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1
Beránek, Michal. "Evoluční optimalizace nákladní přepravy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445582.
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The following thesis deals with optimization of freight transport planning. The goal is to minimize expenses connected to transportation, which emerge from travelled distance. The expenses can be heavily reduced, if the routes are correctly planned, especially when there is a large number of customers to be served. This thesis focuses on solving the problem by using the evolutional algorithms, that are optimization methods based on principles of evolution. Thesis concentrates on Heterogeneous Fixed Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem. Thesis introduces multiple evolutional algorithms and their results are compared. The best algorithm, evolutional strategy with local neighbourhood search, achieves similar, for certain tasks even better results, than other existing evolutional algorithms, created to solve given problem.
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Sapargaliyev, Yerbol. "Automatic design of analogue circuits." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6323.
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Evolvable Hardware (EHW) is a promising area in electronics today. Evolutionary Algorithms (EA), together with a circuit simulation tool or real hardware, automatically designs a circuit for a given problem. The circuits evolved may have unconventional designs and be less dependent on the personal knowledge of a designer. Nowadays, EA are represented by Genetic Algorithms (GA), Genetic Programming (GP) and Evolutionary Strategy (ES). While GA is definitely the most popular tool, GP has rapidly developed in recent years and is notable by its outstanding results. However, to date the use of ES for analogue circuit synthesis has been limited to a few applications. This work is devoted to exploring the potential of ES to create novel analogue designs. The narrative of the thesis starts with a framework of an ES-based system generating simple circuits, such as low pass filters. Then it continues with a step-by-step progression to increasingly sophisticated designs that require additional strength from the system. Finally, it describes the modernization of the system using novel techniques that enable the synthesis of complex multi-pin circuits that are newly evolved. It has been discovered that ES has strong power to synthesize analogue circuits. The circuits evolved in the first part of the thesis exceed similar results made previously using other techniques in a component economy, in the better functioning of the evolved circuits and in the computing power spent to reach the results. The target circuits for evolution in the second half are chosen by the author to challenge the capability of the developed system. By functioning, they do not belong to the conventional analogue domain but to applications that are usually adopted by digital circuits. To solve the design tasks, the system has been gradually developed to support the ability of evolving increasingly complex circuits. As a final result, a state-of-the-art ES-based system has been developed that possesses a novel mutation paradigm, with an ability to create, store and reuse substructures, to adapt the mutation, selection parameters and population size, utilize automatic incremental evolution and use the power of parallel computing. It has been discovered that with the ability to synthesis the most up-to-date multi-pin complex analogue circuits that have ever been automatically synthesized before, the system is capable of synthesizing circuits that are problematic for conventional design with application domains that lay beyond the conventional application domain for analogue circuits.
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NICOLAS, Guillaume. "The evolution of strategic thinking and practices: Blue Ocean Strategy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13423.
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Wang, Xiaohui. "Singularity Theory of Strategy Functions Under Dimorphism Equivalence." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1426460461.
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Adamakakis, Adam. "Strategic management--the evolution of strategy in a real estate company." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62917.
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Shen, Liang. "Evolutionary algorithms with mixed strategy." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/f08f9fe9-f4d1-48cd-aa17-3218eb2f4f35.
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During the last several decades, many kinds of population based Evolutionary Algorithms have been developed and considerable work has been devoted to computational methods which are inspired by biological evolution and natural selection, such as Evolutionary Programming and Clonal Selection Algorithm. The objective of these algorithms is not only to find suitable adjustments to the current population and hence the solution, but also to perform the process efficiently. However, a parameter setting that was optimal at the beginning of the algorithm may become unsuitable during the evolutionary process. Thus, it is preferable to automatically modify the control parameters during the runtime process. The approach required could have a bias on the distribution towards appropriate directions of the search space, thereby maintaining sufficient diversity among individuals in order to enable further ability of evolution. This thesis has offered an initial approach to developing this idea. The work starts from a clear understanding of the literature that is of direct relevance to the aforementioned motivations. The development of this approach has been built upon the basis of the fundamental and generic concepts of evolutionary algorithms. The work has exploited and benefited from a range of representative evolutionary computational mechanisms. In particular, essential issues in evolutionary algorithms such as parameter control, including the general aspects of parameter tuning and typical means for implementing parameter control have been investigated. Both the hyperheuristic algorithm and the memetic algorithm have set up a comparative work for the present development. This work has developed several novel techniques that contribute towards the advancement of evolutionary computation and optimization. One such novel approach is to construct a mixed strategy based on the concept of local fitness landscape. It exploits the concepts of fitness landscape and local fitness landscape. Both theoretical description and experimental investigation of this local fitness landscape-based mixed strategy have been provided, and systematic comparisons with alternative approaches carried out. Another contribution of this thesis is the innovative application of mixed strategy. This is facilitated by encompassing two mutation operators into the mixed strategy, which are borrowed from classical differential evolution techniques. Such an improved method has been shown to be simple and easy for implementation. The work has been utilised to deal with the problem of protein folding in bioinformatics. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm possesses an appropriate balance between exploration and exploitation. The use of this improved algorithm is less likely to fall into local optimal, entailing a faster and better convergence in resolving challenging realistic application problems.
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Sandberg, Johan. "Digital Capability : Investigating Coevolution of IT and Business Strategies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88722.
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This dissertation investigates the role of information technology (IT) in organizational strategy. Specifically, it examines how organizations can persist in turbulent competitive landscapes characterized by IT innovations. Underlying premises for this dissertation are that: (1) ubiquitous IT implies constant disruptions from digital innovation, (2) IT and practice are becoming fused, and (3) organizational strategies are dynamically linked with practice, i.e. they are reciprocally related through what organizations do rather than have. To investigate such IT strategizing processes, I outline a conceptual framework for analyzing how organizations can generate digital capability, i.e. a collection of routines for strategizing by leveraging digital assets to create differential value. Digital assets here refer to the complement of available resources and competencies for IT design and implementation. Based on the notion of dynamic capability and evolutionary theory, this framework emphasizes the importance of sensing, seizing and transforming abilities for generating digital capability. As organizational practices are becoming fused with IT scholars have argued that attempting to disentangle them analytically is futile. In a similar vein, organizational strategy is increasingly reliant on available IT resources for both formulation and execution. In the IS field it is widely acknowledged that IT has both enabling and inhibiting consequences for organizations. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm and theory on organizational capabilities, the notion of IT capability has been widely used as a conceptual tool for analyzing these dual strategic effects of IT. Considering the explosive advances in computing, network and interaction that have resulted in IT being ubiquitous and deeply embedded in contemporary practices, recent research argues for the need to move beyond the functional view of technology implicit in the IT capability notion. A key aspect to address for such broadening of the perspective is the coevolution of IT and business practices, i.e. who (or what) leads, who or what follows, and whether such a causal distinction is meaningful. Grounded in the outlined conceptual framework, this dissertation examines how organizations can build digital capability to both enable large variation and complexity of feasible competitive actions, and reduce inhibiting effects of IT. The empirical investigation is situated in three distinct domains: boundary spanning IT innovation, transformation of existing IT resources, and hybridization of technology through digitalization of production equipment. These investigations are presented in five research papers. The dissertation contribute to knowledge of IT strategy by: (1) explicating the construct of digital capability, (2) providing a framework for coevolutionary strategizing processes, (3) presenting an empirical illustration of the coevolution of IT and business strategies, and (4) offer specific insights on design and orchestration of processes for digital capability generation.
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Ul-Haq, Rehan. "Do strategic alliances add value? : an empirical examination at industry and firm levels in European banking." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7697.
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Strategic alliances are a prevalent form of business organization. The critical characteristics of strategic alliances are detailed using Coase (1937) and the resulting definition tested through primary research and the alternative form, the infrastructure alliance posited. The thesis examines whether strategic alliances add value in the European banking sector through four types of analysis at two levels of engagement - a 23 historical review (at industry level); a review of over 400 papers in the academic literature; a questionnaire survey (at firm level) and in-depth interviews (at firm level). Bankers high pre-existing propensity to enter into strategic alliances is determined and three lifecycles, and the underpinning, conditions identified - Clubs and Consortium Banks, Bankassurance and the Virtual bank - the latter involving a fundamental change in Coase (1937) enabled by the underpinning technology. Bankers were found to be followers of potential business steams and the strategic alliance was one form of market entry. The questionnaire research, however, identified European bankers prefer to enter into alliances (as opposed to own branch or M&A) only in countries which had the appropriate supporting conditions such as definable, enforceable and terminable contracts, the provision of accounting information, stable governments and economic freedom. Direct discussions with senior bankers resulted in a number of valuable insights into the conceiving, forming, organizing evolving and dissolving of alliances. Further research into the infrastructure alliance, including 'oscillation' between infrastructure and strategic forms is proposed. The Co-Evolution Model of Strategic Alliances is proposed and taxonomy consisting of parallel co-evolution, convergent coevolution, divergent co-evolution and the subsidiary taxonomy of differential parallel coevolution, differential convergent co-evolution and differential divergent co-evolution detailed and further research suggested. Strategic alliances are found to add value in European banking but this value is contingent on the strength of the business stream, the global, national and industry conditions and the nature of managerial decisions and drive.
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Afsar, Shahid A. Samples Christopher A. "The evolution of the Taliban." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483587.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Johnson, Thomas H. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-178). Also available in print.
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Noble, Laine. "Evolution of Dispersal in Patchy Habitats." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1448878039.
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Berger, Ulrich. "Co-action equilibrium fails to predict choices in mixed-strategy settings." SpringerNature, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19085-0.
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Social projection is the tendency to project one's own characteristics onto others. This phenomenon can potentially explain cooperation in prisoner's dilemma experiments and other social dilemmas. The social projection hypothesis has recently been formalized for symmetric games as co-action equilibrium and for general games as consistent evidential equilibrium. These concepts have been proposed to predict choice behavior in experimental one-shot games. We test the predictions of the co-action equilibrium concept in a simple binary minimizer game experiment. We find no evidence of social projection.
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Pavlík, David. "Evoluční strategie v úloze predikce vlivu aminokyselinových mutací na stabilitu proteinu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236138.
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This master's thesis deals with the matter of predicting the effects of aminoacid substitutions on protein stability. The main aim is to design meta-classifier that combines the results of the selected prediction tools. An evolution strategy was used to find the best weights for each of the selected tools with the aim of achieving better prediction performance compared to that achieved by using these tools separately. Five different and obtainable prediction tools were selected and their prediction outputs were weighted. Two different approaches of evolution strategy are investigated and compared: evolution strategy with the 1/5-rule and evolution strategy with the type 2 of control parameters self-adaptation. Two independent datasets of mutations were created for training and evaluating the performance of designed meta-classifier. The performed experiments and obtained results suggest that the evolution strategy could be considered as a~beneficial approach for prediction of protein stability changes. However, the special attention must be paid to careful selection of tools for integration and compilation of training and testing datasets.
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Samek, Michal. "Optimization of Aircraft Tracker Parameters." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234937.
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Diplomová práce se zabývá optimalizací systému pro sledování letadel, využívaného pro řízení letového provozu. Je popsána metodika vyhodnocování přesnosti sledovacího systému a přehled relevantních algoritmů pro sledování objektů. Dále jsou navrženy tři přístupy k řešení problému. První se pokouší identifikovat parametry filtrovacích algoritmů pomocí algoritmu Expectation-Maximisation, implementací metody maximální věrohodnosti. Druhý přístup je založen na prostých odhadech parametrů normálního rozložení z naměřených a referenčních dat. Nakonec je zkoumána možnost řešení pomocí optimalizačního algoritmu Evoluční strategie. Závěrečné vyhodnocení ukazuje, že třetí přístup je pro daný problém nejvhodnější.
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Bryden, John. "The evolution of social organisms : modelling reproduction strategy." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1356/.
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The focus of this thesis is on the study of reproduction strategy in the context of evolutionary and social-evolutionary theory. Much of the hierarchical structure that is evident in the natural world is due to major evolutionary transitions where individual subunits that once reproduced individually now reproduce only as part of a larger unit. Modelling and understanding the processes behind the evolution of this hierarchy can have applications in both biology and computer science. I argue that to explain the major transitions it is necessary to understand why an individual would reduce its reproductive success to invest instead in a higher reproductive process (i.e., reproduce collectively with other individuals). To address this problem, a method for studying reproduction strategy was developed and is presented in this thesis. The method takes an abstract physiological approach to reproduction. It considers an individual as a quantity of resources and set of genes which define its reproduction strategy. I then investigate the advantages of different reproduction strategies and identify which strategies may dominate others. The strategies considered in my investigations include: an individual reproducing on its own; an individual gambling its total resources against those of multiple other individuals; or an individual sharing its reproductive effort with a partner or several other partners. Starting with individual reproduction, I simply study why an individual might reduce its reproductive rate when, on the face of it, it seems that maximum fecundity should be the best option. The model is also motivated in light of current literature on life history and microbial ecology in particular. The results show how it can be advantageous for an individual to hedge its bets and delay reproduction; waiting instead until it has accumulated more resources and is less vulnerable to harsh periods. The results make predictions that are experimentally verifiable. Given the model of individual reproduction, I reapply the growth equations to question whether there is any advantage to sharing reproductive effort through collective reproduction. This model also shows that it can pay to hedge one’s bets and invest in the less vulnerable, but slower, collective reproductive strategy. The results show that there is a mathematical relationship between the number of parents and the up-front cost of reproduction spent on creating a new offspring – depending on the extra cost per parent, two parents may be the best strategy or perhaps many parents. Looking in more detail at the transition from unicellular organisms to multicellular organisms, I model the macrocyst stage in the slime mould Dictyostelium. I consider how the macrocyst stage may be an early example of collective reproduction in protozoa. Here individuals aggregate to be ingested by a central cell which produces homogeneous offspring. I assume that each individual is gambling on being the central cell and the model presented reveals under what conditions this is likely to be a good strategy when compared to individual reproduction. Again, the results show that there is an advantage to hedging one’s bets and investing in the macrocyst rather than going it alone. Finally I consider the origin of sexual reproduction in more detail. The traditional approach argues that the slower growth rate of sexually reproducing organisms means that there is a paradox concerning the origins and maintenance of sexual reproduction, especially when one considers males which do not contribute to their offspring. Extending the previous model of collective reproduction, I consider how many resources selfish individuals may contribute to their offspring. The results show that there is a lower bound to the resources individuals may contribute and that when there is a high amplitude of resource fluctuation, the sexual strategy can dominate an asexual strategy. As well as the main body of work on the topic of individual reproduction, some further background work is also presented. The models use both mathematical and computer simulation models. These two approaches are compared and contrasted with reference to their value in generating good scientific explanations of the sorts of phenomena found in the types of systems I am studying.
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Carter, Richard G. "An investigation into tournament poker strategy using evolutionary algorithms." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2392.
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Poker has become the subject of an increasing amount of study in the computational intelligence community. The element of imperfect information presents new and greater challenges than those previously posed by games such as checkers and chess. Advances in computer poker have great potential, since reasoning under conditions of uncertainty is typical of many real world problems. To date the focus of computer poker research has centred on the development of ring game players for limit Texas hold’em. For a computer to compete in the most prestigious poker events, however, it will be required to play in a tournament setting with a no-limit betting structure. This thesis is the first academic attempt to investigate the underlying dynamics of successful no-limit tournament poker play. Professional players have proffered advice in the non-academic poker literature on correct strategies for tournament poker play. This study seeks to empirically validate their suggestions on a simplified no-limit Texas hold’em tournament framework. Starting by using exhaustive simulations, we first assess the hypothesis that a strategy including information related to game-specific factors performs better than one founded on hand strength knowledge alone. Specifically, we demonstrate that the use of information pertaining to one’s seating position, the opponents’ prior actions, the stage of the tournament, and one’s chip stack size all contribute towards a statistically significant improvement in the number of tournaments won. In extending the research to combine all factors we explain the limitations of the exhaustive simulation approach, and introduce evolutionary algorithms as a method of searching the strategy space. We then test the hypothesis that a strategy which combines information from all the aforementioned factors performs better than one which employs only a single factor. We show that an evolutionary algorithm is successfully able to resolve conflicting signals from the specified factors, and that the resulting strategies are statistically stronger than those previously discovered. Our research continues with an analysis of the results, as we interpret them in the context of poker strategy. We compare our findings to poker authors’ recommendations, and conclude with a discussion on the many possible extensions to this work.
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Richmond, John. "The evolution of British strategy for Palestine, 1914-20." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531302.
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Robinson, Corey J. "Order and progress? the evolution of Brazilian defense strategy." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41436.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Most literature about civil-military relations focuses on civilian control of the military in order to thwart future coup attempts. The debate centers on what factors help or hinder this democratic civilian control of the military. This thesis departs from the standard civilian versus military debate and posits that cogent defense policy is the product of effective civil-military relations and actually facilitates its consolidation. This thesis will focus on the consolidation of civil-military relations in Brazil from the standpoint of defense policy. The question of why the Ministry of Defense (MOD) published a national defense strategy (NDS) in 2008 lies in why Brazil established a MOD in 1999, 14 years after its return to democracy. After examining factors such as civilian knowledge, incentives, military prerogatives, and institution-building, one factor emerges as the catalyst for defense policy in contemporary Brazil: executive leadership. Just as the leadership and vision of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso prompted the establishment of the Ministry of Defense in 1999, President Lula da Silva ordered his MOD to publish its first NDS in 2008, legitimizing Brazil's desire to be not only a Latin American power, but also an international powerhouse.
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Nader, Marouf Suleiman Bakhit. "The evolution of Egyptian air defence strategy 1967-1973." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1990. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-evolution-of-egyptian-air-defence-strategy-19671973(fd109bc9-99fc-45e3-9436-360e7f4e67f4).html.
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Jones, Donna C. "Bivalave epibiont armor the evolution of an antipredatory strategy /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1085085950.
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Sahai, Anupam 1966. "Evolution of technology strategy for surviving high-technology companies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88332.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design & Management Program, 2000."February 2000."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-106).
by Anupam Sahai.
S.M.
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JONES, DONNA CARLSON. "BIVALVE EPIBIONT ARMOR: THE EVOLUTION OF AN ANTIPREDATORY STRATEGY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085085950.
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Mitchell, Lorianne D., and Dana Harrison. "The Evolution of Ford Motor Company’s Green Marketing Strategy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8332.
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Bush, Brian O. "Development of a fuzzy system design strategy using evolutionary computation." Ohio : Ohio University, 1996. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178656308.
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Wright, Jonathan. "Sex differences in parental investment : seeking an evolutionary stable strategy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256387.
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Robertson, Julia. "Intra-sex differences in human sexual strategy : an evolutionary perspective." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2009. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/9780/.
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Ten empirical studies were employed to investigate intra-sex differences in human sexual strategy at the genetic, psycho-physiological and psychological levels, all from an evolutionary perspective. The first five studies considered male intra-sex differences. Chapter 7 investigated intra-sex differences in sexual orientation at a genetic level and discovered that averaged gay male faces were perceived as more attractive and less aggressive than averaged straight male faces. Chapters 8 and 9 investigated intra-sex differences at a psycho-physiological level, finding shorter males to be less restricted in sociosexual behaviour than taller males, although no relationship was found between height and potential parental investment. 2D: 4D digit ratio and sociosexuality was also investigated, in which negative relationships were found with sociosexual desire and attitude, but not behaviour. Chapter 10 considered male intra-sex differences at a psychological level and found that sociosexuality was negatively correlated with potential parental investment and positively correlated with self-perceived attractiveness, although no significant relationship was found between potential parental investment and self-perceived attractiveness. Chapter 11 ascertained that there was a significant gender difference in self-perceived attractiveness and sociosexuality. The remaining studies investigated female intra-sex differences at a psycho-physiological and psychological level. Chapter 12 established a significant relationship between a physiological correlate of anxiety, diastolic blood pressure, and cosmetic usage. It also used multilinear regression to provide a model for the prediction of cosmetic usage through personality variables. Additionally, Chapter 13 found no relationship between cosmetic usage and self-perceived attractiveness but a significant relationship between cosmetic usage and sociosexuality. In all empirical studies evolutionary explanations were offered focussing, in the main, on the tenets of Conditional Mating Strategy Theory and Strategic Pluralism as well as Parental Investment Theory and the Multiple Fitness Model. Substantial support was offered for evolutionary explanations of intra-sex diversity within human sexual strategy.
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Kruiskamp, Lara. "Factors which cause the greatest resistance during subsidiary evolution as a global strategy is implemented." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24358.
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This study describes the factors which cause resistance to subsidiary evolution in twenty-eight geographically dispersed subsidiaries, as a global strategy is implemented by a mature multinational corporation (MNC). The subsidiaries are diverse in terms of the roles they perform within the MNC. Strategic change of this nature requires that subsidiaries roles evolve, in most cases to Implementer of head office decisions. Based on the interplay between subsidiary evolution factors namely; head-office assignment, subsidiary choice and local environments, this study evaluates which factors cause the most resistance to different subsidiary roles as a new MNC structure is implemented. Global Innovators experience the most resistance from headquarter factors, local innovators face the most resistance from subsidiary factors and Implementers experience low levels of resistance from the strategic change.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Garza, Núñez Dagoberto. "An industry evolution model incorporating strategic interaction." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30753.
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Cunningham, John Alexander. "The evolution of developmental strategy in cretaceous spatangoid sea urchins." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511069.
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Burke, James Brian. "Evolution of the entrepreneurial firm : product strategy and organizational design /." Thesis, Cambridge, Mass, 1996. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/527372560.pdf.
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Neumann, Peter. "British Government strategy in Northern Ireland, 1969-98 : an evolutionary analysis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/british-government-strategy-in-northern-ireland-196998-an-evolutionary-analysis(e5201584-518b-4026-9340-ed7b1336f34b).html.
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Using the methods of strategic analysis, this work evaluates the British government's approach towards the conflict in Northern Ireland, starting with London's first intervention in 1969, and ending with the signing of the Belfast Agreement in 1998. The British government's aim throughout the period was to achieve the containment of the conflict. In the years 1969-71, it was believed that this aim could be realised by maintaining the existing constitutional structures of Home Rule and Unionist majority rule. The outcomes of this strategy, however, were wholly negative. From 1972, the government's aim translated into the objective of creating political stability through a system of government to which both sides would consent, thus establishing a mutual veto on what was seen as the 'political solution'. It followed that the most important factor to determine London's strategy was the imperative of facilitating political agreement. However, traditional ideas continued to interfere with the conditioning of the strategic instruments, so that London's effectiveness as a political facilitator turned out to be limited. As a consequence, there were two attempts to circumvent the logic of the mutual veto: the notion of producing stability by making Direct Rule from London semi-permanent (1976-79), and the idea of easing the operation of Direct Rule through an inter-governmental framework, resulting in the Anglo- Irish Agreement of 1985. Although both attempts were failures in that they could not achieve what the British government had intended, they nevertheless conditioned the form of agreement that was reached in 1998. The Belfast Agreement made it possible for the British government to realise its objective, yet in allowing some parties to maintain the threat of violence as a means with which to obtain concessions, it suffers from an asymmetry that furthers instability and might well turn out to make the achievement of containment impossible
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Lehtinen, U. (Ulla). "Changing subcontracting:a study on the evolution of supply chains and subcontractors." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514265459.
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Abstract
Manufacturing companies have reorganised their value chains and outsourced
their
non-core activities at an increasing rate during the last two decades. The
importance of subcontractors has grown both from the economic and production
point of view. The new manufacturing paradigm that emphases outsourcing,
co-operation, networking and agility is much discussed on the general level, but
very little empirical research has been done on these issues. The main aim of the
study is to increase the understanding of the evolution process of subcontracting
chains and explain the managerial aspects connected with the subcontractors'
evolution.
In the theoretical part I of the study, the concepts of
subcontracting are clarified. The forms to classify subcontractors are discussed
as the structure and development of subcontracting systems. The lean supply
philosophy and manufacturing strategy concept are presented as a basis for the
study. The manufacturing strategy framework for subcontractors is presented.
The empirical findings of this study are based on longitudinal case studies
covering the time period from the early 1980's to the late 1990's. Three cases
from the metal and electronics industry including an OEM and a few subcontractors
are presented. The studies focuses on the factors affecting the evolution of
subcontracting, especially the impacts of subcontractors' manufacturing strategy
on supply chain decisions. The implications of the case studies allow a number of
conclusions to be drawn. The main differences from the lean supply theory was in
supplier development and supply chain management practices The production volume,
product structure and supplier base were the most important points affecting the
subcontracting chain structure. The process of assigning manufacturing to
subcontractors happened gradually and included critical points, which should be
evaluated. The evolution process of subcontractors from a part supplier towards a
system supplier is discussed. The competitiveness of the subcontractors evolves
gradually starting from quality and adding other capabilities. In order to
develop the subcontracting chain the stage of evolution of subcontractors should
be recognised. A conceptual model for four different stages, part, component,
specialist and system supplier, was also created in this study.
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Richter, Andrew. "The evolution and development of strategic thinking at the Canadian Department of National Defence, 1950-1963." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0008/NQ27319.pdf.
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Křivánek, Jan. "Evoluční predikce časových řad." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412811.
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This thesis summarizes knowledge in the field of time series theory, method for time series analysis and applications in financial modeling. It also resumes the area of evolutionary algorithms, their classification and applications. The core of this work combines these knowledges in order to build a system utilizing evolutionary algorithms for financial time series forecasting models optimization. Various software engineering techniques were used during the implementation phase (ACI - autonomous continual integration, autonomous quality control etc.) to ensure easy maintainability and extendibility of project by more developers.
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Barrick, Nathan D. "For the Common Defense: The Evolution of National Security Strategy-Making Institutions & Impact on American Grand Strategy." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7739.
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This dissertation applies a Neoclassical Realism model to examine how the evolution of United States (U.S.) national security strategy-making institutions has resulted in a path dependent accrual of autonomy and increasing influence over the formulation of American grand strategy. Once U.S. national security strategy-making institutions were created, their existence inexorably led to increasing autonomy, the creation of new strategy-making institutions, and subtle influence in shaping American grand strategy by preferential focus on a militarized foreign policy. Additionally, the more autonomous these strategy-making institutions have become, the further they have strayed from the Constitutional mandate to create a government which provides for the common defense and the less successful they have been in implementing grand strategy for national security.
This dissertation examines this evolution in strategy-making institutions across three grand strategic moments: the end of the Spanish-American War (1898-1911), World War II and the beginnings of the Cold War (1940-1950), and the end of the Cold War (1980-present). Each case study discusses the historical facts of the grand strategic moment’s evolution in strategy-making institutions. These facts indicate durable shifts in autonomy and influence. The increasing autonomy is evidenced by the ability of these national security strategy-making institutions to define their own evolution, despite traditional American strategic culture perceptions about civilian control of the Military. These strategy-making institutions also shaped the formulation of American grand strategy and their evolution has had important transformative effects on American strategic culture and civil-military relations. While, fortunately, the U.S. can rely on ethical military professionalism, and the nation still holds its Military in high regard, this path-dependent process of structural evolution generates concern for the American People’s future and common defense.
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Olson, Corey, and Antonia Rödel. "The Evolution of E-Commerce : How to develop a successful Strategy?" Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1946.
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E-commerce presents a new format for doing business. It creates an efficient, yet complex, system providing potential time and cost savings. The main question is then how a comprehensive strategy is developed to outline the new process. Whether an MNC can successfully develop an e-commerce strategy or not, depends on their understanding of customers within their global environment and the secure transfer of customer information. They must adjust their company operations to concentrate on identifying sources of customer relationship management, such as segmentation, needs and abilities, benefits, values, buying behaviour and trust aspects. Companies need to differentiate their ecommerce approaches from their competition, in order to enable and motivate their transition to an online system.
In the case of our methodology, a qualitative, single case study approach of Electrolux Professional Laundry Group was used. Interviews of their customers and sales offices from around Europe determined their understanding and opinions of the closure of warehouses to concentrate on e-commerce within the company. Findings indicate that there is a need to clarify the role of the system, the safety of the customer's information and how it relates to the responsibilities of the sales offices in question. In addition, customers must be carefully researched in order to make the new system congruent with their purchasing preferences and abilities. Once created, a clear model is established to determine their affects on the process of creating a successful e-commerce strategy.
Due to the increasing presence of e-commerce amongst competition in Electrolux's industry, the need to develop a detailed e-commerce strategy is crucial. Their products and services are some of the highest-rated in the industry, but their e-commerce system needs to be improved to match the standards of their well-known brand name. Therefore, careful development of their e-commerce operations will require detailed attention to every stage of the strategy process.
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Browne, Duncan L. "Evolution and development of a sydone cycloaddition strategy towards pyrazole libraries." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521894.
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Dahlmann, Frederik. "Between inertia and adaptation : state and evolution of corporate environmental strategy." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512335.
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Companies in the 21st century are exposed to a variety of pressures to respond to a plethora of environmental issues. Understanding how these issues impact companies over time is, therefore, important for corporate practitioners and policy makers alike. This thesis investigates the state and evolution of corporate environmental strategy with the help of a multi-study, longitudinal research design. Theoretically grounded in complexity theory, a conceptual framework is developed that portrays organisations as open systems within which agents interact and attempt to improve organisational fitness. By conceptualising the organisational metaphor of ‘rugged fitness landscapes’, firms are depicted as complex adaptive systems searching for peaks on a constantly changing fitness landscape in order to guarantee economic long-term profit and survival. While study one examines environmental responses among a stratified sample of UK companies through repeated interviews both in 2006 and 2008, the second study draws on KLD data from S&P500 corporations for the period 1991 to 2006 by distinguishing between changes at firm and at population level. The findings suggest that the state and evolution of corporate environmental strategy are effectively subordinated to contributing towards firms’ fitness, whereby firms mostly attempt to remain profitable and obtain social legitimacy. Even over longer periods of time this behaviour has not changed markedly, except that starting from around 2004 higher levels of oil prices and lower interest rates have spurred more proactive environmental changes among a number of firms. Equally, different motivations, individuals and contextual factors appear to influence the varying patterns of evolution. The thesis fills a gap in the existing literature with respect to the lack of conceptual and empirical contributions about the evolution of corporate environmental strategy by providing new insights into how firms are responding to environmental issues over time and by extending various strands of theory.
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Guasch, Mark. "Evolution of U.S. Strategy in Latin America After the Cold War." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74276.
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In the years after the Cold War it appears that the U.S. distanced itself from Latin America. The region has begun to integrate itself in the world political economy without exclusively depending on the U.S. The integration has included engagement with extra-hemispheric states, such as China and Russia, and the creation of regional institutions. Some of these advancements may oppose U.S. interests in the region. The research aims to identify how the U.S. strategy for addressing key national interests in Latin America evolved since the end of the Cold War and how it should approach the region in the future.
The research provides an overview of U.S. policies towards Latin America from the Spanish-American War through the collapse of the Soviet Union; and from the post Cold War era through Barack Obama's presidency. The focus is on the U.S.-Latin American policies during and after the Cold War. There is a review of China and Russia's engagement of the region both during and after the Cold War. Finally there is a case study on the change of the U.S-Cuba policy and possible consequences.Master of Arts
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Väyrynen, K. (Karin). "Evolution of software business in industrial companies: Resources, capabilities and strategy." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514293115.
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Abstract
Research on software business has, so far, mainly concentrated on the software industry. However, software business has recently also been practised outside the software industry, in so-called industrial companies. This research aims at increasing empirical and theoretical understanding of the development of software business in industrial companies, shedding light on why a company not belonging to the software industry starts to do business involving software, how the company goes about starting such business, and how this in turn affects the company.
First, past research on the resource-based approach, capability approach, dynamic capability approach and the concept of strategy is reviewed. Based on this review, four processes that hold the potential to give a company (sustained) competitive advantage – picking resources, exploiting resources, applying capabilities and developing capabilities – and three important dimensions of strategy – the objective of strategy, the process of strategy formation, and the focus of strategy – are identified. A conceptual framework for studying the development of software business in industrial companies is developed which encompasses the processes holding the potential for (sustained) competitive advantage and the different dimensions of strategy, as well as the company’s resource, capability and dynamic capability base. Following that, empirical data collected in two internationally operating industrial companies is analyzed with the help of the conceptual framework.
As a result of the empirical data analysis, 23 capabilities and several resources important for software business in industrial companies could be identified. Capabilities are categorized according to their use in and applicability to different types of software business. Factors influencing the application, development and improvement of capabilities, as well as different ways of how industrial companies start to do software business, are identified. The conceptual framework is revised by adding the process of developing capabilities further to the processes which hold the potential for competitive advantage, and clarifying the role of dynamic capabilities in the development of software business in industrial companies.
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Milevski, Lukas. "The modern evolution of grand strategic thought." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654728.
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Grand strategy is an amorphous concept, more often employed casually than rigorously defined. Its many definitions are frequently at odds with one another, sometimes being actually mutually exclusive. Grand strategy as a collection of contradictory concepts thereby, when used in learned debate, produces greater heat than light. Further, understanding within the academic disciplines of strategic I studies and international relations of the history of grand strategic thought is largely incomplete and actually mythologized. This mythology is premised upon one, or sometimes two, iconic theorists of grand strategy, ignoring the rest of the historical development of grand strategic thought. This historical work aims to illuminate the full evolution of grand strategic thought in the English language. It mixes semiological/semantic and onomasiological/thematic modes of inquiry to underscore not only how the term itself evolved in a myriad of different ways as geopolitical and geostrategic contexts changed, but also the effects of other ideas within strategic studies upon the shaping of grand strategic thought. Semantically, it traces the evolution and creation of ideas of grand strategy from the term's introduction into the English language in 1805 to the present day. Thematically, it examines how other concerns impacted the development of new concepts of grand strategy by invading grand strategy's conceptual space or by changing the strategic theoretic landscape within which those new concepts of grand strategy were conceived. Thus maritime strategy propelled grand strategy to embrace non-military instruments, and nuclear strategy elevated it into the realms of statecraft or policy. Grand strategy has always been sensitive to its context. Grand strategy as a concept has continually expanded. The thesis concludes by reflecting theoretically upon what the history of grand strategic thought may tell scholars, including ruminations concerning whether grand strategy is even a term worth retaining in the strategic lexicon.
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Fowler, Katherine Szabo. "Evolutionary struggles of supply chain strategy in home-based health care delivery." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45224.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, June 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-72).
As the healthcare industry in United States continues to be constrained by increasing costs, new delivery channels are coming into practice. One such channel is home healthcare. Home healthcare presents challenges on the basis of acceptability by the medical community, insurers and patients, availability of care in fragmented locations and affordability of the product or service in comparison to other healthcare modes. This study analyzes these challenges in an attempt to suggest strategies to allow home healthcare to grow as an industry and the successful sustainability of that growth. Methods used to analyze home healthcare include the study of two home healthcare firms, one pharmaceutical manufacturer who used home healthcare to augment their product, and in-depth interviews with several stakeholders within the healthcare system.
by Katherine Szabo Fowler.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Gamper, Daniel. "The evolution of strategy from the roots to the future. What will business strategy be about in the future? /." St. Gallen, 2005. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01650282002/$FILE/01650282002.pdf.
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Herrero, Perez José-Vicente. "The Spanish military and the evolution of warfare, 1899-1939." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-spanish-military-and-the-evolution-of-warfare-18991939(7040588e-96de-4e92-bd0c-c99b12ae6cf1).html.
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Lawson, Jamie F. "The effects of pubertal timing and dominance on the mating strategy, appearance and behaviour of men." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/706.
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Onumonu, Anne Ntianu. "Improving the substrate range of alkene monooxygenases : directed evolution vs. isolation strategy." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274401.
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Janšta, Petr. "Fylogeneze parazitických vosiček čeledi Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcicoidea) a evoluce jejich parazitických životních strategií." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326187.
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The thesis is focused on phylogeny of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies. The study consists of general introduction to the phylogeny and classification of the family Torymidae chapter, four published papers in international journals and one manuscript prepared for submission. Firstly, our aim was to figure out the phylogenetic position of Torymidae as well as the position of other chalcidoid families inside superfamily Chalcidoidea (paper I and II). The supermatrix of sequencies of two ribosomal genes (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were developed for 649 species of chalcidoid taxa. However, family Torymidae was considered as polyphyletic group with the subfamily Megastigminae unrelated to the subfamily Toryminae (paper I). Monophyly of Torymidae was corroborated in another study (paper II) focused on molecular and morphological characters. We used a web-based, systematics workbench mx database for scoring 233 characters of 300 members of all chalcidoid families. Contrary to our previous only DNA-based study, we revealed also potential sister relationships of Torymidae with Ormyridae+Colotrechninae or Cerocephalinae+Diparinae respectively. Other paper (paper V) was focused on detailed study of Torymidae phylogeny. A total of 5 genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA,...
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Li, Cong. "Evolution of cooperation in evolutionary games with the opting-out strategy and under random environmental noise." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24642.
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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les effets d'un environnement stochastique et de l'utilisation d'une stratégie d'opting-out sur l'évolution de la coopération dans les jeux évolutionnaires. La thèse contient 8 articles, dont 6 sont déjà publiés dans des revues avec comité de lecture. Outre l'introduction, la thèse est divisée en deux parties, la partie 1 composée de 5 articles et la partie 2 de 3 articles.
La partie 1 étudie l'impact de gains randomisés dans les jeux évolutionnaires. L'article 1 introduit les concepts de stabilité pour les jeux avec matrice de paiement aléatoire 2x2 dans des populations infinies avec des générations discrètes sans chevauchement dans un environnement stochastique. On y donne les conditions pour qu'un équilibre, sur la frontière ou à l'intérieur du simplexe des fréquences des stratégies, soit stochastiquement localement stable ou instable. L'article 2 étend les résultats de l'article 1 au cas où la valeur sélective est une fonction exponentielle du gain attendu suite à des interactions aléatoires par paires et montre que, de manière inattendue, le bruit aléatoire environnemental peut rompre un cycle périodique et favoriser la stabilité d'un équilibre intérieur. L'article 3 discute des effets de la sélection faible. Alors que les conditions de stabilité dans un environnement aléatoire reviennent aux conditions du cas déterministe lorsque l'intensité de la sélection diminue, les fluctuations aléatoires des gains peuvent accélérer la vitesse de convergence vers un équilibre stable sous une sélection plus faible. L'article 4 applique la théorie de la stabilité évolutive stochastique à un jeu randomisé de dilemme du prisonnier. On y montre que l'augmentation de la variance des gains de défection est propice à l'évolution de la coopération. L'article 5 étudie les jeux matriciels randomisés dans des populations finies et donne les conditions pour que la sélection favorise l'évolution de la coopération dans le contexte du jeu randomisé de dilemme du prisonnier.
La partie 2 considère un jeu répété de dilemme du prisonnier dans le cas où un comportement d'opting-out est adopté par chaque joueur dans les interactions par paires. L'article 6 étudie la dynamique évolutive de la coopération et de la défection dans ce contexte et montre une possible coexistence à long terme, en supposant une population infinie et un équilibre rapide (en fait, instantané) dans les fréquences des paires. L'article 7 rapporte des résultats expérimentaux avec 264 étudiants universitaires utilisant la stratégie d'opting-out qui soutiennent la prédiction théorique d'une coexistence à long terme de coopération et de défection. L'article 8 étend l'analyse du modèle avec la stratégie d'opting-out au cas d'une population finie et fournit une preuve rigoureuse des deux échelles de temps pour les fréquences de coopération et de défection d'une part et les fréquences de paires de stratégies d'autre part.In this thesis, we study the effects of a stochastic environment and the use of an opting-out strategy on the evolution of cooperation in evolutionary games. The thesis contains 8 articles, among which 6 are already published in peer-reviewed journals. Apart from the introduction, the thesis is divided into two parts, Part 1 made with 5 articles and Part 2 with 3 articles. Part 1 studies randomized payoffs in evolutionary games. Article 1 introduces stability concepts for 2x2 matrix games in infinite populations undergoing discrete, non-overlapping generations in a stochastic environment and gives conditions for an equilibrium, either on the boundary or in the interior of the simplex of all strategy frequencies, to be stochastically locally stable or unstable. Article 2 extends the results of Article 1 to the case where fitness is an exponential function of expected payoff in random pairwise interactions and shows that, unexpectedly, environmental random noise can break a periodic cycle and promote stability of an interior equilibrium. Article 3 discusses the effects of weak selection. While stability conditions in a random environment return to conditions in the deterministic case as selection intensity diminishes, random fluctuations in payoffs can accelerate the speed of convergence toward a stable equilibrium under weaker selection. Article 4 applies stochastic evolutionary stability theory to a randomized Prisoner's dilemma game and shows that increasing the variance in payoffs for defection is conducive to the evolution of cooperation. Article 5 studies randomized matrix games in finite populations and gives conditions for selection to favor the evolution of cooperation in the context of a randomized Prisoner's dilemma. Part 2 considers a repeated Prisoner's dilemma game with an opting-out behavior adopted by every player in pairwise interactions. Article 6 studies the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and defection in this context and shows possible long-term coexistence, assuming an infinite population and fast (actually, instantaneous) equilibrium in the pair frequencies. Article 7 reports experimental results with 264 university students using the opting-out strategy that support the theoretical prediction of a long-term coexistence of cooperation and defection. Article 8 extends the analysis of the model with the opting-out strategy to the case of a finite population and provides a rigorous proof of the two-time scales for the frequencies of cooperation and defection on one hand and the frequencies of strategy pairs on the other.
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Chien, Wan-Jou, and 簡宛柔. "A Novel Differential Evolution Algorithm with co-evolution strategy." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42161994725526399905.
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碩士中原大學
資訊管理研究所
98
Differential evolution, termed DE, is a novel and rapidly developed evolution computation in recent year. There are some advantages of DE, including simple structure, easy use and rapid convergence speed. Besides, DE can be also applied on complex optimization problem. However, there are some problems, such as premature convergence and stagnation, remaining in DE algorithm. To overcome those disadvantages, a different method was proposed, named CO-DE, by combining with a simple co-evolutionary model and reset mechanism. Thus, CO-DE can maintain appropriate swarm diversity and reduce the premature convergence. On the other hand, a reset mechanism was set to avoid the particle stagnates, which can further improve the performance of differential evolution. The proposed model can be now successfully applied with some well-known benchmark functions.
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Hsu, Chih-Wei, and 許智偉. "A Study on Technology Firm’s Strategic Responses Facing Industry Convergence: The Case of Intel’s Strategy Evolution." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91246656315804120793.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國際企業管理組
102
When facing the opportunities and challenges imposed by industry convergence coming from technology/business model innovation and de-regulation, it is crucial to recognize the change and discountinuity in industry properties. Corporates need to re-evaluate, extend and adjust its core competence as well as creating new horizontal competence through strategic alliance, M&;A and VC investment in order to keep competitive advantage. In this study, we first review Intel’s core competence that has been built up during the PC era. With these competences, Intel set forth her strategy in internet era by leveraging her pricing power through using processer’s value and grow shipment enhancing with network externality. Given price power and quantity, Intel monetizes her growth in network economics. Using the same rationale, Intel extends her “product complement” convergence in mobile computing industry, but its core products suffer serious competition from others using “substitute technology” and “subsitue product”. Intel also lost WiMAX war because she is unfamiliar with the nature of telecommunication industry. Therefore, Intel gradually became a follower rather than a leader as she originally planned to be. After new CEO Brian on borad, we expect to see that Intel will change its course of growth from industry convergence to being a key semiconductor supplier. And Intel will repack her strength in technology leadership, scale and efficiency in order to return to mobile computing market.
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Chen, H. C., and 陳信昌. "Discrete and Mixed-Variable Evolution Strategy." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25945229943117231824.
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碩士國立中興大學
機械工程學系
94
Abstract Compared with other evolutionary algorithms the fitness computation in multiobjective solver RNES is relatively simple. The fitness is computed based on the ranks and the crowding status of the individual. But the parameter settings and the evolutionary operators still have rooms to improve. This thesis tries to eliminate the drawbacks of RNES to increase the efficiency and capability of finding better solutions. These efforts include adding new recombination operators, introducing mutation probability and recombination probability and simplifying clustering operation. Some problems are used to test modified RNES and the results are satisfactory. Many real-life optimization problems contain discrete variables and constraints. In addition to previous improvements this thesis also introduces three methods to treat discrete variable problems. Besides those three methods developed in this thesis one method from other paper using random number of Poisson distribution to treat discrete variables is also tested. The RNES with these discrete variables treating methods can solve not only continuous variable problems but also mixed-variable problems. Several test problem with different characteristics are used to test the methods proposed in this thesis. In general the outcomes show the methods proposed indeed can solve those problems efficiently.