Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Évolution des archées'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 28 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Évolution des archées.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Badel, Catherine. "Eléments génétiques mobiles et évolution génomique chez les Archées Thermococcales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS168.
Full textGenomes rapidly evolve through rearrangements that can generate new genome organizations or lead to the acquisition of foreign coding sequences or the loss of non-essential functions. Several mechanisms of rearrangement were uncovered for Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes that involve mobile genetic elements (MGE). Species from the archaeal genera Thermococcus present numerous genomic inversions but none of the previously known inversion drivers. To better understand the genomic evolution of Thermococcales, I investigated two of their MGE families: the pTN3 and pT26-2 plasmid families. Specifically, I focused on the tyrosine recombinases (or integrase) that these plasmids encode and that catalyze their site-specific integration in the host chromosome. I demonstrated that the plasmidic integrase Intᵖᵀᴺ³ is responsible for chromosomal inversions in the host Thermococcus nautili through an unprecedented homologous recombination catalytic activity. I also characterized two other related Thermococcus integrases and only one catalyzes homologous recombination. The structure resolution of Intᵖᵀᴺ³ and primary sequence comparisons will now provide clues about the genetic determinants of site specificity and of the homologous recombination activity. The three integrases all belong to an archaeal-specific class of integrases that catalyzes a suicidal integration. The integrase gene is partitioned and presumably inactivated upon integration. The integrated MGE is then trapped into the chromosome. The evolutionary benefits of this suicide activity are puzzling. I identified 62 related suicidal hyperthermophilic integrases and reconstructed their evolutionary history. They are highly prevalent and recruited by diverse MGE. I also showed that one of these integrases can catalyze in vitro site-specific recombination at near boiling water temperature, representing an advantage in hyperthermophilic environments
Aouad, Monique. "Phylogenomic study of the evolutionary history of the Archaea and their link with eukaryogenesis." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1246.
Full textThe burst of sequencing data has helped disentangling most of the phylogenetic relationships in Archaea. Nevertheless, many questions remain to be addressed both at the level of the archaeal domain and at the level of the three domains of life. Among them, the phylogenetic relationships inside the cluster II, in particular the position of extreme halophilic archaeal lineages relatively to the methanogens which have been placed at different positions in the tree based on the different markers and reconstruction models used, as well as the position of the root of the Archaea and the position of the eukaryotes in the light of the newly sequenced archaeal lineages. During my thesis, I have contributed to (i) refine the phylogeny of the archaeal domain by focusing on the phylogenetic relationships among the cluster II Archaea, in particular the positions of the extreme halophilic lineages through dedicated analyses focusing on this specific part of the archaeal tree, and (ii) establish a global phylogeny of the Archaea to understand their early evolutionary history and their link with the eukaryotes through a large-scale two-step phylogenomic analysis at the level of the three domains of life. First, using comparative genomics approaches on 155 complete genomes belonging to the Halobacteria, Nanohaloarchaea, methanogens class II, Archaeoglobales, and Diaforarchaea, I have identified 258 proteins carrying a reliable phylogenetic signal to investigate the position of the extreme halophilic lineages in Archaea. By combining different approaches limiting the impact of non-phylogenetic signal on phylogenetic inference (like the Slow Fast method and the recoding of amino acids), I showed that the Nanohaloarchaea branch with Methanocellales, and Halobacteria branch with Methanomicrobiales. This dataset has been subsequently used to investigate the position of a third extreme halophilic lineage, the Methanonatronarchaeia, which I showed to branch in between the Archaeoglobales and Diaforarchaea. These results suggest that adaption to high salinity emerged at least three times independently in Archaea, and that the phenotypic similarities observed in Nanohaloarchaea, Halobacteria, and Methanonatronarchaeia likely result from convergent evolution, possibly accompanied by horizontal gene transfers. Finally, these results suggest that the basal grouping of Nanohaloarchaea with other DPANN lineages is likely the consequence of a tree reconstruction artefact. For the second part of my thesis, I have applied a strategy consisting in separately analyzing the three domains of life two by two, by updating 72 protein families previously identified by Raymann and colleagues (2015) to include all novel archaeal lineages that were sequenced since the publication of this study like the Asgard, the DPANN, the Stygia, the Acherontia, etc. In total, my taxonomic sampling includes 435 archaea, 18 eukaryotes, and 67 bacteria. The results of the Slow-Fast method supported a root of the Archaea lying between a basal DPANN superphylum and the rest of the Archaea separated into two monophyletic groups: the cluster I and cluster II as described by Raymann and colleagues (2015), and showed that the monophyly of the Euryarchaeota is supported only by the fast-evolving sites. My results also placed the eukaryotes as the sister group to the TACK superphylum and showed that their sister grouping with the Asgard is linked to the fast-evolving sites. These results have major implications on the inferences of the nature of the last common archaeal ancestor and the subsequent evolutionary history of this domain that led to the rise of the first eukaryotic cell
Raymann, Kasie. "Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships between archaea and eukaryotes : a phylogenomic approach." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066605/document.
Full textIt is widely accepted that there exist an evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukaryotes, but the exact nature of this relationship is hotly debated. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through two complementary phylogenomic approaches: (i) the analysis of a specific archaeal cellular system with an evolutionary link to eukaryotes, and (ii) a large-scale phylogenomic analysis at the level of the three domains of life. In the first study, I carried out a detailed analysis of a cellular system with an evolutionary link between Archaea and Eukaryotes, DNA replication. I performed an exhaustive phylogenomic analysis of the components of DNA replication in all complete archaeal genomes. This allowed me to accurately assign them in terms of orthology, paralogy, horizontal gene transfers, and copies originating from mobile elements. My results provide a full picture of the diversity of DNA replication among different lineages, and allowed me to infer the presence of a modern-type DNA replication machinery in the last archaeal common ancestor. I was able to clarify the evolutionary history that shaped this key cellular machinery during archaeal diversification. My study allowed me to highlight a new set of markers that provide information on yet unclear evolutionary relationships within archaea. In addition, I analyzed, for the first time, the phylogenetic signal carried by DNA replication components. This is highly consistent with that harbored by two other key informational machineries, translation and transcription, strengthening the existence of a robust organismal tree for the Archaea. Finally, most of the components inferred to have been present in the archaeal ancestor are shared with eukaryotes, allowing discussion on the evolutionary relationships between Archaea and Eukaryotes
Raymann, Kasie. "Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships between archaea and eukaryotes : a phylogenomic approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066605.pdf.
Full textIt is widely accepted that there exist an evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukaryotes, but the exact nature of this relationship is hotly debated. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through two complementary phylogenomic approaches: (i) the analysis of a specific archaeal cellular system with an evolutionary link to eukaryotes, and (ii) a large-scale phylogenomic analysis at the level of the three domains of life. In the first study, I carried out a detailed analysis of a cellular system with an evolutionary link between Archaea and Eukaryotes, DNA replication. I performed an exhaustive phylogenomic analysis of the components of DNA replication in all complete archaeal genomes. This allowed me to accurately assign them in terms of orthology, paralogy, horizontal gene transfers, and copies originating from mobile elements. My results provide a full picture of the diversity of DNA replication among different lineages, and allowed me to infer the presence of a modern-type DNA replication machinery in the last archaeal common ancestor. I was able to clarify the evolutionary history that shaped this key cellular machinery during archaeal diversification. My study allowed me to highlight a new set of markers that provide information on yet unclear evolutionary relationships within archaea. In addition, I analyzed, for the first time, the phylogenetic signal carried by DNA replication components. This is highly consistent with that harbored by two other key informational machineries, translation and transcription, strengthening the existence of a robust organismal tree for the Archaea. Finally, most of the components inferred to have been present in the archaeal ancestor are shared with eukaryotes, allowing discussion on the evolutionary relationships between Archaea and Eukaryotes
Lombard, Jonathan. "Origines et évolution des voies de synthèse des phospholipides dans les trois domaines du vivant. Implications pour la nature des membranes du cenancêtre." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819686.
Full textGhanmi, Fadoua. "Production, purification et caractérisation de peptides antimicrobiens d’archées halophiles isolées de la saline de Sfax en Tunisie." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0016/document.
Full textThe solar saltern of Sfax is a hypersaline located in the central area of the eastern coast of Tunisia. In this study, we isolated, identified, and characterized halophilic strains producing antimicrobial peptides (halocins), aiming to understand their role in microbial interactions in hypersaline environments. Two ponds (TS18, 390 g.L-1 NaCl and M1, 200 g.L-1 NaCl) were selected for sampling. Thirty-five halophilic strains have been isolated and characterized, among which 11 displayed antimicrobial activity. Three of them produced antimicrobial substances of proteinaceous nature. Using PCR and RT-PCR, we have demonstrated that Halobacterium salinarum ETD5 and ETD8 express the gene encoding halocin S8, a 3.6 kDa peptide previously isolated from a strain S8 unidentified. The peptide was purified from cultures of strain Hbt. salinarum ETD5. Following bioguided purification, the active fractions revealed two protein bands of 8 and 14 kDa exhibiting antimicrobial activity. N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses allowed identification of these two halocins. The 8 kDa band corresponds to halocin S8, undergoing a different proteolytic post-translational processing from that originallydescribed. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the precursor of halocin S8 showed that the sequence is identical for both strains ETD5 and S8a. The 14 kDa band is a new halocin termed halocin S14. Halocin S14 corresponds to an N-terminally truncated portion of the archaeal Mnsuperoxide dismutase (SOD). This could result from divergent evolution of a gene encoding two distinct proteins, or a different post-translational processing of SOD. Our study helps to better understand which molecules are involved in microbial interactions within hypersaline environments and and how they contribute to the competitions in such extreme environments, which are susceptible to give rise to original structures and modes of action
Megrian, Nuñez Daniela. "Phylogenomic approaches to uncover the diversity and evolution of the bacterial cell envelope." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS349.
Full textThe bacterial envelope is one of the oldest and most fundamental cellular structures. Yet, many aspects of its diversity and evolutionary history are unknown. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through a large-scale phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses at the level of Bacteria. The two goals of this doctoral work were (i) to identify putative new diderm lineages in the Firmicutes to illuminate the monoderm/diderm transition, and (ii) to elucidate the evolutionary history of the cell envelope in Bacteria and infer its nature in the LBCA. To sum up, the results I obtained during this thesis provide a timely and significant advancement to our understanding of the diversity and evolution of the cell envelope, and on one of the major transitions in the history of Bacteria, that between monoderms and diderms
Groussin, Mathieu. "Résurrection du passé à l’aide de modèles hétérogènes d’évolution des séquences protéiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10201/document.
Full textThe molecular reconstruction and resurrection of ancestral proteins is the major issue tackled in this thesis manuscript. While fossil molecular data are almost nonexistent, phylogenetic methods allow to estimate what were the most likely ancestral protein sequences along a phylogenetic tree describing the relationships between extant sequences. With these ancestral sequences, several biological hypotheses can be tested, from the evolution of protein function to the inference of ancient environments in which the ancestors were adatapted. These probabilistic estimations of ancestral sequences depend on substitution models giving the different probabilities of substitution between all pairs of amino acids. Classicaly, substitution models assume in a simplistic way that the evolutionary process remains homogeneous (constant) among sites of the multiple sequence alignment or between lineages. During the last decade, several methodological improvements were realised, with the description of substitution models allowing to account for the heterogeneity of the process among sites and in time. During my thesis, I developed new heterogeneous substitution models in Maximum Likelihood that were proved to better fit the data than any other homogeneous or heterogeneous models. I also demonstrated their better performance regarding the accuracy of ancestral sequence reconstruction. With the use of these models to reconstruct or resurrect ancestral proteins, my coworkers and I showed the adapation to temperature is a major determinant of evolutionary rates in Archaea. Furthermore, we also deciphed the nature of the phylogenetic signal informing substitution models to infer a non-parsimonious scenario for the adaptation to temperature during early Life on Earth, with a non-hyperthermophilic last universal common ancestor living at lower temperatures than its two descendants. Finally, we showed that the use of heterogeneous models allow to improve the functionality of resurrected proteins, opening the way to a better understanding of evolutionary mechanisms acting on biological sequences
Petitjean, Celine. "Phylogénie et évolution des Archaea, une approche phylogénomique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070633.
Full textDenise, Rémi. "Co-option de systèmes moléculaires complexes de la membrane bactérienne et archéenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS602.
Full textProcess of molecular innovation require tinkering and the co-option of existing genes. But this process remains poorly understood on long evolutionary scales. During this thesis, I analyzed the evolutionary history of a large group of molecular membrane systems associated with bacteria and archaea - the superfamily of type IV filaments (TFF-SF) - that have diversified into systems involved in flagellar or contraction motility, adhesion, protein secretion, natural transformation.... I have developed tools and methods that have allowed me to identify these systems in all phyla of two of the kingdoms of life, and their phylogeny suggests that they may have been present in the last universal common ancestor. TFF-SF was then diversified by multiple gene duplications, fission of the gene from the integral membrane platform, and accretion of new components. Surprisingly, I found that Tad systems originated from the interkingdom transfer from Archaea to Bacteria of a system similar to the Epd pilus. The phylogeny and the content of ancestral systems suggest that the initial bacterial pili were involved in cellular motility and/or DNA transformation. On the other hand, specialized protein secretion systems appeared much later. All these processes of functional diversification have been accompanied by genetic rearrangements with implications for genetic regulation and horizontal gene transfer. Overall, the evolutionary history of TFF-SF reveals an impressive catalogue of the variety of molecular mechanisms involved in the origin of new functions through tinkering and co-optation of cellular machineries
Tawaf, Mohammed Ali. "L'évolution de la politique d'archivage au Yémen, des origines (années 1960) jusqu'aux évolutions technologiques actuelles." Thesis, Paris, Ecole nationale des chartes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENCP0002.
Full textFor centuries, Yemeni institutions have not shown particular interest in their archives. The country was isolated from the outside world by British colonization in the South and the Ottoman occupation in the North. After the 1962 revolution, however, the need for organized and accessible archives has developed. This led to the creation in 1991 of the National Archives Centre (CNA). The Centre has improved the situation.This thesis aims at studying the interest shown by the Yemeni State in archival heritage. It starts with the history and the development of archives management in the ministries and governmental institutions of Yemen from the 1962 revolution to the current situation.It sheds light on the creation of the National Archives in Yemen and its international partnership with such institutions as UNESCO, ICA, French Directorate of Archives and Tunisian National Archives. It investigates the way new technologies are implemented in order to enable researchers and citizens to access to archives in a country such as Yemen. Moreover, it sheds light on the records management inside the Yemeni institutions. This practical has been commonly implemented since the creation of the National Archives Centre. This Centre has been the focus of this research. Suggestions are given for the development of its activities.Therefore, this thesis main topics are:- the history and administrative organization of Yemen ;- the archival practice and legacy in Yemen until the country’s reunification in 1990 ;- the origins and subsequent development of the National Archives Centre (CNA) ;- the CNA’s goals, functioning and assessment of its activities from 1994 up to nowadays ;- the archival functions in the producing governmental institutions.Events unfolding in Yemen since 2011 have challenged all these advances. The war did not only exhaust State’s funding. Warlike operations have also destroyed holdings and buildings, bringing the CNA to complete paralysis. This dissertation is concluded by an assessment of the archives current situation in Yemen
ملخصلعدة قرون، لم يكن لدى اليمن أي مؤسسة أرشيفية، لأنها معزولة عن العالم الخارجي بسبب الاحتلال في شمال البلاد والاحتلال البريطاني في الجنوب. منذ ثورة 1962 ظهرت الحاجة إلى أرشيفات منظمة تنظيماً جيداً وسهل الوصول إليها، وقد أدى إنشاء المركز الوطني للوثائق (المركز الوطني للأرشيف) عام 1991 إلى تحسين الوضع إلى حد كبير.الهدف من هذه الرسالة هو دراسة اهتمام الدولة اليمنية للتراث الوثائقي والأرشيفي، وتشير الرسالة إلى تاريخ وتطور التوثيق والارشفة في الوزارات والمؤسسات الحكومية اليمنية منذ الثورة من عام 1962 وحتى اليوم. وكذلك تقدم إنشاء المركز الوطني للوثائق بمساعدة الشركاء الدوليين بما في ذلك اليونسكو والمجلس الدولي للأرشيف، إدارة الارشيف الفرنسي والأرشيف الوطني التونسي. وتدرس مدى تطبيق التكنولوجيا الجديدة على الارشيفات التي تمكن الباحثين والموطنين من الوصول إليها. وتعرض تنظيم الارشيف الجاري والوسيط في الوزارات والمؤسسات الحكومية التي ظهرت كمفهوم وممارسة منذ إنشاء المركز الوطني للوثائق. وحول نشاطاتها وتطبيقاتها التي وضعت للمراقبة والمسوحات الوثائقية والرؤية وبعض المقترحات لتنظيم الارشيف الجاري والوسيط. وتستند مشاكل ألأطروحة حول خمس نقاط : - التاريخ التنظيمي للإدارة ونشأت الارشيف في اليمن.- التقاليد الأرشيفية في اليمن قبل الوحدة عام 1990.- تأسيس وتطوير المركز الوطني للوثائق (cna).- مهام ونشاطات وتقييم المركز الوطني للوثائق (من 1994 إلى اليوم).- وظيفة الأرشيف لدى المنتجين للوثائق (المؤسسات الحكومية).وللأسف بأن الاحداث التي وقعت في اليمن منذ عام 2011 غيرت كل هذه التطورات في مجال الارشيف. لهذا جفت وقلت المصادر التمويل الحكومية وكذلك تدمير جزء من مبنى المركز وجزء من الرصيد الوثائقي فروع المركز بعدن وحضرموت وبعض ارشيفات الجهات والوزارات الحكومية، مما أدى الى شلل كامل للمركز الوطني للوثائق.الكلمات المفتاحية اليمن – الأرشيف – محفوظات – إدارة السجلات - تثمين - تشريعات الارشيف – تشريع المحفوظات - لوائح الارشيف - الارشيف العسكري – الأرشيف الجاري – الأرشيف الوسيط – الأرشيف التاريخي - المحفوظات الجارية - المحفوظات الوسيطة - المحفوظات التاريخية - - المركز الوطني للوثائق
Tawaf, Mohammed Ali. "L'évolution de la politique d'archivage au Yémen, des origines (années 1960) jusqu'aux évolutions technologiques actuelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Ecole nationale des chartes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENCP0002.
Full textFor centuries, Yemeni institutions have not shown particular interest in their archives. The country was isolated from the outside world by British colonization in the South and the Ottoman occupation in the North. After the 1962 revolution, however, the need for organized and accessible archives has developed. This led to the creation in 1991 of the National Archives Centre (CNA). The Centre has improved the situation.This thesis aims at studying the interest shown by the Yemeni State in archival heritage. It starts with the history and the development of archives management in the ministries and governmental institutions of Yemen from the 1962 revolution to the current situation.It sheds light on the creation of the National Archives in Yemen and its international partnership with such institutions as UNESCO, ICA, French Directorate of Archives and Tunisian National Archives. It investigates the way new technologies are implemented in order to enable researchers and citizens to access to archives in a country such as Yemen. Moreover, it sheds light on the records management inside the Yemeni institutions. This practical has been commonly implemented since the creation of the National Archives Centre. This Centre has been the focus of this research. Suggestions are given for the development of its activities.Therefore, this thesis main topics are:- the history and administrative organization of Yemen ;- the archival practice and legacy in Yemen until the country’s reunification in 1990 ;- the origins and subsequent development of the National Archives Centre (CNA) ;- the CNA’s goals, functioning and assessment of its activities from 1994 up to nowadays ;- the archival functions in the producing governmental institutions.Events unfolding in Yemen since 2011 have challenged all these advances. The war did not only exhaust State’s funding. Warlike operations have also destroyed holdings and buildings, bringing the CNA to complete paralysis. This dissertation is concluded by an assessment of the archives current situation in Yemen
ملخصلعدة قرون، لم يكن لدى اليمن أي مؤسسة أرشيفية، لأنها معزولة عن العالم الخارجي بسبب الاحتلال في شمال البلاد والاحتلال البريطاني في الجنوب. منذ ثورة 1962 ظهرت الحاجة إلى أرشيفات منظمة تنظيماً جيداً وسهل الوصول إليها، وقد أدى إنشاء المركز الوطني للوثائق (المركز الوطني للأرشيف) عام 1991 إلى تحسين الوضع إلى حد كبير.الهدف من هذه الرسالة هو دراسة اهتمام الدولة اليمنية للتراث الوثائقي والأرشيفي، وتشير الرسالة إلى تاريخ وتطور التوثيق والارشفة في الوزارات والمؤسسات الحكومية اليمنية منذ الثورة من عام 1962 وحتى اليوم. وكذلك تقدم إنشاء المركز الوطني للوثائق بمساعدة الشركاء الدوليين بما في ذلك اليونسكو والمجلس الدولي للأرشيف، إدارة الارشيف الفرنسي والأرشيف الوطني التونسي. وتدرس مدى تطبيق التكنولوجيا الجديدة على الارشيفات التي تمكن الباحثين والموطنين من الوصول إليها. وتعرض تنظيم الارشيف الجاري والوسيط في الوزارات والمؤسسات الحكومية التي ظهرت كمفهوم وممارسة منذ إنشاء المركز الوطني للوثائق. وحول نشاطاتها وتطبيقاتها التي وضعت للمراقبة والمسوحات الوثائقية والرؤية وبعض المقترحات لتنظيم الارشيف الجاري والوسيط. وتستند مشاكل ألأطروحة حول خمس نقاط : - التاريخ التنظيمي للإدارة ونشأت الارشيف في اليمن.- التقاليد الأرشيفية في اليمن قبل الوحدة عام 1990.- تأسيس وتطوير المركز الوطني للوثائق (cna).- مهام ونشاطات وتقييم المركز الوطني للوثائق (من 1994 إلى اليوم).- وظيفة الأرشيف لدى المنتجين للوثائق (المؤسسات الحكومية).وللأسف بأن الاحداث التي وقعت في اليمن منذ عام 2011 غيرت كل هذه التطورات في مجال الارشيف. لهذا جفت وقلت المصادر التمويل الحكومية وكذلك تدمير جزء من مبنى المركز وجزء من الرصيد الوثائقي فروع المركز بعدن وحضرموت وبعض ارشيفات الجهات والوزارات الحكومية، مما أدى الى شلل كامل للمركز الوطني للوثائق.الكلمات المفتاحية اليمن – الأرشيف – محفوظات – إدارة السجلات - تثمين - تشريعات الارشيف – تشريع المحفوظات - لوائح الارشيف - الارشيف العسكري – الأرشيف الجاري – الأرشيف الوسيط – الأرشيف التاريخي - المحفوظات الجارية - المحفوظات الوسيطة - المحفوظات التاريخية - - المركز الوطني للوثائق
Chirouze, François. "Exhumation et évolution du drainage himalayen depuis 15 Ma. Apport des archives sédimentaires." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU006.
Full textFrom west to east along the Himalayan range, exhumation rates are variable and remain poorly constrained for the most part, especially in the eastern part of the mountain belt. To better understand their variability and to determine the influence of climatic and tectonic control, this thesis investigates the evolution of the range thanks to samples collected from three sections located in the eastern, central and western parts of the Mio-Pliocene Himalayan foreland basin. In these sections, sediment depositional ages were determined using magnetostratigraphy. Sediment provenance and contribution of the main litho-tectonic source-rock units were identified using geochemical analyses (Nd), while exhumation rates were determined with detrital apatite and zircon thermochronology. In the eastern part of the Himalaya, our results from the Kameng section in Arunachal Pradesh suggest that the surface uplift of both the Shillong Plateau and the Indo-Burman range have pushed the Brahmaputra River to the north, in front of the Himalayan range at about 7 Ma. Miocene-Pliocene exhumation rates inferred from detrital thermochronology are on the order of 1.7 km/Myr for the fastest exhuming areas, which is close to the rates reported for the central part of the range. Therefore, the distribution of precipitation, as well as the Shillong Plateau uplift which may have modified the convergence rate between the Indian and Eurasian plates, seem to have minor influence on the exhumation of eastern Himalaya. However, the onset of contrasting exhumation seems to have begun somewhat earlier than in the western and central parts of the range. In addition, our results highlight a 3 Myr time-lag between the installation of the Brahmaputra as a trunk river in the eastern syntaxes, and the onset of a fast exhumation there. Within the central part of the Himalaya, our work along the Muksar section in eastern Nepal documents lateral variations in exhumation rates, as western Nepal has been exhuming rapidly since 13 Ma, whereas the onset of fast exhumation seems to have occured later in eastern Nepal. Our results from the Chinji section in Pakistan, in western Himalaya, suggest that the Indus drainage network in the foreland basin has been stable since the middle Miocene. However, the Himalayan source contribution has been increasing since the Pliocene all along the western part of the range, and this suggests that a drastic change in the exhumation dynamics of the range occurred at that time. The Himalayan exhumation seems to be divided into independent segments along the range. The lateral variability in exhumation rates and timing of changes in exhumation rates do not seem to be linked to climatic change, which should produce a global response of the range. The exhumation dynamics is more likely to be linked to the tectonics structuring the wedge, possibly controlled by the crustal heterogeneity within the Indian plate
Flament, Nicolas. "Refroidissement séculaire de la Terre solide, émergence des continents, et évolution des enveloppes externes de la Terre." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENSL0550.
Full textThe secular cooling of the mantle and of the continental lithosphere trigger an increase in the area of emerged land. The corollary increase in weathering and erosion processes has major consequences for the evolution of Earth's external envelopes. We developed a physical model to evaluate the area of emerged land as a function of mantle temperature, continental area, and of the distribution of continental elevations. Our numerical results show that less than 15% of Earth's surface consisted of emerged land by the end of the Archaean. This is consistent with many geological and geochemical observations. To estimate the secular cooling of the continental lithosphere, we combined thermo-mechanical models with eld observations. Our results, constrained by geological data, suggest that the Moho temperature has decreased by ~ 200ºC over 2. 7 Ga in the Pilbara Craton. To evaluate the effect of continental growth on the evolution of the area of emerged land, we developed a model based on published thermal evolution models. Our results suggest that the area of emerged land was less than 5% of Earth's surface in the Archaean, and that it does not depend on crustal growth. This allows to reconcile the evolution of oceanic 87Sr/86Sr with early crustal growth models. Continents are enriched in phosphorus, which is essential to the biosphere. The emergence of the continents would thus have triggered an increase in the production of oxygen by photosynthetic micro-organisms, possibly contributing to the oxidation of the atmosphere 2. 4 Ga ago
Etienne, David. "Les mardelles intra-forestières de Lorraine : origines, archives paléo-environnementales, évolutions dynamiques et gestion conservatoire." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10094/document.
Full textWithin the ancient oak-hornbeam-beech forests of the Plateau Lorrain, there are thousands of closed wet depressions called Mardelles. The question of their origin (natural or anthropogenic) has been debated for over 150 years, but they have not been the focus of any integrated study yet. LiDAR surveys in the region Dieuze-Sarrebourg (Moselle), reveal a dense network of Mardelles, of similar size, spaced regularly and frequently enclosed in a fossil agricultural cadastre. Geological surveys and excavations of Mardelles show that their distribution is not related to the presence of soluble materials (salt, gypsum) in the basement or karst collapses, their sedimentary infilling sealing the marl-limestone substrate in place. The pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating shows that they were formed in an open landscape in the second Iron Age or Roman Period corroborating they were dug by man, for reasons as yet hypothetical, but certainly related the agricultural development of these areas. The pollen analysis shows significant changes of uses of these landscapes, with mainly pastures in the Gallo-Roman time, agriculture in the medieval period and forestry during the modern period. These wet depressions are now colonized by alder swamps or peat bogs. The pollen analyses identify the different phases of filling and associated vegetation that colonized these ponds since their inception. Thus, the present floristic biodiversity associated with these Mardelles result from their creation by man in antiquity, and the impact of the many changes that occurred in the surrounding landscape in the last two millennia
Blais, Sylvain. "Les ceintures de roches vertes archéennes de Finlande Orientale : Géologie, pétrologie, géochimie et évolution géodynamique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594697.
Full textLouchart, Antoine. "Oiseaux insulaires : le cas du pléistocène de Corse et son contexte, écologie, évolution, biogéographie et extinctions." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10209.
Full textBerthon, Jonathan. "Etude de la réplication de l'ADN chez les Archaea." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344124.
Full textPremièrement, j'ai essayé de purifier la protéine initiatrice de la réplication Cdc6/Orc1, sous une forme native, dans l'espoir de mettre au point le premier système de réplication de l'ADN in vitro chez les Archaea. Malheureusement, cette approche a été infructueuse en raison de l'instabilité et des propriétés d'agrégation de la protéine.
Deuxièmement, j'ai réalisé une analyse comparative du contexte génomique des gènes de réplication dans les génomes d'Archaea. Cette analyse nous a permis d'identifier une association très conservée entre des gènes de la réplication et des gènes liés au ribosome. Cette organisation suggère l'existence d'un mécanisme de couplage entre la réplication de l'ADN et la traduction. De manière remarquable, des données expérimentales obtenues chez des modèles bactériens et eucaryotes appuient cette idée. J'ai ensuite mis au point des outils expérimentaux qui permettront d'éprouver la pertinence biologique de certaines des prédictions effectuées.
Finalement, j'ai examiné la distribution taxonomique des gènes de la réplication dans les génomes d'Archaea afin de prédire la composition probable de la machinerie de réplication de l'ADN chez le dernier ancêtre commun des Archaea. Dans leur ensemble, les profils phylétiques des gènes de la réplication suggèrent que la machinerie ancestrale était plus complexe que celle des organismes archéens contemporains.
Giuriati, Tommaso. "Les évolutions contemporaines du Milieu français (1994-2006). Une étude des archives de la Cour d'Appel d'Aix-en-Provence." Thesis, Corte, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CORT0018.
Full text: Based on the notion of criminal milieu and mafia, thethesis examines 94 cases of criminal conspiracy tried at the Court of Appeal of Aix-en-Provence todescribe the evolution of French organized crime, particularly Corso-Marseille. The latter is reputedto be the most important in France, thanks to its long-standing presence and its indigenousorganisation. We wish to confront the French notion of "grand banditism" with the internationalnotions of "organised crime" and "mafia", in order to understand the evolution of these groups interms of organisation, networks and power.In the first part, after presenting the methodology, the myths that inform much of the generalliterature on social change in criminal groups are reviewed, followed by an analysis of recentlegislation concerning criminal groups. The second examines the social composition of the populationconstructed from the records, the structure of criminal enterprises and the network structure definedby these groups.Among the main results, the thesis shows the presence of extra-legal forms of governance in theFrench illicit markets, where the position of authority is highlighted by the detection of structural holeswithin the general network, which represents a first form of mafia-like organisation in several AngloSaxon and Italian studies
Adam, Panagiotis. "Life before oxygen : linking phylogenomics and paleogeochemistry to unravel the nature and function of microbiota in the early Archean." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC153.
Full textLife on Earth emerged during the Archean Eon (4-2.5 billion years ago). At the time the oceans and atmosphere were anoxic, and oxygen rose at the end of the Eon as a result of oxygenic photosynthesis, in what is known as the Great Oxygenation Event. Anaerobic microorganisms and metabolisms are expected to have operated at the time. However, the specifics are poorly understood, since the fossil record is scarce. The fractionation of stable carbon isotopes is often used as a criterion of biogenicity but also to interpret possible metabolic processes. Such fractionations can arise from at least six to eight different carbon fixation pathways. I took advantage of the newly available microbial diversity, and applied a phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history of carbon fixation pathways, and determine their relative order of emergence. The aim was to deduce which ones would have been responsible for the isotopic signatures in the lower Archean (before 3.2 billion years). In the first Chapter, I reviewed the recent literature on the diversity, ecology, and evolution of Archaea. I constructed a well-resolved reference phylogeny taking into account all the novel lineages, for which genomic information has recently become available. I assigned names to some of them, as well as to some of the taxonomic units that were recovered from the phylogeny. Then I examined the distribution of genes that have been used in the past as taxonomic markers for the Archaea. Similarly, in Chapter 2, I constructed well-resolved bacterial phylogenies using different datasets, and used them to map the distribution of potential marker genes. I then discussed the taxonomic classification of Bacteria above phylum level, and the position of some possibly deep-branching phyla. From these endeavors, I gleaned highly resolved phylogenies of Bacteria and Archaea which were then used to map the evolution of carbon fixation pathways. Next, I analyzed the evolution of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. It is believed to be the most ancient form of carbon fixation but its origins have been controversial. I assembled local databanks of over 6400 genomes of Bacteria and Archaea encompassing all their known diversity. These were used to perform exhaustive homology searches for the components of the carbonyl (Chapter 3) and tetrahydromethanoperin (H4MPT; Chapter 4) methyl branches. A functional form of the carbonyl branch was found to date back to the Last Universal Common Ancestor. It was then inherited mostly vertically across Bacteria and Archaea with its genes remaining co-localized, except for a few rare intra and interdomain transfers. The H4MPT branch seems to have originated in Archaea and was subsequently transferred to Bacteria where its original role was probably related with hydrogen syntrophy or as a carbon assimilation electron sink. Afterward, through gene gains and losses linking the branch with other pathways, it came to be used in anaerobic methylotrophy and formaldehyde detoxification, and finally in aerobic methylotrophy. These results highlight a presence of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway throughout the Archean, and also allow me to discuss possible inferences on the composition of the atmosphere and the interpretation of some late Archean carbon isotopic signatures.Finally, in Chapter 5, I attempt to determine the earliest possible origin for the remaining carbon fixation pathways (Calvin-Benson-Bassham, Reductive Hexulose Phosphate, reverse Krebs, 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate, dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate), by studying the evolution of their marker genes. I managed to deduce some possible constraints about the presence of these pathways in the Archean. My results contribute to expanding our knowledge on early life, the Last Universal Common Ancestor, and the evolution of carbon fixation. They also shed light on the processes on the Archean Earth from the perspective of microbial evolution
Talfournier, François. "Caractérisation de la Glycéraldéhyde-3-Phosphate Déshydrogénase (GAPDH) phosphorylante isolée d'une archae et étude comparative avec les GAPDH isolées de bactéries." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10320.
Full textLi, Ke. "Exploring Topic Evolution in Large Scientific Archives with Pivot Graphs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS043.
Full textThere is an increasing demand for practical tools to explore the evolution of scientific research published in bibliographic archives such as the Web of Science, arXiv, PubMed or ISTEX. Revealing meaningful evolution patterns from these document archives has many applications and can be extended to synthesize narratives from datasets across multiple domains, including news stories, research papers, legal cases and works of literature. In this thesis, we propose a data model and query language for the visualization and exploration of topic evolution networks. Our model is independent of a particular topic extraction and alignment method and proposes a set of semantic and structural metrics for characterizing and filtering meaningful topic evolution patterns. These metrics are particularly useful for the visualization and the exploration of large topic evolution networks. We also present a prototype implementation of our model on top of Apache Spark and experimental results obtained for four representative document archives
Martin, Hervé. "Nature, origine et évolution d'un segment de croûte continentale archéenne : contraintes chimiques et isotopiques. Exemple de la Finlande orientale." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00655973.
Full textPerrette, Yves. "Etude de la structure interne des stalagmites : contribution à la connaissance géographique des évolutions environnementales du Vercors (France) : développement et application d'une approche multiparamètre des archives stalagmitiques." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAML008.
Full textBlond, Ninon. "Dynamiques sédimentaires holocènes et terrasses agricoles dans les montagnes du Tigray oriental (Ethiopie) : évolutions, trajectoires et fonctionnement d’un paysage palimpseste depuis 8 500 ans." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2086.
Full textThe northern Tigray (Ethiopia) is characterized by vast plateaus with steeply sloping valleys on their edges. The bottoms of these valleys are now densely cultivated using terraces, water and soil conservation structures. In this mountainous context, archaeological remains from the Aksumite period (1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium CE) have been discovered on Wakarida site. Located on a spur, this small urban settlement raised the question of the relationship between environment, hydro-agricultural facilities and societies. Today, the surrounding valleys are filled by sedimentary accumulations several metres thick, cultivated in terraces. Are these structures the result of the centuries-old transmission of a landscape that could be called "fossil"? The result of the controlled sedimentation undertaken for a long time by the Aksumites and their descendants? The proximity of the structures and of the archaeological remains could suggest this, since the Aksumite culture has similarities with that of the South Arabians, known for their talent in the construction of hydraulic structures.To answer these questions, a systemic methodology was applied. It borrows techniques from geomorphology, geoarchaeology and sedimentology, landscape history and geohistory, and develops ethnoarchaeological and ethno-geomorphological approaches.First, the study of sedimentary accumulations in the valleys of the region makes it possible to highlight the main phases of filling and the various factors controlling detritism, whether biophysical processes (climate change, vegetation cover) or anthropogenic action (deforestation, agriculture). Sediments accumulate from the 7th millennium BCE onwards, under a more humid climate with more regular rainfall than today (African Humid Period). From the 4th millennium BCE onwards, the equilibria changed, leading to the alternation of low and high energy flows. Finally, from the 1st millennium BCE, the influence of human societies became more noticeable in deposits that testify to advanced deforestation from the 13th century AD. No agricultural structure remains were detected in the fillings, which do not result from controlled sedimentation.From the 17th century AD onwards, chronostratigraphic records are missing. Textual and iconographic archives are used to understand the evolution of plant cover and to specify the period of appearance of terraces. They shed light on the position of Wakarida, on the fringes of the Aksum kingdom, following Ethiopian kingdoms and exploration routes. This situation has allowed the persistence of farming techniques over time, some of which date back to the prehistoric period. The only notable exception is the terraces, which are absent from these testimonies. According to the archives, they did not appear in the Tigray until the 1960s.The combination of interviews and archives provides details at the scale of the studied site. The surroundings of Wakarida have recently been repopulated and current structures have been built since the 1990s, in line with agrarian reforms and socio-political events. The terraces of Wakarida reflect the close relationship between economic, social, political and biophysical processes. Their future is now threatened by the regressive erosion that affects the valleys and by the rural exodus that risks breaking the fragile balance between slope, development, cultures and societies.The current structures, which are of recent construction, are therefore based on old fillings that continue to evolve. Thus, the hydroagricultural landscapes of the Wakarida region are not fossil but palimpsest
Romano, Antônio Wilson. "Évolution tectonique de la région nord-ouest du quadrilatère ferrifère : Minas Gerais-Brésil (Géochronologie du socle, aspects géochimiques et pétrographiques des supergroupes Rio Das Velhas et Minas)." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10364.
Full textThonel, D'Orgeix Émilie de. "Évolution du dessin militaire à l'âge classique : esthétique et système de codification académique du dessin militaire vus à travers l'oeuvre des ingénieurs militaires royaux envoyés en Nouvelle-France à l'époque coloniale (1608-1759)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28438.
Full textGrenier, Jean-Christophe. "Phylogénomique des Archées." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5499.
Full textHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) had been demonstrated to play an important role in the evolution of prokaryotes. Their impact on phylogeny was the subject of a heated debate, with some proposing that the concept of a species tree should be abandoned. The phylogeny of prokaryotes does contain a major part of the historical signal, because stable and functional horizontal transmissions appear to be by far rarer than vertical transmissions (tens versus billions). However, the cumulative effect of HGT is non-negligible and can potentially affect phylogenetic inference. Therefore, most researchers base their phylogenetic inference on a low number of rarely transferred genes such as ribosomal proteins, but they assume the selection of the model of evolution as less important, this despite the fact that it has been shown of prime importance for much less deep divergences, e.g. like animals. Here, we used a combination of simulations and of real data from Archaea to study the relative impact of HGT and of the inference methods on the phylogenetic accuracy. Our simulations prove that (1) HGTs have a limited impact on phylogeny, assuming a realistic rate and (2) the supermatrix is much more accurate than the supertree approach. We also observed that more complex models of evolution not only have a better fit to the data, but can also have a direct impact on different phylogenetic groups and on the robustness of the tree. Our results are in contradiction to a recent publication proposing that the Thaumarchaeota are at the base of the Archaeal tree.