Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Évolution du contexte'
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Gonçalves, Isabelle. "Évolution des séquences non-codantes : influence du contexte génomique." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10023.
Full textCarvalho, Américo. "Évolution du système d'information fondée sur l'ubanisation : application au contexte hospitalier." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066068.
Full textWeill, Pierre. "Formation et évolution de cheniers en contexte macrotidal. Approches expérimentales et in-situ." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00535545.
Full textSéjourné, Antoine. "Formation et évolution des structures périglaciaires en contexte de réchauffement climatique : comparaison Terre-Mars." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713531.
Full textCouture, Germain. "Adaptation dans un contexte scolaire : évaluation et évolution du risque au cours de l'enfance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/NQ43056.pdf.
Full textLasserre, Béatrice. "La formation des enseignants en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles : contexte et évolution." Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE2009.
Full textTeacher training began the nineteenth century with the establishment of the monitor system and the first training colleges. Increasing pupil numbers resulted in the introduction of apprenticeships for adolescents who attended secondary school while they learnt to teach on the job. At the same -time, graduates with no professional training taught in public schools. Later they would undertake post-graduate training in universities. This situation encouraged the emergence of different types of training which survive to this day: the b. Ed degree, the PGCE and the emergency on-the-job training initiatives. Recruitment problems due to the expansion of the education system and insufficient numbers of applicants for training also led to emergency on the job training programmes. The government therefore focused on quantity rather than quality until the 1970's. In the 1980's new criteria on the contents and objectives of training were imposed but at the same time the necessity of initial teacher training was questioned as shown by the creation of the licensed teacher scheme. At the same time in-service training has evolved in order to make use of the resources already available. It could offer better prospects for career development and allow teachers to adapt to changes in the educational system and society
Cheaib, Bachar. "Étude de l’évolution contemporaine de systèmes microbiens environnementaux et hôtes associés dans un contexte d’écotoxicologie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66414.
Full textMicrobes or microorganisms are the primary producers of ecosystem services for biogeochemical cycles of the earth and biological systems. Xenobiotics mark a new anthropogenic era, "the Anthropocene," and they represent a source of artificial selection of the structure and composition of microbial biodiversity. As a result, anthropogenic disturbances are detrimental to microbial systems and induce adaptive changes or damage in their metagenomic repertories. During resistance and recovery, the ecological processes governing the assembly of microbial communities cannot be dissociated from those of microbial evolution. This work stems from the transdisciplinary intersection of ecotoxicology, microbial ecology, metagenomics and bioinformatics. The main goal is to understand the adaptive signatures of microbial resistance and resilience in two models. The first is environmental (E) composed of a lake-bound watershed contaminated by heavy metals. The second model is hostassociated (HA), consisting of an experimental system of perch (Perca flavescens) intoxicated with cadmium using two steady and gradual regimes. Three novelties summarize the work of this doctoral thesis. Firstly, the phenomenon of taxon-function decoupling has been demonstrated for the first time, in the E system under selective pollution gradient, and second, within the cutaneous microbiota in the HA system during its recovery stage. Third, the microbiota assembly modelling in the HA system suggested mixed effects of ontogenesis, and selective pressure during the period of resistance and recovery. The increase in cadmium bioaccumulation in liver tissues of perch can argue the persistence of the long-term effects of selection during the recovery stage. In conclusion, our work showed that the adaptation of microbial metagenomic repertories could be revealed through functional and taxonomic redundancy patterns observed at the scale of taxon-function decoupling. The gap between functional and taxonomic diversity reflects an adaptive strategy by horizontal gene transfer among environmental communities microbial under gradual disruption In the HA system, the microbiota assembly shows a gradient of neutral and non-neutral processes. Finally, the taxonomic drift is a significant ecological force, more effective in the environmental system than in the intestinal system during and after the disruption.
Echevengua, Teixeira Claudia. "Évolution biochimique des résidus de désencrage dans un contexte de valorisation comme barrière de recouvrement." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1703.
Full textFabre, Anne-Claire. "Comment les relations "forme-fonction" peuvent nous éclairer sur l'évolution des organismes dans leur contexte écologique ?" Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077184.
Full textForm and function are linked of a fundamental level. Bones, for example, are clearly functionally important. They allow movement and, whilst supporting loads, also need to respond and resist to muscular forces. Indeed, bones are shaped by force and motion and thus, presumably intimately related to the movements executed, and thus also the lifestyle of a species. This is the background of this project where the origin and nature of phenotypic variation is studied in relation to phylogenetic constraints and mechanistic form-function relationships in the context of adaptations to specific ecological demands. To study this form-function relation I investigated the influence of different factors on the shape of the postcranial bones of mammals using 3D geometric morphometric methods and comparative approaches that take into account phylogeny. Moreover, I tried to infer the function and ecology of an extinct taxon. The results of this PhD show that many factors influence the morphology of the postcranial skeleton ranging from the body mass, over locomotor strategies, to more specialized behaviours such as grasping ability and shared ancestry. The results also highlight the difficulty in inferring function and ecology of extinct taxa, especially for species that have no extant relatives. Finally, our results shown that there is a relation between form and function, but that our understanding thereof remains hampered by a lack of quantitative data on the locomotor behaviour in the taxa under study
Louchart, Antoine. "Oiseaux insulaires : le cas du pléistocène de Corse et son contexte, écologie, évolution, biogéographie et extinctions." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10209.
Full textLaurent, Véronique. "Description de la structure génétiques des populations de sardines européennes, Sardina pilchardus, dans un contexte d'évolution de l'espèce." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0675.
Full textEuropean sardines is a pelagic species with an important economic interest. However, genetic structure, evolutionnary history and stock boundaries are not known. Few data are available and give contradictory informations. We studied genetic structure of populations of sardine in the whole and also in the Bay of Biscay. At least two stocks can be defined in the whole range, an atlantic european stock and a mediterranean one. Peripheral populations are genetically different and likely constitute other stocks but all boundaries are needed to be defined. We studied evolutionary history of populations of sardines and highlighted a recent expansion of the populations from the Pleistocene (100 000 years ago). We showed that the populations are under a phenomenon of population size reduction. We can not conclude if the reduction of the population size reflects the fishing impact or environmental conditions changes. In the Bay of Biscay, we showed the effective population size is high are related to estimate of abundance. We also estimated dispersal rate, equal to 103 km. Gen-1. This value is high comparing other aquatic species and likely reflects the pelagic life of sardines
Fritsch, Émilie. "Réarrangements chromosomiques chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Influence du contexte génétique et mécanismes impliqués dans leur apparition." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/FRITSCH_Emilie_2008.pdf.
Full textChromosomal rearrangements such as deletions, duplications or Ty1 retrotransposons insertions represent key events in evolution processes. They are responsible for inter- and intra-species variability. However, little is known about the influence of the intra-species variations and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of chromosomal rearrangements. In our laboratory, a genetic screening based on a particular allele of the URA2 gene was developed allowing the selection of revertants carrying spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements in yeast S. Cerevisiae. In order to understand the impact of the genetic background on the occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements, we compared two laboratory strains of S. Cerevisiae, the FL100 strain and the sequenced reference strain S288c. It was thus showed that intra-species variability has an influence on the type of obtained rearrangements and that the variation between the two backgrounds is due to a difference of activity for the Ty1 retrotransposons. The study of the mechanisms allowing the occurrence of rearrangements in genomes was also carried out. Strains of S. Cerevisiae mutated for genes whose products are involved in homologous recombination (RAD52 and RAD59) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) (YKU80 et LIG4) were constructed. The results obtained during this study suggest that a Yku80p-independent NHEJ mechanism is involved in the appearance of deletions and duplications. Finally, we considered inter-species variability and genome evolution by an in silico study of two multigenic families coding for permeases
Plaza, Melissa. "Stéréotypes sexués explicites et implicites en contexte sportif : réalité, évolution, et lien avec les comportements d’engagement sportif." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT4003/document.
Full textThe psycho-social perspective suggests that gender stereotypes could partly explain the differentiated involvement of men and women in sport. This doctoral research aims to examine the role played by gender stereotypes in sport involvement/dropout behaviours according to (1) the indirect pathway, via the internalization of these beliefs during the socialization process (Fredricks & Eccles, 2004) and (2) the direct pathway, via their automatic activation. A research program structured around 8 studies and implicating almost 1300 participants has been conducted. The studies 1 to 3 have confirmed on the one hand that specific beliefs are attached to sport activities and on the other hand, that they are likely to be automatically activated by the brief presentation of feminine activities and to affect the subsequent categorization of names. The studies 4 to 6 have highlighted the significant role played by gender stereotypes in individuals ‘sport involvement, since the endorsement of beliefs in disfavour of one’s own sex-group predicted negatively adolescents’ sport involvement, via the self-perceptions (competence, value). If, none link has been observed between sport-gender implicit association and sport involvement, a self + masculine implicit identity seems to be negatively associated with sport dropout. Finally, the studies 5, 7 and 8 showed that certain explicit stereotypes are malleable under a developmental perspective (general stereotype) and after an experimental manipulation (stereotype related to competence), but did not reveal any developmental pattern, nor sensibility to the experimental manipulation concerning the sport-gender implicit association
Carozza, Jean-Michel. "Évolution des systèmes géomorphologiques en contexte orogénique : l'exemple des bassins d'alimentation du Roussillon (Pyrénées Orientales) : approche morphotectonique." Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20070.
Full textGeomorphic system responds to exogenic control modifying their morphology and sedimentary parameters. This property can be used to sign uplift in active mountain belt. First chapter focuses on methodology and scientific context of the study. Chapter 2 interested in sedimentary response of the main drainage divided (Têt and Tech basins). Sequential stratigraphic analyse of plio-quaternary deposits allows paleo environmental restitution. Three mega-sequences are distinguished, reflecting high variability of sedimentary and paleogeography surrounding. It suggests tectonic driving environment. Hydrodynamic and environmental parameters keep up during quaternary time. The individualisation of the Réart basin and turn to lateral alluvial deposits suggest pursuit of tectonic deformation. Morphologic response of drainage basins is point out by morphometric characteristic of drainage basins (chapter iii). It focuses on spatial variation of channels network and basins characteristic. Channel patterns are under control of regional or general parameters. However, longitudinal profile of the main rivers and morphometric characteristic suggest east-trending variation of basin maturity. Tet and Tech's scarp fault morphology confirm east-west morphological gradient. It shows growth of the deformation from east to west. Geomorphostructural analyse, using DEM, informs on prolongation of this morph structure in the Roussillon basin. It suggests high activity during plio-quaternary, resulting from left lateral strike-slip tectonic. It induced formation of alternate push up and pull apart basin, controlling plio-quaternary sedimentation. Neotectonic evidence implied seismic hazard re-evaluation in this part of the Pyrenees
Roy, Mario. "Gestion et évolution stratégiques de la ferme laitière québécoise dans le contexte de la mondialisation des marchés." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1995. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5060/1/000623128.pdf.
Full textBailly, Vivien. "La chaîne de Lengguru : évolution et structure d’un prisme jeune dans le contexte tectonique rapide de Papouasie occidentale." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066711.
Full textThe Lengguru fold-and-thrust Belt in West Papua (Indonesia) has all the characteristics of a young orogen involved in a rapidly changing tectonic setting. The analysis of the young wedge shows however that its internal shortening has ceased recently, and that it is nowadays suffering severe extension. Recent topographic data, marine industrial seismic lines and drilling, were used with field observations and measurements to create detailed cross-sections and a new structural map. The study allows us to distinguish two superimposed prisms composed of stacked Mesozoic marine sediments of the Australian margin against a crustal buttress. The construction of these two wedges is younger than 11 m. Y. The structures of the Lengguru belt external zones are sealed by an unconformable clastic series, indicating that the construction of the Lengguru prism had aborted suddenly due to a change in the way the Australian and Pacific plate convergence was accommodated. At that time, the internal zones probably started to exhume metamorphic rocks and the tectonic regime became extensional. Nowadays the internal part of the Lengguru fold-and-thrust belt is undergoing an active east-west extension. We believe that the extension observed in the Lengguru wedge is coeval with a transition from a compressive to a transtensional regime illustrated in the Central Range of Papua, and the onset of the Tarera-Aiduna and Paniai left-lateral faults. The structure of the Lengguru belt therefore results from events occurring over a very short time span; a previous Late Miocene northeast-southwest compression linked to the subduction process, a second from Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene and a Late Pliocene-Quaternary global extension in the whole range. The evolution is compared with that of the Seram wedge and the Misool-Onin-Kumawa continental ridge to the west; where deformation is accommodated at a localized zone which jumps as convergence between Australian and Pacific plate proceeds. This evolution of the belt reflects rapid changes in the accommodation oblique shortening, with the isolated orogenic wedge of Lengguru foldand- thrust belt left to collapse. This example illustrates the way a long-lasting subduction terminates. At the lithospheric scale, the deformation remains rooted at the suture zone. However at the surface, the shortening is suddenly widespread over a large area during a very short time span (formation of the Lengguru belt) prior to being transferred to another plate boundary
Faye, Sylvain. "Le paludisme infantile chez les seereer du Sénégal : évolution des savoirs et pratiques thérapeutiques dans un contexte migratoire." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21194.
Full textThis study (thesis) analyzes the conditions of knowledge change and therapeutic behaviors related to infantile malaria, in a context of biomedical diffusion (campaigns and sensibilization or public education). We considered urban migration which is generally perceived as a favorable context. This research focuses on a seereer siin population in Niakhar, a Mbour migratory community (Senegal). It is based on qualitative surveys (interviews, direct observations, life experiences) carried out on the residents and within community health care structures at both the rural and urban areas. Malaria, which is locally refered to as sumaan ndiig, is an ordinary disease which is not the subject of elaborate representations provided by the tradition. This specificity accounts for the possible and various reinterpretations of its etiology. Consequently, the cultural representations thus do not constitute barriers to its integration to the biomedical, in this process of construction. If urban areas offer a favorable context to its diffusion, the availability of an innovative biomedical knowledge is not enough to influence the evolution of such practices. Behavioural change aimed at improving the resort to biomedical care also depends on the socio-economic situation, contextual characteristics and the provision of heath care facilities that are at the disposition of migrants
Brulin, Rémi. "Le discours américain sur le terrorisme : Constitution, évolution et contextes d'énonciation (1972-1992)." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764900.
Full textBaumel, Alex. "Contexte phylogénétique et conséquences génomiques de l'hybridation et de la polyploi͏̈die: : les enseignements d'une jeune espèce, Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard (Poacées)." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10141.
Full textLegoff, Nicolas. "Paysages littoraux africains : évolution de l'environnement dans un contexte d'ouverture ou d'usage renouvelé des espaces côtiers (Djibouti, Sénégal et Tunisie)." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509708.
Full textPollet-Villard, Marion. "Évolution de la surface réactive du feldspath potassique au cours de son altération en contexte géothermal : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH015/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at quantifying the reactive surface area evolution of dissolving K- feldspar, and evaluating the impact on the dissolution kinetics during its alteration in geothermal context. The study focuses on : (1) the influence of secondary coatings on the orthoclase surface, (2) the impact of the anisotropic crystalline structure of orthoclase and (3) the effect of etch pit formation on the mineral surface. Experimental and numerical results highlight that the orthoclase dissolution rate and its evolution over time mainly depends onits morphology. Some orthoclase faces dissolve 10 times faster than others, resulting in an increase of the surface proportion of rapid vs. slow dissolving faces during the process and the increase of up to an order of magnitude of the overall orthoclase dissolution rate. These results question the significance of rate laws and reaction mechanisms determined from powder experiments and the pave to new approaches for investigating mineral reactivity
Houde, Antoine. "Évolution de la négociation collective dans un contexte d'accroissement des droits individuels : étude auprès des conseillers syndicaux de la CSN." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26233/26233.pdf.
Full textBottinelli, Nicolas. "Évolution de la structure et de la perméabilité d’un sol en contexte de non labour associé à l’apport d’effluent d’élevage." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546269.
Full textConservation tillage practices are increasingly being used by the farmers; however, their impacts on soil physical properties remain poorly documented, especially when they are combined to manure fertilization. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of reduced tillage and manure fertilization on soil structure and its permeability, particularly in relation with earthworm activity. This study was conducted at the Kerguéhennec experimental station, established in 2000, located in Brittany, France. Three tillage treatments were compared (moldboard plowing, surface tillage and no-tillage) along with two types of fertilizers (poultry manure and mineral). In the first part of this work, we were interested on methodologies to quantify earthworm biostructures (burrows and casts) and the impact of cultural practices on their abundance. In a second part, we have measured the combined effect of cultural practices and earthworm biostructures on the structural stability of aggregates, macroporosity and permeability of soil during one growing season
Enault, François. "Contribution à la prédiction de la fonction des gènes par l'analyse de leur contexte génomique et de leur co-évolution." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22035.
Full textGarel, Jean-Renaud. "Contexte socio-culturel et domestication des céréales au Proche-Orient." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040109.
Full textDomestic cereals, wheat and barley, appeared at several distant sites in the Near East from wild progenitors from Anatolia. This thesis suggests that domestication of these cereals was the result of four successive and independant steps: 1) during early Natufian, sedentarisation raised fertility by decreasing the time inteval between consecutive births. This created a new need for weaning foods, so that cereals became a necessary part of subsistance. The increase in population led the social structure of communities to evolve from family groups into local groups; 2) during late Natufian, the Younger Dryas environmental crisis forced some communities to meet their needs for cereals by initiating their first cultivations. These communities could remain sedentary and maintain both their population and their technological potential by rigidifying their social structures into chiefdoms; 3) during PPNA, a colonial expansion of communities that survived the Younger Dryas transplanted wild cereals throughout the Near East and adapted them to new soils ans climates; 4) during PPNB, the search for an increased productivity and some chance led to the appearance of domestic cereals at some sites. Cereal domestication in the Near East thus appears as resulting from an evolutionary process which modified both the socio-cultural context of human communities and their relationship to cereals
Théroux-Faille, Andrée-Anne. "Les caractéristiques des jeunes et des parents associées à l'évolution de l'alliance thérapeutique en contexte d'intervention brève et intensive de crise familiale." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6427.
Full textBrulin, Rémi. "Le discours américain sur le terrorisme : Constitution, évolution et contextes d’énonciation (1972-1992)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030163/document.
Full textSince the attacks of September 11, 2001 against New York and Washington, D.C., the term of « terrorism » took a dominating place in the American political speech. Deeply pejorative and always accompanied by a strong moral judgment, it has been used to explain and justify the use of force in several regions around the world and curbs on the civil liberties of American citizens, all in spite of the absence of a clear definition of this concept at the American as well as at the international level. The American discourse on terrorism made its appearance on the political scene during the last decade of the Cold war, the Soviet Union and its « totalitarian » allies being described by Ronald Reagan as resorting to « international terrorism » in order to fulfill their hegemonic goals and as waging a war against the whole civilized world, initially in Central America and then, more and more often, in the Middle East.The American president, expressing himself in a protected context, never had to put forth an explicit definition of the term. However, the debates in Congress, at the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations reveal that this concept was strongly disputed at the time both within the American government and at the international level, and that the representatives of the American government defended not one but multiple and very different discourses, each adapted to its specific context of enunciation. Through this process of compartmentalization, made possible by the absence of a clear and widely-accepted definition of « terrorism » but also by the role played by experts and the media, the American discourse was able to impose itself on the political scene in spite of its internal contradictions and, after the interlude of the 1990s, to complete its triumphant comeback after September 11, 2001
Hardy, William. "Contexte paléoenvironntemental en domaine Atlantique est équatorial : évolution des populations de kystes de dinoflagellés au cours des derniers 45 000 ans." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0026/document.
Full textThe intertropical area is a key domain for the knowledge of past global climate, with indeed a prevalent role regarding of carbon cycle; high productive conditions in this area being induced by the large eastern boundary upwelling cells. The main purpose of this work consisted in discussing the high frequency climate variability that occurred in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean over the last 45,000 years. This area then permitted to highlight land-sea linkages through the relationships existing between marine environments as deduced from microfossil assemblages (dinoflagellate cysts: main proxies of this study) and the African monsoon as reconstructed through river-plume activity, thanks to three cores located off the Congo river mouth and in Gulf of Guinea. Furthermore, this work permitted to deeply update the tropical dinocyst modern database used by the dinocyst-based transfer function method developed for the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (new modern sites and new environmental datasets : SST, SSS, net primary productivity, upwelling activity, seasonality). Dinocyst assemblages revealed a strong influence of precession effects, with warmer and wetter periods reconstructed during minima of precession, especially during the last deglaciation, strongly enhanced by the obliquity maximum. Dinocyst-based transfer function results also highlighted the prevalent role of the Congo River on past primary productivity evolution through strengthened terrigenous inputs to the ocean but also through river-induced upwelling mechanism
Marti, Nieto Flor de Asis. "Contribution à la conception et conduite des systèmes d’information dans un contexte d’usine du futur par une approche basée co-évolution." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD016/document.
Full textWithin the current context, the transformation of industries through new paradigms of performance such as The Factory of the Future (FoF), Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) or even The Smart Factory (SF) is at the heart of the industrials’ current concerns. The present work address the problem of the transition from a specific situation (AS-IS) to a target situation alike FoF (TO-BE) considering the desired situation AS-WISHED and the resources constraints. In this line of action, the main contribution concerns an approach based on a co-evolution model enabling to guide manufacturing industries to perform such a transition. Based on the work of Tolio et al. (2010), we propose an enhanced co-evolution model that integrates the strategic level of decisions, the information system role (IS) and the role of the human workforce. From the theoretical perspective, this new model consists in 3 domains: Product design/ Manufacturing/ IS which are structured into two levels of analysis: external (strategic) and internal (operational). The resulting structure of 6 sub-domains is in turn composed of 3 components covering the decisions related to each sub-domain and level of analysis. From the management perspective, the management of co-evolution relies on the modelling of their components. Hence, we exploit the modelling language constructs of the ISO 19440 (2007) standard for the internal components. Then, we characterize the existing co-evolution links between the different sub-domains of the proposed co-evolution model. At last, a 3 phase approach enabling to exploit the enhanced co-evolution model is proposed. It considers the feasibility constraints and the co-evolution constraints linked to the management of the links or impacts that came into play in the co-evolution. As such, it enables to work out progressively a feasible TO-BE model
Teyton, Cédric. "Gestion des bibliothèques tierces dans un contexte de maintenance logicielle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0123/document.
Full textSoftware depend on third-party libraries to reduce development and maintenance costs. Developers have access to robust functionalities through an application programming interface designed by these libraries. However, due to the strong relationship with these libraries, developers have to reconsider their position when the software evolves. In this thesis, we identify several re-search problems involving these third-party libraries in a context of software maintenance. More specifically, a library may not satisfy the software new requirements and has to be replaced by anew one. We call this operation a library migration.We leverage three points that characterize the impediments met by developers in this situation.To which library should they migrate ? How to migrate their software ? Who can help them in this case ? This thesis suggests answers and exposes several contributions to these problems. We define three approaches that are evaluated through several case studies. To achieve this work, weuse a methodology based on software evolution analysis to observe and understand how software change. We describe numerous perspectives to overcome the current limitations of our solutions
Bodei, Sabine. "Genèse et évolution des sédiments métallifères en contexte hydrothermal hors axe (exemple des dépôts de la marge du Costa Rica, Pacifique Equatorial)." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00327694.
Full textLa caractérisation minéralogique (DRX, MEB, MET-EDX) et chimique (majeurs, traces, terres rares) des nouvelles phases minérales formées in situ dans le sédiment GC50 a permis de mettre en évidence deux phases d'altération. La première phase consiste en un processus de diagenèse précoce. La deuxième phase d'altération engendre la précipitation d'apatites et d'oxydes Mn/Fe essentiellement localisés près de l'interface sédiment-basalte. Les données de la géochimie isotopique du strontium et du néodyme, ainsi que la distribution des spectres des Terres Rares, ont permis de préciser la nature du fluide à l'origine de la seconde phase d'altération. Ces marqueurs géochimiques suggèrent la décharge d'un fluide hydrothermal de basse température ayant très peu interagit avec le basalte lors de sa circulation dans la croûte.
Une étude plus poussée (EXAFS, METHR) sur les échantillons riches en oxydes Mn/Fe a permis de proposer un modèle de formation et d'évolution des oxydes Mn, dans ce contexte hydrothermal hors axe. Ce modèle démontre que la formation de todorokite (tectomanganate), minéral ubiquiste en milieu marin, nécessite la présence d'un précurseur, ici la vernadite (phyllomanganate).
Bodeï, Sabine. "Genèse et évolution des sédiments métallifères en contexte hydrothermal hors axe : exemple des dépôts de la marge du Costa Rica, Pacifique Equatorial." Besançon, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00327694.
Full textThe studied samples are from gravity cores recovered during the Ticoflux II expedition offshore of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica in 2002. They were collected on the north-western slope of a seamount called "Dorado", which is an area of diffuse low-temperature hydrothermal activity. The study is focused on core GC50 composed of altered hemipelagic muds containing detrital clays and authigenic mineraIs such as zeolites, Fe/Mn oxides, and phosphates. The mineralogical (XRD, SEM, TEM-EDS) and geochemical (major and trace elements, Rare Earth) characterizations of the newly formed mineraIs in GC50 sediments allowed to distinguish two alteration phases. A first phase of diagenesis. This first step was followed by the precipitation of apatite and Mn and/or Fe oxides, which aIl are most abundant close to the basalt-sediment contact. Neodymium and strontium isotopes, as weIl as REY distribution patterns, allowed to determine the nature of the fluids that led to this second phase of alteration. AlI these data suggest an interaction with an upward flowing low temperature hydrothermal fluid which has not significantly exchanged with the basalts during its preceding circulation within the oceanic crust. A more detail study (EXAFS, HRTEM) of the samples rich in Fe/Mn oxides allowed to propose model for Mn oxides formation and evolution, in this off-axis hydrothermal context. This model demonstrate that the formation of todorokite (tectomanganate), which is an ubiquitous mineraI phase in marin environments, requires the presence of a precursor, which is vernadite (phyllomanganate) in the present case
Rousseau, Hélène. "Evolution des génomes polyploïdes et innovations fonctionnelles : contexte phylogénétique et origine du DMSP chez les spartines." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B031.
Full textDimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an ecologically important molecule produced by most marine phytoplankton species, but very rarely by flowering plants: only in a few genera (including Spartina in Poaceae). Despite the different enzymatic steps involved in DMSP biosynthesis are well known, the origin of the function and the genes encoding the different enzymes are yet to be discovered. To explore the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the DMSP accumulation in Spartina, we used various approaches, including biochemical analyses, metabolomics, transcriptomics, comparative genomics and phylogenetics. Notably, we demonstrate that the ability to synthesize DMSP evolved once in the Spartina genus, sometimes 3-10 million years ago. This functional innovation occurred following the emergence of the hexaploid clade, and was inherited by all Spartina species deriving from this hexaploid ancestor. Spartina species belonging to the tetraploid clade and their deriving species do not accumulate DMSP (whatever their ploidy level). Using Poaceae sequenced genomes as well as Spartina genomic and transcriptomic resources obtained in our laboratory, candidate genes involved in the four different enzymatic steps of the DMSP biosynthesis pathway were searched. Identifying genes involved in the intermediate (2nd and 3rd) steps that are specific to this pathway was particularly challenging as only putative enzymatic activities have been proposed so far (corresponding protein sequences and genes are unknown). A set of candidate genes potentially involved in these two steps (with decarboxylase and amine oxydase activities) were identified and their transcription levels were compared among DMSP producing (DMSP+) and non-producing (DMSP-) Spartina species. Their putative cellular localization was also predicted. Moreover, enzymatic activity assays open new hypotheses and research perspectives regarding this enigmatic biosynthesis pathway in Spartina
Coupaud, Magali. "Evolution du vivant et hasard : étude quantitative des conceptions d'élèves de collège dans le contexte français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0205/document.
Full textEvolution of living species is a major concept for the contemporary biological sciences, but also a complex object of teaching. In France, the evolution of living species starts in primary school. This teaching becomes well identified only at the end of compulsory schooling. This study aims a better understanding on the change of the conceptions of secondary school students along junior high school and how their conceptions of randomness can influence their acceptation and their understunding of this concept. Consequently, a questionnaire, UnRESt has been elaborated to study the mainstream conceptions of more than 1600 students about the evolution of living and randomness and to find potential links between these two types of conceptions. The UnRESt ingineering is based on exploratory studies (open-ended questions, philosophical discussion). The study shows that a half of the students accept the evolution of living species and a third of them seems to have an understanding in opposition with an evolutionist understanding. According to the species studied, a ‘transformist’ vision is favoured by student. They highlights also that the acceptation and the understanding of the evolution are related to the students’ conceptions of randomness. More specifically, the results show an obstacle in the use of the word randomness with the meaning of contingency and an influence of their vision of ‘probabilist’ randomness on their understanding of the evolution mechanisms. The research concludes on the place to give to the scientific concept of randomness in the teaching in secondary school
Vallejo, Paola. "Réutilisation de composants logiciels pour l'outillage de DSML dans le contexte des MPSoC." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0101/document.
Full textDesigners of domain specific modeling languages (DSMLs) must provide all the tooling of these languages. In many cases, the features to be developped already exist, but it applies to portions or variants of the DSML.One way to simplify the implementation of these features is by reusing the existing functionalities. Reuse means that DSML data must be adapted to be valid according to the functionality to be reused. If the adaptation is done and the data are placed in the context of the functionality, it can be reused. The result produced by the tool remains in the context of the tool and it must be adapted to be placed in the context of the DSML (reverse migration).In this context, reuse makes sense only if the migration and the reverse migration are not very expensive. The main objective of this thesis is to provide a mechanism to integrate the migration, the reuse and the reversemigration and apply them efficiently. The main contribution is an approach that facilitates the reuse of existing functionalities by means of model migrations. This approach facilitates the production of the tooling for a DSML. It allows reversible migration between two DSMLs semantically close. The user is guided during the ruse process to quickly provide the tooling of his DSML.The approach has been formalised et applied to a DSML (Orcc) in the context of the MPSoC
Le, Berre-Semenov Marine. "Renaissantismes et renaissance des peuples du Nord : évolution de la question autochtone en République sakha (Yakoutie) dans le contexte des mutations post-soviétiques." Paris, INALCO, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAL0015.
Full textThis doctoral thesis deals with the subject of ethnic revival of the Northern peoples, particularly, of the indigenous peoples of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), a vast area endowed with a statute of internal sovereignty in the Russian Federation since 1990, allowing elites of the native groups to defend rights and interests of their peoples, strongly threatened by the crucial changes resulting of the Soviet experiment. The neologism of "revivalism" refers to movements, processes and dynamics expressing the aspiration of sakhas, evenks, evens, dolgans, jukaghirs and chukchis for revival. Occurring in the fields of ideology, politics, identity, culture and social affairs, this revivalism appears as the result of a history made of colonisation, and therefore of economic exploitation, spoliation, forced assimilation, ethnocide, ecocide, etc. In the early nineties, indigenous elites worked out reforms intended to reconstruct lost or declining ethnicity of their ethnic groups or communities, and to revitalize their ancestral cultures (spirituality, ways of life, social and family relations, vernacular languages, etc. ). These reforms and projects of reforms were accompanied by a production of multiform discourses destined to restore lost self-confidence and pride of the natives, and to reconstitute the broken mirror of their identities. This study is based on the comparison of several ethnic and ethnoregional backgrounds, and thus of several dynamics of revival or "revivalisms", analyzed at different levels of the Yakutian society : macrosocial, mesosocial and microsocial. Confrontation of ideological, political and legal aspects with the reality, the expectations and the representations of concerned populations in the social, cultural and identity fields, was used to evaluate the efficiency and the repercussions of these revivalisms, subordinate otherwise to overall unfavourable economic and political processes
Ponthus, Léandre. "Origine, évolution et mise en place d'un pluton alcalin récent en contexte intraplaque océanique : exemple du complexe sud de Rallier du Baty, Kerguelen (T.A.A.F.)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30052/document.
Full textThe study of this alkaline plutonic complex was multidisciplinary, mixing field observations and measurements, AMS, petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry (major and traces), isotopic geochemistry Rb / Sr and Sm / Nd and geochronology U-Pb on zircons. The synthesis of the results shows the minor participation of several sources (metasomatised mantle and continental fragments) in addition to the predominant source which is the typical asthenospheric mantle of the Kerguelen plume. In a dynamic and open magmatic system, the contaminated magmas formed the oldest magmatic and calcic series of the complex. The second and younger magmatic series produced (in a closed environment) more and more agpaitic rocks during differentiation. The incremental emplacement of the intrusions occurred between 11.7 (in the south) and 7.9 Ma (in the north). Finally, the type of construction of this pluton makes it a unique known example of laccolith in oceanic within-plate settings
Boily, Manon. "Évolution de l'identité professionnelle d'étudiantes de niveaux collégial et universitaire dans le contexte de la réalisation d'un stage en milieu de garde québécois ou international." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6381.
Full textJanvier, Roland. "Recompositions organisationnelles et évolution de la catégorie d'“usager” dans le contexte de la “société de l'information” : l'exemple des usagers des services sociaux et médico-sociaux." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276331.
Full textJanvier, Roland. "Recompositions organisationnelles et évolution de la catégorie d’“usager” dans le contexte de la “société de l’information” : l’exemple des usagers des services sociaux et médico-sociaux." Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276331/fr/.
Full textSocial and medico-social action's professional field (organisations, services, work teams and individual, professionals. . . ) has to face a new rationalization of its practical processes and its intellectual technologies, notably under the impact of the reorganization law of January 2002, which imposes new communication tools. This thesis measures the impact of socio-technical information operations and communication operations ensuring the rights and the participation of users in the establishments and the social and medico-social services. The rapports of usage generated by these operations lead to the reconstruction of the users categories, a shift in professional positions and a reorganization of organisational structures. Based on the philosophical approaches of the relationships between the shape, matter and energy, the construction of a theoretical analysis model relies on the phenomena of transduction which sets the technical objects and the actors, on archaeology of techniques and anthropology of usages. The analysis of the research material (operations in place as well as the expressions of the actors through various media) brings into light the question of power as the central element of the usage rapport. It also highlights the representations games structuring the technical relationship and its evolutions. Beyond the rapport of usage, in a sphere of activity highly structured by the standards of the law, more and more influenced by logic of market and relying on ethical references, appears the hypothesis of a new norm of usage above any other norms
Taquet, Alizée. "Évolution de la résistance aux insecticides au sein d’un complexe d’espèces de ravageurs dans un contexte d’invasion biologique : coût de la résistance et rôle de l’hybridation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0014.
Full textBemisia tabaci is a major insect pest distributed worldwide because of its ability to transmit phytoviruses. Three whitefly species coexist in Reunion Island: the native species IO, and two exotic species MEAM1 and MED-Q, which successively invaded the island in 1997 and 2010. The main control strategy against these species is the use of insecticides, which can lead to the emergence of resistance. The main objective was to understand the evolution of the distribution of the whitefly species, with regards to their insecticide resistance in a context of interspecific hybridization. To this aim, whiteflies were sampled in 56 sites, genotyped at 11 microsatellite markers and for two kdr loci involved in pyrethroid resistance. Fifteen populations were phenotyped for resistance to pymetrozine and acetamiprid using bioassays, and the cost of acetamiprid resistance was evaluated in MEAM1 populations displaying different resistance levels. The two invasive species are mainly found in agroecosystems and both have kdr resistance mutations. Most of the MEAM1 populations were also found to be resistant to acetamiprid, pymetrozine or both pesticides. No fitness costs appeared to be associated with resistance to acetamiprid in MEAM1. On the contrary, the indigenous species IO was mainly sampled in non-crop areas, or at the edge of agrosystems. It has no pyrethroid resistance mutations and is sensitive to the insecticides tested. Finally, the interspecific hybridization (MEAM-IO) observed between IO and MEAM1 did not lead to the introgression of resistant mutations into the indigenous species, but possibly to the introgression of susceptibility in MEAM1
Vézina, Catherine. "Regard historien sur une option contemporaine de développement : évolution des politiques et du développement touristiques au Yucatán dans un contexte économique et social en changement, 1984-2005." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24718/24718.pdf.
Full textVézina, Martine. "Évolution des pratiques d'un organisme communautaire du secteur d'intervention femmes en Estrie dans le contexte de la réorganisation du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2394.
Full textVerna, Christine. "Les restes humains moustériens de la Station Amont de la Quina - (Charente, France) : contexte archéologiqe et constitution de l'assemblage : étude morphologique et métrique des restes crânio-faciaux : apport à l'étude de la variation néandertalienne." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13226.
Full textLa Station Amont de La Quina (Charente) a livré une longue série de restes humains durant trois périodes de fouilles distinctes entre 1905 et 1994. Ces restes, attribués aux OIS 4-3, sont associés à du Moustérien de type Quina, à denticulés et de tradition acheuléenne. Un grand nombre d’entre eux n'ont pas été révisés depuis leur découverte ou sont inédits. Ce travail propose une révision de cette série qui comprend un squelette adulte, la tête osseuse d’un enfant et 36 restes isolés. L’inventaire et la répartition des restes dans le site sont réactualisés en relation avec les données archéologiques récentes. Les paramètres de quantification de l’assemblage sont présentés et discutés, et de nouvelles données permettent de réexaminer la question de l’existence d'une sépulture. Ce travail fait de plus état de l’utilisation d’un fragment de crâne humain comme retouchoir. L’étude détaillée morphologique et métrique de tous les restes crânio-faciaux est présentée, et concerne deux têtes osseuses, 16 fragments crâniens, 40 dents en place et 16 dents isolées. Ils sont comparés à des Néandertaliens, des Hommes modernes du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur et des Hommes actuels. Les résultats montrent que tous les restes présentant des caractères diagnosiques peuvent être attribués au groupe Néandertalien, et leur position au sein du taxon est précisée. L’analyse des parties anatomiques représentées par plusieurs individus nous renseigne sur la variation des Néandertaliens classiques. Les os temporaux de trois adultes témoignent d’une plus grande proximité biologique entre eux qu’avec les autres Néandertaliens, soutenant l’hypothèse de leur appartenance à une même population
Aït-Hamou, Farida. "Un exemple de "point chaud" intra-continental en contexte de plaque quasi-stationnaire : étude pétrologique et géochimique du djebel Taharaq et évolution du volcanisme cénozoi͏̈que de l'Ahaggar (Sahara algérien)." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20074.
Full textBottinelli, Nicolas. "Evolution de la structure et de la perméabilité d'un sol en contexte de non labour associé à l'apport d'effluent d'élevage : rôle de l'activité lombricienne." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546269.
Full textLeroux, Aurélie. "Caractérisation et évolution des flux détritiques et authigènes en contexte lacustre carbonaté au cours du Tardiglaciaire et de l'Holocène (Lac Saint-Point, Haute-Chaîne du Jura) : implications paléoclimatiques et paléoenvironnementales." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630131.
Full textNguyen, Nhu Khoa. "Emerging Trend Detection in News Articles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS003.
Full textIn the financial domain, information plays an utmost important role in making investment/business decisions as good knowledge can lead to crafting correct approaches in how to invest or if the investment is worth it. Moreover, being able to identify potential emerging themes/topics is an integral part of this field, since it can help get a head start over other investors, thus gaining a huge competitive advantage. To deduce topics that can be emerging in the future, data such as annual financial reports, stock market, and management meeting summaries are usually considered for review by professional financial experts. Reliable sources of information coming from reputable news publishers, can also be utilized for the purpose of detecting emerging themes. Unlike social media, articles from these publishers have high credibility and quality, thus when analyzed in large sums, it is likely to discover dormant/hidden information about trends or what can become future trends. However, due to the vast amount of information generated each day, it has become more demanding and difficult to analyze the data manually for the purpose of trend identification. Our research explores and analyzes data from different quality sources, such as scientific publication abstracts and a provided news article dataset from Bloomberg called Event-Driven Feed (EDF) to experiment on Emerging Trend Detection. Due to the enormous amount of available data spread over extended time periods, it encourages the use of contrastive approaches to measuring the divergence between past and present surrounding context of extracted words and phrases, thus comparing the similarity between unique vector representations of each interval to discover movement in word usage that can lead to the discovery of new trend. Experimental results reveal that the assessment of context change through time of selected terms is able to detect critical emerging trends and points of emergence. It is also discovered that assessing the evolution of context over a long time span is better than just contrasting the two most recent points in time
Cordier, Carole. "Approches pétrogéochimique et géomathématique de la cyclicité magmatique en contexte d'accrétion océanique : de la fusion partielle aux séquences de réalimentation/vidange des réservoirs crustaux." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00158336.
Full textDans un premier temps, un modèle géomathématique a été élaboré afin de retracer l'évolution d'une chambre magmatique soumise à une réalimentation fluctuant de manière sinusoïdale au cours du temps. L'application de ce modèle à un site naturel nécessite de contraindre l'amplitude des variations chimiques des laves par un échantillonnage de qualité ainsi que d'autres paramètres géologiques, impliquant quant à eux de nombreuses hypothèses sur la géométrie et l'état physico-thermique du réservoir magmatique. L'approche géochimique de ce modèle a été appliquée à trois sites naturels, la dorsale Est Pacifique (EPR), le propagateur du Bassin Nord Fidjien et la dorsale Juan de Fuca (JdF). Par deux fois, les compositions en éléments en trace incompatibles des liquides de réalimentation déduites du modèle géomathématique ont reproduit celles calculées sur des bases expérimentales. Pour deux des sites (EPR et JdF), les périodes des cycles de fonctionnement du réservoir magmatique ont également pu être déterminées (750 et 1000 ans pour l'EPR et la dorsale JdF, respectivement). Ce modèle géomathématique permet ainsi de caractériser les flux instantanés de magma au sein des réservoirs et complète les études géomorphologiques et géophysiques estimant quant à elles la périodicité de l'apport magmatique moyen, du manteau vers la croûte.
La seconde partie du mémoire porte sur les dykes et les coulées volcaniques affleurant à l'extrémité sud de la dorsale JdF, le long des flancs de la Dépression Ouest Blanco. Les compositions isotopiques Sr-Nd des échantillons ont permis de caractériser un manteau hétérogène sous la zone de fracture Blanco, constitué de péridotites très appauvries, proches d'un pôle mantellique pur, veinées de matériel plus enrichi. Le régime cinématique de cette zone, évoluant de la propagation à l'accrétion, semble avoir permis la refusion à l'axe de la dorsale JdF d'un manteau résiduel, ayant préalablement fondu sous un segment en propagation. Parallèlement, l'analyse des zonations des phénocristaux et xénocristaux de plagioclase a mis en évidence des phénomènes de mélange entre des magmas dacitiques riches en eau et des magmas basaltiques. Les fluctuations de l'indice de différenciation Mg# en fonction de la position stratigraphique de laves cogénétiques ont permis d'expliquer ces mélanges en terme de réalimentation épisodique du réservoir magmatique. L'application du modèle géomathématique suggère que le magma réalimentant le réservoir correspondrait à un MORB-N basaltique (Mg#~68,5).
Dans le troisième volet, les laves étudiées ont été prélevées transversalement à l'axe de la dorsale Centrale Indienne vers 19°S, une zone cinématiquement complexe de part la possible contamination du manteau supérieur indien par le point chaud de la Réunion à ces latitudes. Les compositions isotopiques Sr-Nd des laves ont mis en évidence une fluctuation significative de la nature de la source mantellique au cours du temps. Certaines compositions convergent vers celles des basaltes de la ride volcanique hors-axe Gasitao et reflèteraient ainsi une interaction entre le point chaud de la Réunion et la dorsale. Néanmoins, une telle interaction ne pourra être confirmée qu'après l'acquisition des compositions isotopiques en plomb de ces échantillons. La majorité des rapports isotopiques Sr-Nd des laves du profil nécessite cependant de considérer un composant mantellique enrichi additionnel, dont la nature reste à contraindre mais qui s'exprimerait également au niveau de l'île volcanique Rodrigues. Par ailleurs, afin de reproduire l'enrichissement en éléments incompatibles de certains de ces échantillons il est nécessaire d'envisager une covariation du degré de fusion et de la nature de la source. La distribution des laves enrichies le long du profil suggère alors une fluctuation du degré de fusion au cours du temps, à première vue périodique (période de 200-250 Ka).
Sawadogo, Issa. "Ressources fourragères et représentations des éleveurs, évolution des pratiques pastorales en contexte d'aire protégée : cas du terroir de Kotchari à la périphérie de la réserve de biosphère du W au Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708327.
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