Academic literature on the topic 'Evidence (Law) Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Evidence (Law) Australia"
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White, Ben, and Lindy Willmott. "Future of assisted dying reform in Australia." Australian Health Review 42, no. 6 (2018): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18199.
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The Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Vic) will come into force in June 2019, becoming the first law in Australia in 20 years to permit voluntary assisted dying (VAD). This paper considers how other Australian states and territories are likely to respond to this development. It analyses three key factors that suggest that law reform is likely to occur in other parts of Australia: (1) the growing international trend to permit VAD; (2) social science evidence about how VAD regimes operate; and (3) changes to the local political environment. The paper argues that these three factors, coupled with the effect of Victoria changing its law, suggest that other VAD law reform is likely to occur in Australia. It also considers the different types of laws that may be adopted, including whether other states and territories will follow the very conservative Victorian approach or adopt more liberal models. What is known about the topic? Despite sustained law reform efforts in parliaments across the country, Victoria is the first Australian jurisdiction to pass a law permitting VAD in 20 years. What does this paper add? This paper addresses likely future trends in VAD law reform in Australia. Drawing on international developments, a growing body of social science evidence about how VAD regimes work in practice, and evidence about a changing local political environment, the paper argues that other states and territories in Australia will also enact laws about VAD. What are the implications for practitioners? The legalisation of VAD has significant implications for health professionals, health administrators and health systems. Understanding how reform may occur and what legal models may be considered supports participation in the law reform process and preparation for likely change.
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Rice, Simon. "Access to a Lawyer in Rural Australia: Thoughts on the Evidence We Need." Deakin Law Review 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2011vol16no1art92.
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NSW Law Society membership data 1988–2004 enables mapping over time of the presence and movement of private legal practice in rural NSW. The changing ratio of legal practices per 10 000 population is calculated against data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. In short, while the rural population increases, the number of legal practices decreases at a much slower rate, resulting in an overall drop in the proportion of legal practices in the population. However, although some inferences could be drawn, the data do not go very far in illustrating the nature and degree of, and reasons for, the limits on access to law in rural Australia. One way of thinking about the further research that can be done is to consider the research implications of the many different ways the issue of rural access to law is expressed, and the different dimensions that are emphasised in those formulations.
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Cullen, Hayley J., Lisanne Adam, and Celine van Golde. "Evidence-based policing in Australia: an examination of the appropriateness and transparency of lineup identification and investigative interviewing practices." International Journal of Police Science & Management 23, no. 1 (March 2021): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14613557211004618.
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Psychological research has been pivotal in influencing the way police forces globally approach and undertake criminal investigations. Increasing psychological research in recent years has led to the development of best-practice guidelines for conducting police investigations, across a number of key areas of criminal investigation. For example, procedures for creating and conducting lineups as recommended by the American Psychology-Law Society, and the UK-developed PEACE model for investigative interviewing, have both been of influence in Australia. However, the extent to which these evidence-based recommendations have been incorporated into policing practice within Australia is unclear. In this article, we conducted an exploratory review of publicly available policing documents within Australian states and territories, to determine the extent to which best practice lineup identification and investigative interviewing procedures have been adopted into police practice. The review revealed that for lineup identification procedures, many of the basic recommendations for conducting lineups were not incorporated into publicly available policing manuals. For investigative interviewing, it appeared on the surface that elements of the PEACE model were implemented within most Australian jurisdictions, albeit this was often not explicitly stated within policing documents. A key issue identified was a lack of (understandable) public transparency of policing procedure, as a number of Australian jurisdictions failed to have publicly available policing manuals or handbooks against which to evaluate their procedures. Therefore, we argue that there is a need for better collaboration between researchers and law enforcement in order to achieve evidence-based, transparent policing within Australia.
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Caruso, David R. A. "Public policy and private illegality in the pursuit of evidence." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 21, no. 1-2 (December 29, 2016): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712716674797.
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The public policy discretion at common law in Australia was established in the High Court case of Bunning v Cross. The discretion has subsequently been interpreted and applied to permit courts to exclude evidence obtained by improper, unlawful or illegal conduct on the part of ‘the authorities’. The discretion has not been held to be enlivened for exercise in circumstances where the impugned conduct is on the part of private persons unconnected with law enforcement. This article argues that this fetter on the availability of the public policy discretion has been wrongly interpreted from the decision in Bunning and that, to the extent that the fetter now forms part of the common law discretion, it should be abandoned. The argument is made on the basis of the language, context, development and rationale of the public policy discretion as conceived in Bunning. The statutory Uniform Evidence Law, which applies in certain Australian jurisdictions, enacts a public policy discretion in s. 138 drawn from the common law public policy discretion. The Uniform Evidence Law is examined to indicate the absence of any fetter to the s. 138 discretion applying only to conduct by authorities as a basis for revising the understanding of the common law discretion. The comparable powers to exclude unlawfully obtained evidence in the United States and United Kingdom are examined to distinguish the rationale of the Australian discretion as requiring a broader scope of application. The internet is considered as a modern advent permitting previously unknown capacity for private persons to unlawfully police each other. Private criminal investigation through the internet is argued to be a further basis to mark the need for the extension of the Australian public policy discretion to all persons not only the authorities. The overarching thesis of this article is to demonstrate why the Australian common law public policy discretion should be enlivened by improper, unlawful or illegal conduct, regardless of the source of that conduct.
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de Costa, Caroline M., Darren B. Russell, Naomi R. de Costa, Michael Carrette, and Heather M. McNamee. "Introducing early medical abortion in Australia: there is a need to update abortion laws." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07035.
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Recent changes to Federal Therapeutic Goods Administration legislation have seen the limited introduction of the drug mifepristone to Australia for the purpose of early medical abortion. At the same time it has become evident that both methotrexate and misoprostol, licenced and available for other indications, are being used safely and appropriately for early abortion by Australian medical practitioners. Early medical abortion is widely practiced overseas where its safety and effectiveness are well supported by current evidence. However, abortion law in many states is still contained within the Criminal Codes and does not reflect current evidence-based abortion practice. In other states and territories restrictions on where abortions may be performed pose potential barriers to the introduction of mifepristone for medical abortion. There is an urgent need for abortion law to be clarified and made uniform across the country so that the best possible services can be provided to Australian women.
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Wilson, Nigel. "The influence of Professor J.H. Wigmore on evidence law in Australia." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 19, no. 1 (January 2015): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712714561466.
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Lee, Taryn. "The Rights Granted to Indigenous Peoples under International Law." International Community Law Review 18, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341321.
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Indigenous peoples in Australia have been adversely affected by the process of colonisation by the British Crown. Despite Australia’s adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (‘Declaration’), there is little evidence that it is an effective means of redressing the historical wrongs suffered by Indigenous communities in Australia. This essay outlines the experience of Indigenous peoples in Australia and examines the utility of the Declaration in international law. While observing that Indigenous peoples have had limited engagement with the Declaration, there is still potential for the Declaration to affect change through its underpinning principles of the right to self-determination and the status of Indigenous peoples as distinct political groups.
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Porter, Jennifer. "Admissibility of confession evidence: Principles of hearsay and the rule of voluntariness." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13657127211002287.
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The common law test of voluntariness has come to be associated with important policy rationales including the privilege against self-incrimination. However, when the test originated more than a century ago, it was a test concerned specifically with the truthfulness of confession evidence; which evidence was at that time adduced in the form of indirect oral testimony, that is, as hearsay. Given that, a century later, confession evidence is now mostly adduced in the form of an audiovisual recording that can be observed directly by the trial judge, rather than as indirect oral testimony, there may be capacity for a different emphasis regarding the question of admissibility. This article considers the law currently operating in Western Australia, Queensland and South Australia to see whether or not, in the form of an audiovisual recording, the exercise of judicial discretion as to the question of the admissibility of confession evidence might be supported if the common law test of voluntariness was not a strict test of exclusion.
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Antoni, Veri. "THE POSITION OF INDIRECT EVIDENCE AS VERIFICATION TOOLS IN THE CARTEL CASE." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 26, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16059.
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Indirect (circumstantial) evidence, either economic evidence or communication evidence, has been used in cartel cases in many countries such as United States of America, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, and others. According to Indonesia criminal procedure law, the position of indirect (circumstantial) evidence is categorized as an indication (clue evidence) whereas according to Indonesia civil procedure law, indirect (circumstantial) evidence is categorized as presumption. Considering the characteristics the antimonopoly law which aims to find material truth, the position of indirect evidence is more properly said to be an indication. Owing to its status as an indication, indirect evidence should be exhibited together with the other direct evidence. Indirect evidenceatau bukti tidak langsung, baik bukti ekonomi atau bukti komunikasi, telah digunakan dalam kasus-kasus kartel di banyak negara, seperti Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, dan lain-lain. Menurut hukum acara pidana Indonesia, posisi bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai indikasi (bukti petunjuk), padahal menurut hukum acara perdata Indonesia, bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai praduga. Mengingat karakteristik hukum anti-monopoli yang bertujuan untuk mencari kebenaran materiil, posisi bukti tidak langsung lebih tepat dikatakan indikasi. Karena statusnya sebagai indikasi, bukti tidak langsung harus dipamerkan bersama dengan bukti langsung lainnya.
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Manwaring, Kayleen. "‘Click Here to (Dis)agree’: Australian Law and Practice in Relation to Informed Consent." Global Privacy Law Review 3, Issue 3 (September 1, 2022): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2022015.
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This article provides a detailed examination of issues with the legislative framework meeting consumer expectations in relation to informed consent, particularly in relation to the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) and the Australian Consumer Law (ACL). It also discusses two potential areas that might assist in fleshing out the current minimalist legislative definition of consent: namely case law and guidelines issued by the Australian privacy regulator, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (the OAIC Guidelines). However the case law available in this area is sparse and provides little guidance. Additionally, the non-binding OAIC Guidelines, while referred to frequently in privacy determinations, appear to have little real effect in influencing the data practices of many firms. The article concludes that the current approach to regulating ‘consent’ has not provided adequate protections for consumers in light of extensive empirical evidence regarding consumer privacy preferences and attitudes regarding data practices. Australia, Data Protection, Privacy, Informed Consent
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Evidence (Law) Australia"
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Rochow, Neville Grant. "Evidence, judicial notice and party comment: principles for ascertaining facts which predicate constitutional validity." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09LM/09lmr781.pdf.
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Luker, Trish. "The rhetoric of reconciliation : evidence and judicial subjectivity in Cubillo v Commonwealth /." Access full text, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/thesis/public/adt-LTU20080305.105209/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- La Trobe University, 2006.Research. "A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, La Trobe Law, Faculty of Law and Management, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria". Includes bibliographical references (leaves 318-338). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Luker, Trish, and LukerT@law anu edu au. "THE RHETORIC OF RECONCILIATION: EVIDENCE AND JUDICIAL SUBJECTIVITY IN CUBILLO v COMMONWEALTH." La Trobe University. School of Law, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080305.105209.
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In August 2000, Justice O�Loughlin of the Federal Court of Australia handed down the decision in Cubillo v Commonwealth in which Lorna Cubillo and Peter Gunner took action against the Commonwealth Government, arguing that it was vicariously liable for their removal from their families and communities as children and subsequent detentions in the Northern Territory during the 1940s and 1950s. The case is the landmark decision in relation to legal action taken by members of the Stolen Generations.
Using the decision in Cubillo as a key site of contestation, my thesis provides a critique of legal positivism as the dominant jurisprudential discourse operating within the Anglo-Australian legal system. I argue that the function of legal positivism as the principal paradigm and source of authority for the decision serves to ensure that the debate concerning reconciliation in Australia operates rhetorically to maintain whiteness at the centre of political and discursive power. Specifically concerned with the performative function of legal discourse, the thesis is an interrogation of the interface of law and language, of rhetoric, and the semiotics of legal discourse.
The dominant theory of evidence law is a rationalist and empiricist epistemology in which oral testimony and documentary evidence are regarded as mediating the relationship between proof and truth. I argue that by attributing primacy to principles of rationality, objectivity and narrative coherence, and by privileging that which is visually represented, the decision serves an ideological purpose which diminishes the significance of race in the construction of knowledge.
Legal positivism identifies the knowing subject and the object of knowledge as discrete entities. However, I argue that in Cubillo, Justice O�Loughlin inscribes himself into the text of the judgment and in doing so, reveals the way in which textual and corporeal specificities undermine the pretence of objective judgment and therefore the source of judicial authority.
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Allinson, Caroline Linda. "Legislative and security requirements of audit material for evidentiary purpose." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36813/1/Caroline_Allinson_Thesis.pdf.
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This research used the Queensland Police Service, Australia, as a major case study. Information on principles, techniques and processes used, and the reason for the recording, storing and release of audit information for evidentiary purposes is reported. It is shown that Law Enforcement Agencies have a two-fold interest in, and legal obligation pertaining to, audit trails. The first interest relates to the situation where audit trails are actually used by criminals in the commission of crime and the second to where audit trails are generated by the information systems used by the police themselves in support of the recording and investigation of crime.
Eleven court cases involving Queensland Police Service audit trails used in evidence in Queensland courts were selected for further analysis. It is shown that, of the cases studied, none of the evidence presented was rejected or seriously challenged from a technical perspective. These results were further analysed and related to normal requirements for trusted maintenance of audit trail information in sensitive environments with discussion on the ability and/or willingness of courts to fully challenge, assess or value audit evidence presented. Managerial and technical frameworks for firstly what is considered as an environment where a computer system may be considered to be operating “properly” and, secondly, what aspects of education, training, qualifications, expertise and the like may be considered as appropriate for persons responsible within that environment, are both proposed.
Analysis was undertaken to determine if audit and control of information in a high security environment, such as law enforcement, could be judged as having improved, or not, in the transition from manual to electronic processes. Information collection, control of processing and audit in manual processes used by the Queensland Police Service, Australia, in the period 1940 to 1980 was assessed against current electronic systems essentially introduced to policing in the decades of the 1980s and 1990s. Results show that electronic systems do provide for faster communications with centrally controlled and updated information readily available for use by large numbers of users who are connected across significant geographical locations. However, it is clearly evident that the price paid for this is a lack of ability and/or reluctance to provide improved audit and control processes.
To compare the information systems audit and control arrangements of the Queensland Police Service with other government departments or agencies, an Australia wide survey was conducted. Results of the survey were contrasted with the particular results of a survey, conducted by the Australian Commonwealth Privacy Commission four years previous, to this survey which showed that security in relation to the recording of activity against access to information held on Australian government computer systems has been poor and a cause for concern. However, within this four year period there is evidence to suggest that government organisations are increasingly more inclined to generate audit trails.
An attack on the overall security of audit trails in computer operating systems was initiated to further investigate findings reported in relation to the government systems survey. The survey showed that information systems audit trails in Microsoft Corporation's “Windows” operating system environments are relied on quite heavily. An audit of the security for audit trails generated, stored and managed in the Microsoft “Windows 2000” operating system environment was undertaken and compared and contrasted with similar such audit trail schemes in the “UNIX” and “Linux” operating systems. Strength of passwords and exploitation of any security problems in access control were targeted using software tools that are freely available in the public domain. Results showed that such security for the “Windows 2000” system is seriously flawed and the integrity of audit trails stored within these environments cannot be relied upon.
An attempt to produce a framework and set of guidelines for use by expert witnesses in the information technology (IT) profession is proposed. This is achieved by examining the current rules and guidelines related to the provision of expert evidence in a court environment, by analysing the rationale for the separation of distinct disciplines and corresponding bodies of knowledge used by the Medical Profession and Forensic Science and then by analysing the bodies of knowledge within the discipline of IT itself. It is demonstrated that the accepted processes and procedures relevant to expert witnessing in a court environment are transferable to the IT sector. However, unlike some discipline areas, this analysis has clearly identified two distinct aspects of the matter which appear particularly relevant to IT. These two areas are; expertise gained through the application of IT to information needs in a particular public or private enterprise; and expertise gained through accepted and verifiable education, training and experience in fundamental IT products and system.
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Golru, Sara. "Judging Your Genome: Adducing Genetic Evidence to Support or Refute Causation in Australian and American Toxic Tort Litigation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29777.
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This thesis answers the following question, ‘Does genetic information alleviate or exacerbate the causal uncertainty in toxic torts?’ In doing so, it provides an original contribution to knowledge, by critically examining Australian and United States (‘US') case law and literature focusing on genetic evidence in toxic torts. A comprehensive analysis of the case law and literature is vital to inform best practice for the future by identifying the past, present and predicted impact and challenges of genetic evidence.
The comparative case law analysis has ultimately demonstrated that, if used properly, this evidence could shed light on causation, especially when viewed alongside all the other available evidence. However, without further guidance on the utility of such markers, this evidence will only further confuse and mislead the judge or jury. This could exacerbate the problem of causal indeterminacy, leading to inconsistent case outcomes and posing further obstacles to meritorious claims. This thesis therefore concludes that there is a strong need for practice-oriented instruments designed to assist courts, legal professionals and litigants in considering the strengths and weaknesses of genetic
markers as a means of proving or disproving causation. As articulated throughout the thesis, a Reference Guide would help to ensure that the probative value of genetic evidence is properly weighed against any potential harms. The proposed guide would mimic the structure and contents of Chapters 4-7 of this thesis, containing a
comprehensive survey of the case law and literature, and a detailed explanation and analysis of both the legal and scientific issues pertaining to genetic evidence. The findings outlined in this thesis extend to a wide variety of legal areas where health-related genetic evidence is likely to be used including medical negligence, employment law, criminal law, family law and insurance claims (such as workers’ compensation or life insurance).
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Fagence, Anna. "The use and potential problems of neuropsychological evidence in Australian tort litigation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1009.
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Australian lawyers often request psychologists assess plaintiffs for brain injury tort litigation, but it is unknown why they do this and how they use the expert neuropsychological report. It is crucial to know this because international authors argue that the way lawyers use and manage the neuropsychological evidence they commission may introduce unconscious bias into psychologists’ expert opinions. Unconscious bias within such evidence jeopardises the procedural justice of Australian brain injury tort litigation. Therefore, the present study explored how Australian tort litigation lawyers use expert neuropsychological evidence and how plaintiff lawyers advise and prepare their clients for neuropsychological assessments. In Stage One, 10 Western Australian lawyers involved in neuropsychological tort litigation were interviewed and reported that expert neuropsychological evidence primarily assists them to describe a plaintiff’s injury, and to quantify the plaintiff’s level of impairment as caused by the injury. The lawyers also reported that they provide plaintiffs with information about brain injury symptoms and details about the neuropsychological assessment. Stage Two explored whether the Stage One themes were germane to lawyers from other states. Seventy-seven Australian lawyers completed an anonymous web-based survey constructed from the Stage One themes and limited international research literature. The results confirmed the themes applied to lawyers in all Australian legal jurisdictions. The findings suggest that the way Australian lawyers use expert neuropsychological evidence and prepare their clients for neuropsychological assessments may engender unconscious bias within the psychologist’s evidence in favour of the client. The implications of the study’s findings are discussed, emphasising that Australian psychologists must modify their practices to ensure their expert neuropsychological evidence is procedurally fair.
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Laß, Inga [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Diewald, and Irene [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerlach. "The Impact of Employment Insecurity on Partnership and Parenthood Decisions: Evidence from Couples in Germany and Australia / Inga Laß ; Martin Diewald, Irene Gerlach." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150181702/34.
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Smith, Marcus. "Universal law and genetic : the future development of DNA evidence in the Australian criminal justice system." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148373.
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Krogh, Chris. "All these words should be fragrant as the sea of pines : or, a thesis in which we examine child protection court documents and learn that stories seep from their fabric of facts." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:39955.
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What are child protection court documents like? What are they made of and how are they made? What do these documents do to people? These are some questions explored in this thesis. The Children’s Court runs on documents and yet these important parts of the industry have hardly been studied. They are a stadium with stories competing and bullying to be the one taken most seriously. The main story of this thesis is what we find when we look at one set of court documents through the lens of narrative and hear what it’s like to be an author and a reader of those documents. At its heart, though, the thesis is about the consequences of documents and the ethics of authorship. The research found that the conditions for writing court documents are complex; that it is possible to identify the features of narrative in these documents and that parents often have strong reactions to the documents written about them. Additionally, the research found those who have more power in the system can and do take small actions to lessen the effects of documents. At the same time, the difference that these actions made is limited and writing documents in a way that reduces their consequences was not identified in the research – it remains an area to be developed. The data for this research was drawn from one care and protection matter in the Children’s Court in NSW, Australia; the court file was read and five people involved in that case were interviewed. The father of the subject child, the magistrate, a solicitor, a caseworker from the statutory child protection agency and her manager all participated in conversations with the researcher. Their knowledge of the documents and insights about the effects that documents can have provides a rich, new view that holds important lessons for professions in which writing is an integral part of its power.
Books on the topic "Evidence (Law) Australia"
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Gillies, Peter. Law of evidence in Australia. Sydney: Legal Books, 1987.
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Gillies, Peter. Law of evidence in Australia. 2nd ed. Woolloomooloo, N.S.W: Legal Books, 1991.
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Gans, Jeremy. Australian principles of evidence. 2nd ed. London: Cavendish Pub., 2004.
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Andrew, Palmer. Principles of evidence. Sydney: Cavendish Pub. Australia, 1998.
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Kumar, Miiko. Uniform evidence law: Commentary and materials. 4th ed. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited, 2012.
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Arenson, Kenneth J. Rules of evidence in Australia: Text & cases. 2nd ed. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007.
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Wells, W. A. N. Natural logic, judicial proof, and objective facts: A monograph. Sydney: Federation Press, 1994.
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Bayne, Peter. Uniform evidence law: Text and essential cases. Sydney: Federation Press, 2003.
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Desiatnik, Ronald J. Without prejudice privilege in Australia. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2010.
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Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Ethics, liability, and the technical expert: 28 March 1996, Perth, Australia. Carlton, Vic: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Evidence (Law) Australia"
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Law, D. W., C. Gunasekara, and S. Setunge. "Use of Brown Coal Ash as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete Masonry Bricks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 23–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_4.
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AbstractPortland cement production is not regarded as environmentally friendly, because of its associated high carbon emissions, which are responsible for 5% of global emissions. An alternative is to substitute fly ash for Portland cement. Australia has an abundance of brown coal fly ash, as it is the main source of primary energy in the State of Victoria. Currently, the majority of this material is stored in landfills and currently there is no commercial use for it in the cement industry because brown coal fly ash cannot be used as a direct replacement material for Portland cement due to the high sulfur and calcium content and low aluminosilicate content. However, the potential exists to use brown coal fly ash as a geopolymeric material, but there remains a significant amount of research needed to be conducted. One possible application is the production of geopolymer concrete bricks. A research project was undertaken to investigate the use of brown coal fly ash from Latrobe Valley power stations in the manufacture of geopolymer masonry bricks. The research developed a detailed understanding of the fundamental chemistry behind the activation of the brown coal fly ash and the reaction mechanisms involved to enable the development of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concrete bricks. The research identified suitable manufacturing techniques to investigate relationships between compressive strength and processing parameters and to understand the reaction kinetics and microstructural developments. The first phase of the research determined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the Loy Yang and Yallourn fly ash samples to produce a 100% fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Optimization of the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer mortars was conducted to identify the chemical properties that were influential in the production of satisfactory geopolymer strength. The Loy Yang mortars were able to produce characteristic compressive strengths acceptable in load-bearing bricks (15 MPa), whereas the Yallourn mortars produced characteristic compressive strengths only acceptable as non-load-bearing bricks (5 MPa). The second phase of the research transposed the optimal geopolymer mortar mix designs into optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs while merging the mix design with the optimal Adbri Masonry (commercial partner) concrete brick mix design. The reference mix designs allowed for optimization of both the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer concrete mix designs, with the Loy Yang mix requiring increased water content because the original mix design was deemed to be too dry. The key factors that influenced the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars and concrete were identified. The amorphous content was considered a vital aspect during the initial reaction process of the fly ash geopolymers. The amount of unburnt carbon content contained in the fly ash can hinder the reactive process, and ultimately, the compressive strength because unburnt carbon can absorb the activating solution, thus reducing the particle to liquid interaction ratio in conjunction with lowering workability. Also, fly ash with a higher surface area showed lower flowability than fly ash with a smaller surface area. It was identified that higher quantity of fly ash particles <45 microns increased reactivity whereas primarily angular-shaped fly ash suffered from reduced workability. The optimal range of workability lay between the 110–150 mm slump, which corresponded with higher strength displayed for each respective precursor fly ash. Higher quantities of aluminum incorporated into the silicate matrix during the reaction process led to improved compressive strengths, illustrated by the formation of reactive aluminosilicate bonds in the range of 800–1000 cm–1 after geopolymerization, which is evidence of a high degree of reaction. In addition, a more negative fly ash zeta potential of the ash was identified as improving the initial deprotonation and overall reactivity of the geopolymer, whereas a less negative zeta potential of the mortar led to increased agglomeration and improved gel development. Following geopolymerization, increases in the quantity of quartz and decreases in moganite correlated with improved compressive strength of the geopolymers. Overall, Loy Yang geopolymers performed better, primarily due to the higher aluminosilicate content than its Yallourn counterpart. The final step was to transition the optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs to producing commercially acceptable bricks. The results showed that the structural integrity of the specimens was reduced in larger batches, indicating that reactivity was reduced, as was compressive strength. It was identified that there was a relationship between heat transfer, curing regimen and structural integrity in a large-volume geopolymer brick application. Geopolymer bricks were successfully produced from the Loy Yang fly ash, which achieved 15 MPa, suitable for application as a structural brick. Further research is required to understand the relationship between the properties of the fly ash, mixing parameters, curing procedures and the overall process of brown coal geopolymer concrete brick application. In particular, optimizing the production process with regard to reducing the curing temperature to ≤80 °C from the current 120 °C and the use of a one-part solid activator to replace the current liquid activator combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
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Gunnar, Niels, Jenkins Helen, and Kavanagh James. "The Use of Economic Evidence in Competition Cases." In Economics for Competition Lawyers 3e. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198851332.003.0011.
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This chapter explores best practice in presenting economic evidence and how courts can assess what weight and credibility to attach to the evidence of economic experts, especially in situations where two experts reach different conclusions. Useful principles for dealing with these situations have been developed in the United States (the Daubert test), the United Kingdom (the ‘duty to help the court’), and Australia (the ‘hot tub’). The chapter concludes with some, mostly optimistic, observations about the future of the use of economics in competition law.
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Anderson, John. "The Fraught Dichotomy between Context and Tendency Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases – Suggestions for Reform." In New Directions for Law in Australia. ANU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ndla.09.2017.12.
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Kirkby, Diane, Lee-Ann Monk, and Dmytro Ostapenko. "‘Navigation as It Affects the Empire'." In Maritime Men of the Asia-Pacific, 25–46. Liverpool University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781802077193.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the significance of shipping law. It starts with the British imperial conference of 1906 where Australia and New Zealand representatives were called to discuss the legislation they had enacted to establish protective labour standards for their maritime workforces. The chapter tracks the history of that legislation, the Navigation Act, and the difficulties of getting it passed. It tracks the rise and dominance of British shipping that drove down wage rates for Asian and South Asian seafarers, and allowed unacceptable standards in accommodation. Critical evidence to this effect was given to the Australian Royal Commission of 1906 as the new national government tried to create jobs and new legislative protections that would attract Australian boys to seafaring and maintain an Australian merchant marine.
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Conaghan, Joanne, and Yvette Russell. "Legal Regulation: Limits and Potentialities." In Sexual History Evidence And The Rape Trial, 66–98. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529207811.003.0004.
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This chapter tracks the development of a legal and policy impetus to restrict the use of sexual history evidence in rape trials through several similar common law jurisdictions. The chapter explores the law at the time of writing in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the Irish Republic, Australia, Scotland, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. It assesses the (in)effectiveness of these legal reforms against their primary policy aims, not all of which are the same. The chapter highlights the difficulties reformers face in drawing a clear line between ‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate’ uses of sexual history evidence and the irrepressibility of narratives in trial discourse which promote the use of sexual history evidence in problematic ways. We highlight the limits of criminal justice, its normative underpinnings, and their historical and cultural specificity to demonstrate (and critique) the modes of and justifications for weighting the balance of justice so heavily in favour of the defendant.
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HO, Lusina. "Reprehensible Conduct: Threats and Unfair Exploitation in Hong Kong." In Invalidity, 87–104. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859341.003.0005.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the doctrines of duress, undue influence and unconscionable bargain, with a particular focus on how Hong Kong law has evolved from its English heritage. The doctrine of duress in Hong Kong law broadly follows that in England, and requires the entry into a transaction as the result of illegitimate pressure. Such pressure is typically exerted through unlawful threats, though lawful threats that go far beyond reasonable pressure also suffice. In relation to undue influence, Hong Kong differs from English law in not relying on presumptions to establish such influence, but instead considers the ‘totality of evidence’ to decide whether undue influence has been exercised. As regards unconscionable bargain, Hong Kong accepts a broader scope of relief for parties in a ‘serious disadvantage’, and does not confine itself to the English doctrine that requires the party concerned to be ‘poor and ignorant’. The common law position is also reinforced by the Unconscionable Contracts Ordinance, which is drawn upon consumer protection legislation in Australia, and has been interpreted in line with the latest Australian statute.
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Mazur, Dennis J. "Medical-legal aspects of evidence-based choice and shared decision-making." In Shared Decision-Making in Health Care, 165–70. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199546275.003.0023.
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Abstract Evidence-based patient choice and shared decision-making may begin to have medical – legal consequences as they enter into the patient care arena. These two emerging contemporary approaches to information in patient care will have to face the long history of the judge-made law of consent and informed consent that has evolved in the high courts around the world. In this chapter, I will describe the different ways shared decision-making may be viewed medico – legally, using particular examples available from the courts of Great Britain, the United States, Canada, and Australia in relation to the patient – physician relationship and the duties of care and disclosure owed by physicians to their patients.
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"Adducing evidence." In Australian Uniform Evidence Law, 23–89. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108552899.005.
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"Identification evidence." In Australian Uniform Evidence Law, 387–410. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108552899.013.
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"Identification evidence." In Australian Uniform Evidence Law, 433–57. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009024433.013.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Evidence (Law) Australia"
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Shekhawat, D., C. Shannon, and R. Grover. "Leveraging IoT, Machine Learning and Cloud to Deploy at Scale Remote Monitoring Capabilities in Coal Seam Gas (CSG) Well Pads." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216259-ms.
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Abstract Coal seam gas (CSG) is a naturally occurring methane gas found in most coal seams and is similar to conventional natural gas. CSG is a major source of energy, accounting for about 15% of Australia's electricity generation. Also, CSG is an integral part of the gas industry in eastern Australia, particularly in Queensland. Origin Energy is the upstream operator for a leading joint venture in Australia and is responsible for the development of its CSG fields in the Surat and Bowen basins as well as the main transmission pipeline that transports the gas to the LNG facility on Curtis Island near Gladstone, Queensland. Origin Energy has been exploring ways to leverage modern technology solutions to increase field staff productivity, reduce operating costs per well, and improve asset reliability while also bringing more wells into production to meet growing customer demands. Field operators drive up to 100km per day and may have up to 20 well visits per day as part of a routine inspection that involves visual checks of the site to gain situational awareness. In recent years, with advancements in technologies such as edge compute (IoT), modern network connectivity options (satellite, narrow-band LTE) and Machine learning (no-code/low-code solutions) leveraging Cloud infrastructure early experiments are suggesting the implementation of safe, reliable, low-cost remote monitoring capabilities at scale is a possibility. This paper discusses how Amazon Web Services (AWS) collaborated with Origin Energy to deploy a trial focusing on remote monitoring of well pads using a camera solution. This trial captures images from the well pad at regular intervals, which when scaled out will help reduce the need for routine inspection of well pads by field operator at the current interval. This trial has also developed a data repository of all the images in the AWS Cloud and is designing a data processing pipeline to label images and use low-code/no-code ML to detect visual anomalies. In addition to the Origin Energy use cases (described in use case section 2.1 and 2.2) AWS has also helped an operator in North America (use case section 2.3) with building Machine learning models using Amazon SageMaker for anomaly detection. Hence, based on these projects it has become evident that using IoT, Machine Learning, and Cloud computing can accelerate innovation that drives down cost and increase operational safety of managing Oil & Gas assets remotely.
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Marshall, L. R., and R. P. Herrmann. "AUSTRALIAN SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON HUMAN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644536.
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The in vitro effect of Australian snake venoms on human citrated plasma has been documented and the majority induce coagulation, in keeping with the common clinical presentation of D.I.C. following envenomation. The effect of these venoms upon platelets in vitro has hitherto not been studied extensively and clinical evidence is conflicting, some cases with thrombocyto-paenia have been reported. Twenty Australian venoms were tested, 19 elapids and one hydrophiid (Enhydrina schistosa). Four crotalid snake venoms from the Americas and S.E. Asia were also tested. All of the venoms (1 mg/ml) were investigated for t^eir ability to aggregate both fresh washed platelets (200 × 109/l) resuspended in modified Ardlie’s buffer pH 7.35 and formaldehyde fixed platelets (200 × 109/l) in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.35 using a dual channel Chronolog aggregometer. Samples were taken for electron microscopy (EM).All elapid venoms induced aggregation in fresh platelets, some only minimally and often after a long lag phase. EM studies revealed only clumping without degranulation of the platelets. This was in marked contrast to the crotalid venoms where rapid aggregation and gross degranulation occurred. The hydrophiid venom failed to induce aggregation of the fresh platelets, however upon addition of normal plasma gross aggregation and degranulation was demonstrated. Aggregation of fixed platelets was negligible in the presence of the majority of elapid and the hydrophiid venoms. The crotalid venoms however did induce aggregation, although to a lesser extent than with the fresh platelets.The elapid venoms, along with the others studied, required metabolically active platelets to exert their maximal effect. Crotalid and hydrophiid venoms were more active against platelets than the elapid venoms. The hydrophiid venom’s action on platelets was unique in that a plasma co-factor appeared to be required and this is the subject of further investigations.
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Chao, Sonia R., and Benjamin Ghansah. "Assessing the Vulnerability of Coastal Buildings to Storm-Surge Flooding: Case Study - Southern Miami Beach, Florida." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.10.
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Coastal regions are vulnerable to natural hazards such as storm surge flooding. Increased population growth and wealth in coastal areas have led to swelling costs associated with flood-related damages, as evidence in Miami-Dade County, Florida across the decades. While, various studies have assessed the flood hazard levels in the County, incorporating the FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps, no examination has been conducted to determine the vulnerability of individual buildings to storm surge flooding. Inferring from the concept of Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment (or PTVA), which employed a multi-criteria evaluation method to assess the vulnerability of buildings to a tsunami in Australia, this study developed the Storm Surge Building Vulnerability (SSBV) model to assess the vulnerability of coastal buildings to storm surge flooding, and utilized Miami-Dade County sites, as case study areas. The study selected SSBV parameters based on FEMA’s report of the observed damages to buildings caused by hurricanes and available literature. Input data included a Category 5 hurricane SLOSH model, GIS floodplains data, and building characteristics. The model was applied to a transversal section of buildings on Miami Beach, which included two historic districts. Validation was performed through a Synoptic Survey, Google Earth images, and existing GIS data. Out of the total of 297 buildings considered in the model, 101 evidenced moderate vulnerability, 73 high vulnerability, and six a very high vulnerability. Of the 79 buildings that exhibited a high and very high vulnerability, 55 (approximately 70%) of them are slab-on-grade buildings. Most of the very low and low vulnerability buildings are high-rise buildings and/or were located behind the tall dune. It can be concluded from this study that the vulnerability of buildings to storm surge flood¬ing is dependent on the nature of the building’s constructive features, its relation to the ground plane, and to contextual features in its immediate vicinity, as opposed to only the flood hazard present within zones.
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Heldsinger, Sandy, and Stephen Humphry. "An innovative method for teachers to formatively assess writing online." In Research Conference 2022: Reimagining assessment. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-685-7-1.
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Assessment is an integral component of effective teaching and a teacher’s professional judgement influences all routine aspects of their work. In the last 20 years, there has been considerable work internationally to support teachers in using assessment to improve student learning. However, there is a pressing issue that impedes teacher professional judgement being exploited to its full potential. The issue relates to teacher assessments in the context of extended performances such as essays and arises from the complexity of obtaining reliable or consistent teacher assessments of students’ work. Literature published in the United States, England and Australia details evidence of low reliability and bias in teacher assessments. As a result, despite policymakers’ willingness to consider making greater use of teachers’ judgements in summative assessment, and thus provide for greater parity of esteem between teachers’ assessment and standardised testing, few gains have been made. While low reliability of scoring is a pressing issue in contexts where the data are used for summative purposes, it also an issue for formative assessment. Inaccurate assessment necessarily impedes the effectiveness of any follow-up activity, and hence the effectiveness of formative assessment. In this session, Dr Sandy Heldsinger and Dr Stephen Humphry will share their research of writing assessment and explain how their research has led to the development of an innovative assessment process that provides the advantages of rubrics, comparative judgements and automated marking with few of the disadvantages.
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Poole, R. J., M. P. Escudier, F. Presti, C. Dales, C. Nouar, C. Desaubry, L. Graham, and L. Pullum. "Asymmetrical Flow Behaviour in Transitional Pipe Flow of Non-Newtonian Liquids." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79386.
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The purpose of this presentation is to report mean velocity-profile data for fully-developed pipe flow of a wide range of shear-thinning liquids together with two Newtonian control liquids. Although most of the data reported are for the laminar-turbulent transition regime, data are also included for laminar and turbulent flow. The experimental data were obtained in unrelated research programmes in UK, France and Australia, all using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) as the measurement technique. In the majority of cases, axisymmetric flow is observed for the laminar and turbulent flow conditions, although asymmetry due to the Earth’s rotation is evident for the laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid of low viscosity (i.e. low Ekman number). The key point, however, is that for certain fluids, both yield-stress and viscoelastic (all fluids in this study are shear thinning), asymmetry to varying degrees is apparent at all stages of transition from laminar to turbulent flow, i.e. from the first indications to almost fully-developed turbulence. The fact that symmetrical velocity profiles are obtained for both laminar and turbulent flow of all the non-Newtonian fluids in all three laboratories leads to the conclusion that the asymmetry must be a consequence of a fluid-dynamic mechanism, as yet not identified, rather than imperfections in the flow facilities.
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Andov, Stojan, Violeta Cvetkoska, and Tea Mijac. "Unveiling Global Road Accident Patterns - Insights, Analytics, and Implications for Safer Driving Practices." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2023.0031.
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Every day, we are confronted with alarming news of serious injuries and fatalities resulting from car accidents. In the past decade, these incidents have been on the rise, posing a significant concern for individuals and societies worldwide. The impact of these accidents is particularly devastating when innocent lives, including children, are affected by the long-lasting consequences. While driver behavior remains a major contributing factor to road accidents, there are also other indirect reasons such as infrastructure issues and weather conditions. Addressing this global problem is of utmost importance to safeguard lives and create a safer driving environment for everyone. Sunkpho and Wipulanusat (2020) utilized Business Intelligence (BI) methods, specifically data visualization and analytics, to analyze accident data and provincial data obtained from the Talend Data Integration tool, loaded into a MySQL database, and visualized using Tableau. Their aim was to provide insights into highway accidents and advise the Thai government on adopting this system for formulating strategy options and contingency plans to improve the accident situation. Nour et al. (2020) employ advanced data analytics methods, specifically predictive modeling techniques, to predict injury severity levels and evaluate their performance using publicly available road accident data from the UK Department of Transport spanning 2005 to 2019. Golhar and Kshirsagar M (2021) propose and implement various strategies using the Map-Reduce framework, combining video surveillance and big data analytics, to address the issues of increasing on-road traffic, road congestion, rule violations, and road accidents, aiming to improve road traffic management and make urban population life more comfortable. Yuksel and Atmaca S. (2021) use accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data and applied various machine learning algorithms, including C4.5 Decision Tree, Random Forest, Artificial Neural Network, Support-Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, Naive Bayes, and K-Star algorithms, to model and evaluate risky driving behaviors, ultimately developing a highly accurate and cost-effective system capable of recording and identifying risky driving behaviors, with potential applications in usage-based insurance policies to incentivize safe driving practices. Mesquitela et al. (2022) use a data fusion process, incorporating information from various sources such as road accidents, weather conditions, local authority reports, traffic, and fire brigade, to analyze and identify geo-referenced accident hotspots in urban areas using ArcGIS Pro and Kernel Density and Hot Spot Analysis tools, aiming to evaluate the factors influencing accident severity and provide knowledge for local municipalities to improve their infrastructure and quality of life, with the results validated by an expert committee, and the approach being applicable to other cities with similar data availability. Based on our Scopus search on "road accidents" and "analytics," no existing references were found directly aligned with our research idea. This highlights the originality of our paper, which aims to raise awareness about road accidents as a significant global issue and provide a comprehensive understanding of their key contributing factors through the analysis of road accident data from six representative countries across different continents including the UK, USA, Chile, Australia, Japan/UAE, and South Africa/Egypt. Our research sheds light on critical aspects of these incidents, explores trends, identifies influential factors, determines countries with low accident rates and casualties, and evaluates the potential impact of data analysis techniques on enhancing road safety. We will use datasets from the selected representative countries, focusing on road accidents that occurred between 2021 and 2022. By employing various analytical methods, we will explore the data from different angles, including descriptive analytics, diagnostic analytics, predictive analytics, prescriptive analytics, and cognitive analytics. Each method will contribute valuable insights to our analysis and understanding of the problem. We will employ Power BI for descriptive and diagnostic analytics, Python for predictive analytics using multilinear regression, Power BI for visualizing regression results, MaxDea Lite and Microsoft Excel for prescriptive analytics such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Linear Programming, and also simulations to aid decision-making. Through our analysis, we will address key questions related to road accidents and their impact. For instance, we will determine whether the number of road accidents decreased or increased from 2021 to 2022 and identify the major contributing factors. Furthermore, we will assess the countries with the lowest accident rates and casualties based on ratios per million inhabitants for both years. By leveraging visualization techniques in Power BI, we will present the findings in an accessible and informative manner, enabling stakeholders to grasp the insights easily. The visualization and analysis will provide a deeper understanding of the trends, underlying factors, and the potential of data analysis techniques, such as DEA and Linear Programming, in addressing road safety. The importance of this research lies in its potential to generate significant impact. By shedding light on road accidents as a pressing global issue, the findings will raise awareness among individuals worldwide. Understanding the data from the six representative countries will enable comparisons, identification of best practices, and the formulation of informed strategies to reduce accidents and casualties. The results will benefit researchers, policymakers, and organizations involved in road safety initiatives. The insights gained will help shape evidence-based decisions, implement targeted interventions, and promote safer driving practices to prevent tragic outcomes caused by road accidents.
Reports on the topic "Evidence (Law) Australia"
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Rana, Kritika, Kanchana Ekanayake, Ritesh Chimoriya, Elizabeth Palu, Loc Do, Mihiri Silva, Santosh Tadakamadla, et al. Effectiveness of oral health promotion interventions: an Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute and commissioned by Dental Health Services Victoria for the Victorian Department of Health. The Sax Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/oiik8302.
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More than 63,000 Australians are hospitalised every year for preventable dental conditions, constituting the third most common reason for acute preventable hospital admissions. Yet oral diseases are largely avoidable with appropriate preventive measures. This Evidence Check aimed to find the most effective and relevant oral health promotion interventions for use in Australia. It covered systematic reviews of oral health promotion interventions from Australia, NZ, the UK, the US and Canada, finding 46 reviews which included a total of 1,026 individual studies. Twenty-five of these reviews only included randomised controlled trials and so they were the highest possible level of evidence. For the studies covering the broadest population groups, effective interventions included education, use of alternative sweeteners, use of fluoride toothpaste, smoking cessation, and referral to various dental practitioners. However, there were a limited number of studies conducted in Australia, and none focused on diverse populations such as people with disabilities or those on low incomes. This limits the generalisability of the findings to Australia and indicates significant gaps in the evidence base.
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Nolan, Gulnara, Jonathan Hambur, and Philip Vermeulen. Does Monetary Policy Affect Non-mining Business Investment in Australia? Evidence from BLADE. Reserve Bank of Australia, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2023-09.
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We provide new evidence on the effect of monetary policy on investment in Australia using firm-level data. We find that contractionary monetary policy makes firms less likely to invest and lowers the amount they invest if they do so. The effects are similar for young and old firms, indicating that the decline in the number of young firms in Australia over time is unlikely to have weakened the effect of monetary policy. The effects are also broadly similar for smaller and larger firms. This suggests that evidence that some, particularly large, firms have sticky hurdle rates does not mean that they do not respond to monetary policy. It also suggests that overseas findings that expansionary monetary policy lessens competition by supporting the largest firms likely do not apply to Australia. We find evidence that financially constrained firms, and sectors that are more dependent on external finance, are more responsive to monetary policy, highlighting the important role of cash flow and financing constraints in the transmission of monetary policy. Finally, we find evidence that monetary policy affects firms' actual and expected investment contemporaneously, suggesting that expectations are reactive and will tend to lag over the cycle.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Lai, Sharon, Kevin Lane, and Laura Nunn. The Term Funding Facility: Has It Encouraged Business Lending? Reserve Bank of Australia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2022-07.
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The Reserve Bank of Australia's Term Funding Facility (TFF) was announced in March 2020 as part of a package of policy measures to support the Australian economy. It achieved a key objective of providing banks with three-year low-cost funding and was available for drawdown until 30 June 2021. This paper examines the effectiveness of the TFF in increasing the supply of credit to businesses, which was another one of the objectives of the program. Using bank-level data and a difference-in-differences approach, we find no statistically significant evidence that the TFF increased credit supply to businesses. However, our confidence intervals are wide and there are significant identification challenges involved in disentangling the effects of the TFF from the effects of pandemic-related disruptions and other policy interventions on credit supply and demand. Nonetheless, the TFF provided an assured source of funding at a time of considerable stress in the financial system and lowered banks' funding costs, and any effects on business lending via these channels may not be fully reflected in our results.
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Chainey, Jennie, Debbie Wong, Elizabeth Cassity, and Hilary Hollingsworth. Teacher development multi-year studies. Using case studies to investigate and understand teaching quality and student learning: Initial lessons learned. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-679-6.
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This paper presents some initial lessons learned about the use of case studies as a key form of evidence regarding teaching quality and student learning in a multi-year teacher development study series. This study series, commissioned by the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), involves the investigation of teacher development initiatives in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. The overall aim of the study series is to understand the extent to which the Australian investment has improved teaching quality and student learning. This paper discusses the processes used to design, implement, analyse and report case study data, and key lessons learned about these that could be applied to other contexts and programs. These processes include: design, implementation, and analysis and reporting.
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Hollingsworth, Hilary, and Debbie Wong. Teacher development multi-year studies. Using classroom observations to investigate and understand teaching quality: Initial lessons learned. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-676-5.
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This paper presents some initial lessons learned about the use of classroom observation data as a key form of evidence regarding improved teaching quality in a multi-year teacher development study series. This study series, commissioned by the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), involves the investigation of teacher development initiatives that are primarily designed to support the implementation of new primary curriculum in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. The overall aim of the study series is to understand the extent to which the Australian investment has improved teaching quality and student learning. This paper discusses the processes used to design, implement, analyse and report classroom observation data in the Laos study, and key lessons learned about these that could be applied to other contexts and programs.
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Liu, Xian-Liang, Tao Wang, Daniel Bressington, Bróna Nic Giolla Easpaig, Lolita Wikander, and Jing-Yu (Benjamin) Tan. Influencing factors and barriers to retention among regional and remote undergraduate nursing students in Australia: A systematic review of current research evidence. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0087.
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Review question / Objective: To explore the attrition problems, influencing factors and barriers to retention among regional and remote nursing students who enrolled in the undergraduate programs in Australia. Condition being studied: Student retention concerns an individual’s commitment to an learning goal. Low student retention has been a long-standing issue for nursing programs and it is an important threat to the future nursing workforce. Attrition is measured by the number of students enrolled in the first year who do not complete their study in the following year. With the growth of online programs, the issue of high attrition raises concern for students enrolled in these programs. Moreover, the social context of students may influence positive motivation and affect their decision to stay in their nursing programs.
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Cassity, Elizabeth, and Debbie Wong. Teacher development multi-year studies. Insights on the challenges of data availability for measuring and reporting on student learning outcomes. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-677-2.
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Student learning outcomes are an important source of evidence regarding improved teaching quality. A multi-year teacher development study series was commissioned by the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) to investigate teacher development initiatives in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. The overall aim of the study series is to understand the extent to which the Australian investment has improved teaching quality and student learning. This paper outlines the different approaches to sourcing and using data in each country context, and then presents initial insights about the challenges associated with the limited availability of data for measuring and reporting student learning outcomes, as a measure of teacher effectiveness. It presents key lessons learned about conducting research with limited existing student learning outcomes data and offers some solutions to inform programs in other contexts.
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Hambur, Jonathan, and Dan Andrews. Doing Less, with Less: Capital Misallocation, Investment and the Productivity Slowdown in Australia. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2023-03.
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Productivity growth has slowed in Australia in recent decades. Previous research highlighted the roles of persistently weak non-mining investment and a pervasive decline in economic dynamism, including slower reallocation of labour from low- to high-productivity firms. While these facts have so far been considered separately, this paper attempts to connect them by documenting investment patterns for firms with different levels of productivity. We find that more productive firms are more likely to invest and expand their capital stock than less productive firms, but the extent to which this is true has declined over time. This has weighed on productivity, output and incomes through lower aggregate investment, and also through a less efficient allocation of that investment. We find evidence that capital reallocation slowed more in sectors that were more dependent on external finance, pointing to financing frictions as potentially playing a role. Declines have also been more pronounced in sectors with increasing mark-ups, suggesting that weaker competition may have blunted incentives for firms to expand and improve or exit.