Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Évolution bactérienne'
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Chabas, Hélène. "Immunité bactérienne et épidémiologie évolutive des phages." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG042.
Full textLiving organisms face parasites which decrease their fitness and spread into their population. In response, hosts have evolved countless immune defenses that are often circumvented by parasite evolution. These defenses are usually extremely diverse. What is the impact of such genetic diversity on the protection against the evolution of parasites? Answering this question experimentally requires an experimental system in which host genetic diversity and parasite evolution and spreading can be monitored. Phages and bacteria systems are ideal candidates for such studies as their handling is easy in the lab, their life cycle is short and their mutation rates is high. The recent discovery of CRISPR--Cas immunity has opened many possibilities. Indeed, this immunity has the unique property to generate in the same genetic background as the sensitive host, numerous resistant alleles. In addition, it relies on an interference--RNA-like pathway, which results in the precise understanding of phage bypassing and in the ability to predict the targeted sequence. This system hence allows the experimental study of the impact of host genetic diversity on the epidemiology and the evolution of parasites and on antagonist coevolution. In this PhD, we 1) study how the host population composition impacts the probability of an epidemic created by an escape mutant (evolutionary emergence), 2) try to understand the causes of the heterogeneity in durability of resistances and 3) monitor the coevolution dynamic between genetically diverse populations. We show that the composition of the host population impacts the probability of evolutionary emergence: a low resistances diversity with an intermediate proportion of sensitive hosts maximises the probability of evolutionary emergence. Second, we show that CRISPR--Cas resistances are heterogeneous in their durability and this is not explained by the heterogeneity of escape mutants fitness. Third, we show that resistances diversity is conserved in a short term by parasites genetic diversity and that the coevolutionary dynamic is fastened by parasite intra-specific genetic diversity. Finally, we discuss research questions that we find interesting to develop in the near future
Bitar, Nehmé Sami Al. "Les endotoxines du genre Bordetella : structure, évolution et impact sur la virulence bactérienne." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112109.
Full textThe Bordetella genus is actually composed of nine species responsible for respiratory infections. B. pertussis, the agent of whooping cough, is the main model of this thesis along with other species such as B. holmesii and B. avium. Bacterial endotoxins are the major components of Gram-negative bacteria external membrane. From a chemical point of view, they are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) causing a high number of pathophysiological disorders ranging from low fever at weak doses, to lethal endotoxic choc at high ones. Structural analysis of the Bordetellae LPS is the major specialty of our group where the endotoxin structures of most species of the genus were described. It is well-known that lipid A, which constitutes the hydrophobic moiety of LPS, is responsible for the majority of biological activities of these molecules. Thus, any structural change of these molecules has an important impact on host-pathogen recognition, biological activities and bacterial virulence. For example, it has been demonstrated that the specific modification by grafting glucosamine on lipid A phosphate groups plays a major role in modulating the immune response. This structural peculiarity was highlighted by our team first in B. avium, B. bronchiseptica then in B. pertussis; it seems to be a unique trait of Bordetella. It should be noted that pertussis wreaks havoc in developing countries and affects newborns in several others, including France, where this infectious disease causes a significant death toll. The vaccine, which cannot be injected before the age of 2-3 months, could be improved and boosters are not regularly monitored. Experts in the domain have recognized the lack of an antigenic complement to make it more effective. In this thesis, we analyzed the structure of LPS from B. pertussis clinical isolates to study their evolution and adaptation over time along with their potential use in the design of new vaccines. In addition, regarding two strains of B. pertussis, BP338 and BP18-323, we have contributed to the identification of new genes involved in the biosynthesis of GlcN substituting the phosphate groups of the lipid moiety, which helped explaining the difference in the length of the single fatty acid differing between the two strains. The analysis of the influence of these structural elements on the activation of the receptor complex, TLR4/MD-2 sheds new light on the interactions between lipids A and this receptor. Our studies on clinical isolates of B. holmesii, an opportunistic pathogen responsible for pertussis-like illness, show great structural heterogeneity in the lipid A of these isolates. We showed the presence of a specific marker of Bordetella species, namely a fatty acid present only in the lipid A of human isolates. Our works on B. pertussis clinical isolates belonging to pre- and post-vaccine eras and coming from different countries show a loss of genetic material with a deficiency in certain major antigens. We have demonstrated, via physico-chemical methods, that these modifications did not affect the LPS of these isolates. The stability of these antigens and our ability to purify them, allow us to propose that detoxified LPS could be good candidates for improving the effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines. Finally, all structural studies presented in this thesis have provided insight into the regulation of certain genes in response to external stress. Our compiled work on a major pathogen is an important step in deciphering the molecular mechanisms leading to bacterial virulence and adaptation
Denise, Rémi. "Co-option de systèmes moléculaires complexes de la membrane bactérienne et archéenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS602.
Full textProcess of molecular innovation require tinkering and the co-option of existing genes. But this process remains poorly understood on long evolutionary scales. During this thesis, I analyzed the evolutionary history of a large group of molecular membrane systems associated with bacteria and archaea - the superfamily of type IV filaments (TFF-SF) - that have diversified into systems involved in flagellar or contraction motility, adhesion, protein secretion, natural transformation.... I have developed tools and methods that have allowed me to identify these systems in all phyla of two of the kingdoms of life, and their phylogeny suggests that they may have been present in the last universal common ancestor. TFF-SF was then diversified by multiple gene duplications, fission of the gene from the integral membrane platform, and accretion of new components. Surprisingly, I found that Tad systems originated from the interkingdom transfer from Archaea to Bacteria of a system similar to the Epd pilus. The phylogeny and the content of ancestral systems suggest that the initial bacterial pili were involved in cellular motility and/or DNA transformation. On the other hand, specialized protein secretion systems appeared much later. All these processes of functional diversification have been accompanied by genetic rearrangements with implications for genetic regulation and horizontal gene transfer. Overall, the evolutionary history of TFF-SF reveals an impressive catalogue of the variety of molecular mechanisms involved in the origin of new functions through tinkering and co-optation of cellular machineries
Mesnil, Aurélie. "Émergence, dynamique évolutive et écologie de lignées pathogènes de bivalves marins au sein de l’espèce bactérienne Vibrio aestuarianus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS050.
Full textThe oyster Crassostrea gigas is the most cultured species of bivalve in the world and is confronted with infectious diseases involving bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Among these Vibrio, the species V. aestuarianus, initially described in 1983 as a bacterium of estuarine environments, has been associated with mortality of adult oysters in Europe since 2001. In 2012, mortality of adult cockles Cerastoderma edule associated with this species have also been reported. However, the processes leading to the emergence of pathogenic bivalve lineages have remained unknown. During this thesis, we sought to clarify (1) the population structure of V. aestuarianus and their genomic determinants, (2) the evolutionary events that participated in the emergence and evolution of the subspecies, and (3) the habitats, cycles and species sensitive toV. aestuarianus. We have shown that pathogenic V. aestuarianus strains fall into two subspecies withdifferent evolutionary histories. V. aestuarianus francensis, described in 2008, includes pathogenic oyster strains while V. aestuarianus cardii includes pathogenic cockle strains. Both subspecies cause disease in their host populations in summer, and temperature has been identified as a favorable factor for disease development. V. aestuarianus francensis impacts oyster farming and we show that two distinct lineages have spread across Europe for at least 20 years. This subspecies is characterized by low genetic diversity and essentially clonal evolution. Strains of V. aestuarianus francensis have a specialist lifestyle, with a habitat restricted to oysters. One of the events that favored its emergence could be the acquisition and genomic integration of a mobile genetic element containing genes coding for proteins involved in copper export. Currently, the subspecies V. aestuarianus cardii impacts cockles only in France. The phenotypic and genetic diversity in this subspecies is greater than in the subspecies V. aestuarianus francensis. Several genetic groups with different levels of virulence towards cockles could be identified and the comparison of genomes between these groups made it possible to identify potential virulence factors
Moïse, Adeline. "Mise en place et évolution de la paroi cellulaire du péricarpe du fruit de tomate au cours de son développement et de sa maturation." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2008.
Full textFruit texture depends on histology and cell wall architecture, both under genetic and developmental controls. If ripening related cell wall modifications have been well documented with regard to softening, little is known about cell wall construction during early fruit development. Identification of key events and their kinetics with regard to tissue architecture and cell wall development can provide new insights on early phases of texture elaboration. Changes in the pericarp cellular structure during fruit development were first characterized. Cell expansion was shown to occur differently to the location within the pericarp. Analysis of cell wall composition and polysaccharide structure revealed that both are continuously modified during fruit development and not only during the ripening stage. During early stages, the relative high rhamnose content in cell walls indicates a high synthesis of rhamnogalacturonan I next to the one of homogalacturonans. Fine tuning of rhamnogalacturonan I side chains appears to occur from the cell expansion phase until prior the mature green stage. Cell wall polysaccharides remodelling also concerns xyloglucans and (galacto)glucomannans, the major hemicelluloses in tomato cell walls. In situ localization of cell wall polysaccharides in pericarp tissue brings new insights on cell wall construction and architecture. Then, the impact of post-harvest storage conditions on fruit texture from different genotypes was investigated in relation with cell wall changes. An effect of post-harvest conditions was found on pectins. Differences in cell wall composition between genotypes decreased on the course of storage
Bleibtreu, Alexandre. "Rôle des capacités de croissance et de la résistance aux stress dans la virulence extra intestinale d’Escherichia coli : de l’espèce au clone." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077244.
Full textThroughout long evolutionary time, we showed that at the species level the extra intestinal virulence is essentially explained by the number of virulence genes. Using a new collection, collected during the thesis, we have shown that mutations in the rpoS gene are essentially laboratory-acquired and the evolutionary history of rpoS is subjected to a pressure of purifying selection, that it respects the phylogeny of the species and that it follows a "source and sink" model. Moreover, the mode of acquisition is important. Strains responsible for pediatric community-acquired infections showed higher growth capacities officials pediatric nosocomial infection strains. We also showed that the ST131 clone had particularly high growth capacity may explain its spread in the community. In short evolutionary time, we studied vine isolates from a patient during a peritonitis with genetic and phenotypic microheterogeneity and different levels of RpoS. RpoS allele did not affect virulence. So it seems that across evolutionary time short growth capacities are predominant in the variations in virulence observed. Inactivation of virulence offset by increased resilience to stress must confer selective advantages in the unique : environment that is the peritoneal cavity during peritonitis E. Coli. Finally, data from the sequencing of complete genomes of isolates will better understand the mechanisms of microdiversité and its relationship with virulence
Tidjani, Abdoul-Razak. "Évolution génomique au sein d'une population naturelle de Streptomyces." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0159.
Full textStreptomyces are rhizospheric bacteria that contribute to soil fertility (recycling of organic matter), plant growth and health. They have among the largest bacterial genomes (12 Mb) with a high genetic variability. The genome variability, observed at the interspecific level has never been addressed within a population, i.e. between sympatric individuals belonging to the same species (Conspecific strains) within the same ecological niche. The objective of this work was to investigate this diversity in the forest soil ecosystem, to estimate its dynamics and its potential functional roles. After sequencing and comparison of the complete genomes, we observed a wide genomic diversity in terms of size, presence/absence of extrachromosomal elements, but also in terms of presence/absence of genes along the chromosome. A large number of insertion and deletion events (indels) from 1 to 241 genes differentiate individuals in the population. Given the close phylogenetic relationship of these strains, the common ancestor of the population is recent, hence the genomic diversity would result from a massive and rapid gene flux. The high prevalence of integrative and conjugative elements in the population suggests that conjugation could act as a driving force of this diversity. Differential production of specialized metabolites (antibiotics) was also used to estimate the impact of genetic diversity on population’s ecology. We were able to show that this production was linked to strain specific genes and that it may constitute a « public good » for the population. We propose that the rapid evolution of the genome contributes to the maintenance of social cohesion mechanisms within these soil bacteria
Megrian, Nuñez Daniela. "Phylogenomic approaches to uncover the diversity and evolution of the bacterial cell envelope." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS349.
Full textThe bacterial envelope is one of the oldest and most fundamental cellular structures. Yet, many aspects of its diversity and evolutionary history are unknown. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through a large-scale phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses at the level of Bacteria. The two goals of this doctoral work were (i) to identify putative new diderm lineages in the Firmicutes to illuminate the monoderm/diderm transition, and (ii) to elucidate the evolutionary history of the cell envelope in Bacteria and infer its nature in the LBCA. To sum up, the results I obtained during this thesis provide a timely and significant advancement to our understanding of the diversity and evolution of the cell envelope, and on one of the major transitions in the history of Bacteria, that between monoderms and diderms
Dupont, Laurence. "Organisation, expression et évolution des gènes du bactériophage tempéré MV4 de Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30071.
Full textGallois, Alexandre. "Dynamique des extrémités du chromosome linéaire de Streptomyces ambofaciens." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10108/document.
Full textThe Streptomyces are soil bacteria with a large linear chromosome, typically 8 to 10 Mb, high part of G-C bases (72.1% for S. coelicolor) and are subject to a high degree of genetic instability, correlated with the formation of large rearrangement occurring in the terminal chromosomal regions. The analysis of the terminal regions sequences and partial sequence central region of S. ambofaciens ATCC23877 shows that the size of the terminal species-specific regions increases as the phylogenetic distance between compared species increases. The synteny observed between central regions degenerates progressively over several hundreds of kilobases before reaching the terminal species-specific regions. This synteny appears as gradually parceled out by multiple insertions/deletions (indels) of genes. The comparison of the sequences of the Terminal Inverted Repeat (TIR) of two S. ambofaciens strains shows the two strains share the same ancestral boundaries of TIRs. On the other hand, the terminals regions are strain-specific suggesting that exchanges of replicon extremities, potentially plasmidic, have occurred, contributing to the terminal variability observed at the intraspecific level. The mechanisms of double breaks repair or the frequency of these double breaks could be the reasons of this variability. Sometimes, the chromosome becomes dicentric and enters in a break-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle. This cycle is the consequence of a end-to-end fusion of two deleted chromosomes. The analysis of S. ambofaciens DSM40697 strains with a second locus involved in the partitioning narrows the implication of this one in the chromosomic instability and the Streptomyces’ evolution
Bernard, Charles. "Réseaux de communication au sein de communautés microbiennes environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS010.
Full textQuorum sensing systems (QSSs) are genetic systems supporting cell-cell or bacteriophage-bacteriophage communication via the production and the detection of a signal molecule, the extracellular concentration of which reflects the density of the QSS-encoding population. QSSs have a prime importance in the regulation of key biological processes such as virulence, sporulation or biofilm formation in bacteria, conjugation in plasmids or lysogeny in temperate bacteriophages. However, the genetic diversity of QSSs remains largely underexplored and the same holds for the diversity of organisms, plasmids and viruses encoding these systems. Hence, many bacterial and viral density-dependent behaviors likely await to be discovered, some of which could perhaps transform our views of microbial adaptation and of the co-evolution between bacteria and their mobile genetic elements. Specifically, this PhD in evolutionary bioinformatics explores the phylogenetic and functional diversity of quorum sensing using genome and network analysis methods applied to genetic elements traditionally neglected by this research field: genomes of poorly known lineages such as CPRs and DPANNs, environmental metagenomes, viral genomes or plasmids. In particular, this thesis lays the theoretical foundations for the inference of communication networks within environmental microbial communities and includes the development of a new method allowing the identification of QSSs of the RRNPP type (Rap-Rgg-NprR-PlcR-PrgX) that are non-homologous to already known QSSs. This work notably reveals the first bilingual bacteriophages, i.e. encoding two QSSs belonging to different genetic families, as well as the first bacteriophages predicted to manipulate in a density-dependent manner the biology of their bacterial host
Dupont, Chloé. "Achromobacter & Pandoraea : diversité et évolution adaptative de populations persistantes au cours de la mucoviscidose et dans l'environnement." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT105/document.
Full textBacterial persistence involves adaptation to environmental conditions and constraints, sometimes associated with genotype and phenotype diversification of bacterial populations. In the context of chronic infections, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a human disease among the most studied in terms of persistence and adaptation of opportunistic pathogens. Some environmental opportunistic pathogens like Achromobacter and Pandoraea genera are considered as emerging in CF and are able to chronically colonize CF Respiratory Tract (CFRT). Adaptation mechanisms required for colonization and persistence were studied for P. aeruginosa but remain largely unknown for emerging bacteria. We studied Achromobacter spp. persistence in the CFRT of 13 patients and in a dental care unit water network, and Pandoraea pulmonicola persistence in the CFRT of one patient, during colonization periods up to 7 years. In parallel, we studied Achromobacter population genomic and phenotypic diversity in sputum samples from 9 patients. Finally, we made an environmental investigation to study the diversity and the ecology of Achromobacter spp. in household of 3 Achromobacter chronically colonized CF patients. During these studies, Achromobacter and Pandoraea species were identified by molecular methods and genome dynamic and phenotypic diversity were studied.Diversity of Achromobacter species colonizing the CFRT is described and included an undescribed species. Chronically colonized patients had a unique Achromobacter or Pandoraea clone in their CFRT, supporting the initial acquisition of one environmental clone which persists over time. A large genomic and phenotypic diversity has been observed over time and also at the intra-specimen level. A wide antibiotic susceptibility profile diversity was observed within samples and its clinical impact remains to be assessed. Finally, Achromobacter species diversity was observed in patient domestic environment but the Achromobacter clone adapted to the patient CFRT was not isolated. These results suggested that after initial colonization and specialisation the CFRT, colonizing clones might secondarily be unable to survive in the environment.A colonizing clone quickly adapts to the specific local conditions of the CFRT and undergoes intense genomic and phenotypic diversification with genotype specialization to the different ecological niches of the heterogeneous CFRT, resulting in a diversified clonal population. This diversity certainly insures the population persistence according to the “bet hedging” theory stating that regardless of the environmental pressures, a bacteria or a subgroup of bacteria will be able to persist.Key words : Achromobacter, adaptation, antibiotic susceptibility, chronic colonization, Cystic Fibrosis, diversity, ecology, environment, epidemiology, evolution, genomic, Pandoraea, persistence, phenotype, water network
Petitjean, Marie. "Évolution génotypique et phénotypique d'une souche épidémique de Pseudomonas aeruginosa au cours des 11 ans de sa diffusion hospitalière." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCE019/document.
Full textP. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible of hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised patients. Although in-host evolution of P. aeruginosa is well documented, little is known about this pathogen evolution during its spread on a hospital scale. The high-risk multidrug resistant clone ST395 spread among more than 300 patients in the University Hospital of Besançon between 1997 and 2008. We used a WGS approach to identify the origin of the outbreak, the features that could have helped its implantation in our hospital and those associated with the end of the epidemics. The genomes of 54 representative isolates were fully sequenced. The phylogenetic tree indicated two distinct clusters corresponding to two parallel outbreaks. The ancestor of the ST395 clone possibly contaminated our hospital water network during its construction in 1979. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the ST395 strain had a specific genomic island carrying 6 copper transporter genes implicated in copper resistance, correlated with the resistance to this metal which water supply network is made of. The late isolates displayed independent genomic signatures of chronic adaptation in patients (altered LPS and porin OprD, and extinction of MexAB-oprM efflux pump overproduction). Some of these mutations were associated with a decreased in vitro fitness. We hypothesize that the independent emergence of isolates adapted to chronic infection, and thus the accumulation of epidemiological dead-ends, participated to the end of the hospital outbreak of P. aeruginosa ST395
Bouffaud, Marie-Lara. "Histoire évolutive des Poaceae et relations avec la communauté bactérienne rhizosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002644.
Full textGeeraerts, Damien. "Diversité et évolution des systèmes toxine-antitoxine bactériens de classe II." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209762.
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Merda, Déborah. "Histoire évolutive de Xanthomonas arboricola, espèce bactérienne composée de souches pathogènes et commensales." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0028/document.
Full textDeciphering the evolutionary history of bacterial populations associated to plants is necessary to understand diseaseemergence in agroecosystems. The aim of this study is to unveil the evolutionary events responsible for pathogeniclineages or pathovar emergences in Xanthomonas arboricola. This species is composed of both plant pathogenic andcommensal strains Population genetics analyses and gain and loss inferences of virulence factors showed that X. arboricola exhibits an epidemic population structure, within which epidemic clones emerged from a recombinogenic background population following virulence factor acquisition. Population genomics and inference of divergence scenarii between epidemic clones and the network of recombinant strains showed persistence of homologous recombination along divergence of these two groups, with an asymmetric gene flux from pathogenic strains to commensal ones. Finally, evolutionary history of the type three secretion system (T3SS), the main virulence factor in Xanthomonas genus, was studied at genus scale and showed that T3SS was ancestrally acquired and lost in commensal strains. Altogether these analyses allowed us to show that the common ancestor of X.arboricola had virulence factors, and that within commensal strains, some lost these virulence factors whereas others kept the ancestral repertoire. These latter strains have a similar repertoire to that of some pathogenic strains, and could represent a risk for new disease emergence. Functional genomics could allow us to validate these hypotheses
Changey, Frédérique. "Etude de l'évolution du potentiel génétique de populations bactériennes dégradant l'atrazine." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806324.
Full textBernheim, Aude. "The distribution of CRISPR-Cas systems is affected by interactions with DNA repair pathways." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB070/document.
Full textCRISPR-Cas systems confer bacteria and archea an adaptative immunity against phages and other invading genetic elements playing an important role in bacterial evolution. Only 47% of bacterial genomes harbor a CRISPR-Cas system despite their high rate of horizontal transfer. Hypothesis such as the cost of autoimmu- nity or the trade off between a constitutive or an inducible defense system have been put forward to explain this paradox. I propose that the genetic background plays an important role in the process of maintaining a CRISPR-Cas system af- ter its transfer. More precisely I hypothesized that CRISPR-Cas systems interact with DNA repair pathways. To test this idea, we detected DNA repair pathways and CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial genomes and studied their co-occurences. We report both positive and negative associations that we interpret as poten- tial antagonistic or synergistic interactions. We then focused on one interaction to validate our result experimentally and explored molecular mechanisms behind those interactions. My findings give insights on the complex interactions between CRISPR-Cas systems and DNA repair mechanisms in bacteria and provide a first example on the necessity of accommodation of CRISPR-Cas systems to a specific genetic context to be selected and maintained in bacterial genomes
Marchais, Antonin. "Étude de la co-évolution des éléments codants et non-codants des génomes bactériens." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112289.
Full textNon-coding RNAs (ncRNA) form a heterogeneous group of transcribed, non-translated elements that play, through their structure, sequence and mechanistic diversity, an important role in many cellular processes. In recent years, thousands of ncRNA have been experimentally detected in genomes and ncRNAs are now accepted as key components of the cellular biology of Eukaryota, Prokaryota and Archaea. Despite these recent advances, the experimental detection of ncRNAs remains a timeconsuming task and is rarely followed by a functional analysis of the identified transcripts. To address this issue, we developed an in-silico method for ncRNA detection in bacterial genomes, named NAPP - Nucleic Acid Phylogenetic Profiling. This method derives from phylogenetic profiling, a method used to predict the function of unknown proteins. Based on a reference genome sequence, NAPP computes the co-inheritance of coding and non-coding elements in all available bacterial genomes and clusters elements that share a similar phylogenetic history. Several of these clusters are enriched in known ncRNAs, which enables using NAPP as an ncrNA classifier. Performance benchmarks indicate that NAPP predictive accuracy is equivalent to that of methods designed specifically for ncRNA detection. We further validate our predictions by the description of seven new ncRNAs in S. Aureus. We further studied RsaOG, one of the new S. Aureus small RNAs identified by NAPP. RsaOG is highly expressed and specifically conserved in the Staphylococcus genus. This RNA may involve a pseudoknotted structure, a new observation for a trans-acting ncRNA. After a round of computational target predictions, we are now trying to validate RsaOG targets to integrate this small RNA in Staphylococcus physiology. The most attractive feature of NAPP, however, is its intrinsic capacity to provide functional information on the classified elements. Indeed, functional enrichment of coding and non-coding clusters can, in favorable cases, provide clues about the function of unannotated elements in these clusters. Using this type of functional analysis in B. Subtilis, we focused on CsfG, an ncRNA detected by NAPP. Half of the genes in the CsfG cluster are involved in sporulation and we inferred that CsfG could be a sporulation-related RNA. Experimental and in-silico studies confirmed this prediction, demonstrating that CsfG is directly regulated by two Sigma factors sigG and sigF, that are specific to the prespore formation
Cappello, Simone. "Analyse à méso-échelle de l’évolution des hydrocarbures dans l’environnement marin : rôle et optimisation des potentialités biodégradatives des populations bactériennes naturelles." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20021.
Full textRocabert, Charles. "Étude de l'évolution des micro-organismes bactériens par des approches de modélisation et de simulation informatique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI106/document.
Full textVariation and selection are the two core processes of Darwinian Evolution. Yet, both are directly regulated by many processes that are themselves products of evolution. Microorganisms efficiently exploit this ability to dynamically adapt to new conditions. Thus, evolution seems to have optimized its own ability to evolve, as a primary means to react to environmental changes. We call this process evolution of evolution (EvoEvo). EvoEvo covers several aspects of evolution, encompassing major concepts such variability, evolvability, robustness, and open-endedness. Those phenomena are known to affect all levels of organization in bacterial populations. Indeed, understanding EvoEvo requires to study organisms experiencing evolution, and to decipher the evolutive interactions between all the components of the biological system of interest (genomes, biochemical networks, populations, ...). The objective of this thesis was to develop and exploit mathematical and numerical models to tackle different aspects of EvoEvo, in order to produce new knowledge on this topic, in collaboration with partners from diverse fields, including experimental biology, bioinformatics, mathematics and also theoretical and applied informatics. To this aim, we followed two complementary approaches: (i) a population genetics approach to study the evolution of phenotypic noise in directional selection, by extending Fisher's geometric model of adaptation, and (ii) a digital genetics approach to study multi-level evolution. This work was funded by the EvoEvo project, under the European Commission (FP7-ICT-610427)
Dimitriu, Tatiana. "The coevolution of gene mobility and sociality in bacteria." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993436.
Full textCouture, France. "Caractérisation moléculaire et évolution d'un nouveau transposon de classe II (Tn1412), d'un intégron ancestral et des ß-lactamases bactériennes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25230.pdf.
Full textTendeng, Christian. "Structure-fonction-évolution des protéines H-NS chez les bactéries à coloration de Gram négatif." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS0028.
Full textThe H-NS protein of Escherichia coli controls the expression of various genes involved in adaptation to environmental challenges. But the function of H-NS in bacterial metabolism remains elusive. Taking advantage of serine susceptibility, we have characterized more than ten H-NS related proteins in other bacteria like Vibrio cholerae. Among them, the characterization of the Psychrobacter H-NS protein from a psychrophilic bacteria reveals the crucial role of the N-terminal domain for the thermal stability of H-NS protein. Currently, more than forty H-NS-like proteins have been identified exclusively from proteobacteria. The importance of RNAs and one carbon metabolism in H-NS functions have been suggested
Cambray, Guillaume. "Evolutivité : le cas des intégrons et utilisation de séquences synonymes en évolution dirigée." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077230.
Full textPhenotypic stability is essential to the success of organisms evolving under steady conditions. However, the environment is subjected to perpetual stochastic variations, to which living beings must constantly adapt. Evolvability characterizes the ability of a population to respond to such selective pressures through the generation of heritable phenotypic changes. Most mutations being deleterious, processes enabling the confinement of mutations to periods of stress, or to specific loci and well-defined phenotypes, have been selected over evolution. Integrons constitute a particularly sophisticated illustration of such processes. Initially identified through their involvement in multi-resistance to antibiotics, these bacterial genetic Systems are specialized in the exchange and stockpiling of accessory genes and therefore constitute an important source of genetic diversity. This work shows that integrons are directly coupled with the SOS System, a major bacterial stress response. By allowing the generation of significant phenotypic diversity during periods of stress without impacting the rest of the genome, integrons hence constitute a paradigmatic example of evolvability. Another aspect of this work demonstrates that synonymous coding sequences - although specifying identical proteins -can access different area of the phenotypic space through ponctual mutations. When properly exploited, this property can enhance the evolvability of any protein in the context of biotechnological applications
Bahlaoui, Moulay Abdellah. "Lagunage à haut rendement expérimental : dynamique de différents groupes bactériens et performances épuratrices sanitaires." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20289.
Full textMorvan, Mickaël. "Contrôle de l’activité L-asparaginase de l’échelle d’une cellule individuelle à un consortium bactérien." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0386.
Full textL-asparaginase is an enzyme of therapeutic value for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ths enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine conducting to apoptosis of cancer cells. To date, L-asparaginase of bacterial origine is used in the treatments due to high catalytic activities but causing a number of side effects linked with an immunogenicity. The human produces three enzymes with L-asparaginase activity but their catalytic activities are 1000 to 2000 times lower than the bacterial enzymes. Increase the catalytic activity of these enzymes by directed evolution could allow their uses in therapeutic in addition to potentially reduce immunogenicity in patients. This PhD work describes the development of tools for expression and detection of L-asparaginase at the single cell level for their applications in the screening of human L-asparaginase libraries in microfluidic. E. coli L-asparaginase, used in therapy, served as a reference and allowed to demonstrate that AUR assay is most suitable for measuring activity in microfluidic. Expression of the enzyme from different expression vectors showed that the periplasmic expression seems to be the most successful for screening enabling a good yield and good accessibility for the substrate. The viability of the cells following the measures has been shown. These tools might be used for the screening of mutants libraries of human L-asparaginases in microfluidic. The properties of L-asparaginase were also used to demonstrate the potential use of silica beads as biocatalysts in which bacteria are confined. These beads are excellent supports for the growth of microorganisms which may remain viable beyond one week. The expression of the enzymes may be induced and the catalytic activity can be reliably controlled by varying the concentration of bacteria within the material. The combination of various bacterial populations provides the possibility to carry out cascades reactions. The recycling of these beads for several cycles of reactions was also demonstrated. These bioactive materials have many potential applications in the field of biotechnologies
Lebaron, Philippe. "Répartition et dynamique de différentes populations bactériennes autochtones et allochtones dans les eaux de l'étang de Thau." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20228.
Full textHeo, Minyoung. "Dynamique fonctionnelle du moteur flagellaire bactérien entraîné par des stators marqués par des protéines fluorescentes et par des stators étrangers modifiés par évolution." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT080/document.
Full textThe bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is the macromolecular complex which allows bacteria to swim in liquid media. Located at the base of the flagellum, anchored in the cell membrane, this remarkably small (~45nm) yet powerful rotary motor rotates each flagellum of the cell switching between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) direction. The motor rotation is generated at the interface between the two key components of the motor: the stator protein complexes (each composed of 4 MotA and 2 MotB proteins) and the C- ring protein complex at the base of the rotor. The stator complexes are structurally and functionally discernible modules of the motor, and their dynamical association and dissociation around the rotor controls the generation of torque.The first project of this study aims to investigate how the FP tag on the stator protein modifies the torque generation and switching of the motor. This is particularly important because the fluorescent protein tag lies at the interface between stator and rotor, where torque and switching are produced. Three different FPs (eGFP, YPet, Dendra2) were fused to MotB. Interestingly, despite the high similarity of their structures, our analysis revealed that the three fusion stators generate different torque. Furthermore, in the presence of fusion stators, the motor showed significantly impaired switching abilities. When switching direction of the rotation, the absolute value of the speed of WT motors does not change, whereas this symmetry of speed upon switching is not observed in the fusion stator motors, and switching can be accompanied with a significant (~30%) decrease in absolute speed. Both the impaired torque generation and the switching ability were improved by introducing a rigid linker between the stator and the FP tag. Taken together, this study provides a further insight into the dynamics of the stator and rotor interaction at its interface.When the cells carrying the fluorescently labeled stators were observed in a custom made TIRF-fluorescence microscope with single molecule capability, the fluorescence signals were detected as concentrated clusters in the membrane as expected for these membrane proteins around the motors, together with a population of stators diffusing in the membrane. Fluorescent clusters were visible at the center of rotating cells tethered to the glass slide by a single flagellum, confirming that the fluorescent tags can be visualized in functioning motors.In a second project developed in Bertus Beaumont lab at TU Delft, taking BFM as an experimental evolutionary model system, its modularity and evolvability have been explored to learn the molecular details of the evolution of molecular machines. The stators of E.coli have been exchanged by a set of 21 homologue foreign stators. The experiments revealed that the stator proteins can be exchanged between distant bacteria species, and some of the non-compatible stators can be positively modified by evolution to become functional. Those evolved strains accumulated beneficial mutations in their foreign motA and motB genes, especially on their functional domains. Identical mutations in different stators were common, indicating that evolution is repeatable. The functional investigation at the single motor level revealed that those beneficial mutations improved the torque generation and/or the switching ability of the motor. The detailed genotype and phenotype investigations of the evolutionary modified BFM may bring an insight into how molecular machines such as BFM have evolved as well as the functional effects of the beneficial mutations that facilitate functional integration
Rivière, Guillaume. "Aspects physiologiques et évolutifs des enzymes de conversion de l'angiotensine : de la programmation de la pression artérielle des mammifères aux protéases bactériennes." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-174.pdf.
Full textGuinard, Jérémy. "Dynamique évolutive de Ralstonia solanacearum en réponse aux pressions de sélection de l'aubergine résistante : approche populationnelle, de génétique évolutive et fonctionnelle de la durabilité de la résistance." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0032/document.
Full textRalstonia Solanacearum is a soilborn beta-proteobacterium responsible of bacterial wilt on Solanaceaous crops. This bacterium is considered as one of the most harmful plant disease worldwide. This bacterium possesses the ability to infect more than 250 different species, including crops with major economic importance (tomato, potato, tobacco, eucalyptus…). R. solanacearum is divided into four phylotypes originated from different areas: I (Asian), IIA and IIB (American), III (African), IV (Indonesian). Among these phylotype, phylotype I is currently in demographic expansion, is highly recombinogenic and has a wide hosts range. Thus, altogether, these characteristics demonstrated that this phylotype has a high evolutionary potential (sensu McDonald and Linde, 2002). In order to control this bacterium, genetic plant resistance seems to be the most promising method. This method consists in using cultivars with different source of resistance such as resistance genes and/or resistant QTLs. The AG91-25 (E6), an eggplant cultivar possessing a major resistance gene (ERs1), is capable to control some of phylotype I strains of R. solanacearum. However, in order to optimize the management of this resistance and to avoid its fast breakdown, we need to deeply investigate the durability of this resistant gene. Durability can be estimated by studying the evolutionary potential of our pathogen faced to E6 source of resistance and by understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the host (R gene) and its pathogene (Type III Effector – T3E). In order to study R. solanacearum evolutionary dynamics under selective pressure from E6 resistant cultivar, we set up an experimental evolution trial in the field. This trial consisted of three couples of resistant (E6) and susceptible eggplants (E8) microplots, implanted twice a year during three years, hence consisting of 5 cycles. A Multi-Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) scheme, consisting of 8 minisatellite loci, was developed in order to characterize the strains extracted from these crop cycles. These VNTRs were specific to R. solanacearum phylotype I strains, they were highly polymorphic and discriminatory at different scale: globally, regionally and locally.Our results showed no breakdown of E6 resistance by R. solanacearum populations, which confirms that this resistance is durable. It seemed that this cultivar reduced the soil bacterial population, preventing bacterial population to infest the resistant host. At the same time, 100% of the E8 plants have died, starting at cycle 2. Bacterial wilt seemed to spread with a “plant-to-plant” dynamics within each microplot. Genetic diversity reduction was also observed during the successive cycle of susceptible eggplant, associated with the increase of frequency of two main haplotypes. However, we failed to identify a clear genetic structuration, neither at the plot scale nor at the microplot scale. Nevertheless, isolation-by-distance data seemed to show that a spatial structure is currently establishing. Altogether, our results suggested that our plot populations appeared to have a clonal epidemic structure.We also looked into 10 T3Es' involvement in the interaction between R. solanacearum and the resistant eggplant (E6). Their distribution was completely different within a collection of phylogenetically diverse strains (91 strains): ripAJ and ripE1 are the most shared T3Es whereas ripP1 and ripP2 were the less common T3E whithin our collection of strains. Some T3Es showed few (ripAJ) or no length polymorphism at all (ripE1 and ripP2) whereas some other (ripAU) are extremely polymorphic. Nevertheless, the T3E effector repertoire did not seemed to be correlated to a specific phenotype on E6 eggplant. Its recognition by E6 seemed to occur in the hypocotyle region rather than in the mesophyll, highlighting a possible organ-specificity of the interaction between ERs1 and ripAX2
Diop, Awa. "Analyse des séquences des génomes bactériens en tant que source d'information taxonomique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0276/document.
Full textRapid identification and precise microbial classification are crucial in medical microbiology for human and animal health monitoring, appropriate clinical diagnosis and selection of optimal therapeutic and control measures. Indeed, the universal used for the definition of species are not applicable to many bacterial genera. This is particularly true of species of the genus Rickettsia which are strictly intracellular alpha-proteobacteria that express few phenotypic characteristics. Given the availability of genomic sequences of nearly 100 rickettsial genomes, we wanted to evaluate a range of taxonomic parameters based on genomic sequence analysis, to develop guidelines for the classification of Rickettsia isolates at the genus and species levels. By comparing the degree of similarity of the sequences of 78 genomes from Rickettsia species and 61 genomes from 3 closely related genera using several genomic parameters, we have shown that genome-based taxonomic tools are simple to use and fast, and allow for a reliable and reproducible taxonomic classification of isolates within species of the genus Rickettsia, with specific thresholds. The obtained results enabled us to develop guidelines for classifying rickettsial isolates at the genus and species levels. Using taxono-genomics, we have also been able to describe 17 new human-associated bacterial species on the basis of a combination of genomic analysis and phenotypic properties. The use of genomic tools is therefore perfectly adapted to taxonomic classification and can dramatically change our vision of taxonomy and bacterial evolution in the future
Gotthard, Guillaume. "Caractérisation structurale d'enzymes hydrolysant les organophosphorés et rationalisation de leur amélioration en vue d'applications biotechnologiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4074/document.
Full textOrganophosphorus compounds are neurotoxic. Their decontamination is difficult and cost prohibitive. An appealing solution resides in the use of enzymes capable of degrading such compounds. Bacterial enzymes are poorly stable and expensive. We identified highly resistant enzymes capable of slowly biodegrading these compounds. We have developped a strategy allowing to increase the activity of our enzyme by using the similarities with the highly active enzymes. The activity was increased by a factor of 1000 against OPs. We analyzed the origins of these ameliorations and showed emergent concepts in enzyme evolution
Batut, Bérénice. "Étude de l'évolution réductive des génomes bactériens par expériences d'évolution in silico et analyses bioinformatiques." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0108/document.
Full textGiven a popular view, evolution is an incremental process based on an increase of molecular complexity of organisms. However, some organisms have undergo massive genome reduction like the endosymbionts. In this case the reduction can be explained by the Muller’s ratchet due to the endosymbiont lifestyle with small population and lack of recombination. However, in some marine bacteria, like Prochlorococcus et Pelagibacter, lineage have undergo up to 30% of genome reduction. Their lifestyle is almost the opposite to the one of the endosymbionts and reductive genome evolution can not be easily explicable by the Muller’s ratchet. Some other hypothesis has been proposed but none can explain all the observed genomic characteristics. In the thesis, I am interested in the reductive evolution of Prochlorococcus. I used two approaches: a theoretical one using simulation where different scenarios are tested and an analysis of Prochlorococcus genomes in a phylogenetic framework to determine the causes and characteristics of genome reduction. The combination of these two approaches allows to propose an hypothetical evolutive history for the reductive genome evolution of Prochlorococcus
Cellier, Gilles. "Description des écotypes du phylotype II dans le complexe d'espèces Ralstonia solanacearum : diversité et évolution." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716870.
Full textPinos, Sandrine. "Evolution génomique chez les bactéries du super phylum Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobiae-Chlamydia." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5003/document.
Full textThe comprehension of genomes evolution is a key issue of modern biology.We wrote a review dedicated to the genomic contribution in comprehension of diversity, evolution and phenotypes, in a bacterial super-phylum named PVC (for Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobiae and Chlamydiae). These bacteria are distributed in varied environments and present specific phenotypic characteristics. Genomic analyzes revealed the important diversity of these species and allow also to reconstruct the genomes evolution and, in some cases, to explain the presence of specific phenotypes. One part of our work was dedicated to the study of evolution and impact of one of this phenotype, the special cell plan detected in PVC bacteria. This original cell plan is subject to different interpretations and induces the compartmentalization of cells in two different regions, whom one containing the nucleoid. Our results indicate that this feature has probably no role in the protection of bacterial genomes against horizontal genes transfers, so, its function is still unknown. Microscopic observations of two species from PVC super-phylum permit to better understand the evolution of the special cell plan. The environment seems to contribute in the genomes evolution, by selection of genes transferred. Genes transferred are probably selected according to their functions by the different environments.Our works allowed to improve the knowledge about relations between evolution, genomes, phenotypes and environment, especially in bacteria from PVC super-phylum
Coluzzi, Charles. "L'exploration des génomes par l'outil ICEFinder révèle la forte prévalence et l'extrême diversité des ICE et des IME de streptocoques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0352/document.
Full textMobile genetic elements largely contribute to the evolution and diversity of bacterial genomes through horizontal gene transfer. Among them, the integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) encode their own excision, conjugative transfer and integration. On the other hand, integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs) are autonomous for excision and integration but encode only some of the proteins needed for their conjugative transfer. IMEs therefore need a “helper” conjugative element to transfer. Despite their impact on gene flow and genome dynamics, the prevalence of ICEs remains largely underscored and very few IMEs were identified at the beginning of this study. Furthermore, although several in silico methods exist to detect genomic islands, none are dedicated to ICEs or IMEs, thus complicating exhaustive examination of these mobile elements. The Streptococcus genus belongs to the firmicutes’ phylum. Almost all streptococci are commensal bacteria or pathogenes to men and animals. Two species of Streptococcus are also used in the dairy industry as lactic ferments in order to produce fermented milk and different types of cheese. Studying the gene flux of the Steptococci genus and the impact it can have on the lifestyle of these organisms is essential, as it has a lot of interest for human health and activities. In this work, we searched for ICEs and IMEs in 124 strains of streptococci belonging to 27 species using a reference database of ICE and IME signature proteins (from their conjugation, mobilization and integration/excision modules). This exhaustive analysis led to the identification and delimitation of 131 ICEs or slightly decayed ICEs and 144 IMEs. All these elements were delimited, which allowed us to identify their integration specificities in the genomes. In total, 17 ICE integration specificities were identified. Among them, 8 had never been described before (ftsK, guaA, lysS, mutT, rpmG, rpsI, traG and ybaB/EbfC). 18 specificities were also identified for IMEs, among which only 5 were known for the firmicutes. ICEs encode high or low-specificity tyrosine integrases (13 different specificities), single serine intégrases (1 specificity), triplet of serine integrases (3 different specificities), or DDE transposases while IMEs encode either tyrosine integrases (10 different specificities) or single serine integrases (8 different specificities). ICE were grouped in 7 distinct families according to the proteins encoded by their conjugation module whereas the mobilization modules of IMEs were highly diverse, preventing them from grouping into families according to their mobilization modules. The phylogenetic analysis of the signature proteins encoded by all ICEs and IMEs showed integration module exchanges between ICEs and IMEs and several mobilization module exchanges between IMEs. The overall results reveal a strong prevalence and extreme diversity of these elements among Streptococci genomes. Better understanding and knowledge of ICEs and IMEs prompted us to build a semi-automated command-line tool to identify streptococcal ICEs and IMEs as well as to determine their insertion site
Bellone, Rachel. "Aspects moléculaires de l'influence de la température sur la transmission du virus du chikungunya par le moustique Aedes albopictus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS072.
Full textThe chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Alphavirus which has widely spread around the world in the last two decades. The virus is transmitted to human hosts by Aedes mosquitoes, including the invasive species Aedes albopictus, which has today conquered more than half of the French territory. As a vector of several viral pathogens, Ae. albopictus poses a real threat to the health authorities. The emergence of arboviruses such as CHIKV, often results from a complex combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Since mosquitoes are poikilothermic ectotherms (i.e., internal body temperature is not constant and depends on environmental temperatures), they are acutely susceptible to temperature variations. The relation between temperature and arbovirus transmission is a complex phenomenon that remains poorly understood, especially at the molecular level. The aim of our project is to better understand how temperature affects mosquito-virus interactions and influences transmission cycles. We study the molecular aspects of CHIKV, its vector Ae. albopictus and their interactions under the influence of temperature. Our results show that temperature affects CHIKV evolution as well as mosquito genetic expression and microbial composition, especially in response to infection. These data provide important information on how vector systems can be affected by temperature. Understanding the mechanisms underlying virus-mosquito interactions with the environment is essential in order to prevent epidemics
Vigne, Aurélie. "Microfluidic tools for the engineering of enzymes of therapeutic interest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0391/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of microfluidic tools for the engineering ofenzymes of therapeutic interest. Droplet microfluidics has enormous potential in the field ofquantitative biology. We are developing microfluidic tools based on the directed evolutionof the enzyme L-asparaginase, an enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thistreatment is based on an enzyme of bacterial origin, which leads to immune reactions thatresult in the interruption of treatment, often fatal for the patient. However, a human version ofthe enzyme L-asparaginase, which is less immunogenic, is currently not sufficiently active to beused. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze and screen enzyme mutant libraries usingstandard mutagenesis methods and to analyze each mutant individually through microfluidics.For this, several microfluidic systems have been developed and optimized for different selectioncriteria for the analysis and selection of the enzyme L-asparaginase. The bacterial versionserving as a positive control for the optimization of microfluidic workflows to analyze andscreen mutant libraries of the human version of the enzyme L-asparaginase
Alhosny, Michel. "Les maladies associées à la dysbiose explorées par analyse génomique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0669/document.
Full textDysbiosis remains a main cause during the establishment of several diseases, by promoting bacterial translocation, leading to inflammation process. Specific microorganisms were involved in the pathogenesis of dysbiosis-associated diseases, notably necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and diabetic foot (DF). This was possible by the implication of whole-genome analysis (WGA) in association with other techniques. In case of NEC, C. butyricum was significantly associated with in NEC; tested on a South-East French cohort. Geographical and/or temporal clusters were identified, thus genomic relationship between NEC-associated isolates and controls, suggesting the presence of asymptomatic carriage. Genes encoding for β-hemolysin was detected and C. butyricum supernatant exhibited cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cells. Cytotoxic effect was also presented on Caco-2 cells. Supernatant of β-hemolysin-mutant C. butyricum showed enterotoxic effect. Basing on physico-chemical data, we assumed that the evaluated fraction was a protein. Proteomics analysis revealed that PspC family was the cytotoxic protein. This protein owned a glucan-binding domain, shared by C. difficile toxin A/B. The KO of PspC gene was enterotoxic, suggesting by this the existence of a combination of genes. In parallel, a specific rpoB-based qPCR was developed to identify C. neonatale. We found that, C. neonatale was more prevalent in NEC than in controls. Although co-identified in association with C. butyricum. C. neonatale clones were distinguished especially in strains isolated from the same hospital. Regarding to DF infection, SNPs were identified within S. aureus and E. coli genomes, especially in virulent genes
Croisetière, Sébastien. "Étude du polymorphisme du gène majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe IIb (MHIIb) chez l’omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis)." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3592.
Full textClassical major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules are cell-surface glycoproteins specialized in the presentation of peptides, mainly derived from extracellular pathogens, to the antigen receptors of CD4+ T cells in the adaptive immune system. They are encoded, with those of the MHC class I, by the most polymorphic genes known to date, with multiple loci and high allelic diversity at each one. Moreover, the polymorphism within MHCII genes is not restricted to coding sequences. It has also been observed in promoters where it was shown to affect the expression level of the genes. Variation in gene regulation is believed to be an important factor from which modification in morphology, physiology or behaviour can be observed in all organisms. Repeated DNA sequences with functional roles in this regulation have been identified within the non-coding parts of the genomes. On the other hand, pathogen-driven selection is also believed to be important in the evolution and maintenance of the polymorphism of the MHC genes in vertebrates. Studies have shown the implication of different MHC alleles in disease resistance or susceptibility. In this study, our aims were to characterize the polymorphism of the MHIIb gene in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), to document its effects on the survival conferred by specific alleles and/or genotypes following an infection and on the variation of the expression level of the gene in different environmental conditions. In a first part, we identified a total of 6 MHIIb alleles, designated Safo-DAB*0101 to Safo-DAB*0601, showing a high similarity to coding sequences from teleost fish and human. Analysis of the b1 domain sequences indicates the effect of a positive selection pressure to select polymorphic mutations in that region of the molecule. Four of these alleles were tested in a challenge experiment against the pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida to evaluate their effect on fish survival. We found that one allele, DAB*0101, was significantly associated with resistance to furonculosis. In addition to homozygotes for this allele, its resistance effect was also detected in the heterozygote individuals of the DAB*0101/*0201 genotype. In contrast, other allelic combinations, namely heterozygous genotypes DAB*0201/*0301 and DAB*0301/*0401 were significantly associated with increased susceptibility. Given that its frequency was relatively low in the population, the negative frequency dependant selection hypothesis could explain the advantage associated with the allele DAB*0101 over the other alleles and highlight the importance of this mechanism to sustain variation at the MHC in brook charr. In a second part, we reported the identification of a polymorphic minisatellite formed of a 32 nucleotides motif in the second intron of MHIIb gene, and for which distinctive repeat numbers of the motif were associated to each alleles (69, 27, 20, 40, 19 and 25 repeats for the DAB*0101 to DAB*0601 alleles respectively). Relative expression levels of four alleles were determined in heterozygous fish at temperature of 18 ºC and 6 ºC. Results indicate that alleles carrying the longest minisatellite showed a 1.67 to 2.56-fold reduction in the transcript expression relatively to the shortest one. In contrast, no significant differences were seen in the expression levels between alleles with comparable minisatellite length at both temperatures. Furthermore, the repressive activity associated to the longest minisatellite was more effective at temperature of 18 ºC in fish from three different genotypes. We finally observed a significant 2.08-fold up-regulation of the total MHII transcript amount at 6 ºC. The results support the implication of repeated DNA sequences in the regulation of the gene transcriptional activity and suggest that a temperature-sensitive minisatellite could potentially be submitted to selective forces and therefore play an important role in gene expression and evolution in ectothermic organisms.