into one ““life story.”” Um Jabr, who was in her early 70s at the time of the interviews, still lives in al-Bureij camp, where she has since 1950.

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Bridges, Barry. "The Australian refusal to receive Boer prisoners of war, March-April 1901." Kleio 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00232084.1994.10823190.

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Sobocinska, Agnieszka. "‘The Language of Scars’ Australian Prisoners of War and the Colonial Order." History Australia 7, no. 3 (January 2010): 58.1–58.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/ha100058.

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Zerach, Gadi, Ben-David Anat, Zahava Solomon, and Rafi Heruti. "Posttraumatic Symptoms, Marital Intimacy, Dyadic Adjustment, and Sexual Satisfaction among Ex-Prisoners of War." Journal of Sexual Medicine 7, no. 8 (August 2010): 2739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01784.x.

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Lahav, Yael, Sharon Avidor, Jacob Y. Stein, Xiao Zhou, and Zahava Solomon. "Telomere Length and Depression Among Ex-Prisoners of War: The Role of Subjective Age." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby006.

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Abstract Objectives Exposure to captivity increases the risk for multiple disturbances that may intensify during old age. In later phases of life, former-prisoners-of-war (ex-POWs) may suffer from depression as well as from accelerated aging, manifested in older subjective age and leukocyte telomere shortening. The current study assesses the link between these varied facets of increased vulnerability during old age and explores (a) the associations between subjective age and telomere length; (b) the mediating role of changes in subjective age over time within the associations between depression and telomere length. Methods Eighty-eight ex-POWs were assessed prospectively 30 (T1), 35 (T2), and 45 (T3) years after the 1973 Israeli Yom-Kippur War. Depression was assessed at T1; subjective age was assessed at T2 and T3; and telomere length and control variables were assessed at T3. Results Older subjective age at T3 was associated with concurrent shorter telomeres, beyond the effect of chronological age. Change in subjective age between T2 and T3 mediated the relations between depression at T1 and shorter telomeres at T3 beyond the effects of control variables. Discussion Findings suggest that the detrimental ramifications of accelerated subjective age involve premature cellular senesces, and may explain the relation between depression and accelerated aging processes among trauma victims. Hence, clinical interventions may seek to address accelerated subjective age among trauma survivors who suffer from depression.

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Bailey, J. W. "A serological test for the diagnosis ofStrongyloidesantibodies in ex Far East Prisoners of War." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 83, no. 3 (January 1989): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1989.11812338.

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Anderson, Julie. "“Homes away from Home” and “Happy Prisoners”: Disabled Veterans, Space, and Masculinity in Britain, 1944–19501." Journal of Social History 53, no. 3 (2020): 698–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa003.

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Abstract This article examines the changing nature of home for disabled ex-servicemen in the Second World War. It explores the function of institutional and domestic space in the restoration of traditional male roles. Masculine activities were encouraged in the long-stay institution, as men attempted to overcome their disability and be found suitable to resume a place in a traditional domestic home. Owing to war damage, finding housing was particularly challenging for disabled men, but a combination of the influence of the British Legion, donations from the public, and their preference to memorialize the war through the building of homes increased the possibility of living in a traditional domestic space. The building, alteration, and occupation of homes reinforced certain modes of behavior and expectations of disabled veterans, cementing the central, traditional role of men in postwar Britain. Importantly, freedom from institutional living came through traditional relationships with women and the production of children. This analysis of the home in its many configurations offers insight into disabled ex-servicemen, demonstrating that the institutional and domestic spaces that constitute home are as important in understanding masculinity as other traditionally gendered spaces such as the workplace.

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Minai, Keisuke. "Qualitative Alleviation Of War Reparations In Jus Post Bellum: Analysis Of Travaux Préparatoires Of Article 16 Of The Treaty Of Peace With Japan." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjlp-2015-0009.

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Abstract As a case study contributing to empirical and inductive specifications of the jus post bellum principle for reparations, the author conducts an analysis of a provision of the Treaty of Peace with Japan that mandates that Japan make reparations from attached Japanese assets in neutral and ex-Axis countries to compensate the Allied prisoners of war. This study’s findings elucidate the legal significance of the provision that war reparations can be qualitatively alleviated by virtue of substituting assets for pecuniary reparations, hence presenting inductive substantiation for implementing the jus post bellum principle for reparations.

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Thomas, E. G., M. J. Spittal, E. B. Heffernan, F. S. Taxman, R. Alati, and S. A. Kinner. "Trajectories of psychological distress after prison release: implications for mental health service need in ex-prisoners." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 3 (November 9, 2015): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002123.

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BackgroundUnderstanding individual-level changes in mental health status after prison release is crucial to providing targeted and effective mental health care to ex-prisoners. We aimed to describe trajectories of psychological distress following prison discharge and compare these trajectories with mental health service use in the community.MethodThe Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) was administered to 1216 sentenced adult prisoners in Queensland, Australia, before prison release and approximately 1, 3 and 6 months after release. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify K10 trajectories after release. Contact with community mental health services in the year following release was assessed via data linkage.ResultsWe identified five trajectory groups, representing consistently low (51.1% of the cohort), consistently moderate (29.8%), high increasing (11.6%), high declining (5.5%) and consistently very high (1.9%) psychological distress. Mood disorder, anxiety disorder, history of self-harm and risky drug use were risk factors for the high increasing, very high and high declining trajectory groups. Women were over-represented in the high increasing and high declining groups, but men were at higher risk of very high psychological distress. Within the high increasing and very high groups, 25% of participants accessed community mental health services in the first year post-release, for a median of 4.4 contact hours.ConclusionsFor the majority of prisoners with high to very high psychological distress, distress persists after release. However, contact with mental health services in the community appears low. Further research is required to understand barriers to mental health service access among ex-prisoners.

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Solomon, Zahava, and Rachel Dekel. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Israeli Ex-Prisoners of War 18 and 30 Years After Release." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, no. 08 (August 15, 2005): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0811.

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Čorović, Naima, Zijad Duraković, and Marjeta Mišıgoj-Duraković. "Dispersion of the corrected QT interval in the electrocardiogram of the ex-prisoners of war." International Journal of Cardiology 88, no. 2-3 (April 2003): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00392-3.

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