Academic literature on the topic 'Évolution des chromosomes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Évolution des chromosomes"
Quintana-Murci, Lluís, Stéphane Jamain, and Marc Fellous. "Origine et évolution des chromosomes sexuels des mammifères." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de la Vie 324, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01278-6.
Full textBOICHARD, Didier, C. GROHS, C. DANCHIN-BURGE, and A. CAPITAN. "Les anomalies génétiques : définition, origine, transmission et évolution, mode d'action." INRA Productions Animales 29, no. 5 (January 9, 2020): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2016.29.5.2997.
Full textRome, Maxime, and Geo Coppens d’Eekenbrugge. "Taxonomie et évolution dans le genre Passiflora : synthèse des connaissances actuelles." Bulletin de la société linnéenne de Lyon 87, no. 5 (2018): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/linly.2018.17874.
Full textGELLIN, J., and H. LEVÉZIEL. "Stratégie d’établissement des cartes géniques des espèces d’élevage." INRAE Productions Animales 5, HS (December 2, 1992): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1992.5.hs.4305.
Full textMULSANT, P. "Glossaire général." INRAE Productions Animales 24, no. 4 (September 8, 2011): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2011.24.4.3273.
Full textTeleżyński, H. "Cycle évolutif du chromosome somatique. II. Observations sur le matériel fixé (racines d'Haemanthus Katharinae Back.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 8, no. 3-4 (2017): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1931.007.
Full textTeleżyński, H. "Cycle évolutif du chromosome somatique I. Observations vitales sur les poils staminaux de Tradescantia virginiana L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 7, no. 3 (2017): 381–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1930.030.
Full textIbrahim Sory, P., T. Sidi, L. Guida, K. Boureima, M. Alassane Bameye, T. Mohomodine Ibrahim, K. Abdoulaye, and C. Idrissa Ahmadou. "Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne: Aspects cliniques, biologiques et évolutifs à propos de cinq cas dans le service de Rhumatologie au CHU du Point G." Rhumatologie Africaine Francophone 6, no. 2 (January 19, 2024): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.62455/raf.v6i2.53.
Full textFroment-Ernouf, P., and P. Aboukrat. "La tendinopathie d’Achille dans la xanthomatose cérébrotendineuse : à propos d’un cas." Médecine et Chirurgie du Pied 36, no. 3 (September 2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/mcp-2020-0056.
Full textFroment-Ernouf, P., and P. Aboukrat. "La tendinopathie d’Achille dans la xanthomatose cérébrotendineuse : à propos d’un cas." Médecine et Chirurgie du Pied 36, no. 3 (September 2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/mcp-2020-0056.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Évolution des chromosomes"
Hayes, Hélène. "Analyse caryotypique et cartographie génique comparées chez les trois principaux bovidés domestiques : le buf (Bos Taurus l.), le mouton (Ovis aries l.) et la chèvre (Capra hircus L.)." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077265.
Full textCarpentier, Fantin. "Evolution des régions non-recombinantes sur les chromosomes de types sexuels chez les champignons du genre Microbotryum." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS428/document.
Full textIn sexual organisms, recombination suppression can evolve in specific genomic regions to protect beneficial allelic combinations, resulting in the transmission of multiple genes as a single locus, which is called a supergene. Supergenes determine complex phenotypes, such as gender in organisms with sex chromosomes. Some sex chromosomes display successive steps of recombination suppression known as “evolutionary strata”, which are commonly thought to result from the successive linkage of sexually antagonistic genes (i.e. alleles beneficial to one sex but detrimental to the other) to the sex-determining region. There has however been little empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. Fungi constitute interesting models for studying the evolutionary causes of recombination suppression in sex-related chromosomes, as they can display non-recombining mating-type chromosomes not associated with male/female functions. Here, we studied the evolution of recombination suppression on mating-type chromosomes in the Microbotryum plant-castrating fungi using comparative genomic approaches. In Microbotryum fungi, mating occurs between gametes with distinct alleles at the two mating-type loci, as is typical of basidiomycete fungi. We showed that recombination suppression evolved multiple times independently to link the two mating-type loci from an ancestral state with mating-type loci on two distinct chromosomes. Recombination suppression either linked the mating-type genes to their respective centromere or linked mating-type loci after they were brought onto the same chromosome through genomic rearrangements that differed between species. Both types of linkage are beneficial under the intra-tetrad mating system of Microbotryum fungi as they increase the odds of gamete compatibility. Recombination suppression thus evolved multiple times through distinct evolutionary pathways and distinct genomic changes, which give insights about the repeatability and predictability of evolution. We also reported the existence of independent evolutionary strata on the mating-type chromosomes of several Microbotryum species, which questions the role of sexual antagonism in the stepwise extension of non-recombining regions because mating-types are not associated with male/female functions. Previous studies reported little phenotypic differences associated to mating-types, rending unlikely any antagonistic selection between mating types (i.e. “mating-type antagonism”, with genes having alleles beneficial to one mating-type but detrimental to the other). The genes located in non-recombining regions on the mating-type chromosomes can be differentially expressed between mating types, but our analyses indicated that such differential expression was more likely to result from genomic degeneration than from mating-type antagonism. Deleterious mutations are indeed known to accumulate in non-recombining regions resulting in modifications of gene expression or of protein sequence. We concluded that antagonistic selection cannot explain the formation of evolutionary strata in Microbotryum fungi. Alternative mechanisms must be therefore be considered to explain the stepwise expansion of non-recombining regions, and they could also be important on sex chromosomes. This work thus prompts for future studies to identify further evolutionary strata not associated with male/female functions as well as to elucidate their evolutionary causes and consequences in terms of genomic degeneration
Fleiss, Aubin. "Impact phénotypique des réarrangements chromosomiques et évolution des génomes de levures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS491.
Full textThe aim of this work was to assess the impact of chromosomal rearrangements on the evolution of yeast genomes with two approaches. The first approach consisted in retracing past rearrangements during the evolution of Saccharomycotina yeast genomes. We have built a phylogenetic tree of 66 genomes gathered from public databases, then reconstructed the structure of all ancestral genomes of these species. By comparing the structure of reconstructed ancestral genomes, we have inferred 5150 past rearrangements. We showed that depending on the clades, genomes tend to evolve mostly by inversion or by translocation. In addition, we showed that chromosomal rearrangements and non-synonymous mutations tend to accumulate at a coordinated pace during evolution. The second approach aimed at quantifying the phenotypic impact of structural variations of chromosomes (SVs) in terms of vegetative growth and meiotic viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We developed a technique to induce easily targeted SVs in the genome of S. cerevisiae by inducing two chromosomal breaks with CRISPR/Cas9 and providing the cells with chimerical donor oligonucleotides to repair the split chromosomes by homologous recombination. We have then adapted this technique to induce multiple random SVs in a single step. The phenotypic impact of obtained variants on vegetative growth and on spore viability was quantified. These results show that even balanced chromosomal rearrangements that do not affect coding sequence generate a wide phenotypic diversity that contributes to the adaptation of organisms to their environment
Pessia, Eugénie. "Comment le X vient-il à la rescousse du Y ? : évolution de la compensation de dosage des XY humains et autres questions sur l'évolution des chromosomes sexuels eucaryotes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10261/document.
Full textThe first part of my thesis concerns two different mechanisms of the Y being rescued by the X. Firstly, I contributed to a controversy on mammalian dosage compensation. During the 60s Susumo Ohno hypothesized a two-step dosage compensation mechanism. In males, the high loss of Y-linked genes led to a dosage imbalance: these genes were previously present in two allelic copies and became unicopy, meaning that their expression has been halved. According to Ohno’s hypothesis, in response to this imbalance the mammalian X would have doubled its expression in the two sexes, resulting in a to high expression in females. This second dosage imbalance would have been resolved by the random inactivation of one of the two Xs in females. Whereas the second part of Ohno’s hypothesis, the X-chromosome inactivation, has been well studied, the first part remained speculative until the 2000s. I studied human X-linked expression data and was able to show, concomitantly with other authors, that the first part of Ohno’s hypothesis is not totally true as only some of the X-linked genes are hyperexpressed. I later participated in the writing of a review aiming to give an alternative hypothesis for the evolution of X-chromosome inactivation in mammalian females than dosage compensation. Secondly, I studied signatures of X-Y gene conversion in several genes within numerous primate species. Myresults led me to discuss if these events were indeed selected for. I hypothesize that these gene conversion events occurred in a neutral manner. These two different studies suggest that the X chromosome may not be as much a help for the Y as has been suggested. Lastly, moving away from model species, I studied the peculiar sex chromosomes of a brown alga: Ectocarpus siliculosus. This work allowed me to test if the current hypotheses on sex chromosome evolution still hold in a eukaryotic group that diverged from animals more than one billion years ago
Courret, Cécile. "Bases génétiques et évolution du conflit génétique induit par la distorsion de ségrégation des chromosomes sexuels chez Drosophila simulans." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS495/document.
Full textMeiotic drive is an infringement of the law of allele segregation into the gametes. In heterozygote individuals, the causal genes or genetic elements (meiotic drivers), prevent the production of gamete which does not contain it. Thus, they can spread through populations even if they are deleterious for the carriers.Because they induce sex-ratio bias, sex-linked drivers that are expressed in the heterogametic sex, are an important source of genetic conflict, characterized by the evolution of suppressor which tends to restore a balanced sex ratio. This process can lead to the emergence of new species, evolution of reproductive behavior or sex determination.In Drosophila simulans, X-linked meiotic drivers disturb the segregation of the Y chromosome during male meiosis. The progeny of carrier male is mainly composed of females. One of the drivers is the HP1D2 gene, which encodes a protein that binds to the heterochromatic Y chromosome. The distortion is due to dysfunctional alleles of HP1D2 (low level of expression and/or a deletion of its protein-protein interaction domain). In natural populations where the drivers have spread, they are neutralized by autosomal suppressors and resistant Y chromosomes.The first part of my thesis was focus on the genetic determinism of autosomal suppression. I performed a QTL mapping using recombinant inbreed lines which highlighted the complexity of the genetic determinism of suppression: 5 QTLs and multiple epistatic interaction.The second part is about the Y chromosome, which show important phenotypic variation in the resistance of Y chromosomes to the driver. We studied its molecular and structural variation and the dynamic of resistant Y chromosomes in natural population. The sequencing of different Y chromosomes, sensitive and resistant, allowed us to retrace the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome related to the one of the driver.The last part is a cytological study to compare the localization of the functional and the driver form of HP1D2 in spermatogonia.Generally, results presented here give a better insight regarding the genetic bases and the evolution of the multiple actors of the Paris sex ratio system
Spataro, Bruno. "GeMME, une interface modélisant la cartographie comparée des mammifères : application à l'étude de la régionalisation des génomes de l'homme et de la souris." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10056.
Full textMuyle, Aline. "Évolution des chromosomes sexuels chez les plantes : développements méthodologiques et analyses de données NGS de Silènes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10109/document.
Full textIn many organisms, sexes are determined by sex chromosomes. However, studies have been greatly limited by the paucity of sex chromosome sequences. Indeed, sequencing and assembling sex chromosomes are very challenging due to the large quantity of repetitive DNA that these chromosomes comprise. In this PhD, a probabilistic method was developed to infer sex-linked genes from RNA-seq data of a family (parents and progeny of each sex). The method, called SEX-DETector, was tested on simulated and real data and should performwell on a wide variety of sex chomosome systems. This new method was applied to Silene latifolia, a dioecious plant with XY system, for which partial sequence data on sex chromosomes are available (some of which obtained during this PhD by BAC sequencing), SEX-DETector returned ∼1300 sex-linked genes. In S. latifolia, Y genes are less expressed than their X counterparts. Dosage compensation (a mechanism that corrects for reduced dosage due to Y degeneration in males) was previously tested in S. latifolia, but different studies returned conflicting results. The analysis of the new set of sex-linked genes confirmed the existence of dosage compensation in S. latifolia, which seems to be achieved by the hyperexpression of the maternal X chromosome in males. An imprinting mechanism might underlie dosage compensation in that species. The RNAseq datawere also used to study the evolution of differential expression among sexes in S. latifolia, and revealed that in this species most changes have affected the female sex. The implications of our results for the evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes in plants are discussed
Achaz, Guillaume. "Étude de la dynamique des génomes : les répétitions intrachromosomiques." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066382.
Full textDuminil, Jérôme. "Etudes comparatives de la structure génétique des plantes." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10009.
Full textThe level and the organisation of species genetic diversity are controlled for by mutation, selection, migration and drift. The respective role of these forces is influenced by ecological species traits, inheritance of their genome as well as by historical factors. Understanding the contribution of each of these factors on genetic structure necessitate a comparative framework that control for phylogenetic relatedness of the species. Dealing with phylogenetic controlled comparative method we had first study the evolution of organelle genomes, and its relationships with molecular and biological characteristics of the studied species. Many relationships were demonstrated and interpreted in the light of two different models of molecular evolution: (i) a nearly-neutral model, and (ii) a model of deletional bias. We had, in a second part, compiled plant genetic structure studies based on uniparental (chloroplast and mitochondria) and on biparental (nuclear) markers. The resulting database was then used to (i) study the influence of genome inheritance on the precision of the measure of the genetic structure, (ii) study the relationships between life history traits of the species and the way they partition genetic diversity. Finally, we had studied the repartition of genetic structure in a complex of tropical tree species: Carapa procera/guianensis. Difficulties in morphological recognition of these species were overlapped using genetic identification and a contrasted genetic structure between both species was demonstrated indicating differences in their seed migration abilities
Veyrunes, Frédéric. "Radiation évolutive des souris naines Africaines, Nannomys (Rodentia, Muridae, Mus) : rôle des remaniements chromosomiques dans la spéciation et évolution des systèmes de déterminisme du sexe : approches phylogénétiques, cytogénétiques et cytogénomiques." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20225.
Full textBooks on the topic "Évolution des chromosomes"
T, Strachan, and Dover G. A, eds. Human genome evolution. Oxford, England: BIOS, 1996.
Find full textStrachan, Tom, Michael S. Jackson, and G. Dover. HUMAN GENOME EVOLUTION (Human Molecular Genetics). Routledge, 2004.
Find full textIndependent Birth of Organisms. A New Theory that Distinct Organisms Arose Independently from the Primordial Pond, Showing that Evolutionary Theories are Fundamentally Incorrect. Genome Publications, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Évolution des chromosomes"
BERGERON, Anne, and Krister M. SWENSON. "Un siècle de réarrangements génomiques." In Modèles et méthodes pour l’évolution biologique, 127–50. ISTE Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9069.ch5.
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