Journal articles on the topic 'Evolution History 19th century'
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1
Gómez, Juan. "Photography in Argentina: History and evolution in the 19th century." History of Photography 14, no. 2 (April 1990): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03087298.1990.10441045.
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Havlíček, Marek, Aleš Vyskočil, Martin Caletka, Zbyněk Sviták, Miriam Dzuráková, Hana Skokanová, and Marta Šopáková. "History of Using Hydropower in the Moravice River Basin, Czechia." Water 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060916.
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Water-powered facilities (WPFs) have traditionally been a pillar of the economy and social development. Therefore, the state took an interest in having these objects recorded and mapped in relevant maps and registers. This article focuses on identifying and localizing WPFs in the Moravice River basin in the so-called Sudetenland, Czechia, between the years 1763 and 2021. Specifically, the evolution and (dis)continuity of the WPFs are assessed through an analysis of cartographic and archival sources, reflecting the wider socioeconomic and demographic context as explanatory variables. The cartographic sources included old military topographic maps of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia from four periods (the mid-18th century, mid-19th century, end of the 19th century, and mid-20th century) on the one hand and two state water-powered facility registers from 1930 and 1953 on the other. The archival sources included funds from regional and state archives. The results show that the count of WPFs peaked during the 19th century, after which there occurred a steep decline caused by societal and economic changes, namely, the expulsion of the local German population, nationalization in the postwar period, and economic and organizational transformations in the socialist era. Special attention is paid to hydropower plants, whose evolution reflects the outlined economic processes.
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Caixeta, Leonardo, Jean Newton Lima Costa, Ana Caroline Marques Vilela, and Magno da Nóbrega. "The development of the dementia concept in 19th century." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 7 (July 2014): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140069.
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The dementia concept has been reformulated through its history and the 19th century was remarkable in the construction of this concept as we understand it today. Like other syndromes, much of the history of the dementia concept comes from the attempt to separate it from other nosological conditions, giving it a unique identity. The fundamental elements for the arising of the dementia modern concept were: a) correlation of the observed syndrome with organic-cerebral lesions; b) understanding of the irreversibility of the dementia evolution; c) its relation with human ageing; and d) the choice of the cognitive dysfunction as a clinical marker of the dementia concept.
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Fenwick, D. "The History of Anaesthetic Mortality Reporting." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 35, no. 1_suppl (June 2007): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0703501s04.
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Anaesthetists are acutely aware of the legal constraint of reporting to the coroner deaths in association with anaesthesia. The evolution of the office of the coroner in England is presented and the relationship with the discovery and evolution of anaesthesia is examined. The legal and medical climate in the 19th century is described, with some of the key participants named and their roles explained. The 19th century was an age of questioning and exploration, which led to the elucidation of the problems with chloroform and set the path for progress in monitoring in anaesthesia. Comments are made on the development of anaesthetic mortality reporting into its current system and some of the benefits flowing from it. The collaboration of the various state mortality committees in producing a triennial national report is an important way to ensure that the lessons of the past are kept in mind in the present. The author believes that mortality reporting, the analysis of data and the dissemination of information is a valuable field of research, monitoring and educational tool. Primum non nocere is particularly pertinent in anaesthesia.
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Belyakov, S. S. "The history of Ural literature. 19th century. In 2 vols." Voprosy literatury, no. 4 (September 23, 2022): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2022-4-288-293.
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The review deals with a monograph co-authored by 61 scholars from 19 research centres located in Russia and across the world. The authors chose to follow a geographical approach, counting all writers who had ever resided in the Urals and surrounding area (Western Siberia) as belonging to the region’s literature, irrespective of their ethnicity. The book discusses the history of Russian literature in the Urals in the first and second halves of the 19th c., as well as literatures created by the Bashkir, the Udmurt, and the Komi — the peoples inhabiting the Urals alongside Russians. The authors of the monograph also examine the work of exiles to the Urals, travellers’ impressions of the region, the origins and evolution of the region’s journalism, bookselling, and libraries, as well as the Urals’ most prominent writers, with the figure of D. MaminSibiryak looming large. The approach feels completely justified: we are presented with a glorious patchwork of a literary world created by Russian, Bashkir, Ukrainian and even Polish writers, whose fate brought them to the Urals.
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Deryugina, I. V. "THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH–20TH CENTURIES." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-240-254.
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The paper explores the evolution of agriculture in Kazakhstan during its accession to the Russian Empire. At this time, two independent sectors were established in the uniform agricultural mechanism of Kazakhstan: The arable farming, which developed due to the colonization policy of the Russian government, and the livestock sector, based on the traditional cattle breeding, originating in Kazakh steppe. The focus of the research is specifically determined by the fact that the agrarian reforms in Kazakhstan in the 21st century are based on the coexistence of these two independent sectors in agriculture. The article thus looks at three main issues. Firstly, according to the sources of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the migration policy of the Russian government, initiating a vast territorial expansion of the Russian speaking population, and economic transformations in agriculture on Kazakhstan territory. Secondly, the transformation of the livestock sector in Kazakhstan is analyzed in historical retrospect. The author argues that the classic type of nomadic cattle breeding began to change from the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, but the most noticeable changes in the composition of the herd and the type of nomadism were observed from the beginning of the 20th century. Thirdly, the formation of the arable farming, the impetus for the development of which was given by Russian colonization, is studied. The beginning of arable farming among nomads in the Kazakh steppe dates to the beginning of the 19th century, but it was fully developed at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries due to the allotment of lands to peasants from Central Russia. Arable farming is most widespread in Akmola, Turgay, Semirechensk and Syr Darya regions. Thus, the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, considered in the paper, proved to be the beginning of the Kazakhstan agricultural split into two independent sectors: Arable farming and livestock farming. Simultaneously the ethnic factor came to the fore, manifested in the division of the spheres of activity, where autochthon population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, and Russian immigrants were mostly engaged in seminatural agriculture.
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Jiang, Xiao-Wei, John Cherry, and Li Wan. "Flowing wells: terminology, history and role in the evolution of groundwater science." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 6001–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6001-2020.
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Abstract. The gushing of water from flowing wells attracted public attention and scientific curiosity as early as the 17th century, but little attention has been paid to the influence of flowing wells on the evolution of groundwater science. This study asserts that questions posed by flowing wells since the early 19th century led to the birth of many fundamental concepts and principles of physical hydrogeology. Due to the widespread occurrence of flowing wells in basins with regional aquitards, there is a long-lasting misconception that flowing wells could only occur in regionally confined aquifers. However, the recognition of possible occurrence of flowing wells in unconfined aquifers was anticipated at the turn of the 20th century based on observed increases in hydraulic head with depth in topographic lows of basins without apparent aquitards. This was later verified in the 1960s by field and modeling studies that gave birth to quantitative analysis of topographically driven groundwater flow systems, which was a paradigm shift in hydrogeology. Following this paradigm, several preconditions for flowing wells established in the 19th century were found unnecessary. Intermingled in the evolution of flow system concepts are inconsistencies and confusion concerning the use of the term “artesian”, so we propose avoidance of this term. This historical perspective of the causes of flowing well conditions and the influence of flowing wells on groundwater science could lead to a deeper understanding of the evolution of groundwater science and guide future studies on hydraulics of flowing wells.
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Peretyatko, Artyom Yu. "Evolution of Demographic Studies of the Don Host in the Late Imperial Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 4 (2021): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.402.
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Demographic processes on the territory of the Don Host Oblast (until 1870 — Land) have been studied since the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, in modern national historiography this topic is considered well researched, and scholars usually do not address it purposely, providing results obtained by pre-revolutionary authors. However, a deeper exploration of the situation reveals that pre-revolutionary authors pointed out serious inaccuracy of the Don statistics. In this paper, for the first time in historiography, it is shown that as far as in the 1860s a prominent statistician N. I. Krasnov highlighted the anomality of the Don statistics and suggested it should be verified via comparison with the experience of world statistical science. But the majority of authors of the second half of the 19th century asserted that the experience of world statistics was inapplicable to The Don Host believing that the regional statistics had to reflect and describe the data but not to analyse it. The paper also shows that due to such an approach the study of the Don demography of the second half of the 19th century has been brought by to a dead end. National historians rely on initially inaccurate data, moreover, its verification by traditional historical methods is impossible. However, the French mathematician N. Bonneuil with the help of the Russian demographer E. V. Fursa developed a mathematical-statistical model to reconstruct demographic processes in the period in question. The article concludes that from a historical point of view this method is also sufficiently reliable, and its application by historians will allow the latter to significantly clarify the features of demography of the pre-revolutionary period.
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Tudor, Brînduşa. "The Piano, A Perfect Musical Instrument – Beginnings and Evolution (18th – 19th Centuries)." Review of Artistic Education 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rae-2019-0010.
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Abstract The 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century mark the emergence, development and affirmation of the piano as a complex instrument that shall take, in turns, the role of soloist instrument, claiming and being able to reach the sound variety of the orchestra, that of partner in chamber music assemblies or that of orchestra member. The emergence, improvement and qualitative performance acquisition adventure of the piano represents a fascinating history about human creativity and ingenuity serving art, beauty, sound expressivity refinement and improvement.
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Magiorkinis, Emmanouil, Aristidis Diamantis, Kalliopi Sidiropoulou, and Christos Panteliadis. "Highights in the History of Epilepsy: The Last 200 Years." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2014 (August 24, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/582039.
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The purpose of this study was to present the evolution of views on epilepsy as a disease and symptom during the 19th and the 20th century. A thorough study of texts, medical books, and reports along with a review of the available literature in PubMed was undertaken. The 19th century is marked by the works of the French medical school and of John Hughlings Jackson who set the research on epilepsy on a solid scientific basis. During the 20th century, the invention of EEG, the advance in neurosurgery, the discovery of antiepileptic drugs, and the delineation of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, were the most significant advances in the field of research in epilepsy. Among the most prestigious physicians connected with epilepsy one can pinpoint the work of Henry Gastaut, Wilder Penfield, and Herbert Jasper. The most recent advances in the field of epilepsy include the development of advanced imaging techniques, the development of microsurgery, and the research on the connection between genetic factors and epileptic seizures.
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Granstrem, Maria, and Milena Zolotareva. "Architectural and urban planning evolution of the industrial area near Moskovskaya Zastava in Saint Petersburg." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127401031.
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This paper discusses the urban planning history of an area in Saint Petersburg around the former Moskovskaya Zastava, a historical gateway that travelers passed through when approaching Saint Petersburg from Moscow. Specifically, we are interested in the architecture of the carriage building plant. By the end of the 19th century, this part of the city had turned into an industrial area, which saw dense development from 1897 to 1917. For the next one hundred years, this vast space did not see any transformations, constituting a complete, self-sufficient environment. The carriage building plant, originally constructed at the very end of the 19th century, remained standing near Moskovskaya Zastava until the early 21st century. In 2013, the industrial area ceased its existence, and the former carriage building plant was given for residential development.
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Palavestra, Aleksandar, and Marko Porčić. "Archaeology, Evolution and Darwinism." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2008): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v3i3.5.
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This paper presents a short history of the influence evolutionary thinking has had on anthropology and archaeology. The focus is on four major "schools" in evolutionist thought: the classical evolutionism of the 19th century, Neo-evolutionism, social biology (sociobiology) and Neo-Darwinian archaeology. The basic conclusion of this text is that the idea of socio-cultural evolution, understood in the broadest sense, has left a lasting impression on anthropological and archeological theory, and that it still represents a useful theoretical framework for new research.
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Oleart, Oriol. "From Legal Compilations to Legal Codes: A Catalan Legal History Approach (18th–20th Centuries)." International Journal of Legal Information 42, no. 1 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500028225.
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This contribution deals with the evolution of the traditional Catalan legal system after the end of the Spanish War of Succession (early 18th-Century) up to the late 20th-Century. It shows how the traditional Catalan legal system survived and evolved through the end of the Old Regime to the 19th-Century constitutional system, and focuses on the traditional Catalan legal system (and law compilations) that survives beside the brand new Spanish Civil code, along with other Spanish existing regional legal regulations (due to historical surviving legal systems from pre-existing kingdoms).
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Sergeev, Alexander, Ekaterina Bratukhina, Irina Kushova, and Dmitriy Ovsyukov. "Liability of minors in russian criminal law practice XVIII — first half of XIX century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2020): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi70.
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The article examines the historical aspects of the evolution of the legislative definition of the age of onset of criminal responsibility and the specifics of sentencing juvenile offenders in the 18th and first half of the 19th century.
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Dusil, Stephan. "Pfarrliche Vermögensorganisation zwischen Kirche und Staat: Kirchenpflegen (Kirchenfabriken) in Württemberg im 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 108, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 243–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2022-0006.
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Abstract The Administration of Ecclesiastical Goods between State and Church: Fabricae Ecclesiae in Wuerttemberg in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the Middle Ages, fabricae ecclesiae served to finance the erection and the maintenance of churches. The Church claimed to freely administer these goods, even if lay men often served as administrators. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg took over control of these goods and ordered the state municipality, assisted by local clerics, to govern them. In 1887, the king of Wuerttemberg started a process to separate ecclesiastical from secular goods. After WWI, the fabricae ecclesiae in Wuerttemberg were administered entirely by the Catholic Church. This contribution analyses this evolution from three perspectives, namely universal canon law, state law in Wuerttemberg, and particular canon law. It thereby highlights the tension between self-administration and state control of ecclesiastical goods, especially in the 19th century, and points to the fact that even the Catholic Church was part of the secular ruler’s authority over the church.
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Turitsyn, Igor, and Dmitry Turitsyn. "Russian-Chinese cooperation in the banking sector: historical experience and realities of the digitalization era." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202101statyi20.
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The article provides an overview of the main milestones in the evolution of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the financial and banking sector since the end of the 19th century. It is shown that its history has long traditions. Special attention is paid to the problems of developing cooperation in the 2010s.
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Sinem Kucuk, Kamile. "The Sociocultural Aspects of Merchant Class in the Light of Russian Painting Art." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v2i1.p81-85.
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The merchant class, which contributed to the improvement of Russia, evolved due to politicial reforms. Especially in 1861 the emancipation reform of the Russian serfs caused social and culturel changes in the life of merchants. In 19th and early 20th century, the works of Russian genre painters P.A. Fedetov, A.P. Ryabushkin, V.G. Perov, F. Juravlev and B.M. Kustodiyev not only reflected the social situation and stereotypes of merchants, but also revealed cultural history of the mentioned class. In this paper it is aimed to disclose the evolution of merchant class in 19th and the early 20th century, observing and analysing the art of Russian painting in sociocultural perspective.
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Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.
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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.
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Yudina, Vera I. "The work of a lifetime… The history of Song collection of Piotr Kireyevsky." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 63 (2022): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-63-44-54.
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Piotr Vasilievich Kireyevsky entered the history of culture as one of the founders of Russian folkloristics. The present paper is an attempt to provide a systematic analysis of the work of researcher` entire life — the Collection of Russian Folk Songs, which became the first monumental set of works of folk art in Russian culture. P. Kireyevsky's song collection is considered in the aspect of interaction of various factors — cultural, historical, socio-ideological, artistic and aesthetic. Much attention is paid to the cultural and historical context of appearance of this work, which summarized the efforts of progressive public of the first half of the 19th century: A. S. Pushkin stood at its origins, among “depositors” of the Collection were N. V. Gogol, V. I. Dahl, A. V. Koltsov, P. I. Yakushkin. The paper also touches upon the circumstances of Kireyevsky's turning to folk songwriting, determined by the combination of personal life experiences, ideological attitudes and Russian realities of the first half of the 19th century. The author traces the stages of Kireyevsky`s formation as a folklorist as well as the milestones of his collecting activities. The history of work on the collection of Russian folk songs is presented in accordance with the evolution of the scientist`s folkloristic views. The paper addresses the history of publications of the Song Collection, from its lifetime editions of the 19th century to our times (beginning of the 21st century) and dwells on the issue of establishing scientific methodology, relevant for various fields of modern ethnography.
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Ermakova, Olga K. "CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGNERS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY RUSSIA: DEVELOPMENT OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS." Ural Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-147-154.
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The article is devoted to a qualitatively new stage in the development of contractual relations between the Russian state and private individuals — foreigners, the transition to which became obvious in the era of Alexander I. On the basis of deep source analysis founded on the methods of diplomatics, the author demonstrates that in the first quarter of the 19th century the perception of a contract by representatives of power structures (even if the state did not act as a counterparty) was characterized by an awareness of the need for strict compliance with the conditions, the inadmissibility of violation, as well as the recognition of the dominant role of the contract over specific circumstances (including those that made the further execution of the contract meaningless for the treasury). As an illustration, the author selected agreements with mining engineers and administrators invited to the Ural factories in the early 19th century. For comparison, the paper analyzes not only government contracts, but also private-law acts of employment concluded by a German-born entrepreneur Andreas Knauf with other foreigners hired by him during the management of the Zlatoust plants on a leasehold basis. It is concluded that in the epoch under study, the contract could no longer be considered as a kind of “fiction” (V. Zhivov’s expression), which it really was in many ways during the reign of Peter I, when it just entered into mass use due to the active attraction of foreigners to Russia. The strengthening of the legal force of contracts provided hired foreign specialists at the beginning of the 19th century with a fairly stable legal status, and the evolution of the government’s attitude to contractual obligations indicated the convergence of Russian and Western legal cultures.
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Kamalov, Ablet. "Birth of Uyghur National History in Semirech’ye." Oriente Moderno 96, no. 1 (August 18, 2016): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340099.
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The article discusses the birth of a national historical discourse in Central Asia at the turn of the 20th century with special reference to the Taranchi Turks of Russian Semirech’ye (Zhetissu) and early example of Uyghur national history written by the Taranchi intellectual Näzärγoja Abdusemätov (d. 1951). The article shows how intellectuals among the Taranchi Turks, an ethnic group who settled in the Semirech’ye oblast of the Russian Empire in late 19th century, became involved in debates on nations and national history organized on the pages of the Tatar newspapers and journals in the Volga region of Russia. Näzärγoja Abdusemätov’s published workIli Taranchi Türklirining tarihi(‘History of the Taranchi Turks of Ili’) receives particular attention as part of an examination of the evolution of the author’s ideas about an Uyghur nation.
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Bazhov, Sergey I. "N.Ya. Danilevsky’s Course of Life and Philosophy of History." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (October 1, 2020): 18–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-3-18-65.
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In an article devoted to the biography and philosophical and historical work of N.Ya. Danilevsky, the author examines the theory of cultural-historical types not only as the first version of the theory of local civilizations, but also as an element in the evolution of Russian conservative thought in the middle and second half of the 19th century. It is noted that certain aspects of the socio-historical views of N.Ya. Danilevsky can be viewed in the framework of the two main types of conservatism – protective, traditionalist type and enlightened, conservative-liberal model.
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Kozha, Ksenia A. "THE CHINESE ‘IDEOGRAPHIC’ SCRIPT: EVOLUTION OF PERCEPTIONS (BASED ON THE 19TH CENTURY AUTHORS)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-210-218.
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The article explores briefly the history of research in one of the most arguable topics in Sinological linguistics — the definition of an ideographic script, i. e. the Chinese writing system perceptions in the Russian and Western sinology of the 19th century. J.-F. Champolion’s and T. Young’s discoveries of the nature of hieroglyphic script, its function and evolution, as well as their decipherment of the ancient Egyptians texts, naturally influenced the broad field of oriental linguistics, having stimulated researches of other hieroglyphic writing systems. The present article touches briefly upon works of the American scholars P. DuPanceau and S. Andrews, the British naturalist G. T. Lay, the French diplomat J.-M. Callery and the well-renowned Russian sinologists I. Bičurin and V. P. Vasilyev. Basing on the selection of works, relevant to the article’s subject matter, the author aims to illustrate the evolution of Sinological knowledge in one of its most arguable topics — the nature hieroglyphic script, its structure and modification over time. Selected passages from the above mentioned authors, their exchange of opinions and comments to each other’s works tend to demonstrate the development of the research methodology itself — the gradual shift from labelling the Chinese script with ideographic stamp to the recognition of its phono-semantic dimensions and its transformation towards a phonetic system of writing.
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Zhatkin, Dmitry Nikolayevich. "To the History of Studying of Evolution of the Russian Poetic Translation of the 19th Century." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8is10/84880.
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Abdolmohammadi, Pejman. "Remarks on the Origins of Secularism and Nationalism in Iran." Eurasian Studies 13, no. 1-2 (October 17, 2015): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340008.
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Mirzā Fatḥʿalī Āḫūndzāde (1812-1878) is one of the most important thinkers and intellectuals of the 19th century in Iran. He started to develop a critical perception of political Islam, giving rise to a new current of thought based on Persian nationalism, secularism and constitutionalism. This article, after a brief introduction of the political and historical context of the 19th century, will analyse the political thought of Āḫūndzāde, highlighting some fundamental elements of his ideas and reflections such as enlightenment, nationalism, constitutionalism, the relationship between religion and politics, and the importance of individual liberties and civil rights. Āḫūndzāde was able to combine the Western enlightenment with the Persian pre-Islamic history and identity, creating, for the first time in the Iranian modern history, a new current of thought based on secularism and nationalism. This article will also show how Āḫūndzāde’s thought influenced the political evolution of Persia from the mid of nineteenth century until today, highlighting some important historical events of Persia such as the Constitutional Revolution, Riḍā Šāh’s reign, Muṣaddiq’s government and the political movements of today’s Iranian civil society.
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Mirzekhanov, Velikhan. "The Ideology of Colonization: Metamorphoses of the Colonial Question in the Political Philosophy of Alexis de Tocqueville." ISTORIYA 13, no. 4 (114) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021057-1.
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In this article the evolution of views on the empire, colonies and colonization by Alexis de Tocqueville, the outstanding French liberal thinker of the 19th century, are analyzed. It was shown that in the process of expanding the scale of the colonization of the 19th century Tocqueville, like many other French thinkers, began to defend and justify colonial domination, trying to justify colonial policy in every possible way and try to give it legitimacy. Although Tocqueville was fully aware of the vices of colonization, he was ready to defend it. He believed that the French nation could not afford not to be the dominant colonial power. Justifying the expansion of the French empire, he believed that the colonial project could contribute to the political unification of the French, and at the same time he feared that France would lose its position and its international reputation, lagging behind Great Britain in the annexation of overseas possessions. Tocqueville’s ideas about progress and the understanding of progress were fairly typical of nineteenth-century European thinkers. In 19th century Europe as a rule, attempts to justify colonization were combined with a linear theory of progress and a belief in the superiority of Europeans over other worlds.
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Granstrem, M., M. Zolotareva, and Y. Nikitin. "ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA NEAR MOSKOVSKAYA ZASTAVA IN SAINT PETERSBURG." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-10-25-32.
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This paper discusses the urban planning history of an area in Saint Petersburg around the former Moskovskaya Zastava, a historical gateway that travelers passed through when approaching Saint Petersburg from the direction of Moscow. Specifically, authors are interested in the architecture of the carriage building plant. By the end of the 19th century, this part of the city had turned into an industrial area, which saw dense development from 1897 to 1917. The development of heavy industry and the expansion of domestic railways led to an emerging demand in new freight cars. In this regard, it was decided to expand the car building at the existing factories, as well as to organize the construction of new ones. A small factory in St. Petersburg, which produced phaetons, cartridge boxes and field kitchens, in 1897 was significantly expanded and transformed into the St. Petersburg railcar plant. The characteristic features of the architectural and town-planning techniques of the late 19th - early 20th centuries were embodied in the volumetric-spatial composition of the carriage-building plant complex. The strong romantic tendencies characteristic for the industrial architecture of St. Petersburg of this period were clearly traced in its composition. For the next one hundred years, this vast space did not see any transformations, constituting a complete, self-sufficient environment. The railcar plant, originally constructed at the very end of the 19th century, remained standing near Moscovskaya Zastava until the early 21st century. In 2013, the industrial area ceased its existence, and the former plant was given away for residential development.
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Nhaueleque, Laura António, and Luca Bussotti. "The Conceptualisation of Africa in the Catholic Church." Social Sciences and Missions 32, no. 1-2 (May 3, 2019): 148–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03201004.
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Abstract This article aims to show the evolution of the conceptualisation of Africa according to the Catholic Church, using as its key references Daniele Comboni and Adalberto da Postioma, two Italian missionaries who lived in the 19th century and 20th century respectively. Through them, the article attempts to interpret how the Catholic Church has conceived and implemented its relationships with the African continent in the last two centuries. The article uses history to analyse the thought of the two authors using a qualitative and comparative methodology.
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Quataert, Donald. "Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 3 (August 1997): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800064837.
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In 1826, Sultan Mahmud II orchestrated the slaughter of 6,000–7,000 janissaries and, in order to incinerate any janissary remnants that had taken refuge there, burned the Belgrade Forest outside Istanbul. During his reign (1808–39), the sultan attacked many of the other bases of the ancien régime, such as the timar system, the lifetime tax farms, and the political autonomy of provincial notables. He also centralized the pious foundations, brought them under a special ministry, and expropriated their revenues. Such stories of Sultan Mahmud's dramatic and violent policies, as well as their 18th-century origins and their 19th-century legacies, are familiar ones in Ottoman and Middle Eastern history. It is a commonplace that Sultan Mahmud aimed to dismantle the power of the military and religious classes in favor of a new bureaucracy of administrators and scribes. And it is also known that his efforts had a major impact on the subsequent evolution of the Tanzimat reform programs during the later 19th century.
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Durmaz, Asude Alpman, Emin Karaca, Urszula Demkow, Gokce Toruner, Jacqueline Schoumans, and Ozgur Cogulu. "Evolution of Genetic Techniques: Past, Present, and Beyond." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/461524.
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Genetics is the study of heredity, which means the study of genes and factors related to all aspects of genes. The scientific history of genetics began with the works of Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, genetics was primarily theoretical whilst, after Mendel, the science of genetics was broadened to include experimental genetics. Developments in all fields of genetics and genetic technology in the first half of the 20th century provided a basis for the later developments. In the second half of the 20th century, the molecular background of genetics has become more understandable. Rapid technological advancements, followed by the completion of Human Genome Project, have contributed a great deal to the knowledge of genetic factors and their impact on human life and diseases. Currently, more than 1800 disease genes have been identified, more than 2000 genetic tests have become available, and in conjunction with this at least 350 biotechnology-based products have been released onto the market. Novel technologies, particularly next generation sequencing, have dramatically accelerated the pace of biological research, while at the same time increasing expectations. In this paper, a brief summary of genetic history with short explanations of most popular genetic techniques is given.
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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "TRADING IN POWER: MERCHANTS AND THE STATE IN 19TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 1 (February 2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812001262.
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AbstractIn this article, I argue that commercial legislation promulgated and implemented in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century was one of several factors that diminished the effect of merchants’ social networks, reduced merchants’ identity to a purely professional dimension, and made profit dependent upon association with the state. The transformation of merchants’ social roles was not part of a natural evolution toward modernization and the specialized division of labor. Rather, it resulted from interactions between state-building endeavors, pressures from established merchants who sought to parry threats to their position while profiting from new business opportunities, and an influx of merchants from outside the Ottoman sultanate, who could draw neither on personal connections nor on knowledge of local markets but instead had to depend on the protection of the European consulates and the influence of the growing Egyptian state apparatus.
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Koh, Won. "The Rise and Fall of Women’s Football in Britain, 1881-1921." Korea Association of World History and Culture 64 (September 30, 2022): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.09.64.231.
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This paper examines the early history of British women’s football from 1881 to 1921. The history of women’s football during this period has not yet been seriously studied by Korean historians. There are many people who do not even know the existence of women's football at the end of the 19th century. Many people believe that the football is traditionally a ‘men’s sport’ and that women have entered the male realm as women’s social activities have recently expanded. However, women’s football has a history as long as men’s football. Women’s football first appeared in Britain at the end of the 19th century, the dawn of modern football as we know it now, and developed with great popularity until the early 20th century. The early history of women’s football has significance not only for the history of sports but also for women. It is the women’s own efforts to change traditional perceptions of women and to improve the unfair situation that were the main driving force behind the development of women’s football in the 19th century. These efforts appeared even before the emergence of women’s own political struggles which claim to improve women’s social status and rights. A Study on the early history of women’s football will be of help in understanding the process of women forming themselves as modern subjects.(Kyung Hee University)
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Talina, Galina V. "Autocratic Monarchy: Yu. F. Samarin’s Theoretical Concept and Historic Reality." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 54 (May 20, 2019): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2019-0-2-156-166.
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The article describes Yu. F. Samarin’s interpretation of Russian autocracy evolution in the period from the last third of the 15th century and till the 60s–70s years of the 19th century, from the reign of Ivan the Third till the reign and reforms of Alexander the Second. For the present analysis of the well-known Slavophile’s views the author has used act materials, modern interpretation by our historians of the process of Russian monarchy transformation and the scientific research materials of the author of this article. Special attention in paid to the role of Peter the First in the national history, his infringement of inheritance succession of the throne and consequences of the innovations introduced by him. According to Samarin, that model of autocracy became an obstacle for the transition from the autocratic monarchy to the constitutional one in the middle of the 19th century, but did not contradict the role of Russia as the stronghold of the Slavic-Orthodox world.
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Solomina, O. N., I. S. Bushueva, P. D. Polumieva, E. A. Dolgova, and M. D. Dokukin. "History of the Donguz-Orun Glacier from bioindication, historical, cartographic sources and remote sensing data." Ice and Snow 58, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2018-4-448-461.
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On the basis of dendrochronological, lichenometric and historical data with the use of Earth remote sensing materials, the evolution of the Donguz-Orun Glacier has been reconstructed over the past centuries. In this work we used aerial photographs of 1957, 1965, 1981, 1987, satellite image of 2009, as well as descriptions, photographs, maps and plans of the glacier of the 19th and 20th centuries, data of instrumental measurements of the glacier end position in the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries, dendrochronological dating of pine on the front part of the valley, and juniper to date coastal moraines, and the results of lichenometry studies. It has been established that the Donguz-Orun Glacier in the past had several clearly marked advances about 100, 200 and more than 350 years ago, which are expressed in relief in the form of uneven-aged coastal moraines. Despite the fact that the Donguz-Orun Glacier differs from many mountain-valley glaciers of the Caucasus primarily by its predominantly avalanche feeding and a moraine cover, almost entirely covering its surface, the main periods of its advances are consistent with the known large fluctuations of mountain glaciers during the Little Ice Age in the early 20th, early 19th, and, probably, in the middle of the 17th century. However, unlike most other Caucasian glaciers, the Donguz-Orun Glacier advanced in the 1970s–2000s. Te scale of its degradation from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century is also uncharacteristic for the Caucasus: the reduction in the length for longer than a century period is only about 100 m.
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Lvova, Irina. "On the history of the creation of accounting textbooks: Late 19th — early 20th century." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 38, no. 3 (2022): 436–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2022.305.
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The article deals with issues related to creating accounting textbooks the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when mass business education began to develop in Russia. The evolution of ideas about the textbook, the requirements for textbooks, the evaluation of textbooks by reviews, the role of competitions in stimulating authors, the problem of selecting the qualitative textbook and attempts to solve it by administrative and market means, and, finally, the image of a modern accounting textbook as seen more than a century ago are examined. The article is based on a critical analysis of sources little or never used in previous studies, including textbooks, journal articles, materials from congresses of Russian leaders on technical and vocational education, and other representative meetings. The study shows that the historical context not only reveals the problems relevant to modern business education, but also provides an opportunity to learn about different approaches to solving them. The study suggests using historical experience to examine how effective administrative decisions about recommending educational literature have been. The study demonstrates that past experience can be used, for example, in organizing authors competitions. In retrospect, the debates about the permissibility of publishing reviews of textbooks are also of interest. The study proves that the concept of an accounting textbook proposed at the beginning of the 20th century hasn’t lost its relevance in terms of the abundance and scope of innovations and can be claimed by modern accounting science and methodological practice.
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Gottschang, Thomas R. "One Industry, Two Chinas: Silk Filatures and Peasant-Family Production in Wuxi County, 1865–1937. By Lynda S. Bell. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. xvii+290 pp. $51.00. ISBN 0-8047-2998-0.]." China Quarterly 170 (June 2002): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902260283.
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With this book Lynda Bell contributes a major piece to our understanding of China's modern economic history. The core of the book is a detailed description of the evolution of the silk industry in central China between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. Bell's exhaustively researched analysis covers each level of silk production in Wuxi county, from the rural household producers of cocoons, to the intermediate level cocoon merchants and local filatures, to the major firms that by the early 1930s controlled much of the market through modern, vertically integrated organizations.
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Göçmengil, Gönenç. "A brief history of natural history museums in the Ottoman Empire." Geological Curator 11, no. 5 (June 2021): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc1506.
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Natural history collections and museums made their appearance in the Ottoman in late 19th century through various attempts to build collections through field excursions, donations and exchanges among researchers, individuals and institutions around the world. Among them, the Imperial Medical School of the Ottoman Empire, schools of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) and other American educational groups and French colleges stand out with their vast collections from various parts of the Ottoman Empire and beyond. While these museums were created and built by eminent curators and researchers, a considerable amount of work was carried out by uncredited staff and the students. The history of these museums was often obscured by catastrophic events such as the great fires in Istanbul, the passing of the curators and other administrators and, particularly, the devastating effects of the First World War. However, long-lasting commercial science objects networks and the establishment of global natural history collections and museums are still operational today, supported by scientific exchange between other countries and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Drawing an outline of the history of the natural history collections of the Ottoman Empire can shed light on the evolution of both the naturalistic movement within the Ottoman society and an embryonic scientific network around the Middle East and the rest of the world.
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Chopo, Yolanda Gamarra. "History of the Historiography of Spanish Textbooks and Treatises on International Law of the 19th Century." Spanish Yearbook of International Law Online 17, no. 1 (2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116125-01701002.
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The bibliography of Spanish international law textbooks is a good indicator of the evolution of the historiography of international law. Spanish historiography, with its own special features, was a recipient of the great debates concerning naturalism v. positivism and universalism v. particularism that flourished in European and American historiography in the nineteenth century. This study is articulated on four principal axes. The first states how the writings of the philosophes continued to dominate the way in which the subject was conceived in mid-nineteenth century Spain. Secondly, it explores the popularization and democratization of international law through the work of Concepcion Arenal and the heterodox thought of Rafael Maria de Labra. Thirdly, it examines the first textbooks of international law with their distinct natural law bias, but imbued with certain positivist elements. These textbooks trawled sixteenth century Spanish history, searching for the origins of international law and thus demonstrating the historical civilizing role of Spain, particularly in America. Fourthly, it considers the vision of institutionist, heterodox reformers and bourgeois liberals who proclaimed the universality of international law, not without some degree of ambivalence, and their defence of Spain as the object of civilization and also a civilizing subject. In conclusion, the article argues that the late development of textbooks was a consequence of the late institutionalization of the study of international law during the last decade of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the legacy of the nineteenth century survives in the most progressive of contemporary polemics for a new international law.
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Chudal, Alaka Atreya. "Nepali Intellectuals in Exile: The History of Nepali Printing in 19th- and 20th-Century Benares." Journal of South Asian Intellectual History 3, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425552-12340020.
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Abstract Restrictions on the freedom of speech and press, along with the unavailability of competitive printing solutions in Nepal under the Rana regime, caused the centre of gravity of scholarly activities to shift to India. A number of Nepali intellectuals, who came from a variety of backgrounds and had various reasons for having migrated to India, were involved in writing and publishing starting by the end of the 19th century. In those days Benares had few if any peers among Indian cities as a centre of local traditions of education and Sanskrit learning, and as a spiritual, economic and literary destination for Nepalis. Benares, which occupies a special place in Nepali history for its immense contribution to the country’s cultural, social, literary and political evolution, was also the main hub of Nepali print entrepreneurs. This article will delve into early such entrepreneurs and an array of Nepali printing activities in Benares before 1950.
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Purdy, Jesse E., Arthur Harriman, and Joseph Molitorisz. "Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCV. Possible Relations between Theories of Evolution and Animal Learning." Psychological Reports 73, no. 1 (August 1993): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.211.
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It is proposed that the dominance of continuity learning theory as set against noncontinuity learning theory during the middle third of the 20th century rested importantly on its derivation from Darwin's theory of evolution. The kinship is shown in several ways. First, Thorndike and Hull echoed the principle of natural selection in their belief that behaviors underwent gradual modification because acts that were attended steadily by favorable consequences tended to occur with increasing frequency. Second, they denied both nonphysical explanations of behavior and a priori purposes which might guide that behavior. Third, the laws of learning were said to hold for all organisms. It is argued that the continuity approach may have enjoyed success because it was consistent with the Darwinian world view. Had punctualist, rather than gradualist, explanations of evolution come to the fore in the late 19th century, learning theories might have proceeded quite differently with the dominance of noncontinuity approaches.
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Stack, Martin. "Globalization and History: The Evolution of a 19th‐century Atlantic Economy20012Kevin O’Rourke, Jeffrey Williamson. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a 19th‐century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 1999. 355 pp., ISBN: 0262 150492 (hardback) £32.95." International Journal of Manpower 22, no. 1/2 (February 2001): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm.2001.22.1_2.173.2.
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Solnyshkin, A. A., and N. M. Korneva. "Responsibility for Sacrilege in Russian Empire of 19th — early 20th Centuries (Law and Enforcement)." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-463-478.
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The article deals with the history of relations between the Orthodox Church and the state and society. The importance of the religious component as a factor that played one of the key roles in the relationship between the state and society in Russia in the 19th — early 20th centuries is emphasized. The history of the development of responsibility for crimes against faith is traced. Particular attention is paid to this type of religious crime as sacrilege. The definition of “sacrilege” is given as a property encroachment directed at sacred or consecrated objects, as well as at church property. A detailed description of this type of crime is given and, using examples of judicial precedents of the law enforcement practice of the Russian Empire of the 19th century, its features are shown. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it traces the evolution of the concept of “sacrilege” in Russian legislation of the 19th — early 20th centuries and determines the main trends in the field of law enforcement in relation to these crimes. It is proved that, despite the all-Russian tendency to gradually mitigate punishments for committing many religious crimes at the beginning of the 20th century, mitigation of responsibility in relation to sacrilege did not happen.
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Suciu, Silvia. "De la muzeul-templlu la muzeul forum - evoluția muzeului în spațiul public." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 31 (December 20, 2017): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2017.31.12.
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A nu arăta o operă de artă înseamnă a nu-i permite să fiinţeze. (Boris Groys) Museums and their public haven’t always been as we know them today. In 17th century, curiosity cabinets (mirabilia) have been realized by nobles and aristocrats; the only public of these cabinets was the collector and his fellows, belonging to the same social class. The first museums as public institutions appear in 18th century, continuing to develop during 19th century, but their image and accessibility is very different from nowadays. The situation changes after the World War II, when appear a lot of theoretical studies about museums and their public. The Museum-Temple is transforming into Museum-Forum, where every member of the community must feel represented. In the second part of the article we realized a classification of the museums and a description of each specific class which form this cultural diversity: art museums, history museums, anthropology museum, natural history museums, technical museums, monetary museums. Historical and contemporary examples of museums can be found through this study.
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Grossmann, Maria, and Paolo d’Achille. "I termini di colore nelle aree bianco, nero e grigio nella storia dell’italiano." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 67, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.1.10.
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"Colour Terms in the WHITE, BLACK and GRAY Areas in the History of the Italian Language. The present article is part of several studies that the authors have dedicated to the history of Italian colour terms. The Introduction illustrates some of the theses of Berlin, Kay (1969), with particular reference to the distinction between basic and non-basic terms. § 2 is dedicated to the Latin colour terms in the WHITE, BLACK and GRAY areas and their reflexes in the Romance languages. In § 3 the resources used for the research are presented. In §§ 3.1. (From Old Italian to the 19th century) and 3.2. (From the end of the 19th century to today’s Italian) the historical evolution and contemporary use of basic terms and other non-transparent colour terms are analyzed, also focusing on their figurative meanings and on the fixed collocations in which they occur. § 3.3. deals briefly with the terms formed by means of various morphological and syntactic devices that are most frequently used in Italian for the enrichment of the colour lexicon. Keywords: semantics, word-formation, colour terms, Italian "
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Mohmad Shukri, Sharyzee, Mohammad Hussaini Wahab, Rohayah Che Amat, Idris Taib, and Syuhaida Ismail. "The Morphology of Early Towns in Malay Peninsula." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.9 (July 9, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9.15281.
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Malay Peninsula has a very compelling socio geographical, cultural history and town setting comprises historical sites, fortress and early towns that has formed an evolution of the urban sprawl. The history of the early towns on the Malay Peninsula goes as far back as the beginning of the ancient Malay kingdom of Lembah Bujang and Langkasuka; and maybe far before that period. Early Malay towns in Malay Peninsula (currently known as Peninsular Malaysia) have unique characteristics in terms of architecture urban form and history. The morphology study of towns in Malay Peninsula have found characteristics of urban form and setting dating from 5000 BC maybe earlier to 19th century may be classified into four phases of pre-modern settlements cycles. This research employs qualitative approach that encompasses of literature review of scholarly articles and reports, in-depth interview and structured observation. Based on the historical and physical evidences that are still exist, thirteen (13) early town will be selected as a study area. This paper present the finding of urban morphology and characteristic in a chronicle of urban form and setting in the Malay Peninsula dating from 5000 BC up to the 19th century.
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Bagan, Priest Vladislav. "Teaching of the church law in secular educational institutions of the Russian Empire: The origins." Issues of Theology 4, no. 4 (2022): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2022.409.
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The article presents an excursion into the history of the origin of the scientific discipline of “church law” in the system of humanitarian knowledge of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Church law throughout the 18th century was considered part of the spectrum of theological disciplines and was developed exclusively by professors of theology. The idea of teaching “ecclesiastical jurisprudence” in secular universities of the Russian Empire remained controversial for a long time. But with the change in the Statutes of Imperial Universities at the beginning of the 19th century, the practice of teaching church law began to enter university education. By the middle of the 19th century, the situation had completely transformed; church-legal topics became the object of scientific research by secular lawyers and jurists. The article reflects the institutional changes in the field of university education that have influenced the state of teaching church law. The work demonstrates the evolution of methods and approaches within the discipline of “church law”. Institutional changes in the charters of secular educational institutions gave a powerful impetus to the development of a unified methodology for teaching church law. Two research areas (theological and legal) that dominate the system of church law have improved this discipline, enriching it with methodological findings. In conclusion, the complexity and relevance of this problem in the study of church law at the present stage is presented.
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Borca, Ioana, Mihai Gligor, and Cornel Tatai-Baltă. "ALBA IULIA-LUMEA NOUĂ SITE (ROMANIA): HISTORICAL EVOLUTION FROM NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT TO A MODERN RECREATION AREA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.780.
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This article highlights the archaeological and geographical importance of the Alba Iulia-Lumea Nouă settlement and its functional development throughout history. Situated in a millenary city, the settlement displays obvious traces of the contribution of the civilizations that transformed and adapted the local geographical features according to their constant changing needs. Prehistoric and modern elements from painted pottery and the distinctive mortuary practices of various Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures, the 18th and 19th century military plans, together with Arthur Bach’s collection of photos illustrating a 20th century park, reveal the true value of this site. Drawing on these resources, we present a historical landscape analysis of the Neolithic to Modern Ages in the context of cultural change.
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Savchenko, Irina Stepanovna. "«Аlphabetic» polemic in Ukraine in the 19th ‒ early 21st century." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 14, no. 24 (2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2021-14-24-133-141.
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After numerous discussions, the 2019 «Ukrainian Orthographic Norms» took effect. The innovations proposed in it necessitated turning the pages of the history of Ukrainian graphics and spelling for understanding why «alphabetic wars» in Ukraine continue today and the consequences of such scholarly battles. The purpose of the paper is to give a brief overview of the «spelling wars» in Ukraine in the 19th ‒ early 21st centuries, to expose the causes and consequences of the lingering struggle for the affirmation of specific language norms. In the first half of the 19th century the struggle between the phonetic and etymological traditions of writing was evidenced by O. Pavlovsky’s orthography of the Ukrainian language grammar (1818), the works of M. Maksymovych (1827), and the almanac Rusalka Dnistrova (The Mermaid of the Dniester) in 1837. In the second half of the 19th century new orthographic norms appeared: «kulishivka», «drahomanivka», «zhelekhivka», etc. The early 20th century was crowned by the appearance of «grinchenkivka», the academic publication «The principal rules of the Ukrainian spelling» in 1920, and the «skrypnykivka» spelling in 1928. The reasons of the tragic fate of «skrypnykivka» and the appearance of the Ukrainian spelling systems of the Soviet period in Ukraine in 1933, 1946, and 1960 were found. The attempts to restore the lost national features of the Ukrainian graphics and spelling after the proclamation of Ukraine as an independent state (Orthographic norms of 1989, the drafts of its new editions of 1999 and 2003) proved to be unsuccessful. In the conditions of constant disputes and confrontations the current orthographic code was approved only with some surface changes. There is not a single country in the world with a spelling system the «fate» of which would literally be shot, whose development would be blocked, which would experience political intrusions, and suffer the extermination of national language features. The author of the paper emphasizes that for a long historical period these «alphabetic wars» involved Ukrainians in a negative program of the perception and understanding of spelling rules: one aggression gave rise to a number of others and the internal revolt (primarily – with the introduction of certain features of «skrypnykivka»). According to the author of the article, the norms in the «Ukrainian Orthographic Norms» of 2019 are far from the real life, some formulations are too complicated for an average speaker. 1. We would recommend reducing the number of capitalization rules by listing the concepts that should be written in capital letters. We propose to set some capitalization rules (see §§ 45–48) along with the material on the punctuation of sentences with quotations, remarks, appeals, rubrics, etc. 2. In the media we would like to hear more information about the evolution of language norms and the history of their appearance. Only the wide popularization of the history of spelling and the peaceful solution of spelling problems will help to return to the Ukrainians the distinctive features of orthography. 3. In the search for new grammatical forms, it is important not to push the content into the background. To prevent this from happening, the Ukrainians must learn to think differently, make decisions without fuss, avoid any manifestations of aggression and negative involvement in problems, and seek compromises. In the following scientific investigations, we plan to analyze the punctuation rules of the mother tongue, presented in the current orthographic norms of 2019.
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Gorskaya, Natalia I. "The Neelovs Fond from the State Archive of the Smolensk Region: Russian Public Figures of the 19th Century in the Midst of Rural Everyday Life." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-995-1006.
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The article analyzes sources in the family fond “The Neelovs” from the State Archive of the Smolensk Region. The main body of documents relates to the history of the 19th century and has not yet been introduced into scientific use. The Neelovs, nobles of the Gzhatsk uezd, who were included in the first part of the genealogical book of the nobles of the Smolensk gubernia, participated in major events of the 19th century on national and regional level. The article is to describe the content of the fond and to assess the information potential of its sources for studying the history of a noble provincial family in the context of Russian history. It establishes that the documents differ in their origin and significance. Recordkeeping documents and those of personal provenance are numerous and informative. Among recordkeeping documents of particular interest are documents of economic nature and the Neelov brothers’ records of service; among sources of personal provenance of most interest are travel notes and epistolary heritage of the family members. There are numerous documents reflecting the Neelov brothers’ life and career, many of which concern well-known Russian professor of the Military Academy and writer N. D. Neelov and the director of the department of agriculture of the Ministry of State Property and Senator D.D. Neelov. The author concludes that the identified sources allow to recreate the history of a rural noble family before and after the abolition of seldom, to study its economic situation, culture, everyday life, and evolution of the social role of nobility in provincial life. The fond content also clarifies socio-economic processes in the midst of peasantry, history and repercussions of the major events of the 19th century: the war of 1812, the Polish uprising of 1831, preparation of the abolition of seldom, activities of the Zemstvo institutions; it helps to connect the history of the family and the history of the country.
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Mleziva, Jindřich. "Iranian Blue-And-White Ceramic Jar." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anpm-2019-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Museum collections often contain items that are inaccurately, or even wrongly, identified. This was the case of a jar belonging to a collection in the West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen. The Iranian jar was apparently acquired at the end of the 19th century and later mistakenly placed in the Chinese collection. This piece shows an interesting example of the evolution of Iranian pottery, but also of the history of the decorative arts collection in the Pilsen museum.