Academic literature on the topic 'Event Condition Action Scheme'

With the fast development of Sensor Network, Internet of Things, mobile devices, and pervasive computing, enormous amounts of sensor devices are deployed in physical world. Data streams produced by these sensor devices, deployed broadly, can be used to create various value-added applications. Facing continuous, real-time, high-frequency, low-valued data streams, how to flexibly and efficiently cooperate them for creating valuable application is very crucial. In this study, we propose a service-oriented manner to realize flexible streams integration. It considers data stream produced by one sensor data as a stream data service and utilizes composing multiple services to realize the cooperation among sensor devices. Firstly, we propose a stream data service model based on Event-Condition-Action rules, which can encapsulate steam data as services and continuously and timely process stream data into value-added events. Then, we propose a declarative method which can dynamically compose stream data services. Based on two kinds of declarative rules, that is, sink-rules and connect-rules, multiple data streams can be dynamically integrated through flexible service composition. To ensure the performance of service composition, we also employ a sensor partition strategy and process multiple service compositions in parallel. Through comprehensive evaluations by experiments, our service composition method shows both good efficiency and effectiveness.

The theoretical and methodological principles of application of the method of event analysis in the activity of the patronage service of the state administration body are considered. It is shown that using the method of event analysis it becomes possible to streamline the flow of socio-political events in such a way that through a series of phenomena to identify objective tendencies and on this basis to develop an objective assessment, to formulate and substantiate the forecast of the development of events. The typical scheme of the event analysis is given. It is disclosed that the method of event analysis involves a consistent description of the chain: the situation – events – the environment – the participants (their resources, interests, interconnections) – limitation of activities – goals and objectives (success / failure criteria) – alternative solutions – scenarios and forecasts – action strategy. The stages of the event analysis are singled out and procedures are described on each of them. In particular, the following stages of the event analysis are defined: compiling a data bank or join-ing an existing one; separation of the information array into separate units of observation and data sorting; calculation of results of filling matrix classifier; analytical comparison of the obtained values; verification of the results. Detailed procedures of the stage of creation of a data bank are described: the phases of the process of creating data about events are selected (choice of information support; development of coding system; choice of coding method; database creation); the structure of the information archive is determined (special abstracts, special indexes, specialized fund for formalized analysis of events, problems and documents); describes the main criteria for evaluating, selecting, refining and formalizing information (subject of the event, purpose, plan, idea of the subject of the event, action, image, form, means of action of the subject of the event, object, subject of the event, time (date) event, event location, result, product, event finale, event reason, event outcome, other special circumstances and event conditions). The advantages and disadvantages of the event analysis in the activity of the patronage service of the public administration body are revealed.

This paper addresses the cooperative output tracking control problem for a class of leader-following linear heterogeneous networked multi-agent systems subject to random network delays and packet dropouts in the feedback and forward channels of each agent. A state observer is established at the plant side of each agent, and an event-triggering transmission mechanism is introduced to decide which state estimate is transmitted to the corresponding controller so as to save the network resources of the feedback channel. To further compensate for the negative effects of those random communication constraints and the event trigger, a cooperative predictive control scheme with proportional and integral actions is proposed. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the stability of the resulting closed-loop system. Finally, simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A generalized formulation of a procedure for optimum design of linear elastic plane frames under alternate loading condition is presented. The condition of alternate loading is employed to ensure that the optimum design, under individual application of envisaged load events, does not violate the limit state requirements on strength. The behavioral constraints both on strength and on displacement, including those of the axial load – moment interaction prescribed in code specifications, and the side constraints on member sizes are incorporated in the formulation. The method permits grouping of members to effect repetition and uniformity of member sizes, to a desired extent, throughout the structure. A predictor–corrector scheme is employed to arrive at the optimum design. The predicted design vector is expressed in terms of true member forces by an implicit scheme. In the correction phase, dynamic scaling and a unique process of step-size reduction are employed on the predicted design vector in the fully stressed design iteration to avoid bypassing an optimum during the search procedure. An algorithm for implementation of the proposed optimal design procedure is presented. The limit state design procedure of the Canadian Standard S16.1-M89, for members subjected to combined axial and bending action, is embedded in the algorithm. The algorithm is illustrated with an example problem and verified with results available in the literature. Key words: frames, optimum design, alternate loading, fully stressed, optimization, limit state.

Abstract The authors consider a thunderstorm event in 2011 during a music festival in Belgium that produced a short-lived downburst of a diameter of less than 100 m. This is far too small to be resolved by the kilometric resolutions of today’s operational numerical weather prediction models. Operational forecast models will not run at hectometric resolutions in the foreseeable future. The storm caused five casualties and raised strong societal questions regarding the predictability of such a traumatic weather event. In this paper it is investigated whether the downdrafts of a parameterization scheme of deep convection can be used as proxies for the unresolved downbursts. To this end the operational model ALARO [a version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle-Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ARPEGE-ALADIN) operational limited area model with a revised and modular structure of the physical parameterizations] of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium is used. While the model in its operational configuration at the time of the event did not give a clear hint of a downburst event, it has been found that (i) the use of unsaturated downdrafts and (ii) some adaptations of the features of this downdraft parameterization scheme, specifically the sensitivity to the entrainment and friction, can make the downdrafts sensitive enough to the surrounding resolved-scale conditions to make them useful as indicators of the possibility of such downbursts.

The article is devoted to the research of coping strategies on the adaptation process. Actions associated with the COVID 19 pandemic touched many areas of life. They provided increased requirements for human mental activity, creating additional stresses, which led to an increase in neuropsychiatric disorders. Models of overcoming post-stress states are considered. The role of external and internal factors in the formation and overcoming of post-stress states and disorders of adaptation is analyzed in the article. In the process of studying the underlying patterns and mechanisms of adaptation to normal life, two psychological models of overcoming post-stress states were identified: psychodynamic and cognitive. The psychodynamic model notes that successful adaptation of personality requires awareness of all aspects of traumatic experience and integration through the scheme "traumatic stress - negation - relapse - acceptance". The cognitive model is a cognitive theory of stress, that is, a cognitive assessment of a person's most traumatic event, and himself in it. Three types of assessment were proposed to determine a person's response to a traumatic event: primary, secondary stress assessment, and reassessment. Many researchers consider the impact of stress adaptation to be one of the leading causes of disorders of adaptation. Also, the manifestations of adaptation disorders are greatly exacerbated by the simultaneous complex action of several stressors. The severity of active stressors does not always correlate with the severity of adaptation disorders, as personality traits and cultural and social norms and values contribute to the response to stress. Also, the features of the development of these disorders of adaptation disorders depend on the features of cognitive processes, personal resources of the individual involved in their regulation.

Purpose. The aim of this work is to construct an approximate solution of stationary oscillations of a nonlinear equation with a cubic characteristic. The design scheme under consideration best corresponds to the operating conditions of the girder structure in the event of defects of the supporting parts. In this case, longitudinal forces may appear in the girder of the girder structure. Methods. The paper investigates nonlinear oscillations of girder structures of small bridges. The undamped oscillations of the beam resting on hinged fixed support parts on both sides from the action of periodic unilateral impulse loading are considered. The design scheme differs from the statically defined beam scheme, which takes into account defective support parts. In the article, the possible transition to the beam system on moving support parts is considered. To solve the nonlinear equation of the second order of a single-span beam taking into account the longitudinal force, a method of variable time scale used, developed by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, professor Bondar M. G. The method of variable scale gives fairly approximate solutions to this class of problems. Results. An approximate analytical solution is performed by the method of variable time scale of stationary nonlinear oscillations of the girder structure taking into account the longitudinal force caused by one-sided pulses that are periodically repeated. According to the obtained formulas of the solution of the nonlinear equation with cubic characteristic it is easy to construct amplitude-frequency characteristics and forms of oscillations. Originality. For the first time the solution of the equation of oscillations of a beam taking into account longitudinal force is executed. The criteria of impact resonance for the system without friction, as well as taking into account the viscous friction. An expression for the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the system under consideration is obtained. Practical meaning. Studies of beam structure oscillations taking into account the longitudinal force gave practical value in the possibility of analytical calculation of oscillation forms, shock resonance criteria and amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system from the action of periodic unilateral impulse loads. The system of girder beams takes into account defective supporting parts (jamming of movable supporting parts) of girder structures of small and medium railway bridgesd.

In this work, Thompson's method is used to study the A+B→0 reactions controlled by anomalous and brownian diffusion in the case of an external homogeneous source (h) of particles A and B under sthequiometric condition (the same input rate h) and also in the special case of the stationary regime. So the novelty in the present work is that we are able to obtain for such kind of reactions (σ=1) the static critical exponent δ of concentration [Formula: see text], the dynamical exponent for the relaxation time Δ'(τh~h-Δ') and the exponent for the concentration decaying ξ(∊~τ-ξ), with all these quantities evaluated in the limit h→0 (zero-field-rate). We also get scaling relations among new critical indexes. After we go further by obtaining more general results for such exponents so that we are able to include also the case of A+A→0(A) reactions within an unified scheme as already made before by introducing a general effective action (Aσ,γ). Thus, when we consider the case σ=0 (A,+A→0(A) reactions) we recover those critical exponents (δ,Δ',ξ) for anomalous coalescence reactions of type kA→lA(l<k). And when we even make γ=2 (brownian diffusion) we get the exponents previously given by Rácz, and also some results obtained by Lee and Oliveira. Thompson's method is a simple alternative way to the renormalization group scheme and has been shown to be a good description for long-time regime.

<abstract> <p>BMI has attracted widespread attention in the past decade, which has greatly improved the living conditions of patients with motor disorders. The application of EEG signals in lower limb rehabilitation robots and human exoskeleton has also been gradually applied by researchers. Therefore, the recognition of EEG signals is of great significance. In this paper, a CNN-LSTM neural network model is designed to study the two-class and four-class motion recognition of EEG signals. In this paper, a brain-computer interface experimental scheme is designed. Combining the characteristics of EEG signals, the time-frequency characteristics of EEG signals and event-related potential phenomena are analyzed, and the ERD/ERS characteristics are obtained. Pre-process EEG signals, and propose a CNN-LSTM neural network model to classify the collected binary and four-class EEG signals. The experimental results show that the CNN-LSTM neural network model has a good effect, and its average accuracy and kappa coefficient are higher than the other two classification algorithms, which also shows that the classification algorithm selected in this paper has a good classification effect.</p> </abstract>

The control of adequate contact forces between the skin and an object (grasp stability) is examined for two classes of prehensile actions that employ a precision grip: lifting objects that are "passive" (subject only to inertial forces and gravity) and preventing "active" objects from moving. For manipulating either passive or active objects the relevant fingertip forces are determined by at least two control processes. "Anticipatory parameter control" is a feedforward controller that specifies the values for motor command parameters on the basis of predictions of critical characteristics, such as object weight and skin–object friction, and initial condition information. Through vision, for instance, common objects can be identified in terms of the fingertip forces necessary for a successful lift according to previous experiences. After contact with the object, sensory information representing discrete mechanical events at the fingertips can (i) automatically modify the motor commands, (ii) update sensorimotor memories supporting the anticipatory parameter control policy, (iii) inform the central nervous system about completion of the goal for each action phase, and (iv) trigger commands for the task's sequential phases. Hence, the central nervous system monitors specific, more or less expected peripheral sensory events to produce control signals that are appropriate for the task at its current phase. The control is based on neural modelling of the entire dynamics of the control process that predicts the appropriate output for several steps ahead. This "discrete-event, sensor-driven control" is distinguished from feedback or other continuous regulation. Using these two control processes, slips are avoided at each digit by independent control mechanisms that specify commands and process sensory information on a local, digit-specific basis. This scheme obviates explicit coordination of the digits and is employed when independent nervous systems lift objects. The force coordination across digits is an emergent property of the local control mechanisms operating over the same time span.Key words: precision grip, hand, grasp stability, grasp force, tactile afferents.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
103
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects massive daily things to conventional Internet networks, bringing the benefit to get information from or control those things with ease. However, current programming solutions still hinder the end-users to take advantage of the emerging technology. Instead of asking them to write programs or to train models, I proposed to program IoT by demonstrating how the things should work explicitly and combine the frequent patterns discovered implicitly. This paper presents a system to generate Event-Condition-Action rules from the data collected from the sensors and the actuators and relate the mining to the computation model, Finite State Machine. The results and comparison study are presented to show the feasibility and the limitation of the system.

Diese Arbeit stellt ein Framework für komplexe Events auf Grundlage von Event-Condition-Action-Rules für verteilte Datenquellen vor. Dabei soll die Definition von atomaren und komplexen Events, dezentral über eine administrative Applikation, möglich sein. Zur Ausführung von Aktionen jeglicher Art, als Reaktion auf ein eingetretenes Ereignis, kann auf die Funktionalität von SOAP-Endpunkten zurückgegriffen werden. Durch die Präsentation einer einfachen, aktiven Hülle für passive Triple-Stores einer Virtuoso-Datenbank soll eine Möglichkeit zur Schaffung reaktiver Triple-Stores demonstriert werden.

Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.

The conclusion of contracts was known in ancient times and is still relevant today. Shares that are not distributed in kind can cause certain difficulties that force the interested parties to decide on distribution.Joint ownership of inherited property received from a family member necessitates joint decision-making on its maintenance, ownership, use, and disposal, and it is difficult to achieve such a consensus on all issues. Therefore, quite often a certain period may pass from the acquisition of the right to a share in the joint property to its distribution, but due to conflicts regarding the use of the property or in the case of the need to receive funds or for other reasons, the joint property is divided by the co-owners. That is, the reasons may even be questions of how to use agricultural land, for example, to rent it out, sow it yourself, plant a garden, etc. However, the complexity of the division of land plots is because it is difficult to «divide» agricultural lands at least. After all, their intended use depends on the size, etc. Quite often, disputes also arise regarding the use of residential buildings, since the size and location of the rooms make their use impossible or difficult, as well as the distribution in kind according to the inherited shares. In other words, there is a certain «trading» of assets. If the situation is related to the distribution of a small plot of land where the house is located, then questions also arise regarding the establishment of an easement, as well as mutual concessions for the compensation of a part of the house in exchange for most of the land. In general, there are protracted negotiations, from the point of view of which these parties, who are still in a family relationship, agree on the division of property.Factors that can affect the outcome of property division include unique family circumstances, the specific nature of assets, and traditional legal practices. The parties will use different mechanisms for the division of joint assets: sale, donation, or exchange, under the terms of which they «trade» with the consent of others their rights as co-owners of jointly owned objects. The various evolutionary stages of the agreement on the division of property by the testator’s family culminate in the final stage of agreeing. The agreement on the division of inheritance is a complex legal process. Potentially, in a single transaction, the beneficiaries can choose and implement the division by sale, exchange, or donation. These different legal constructions reflect the uniqueness of the decisions in each agreement and to some extent demonstrate the specific legal practice of the individual Old Babylonian city-state and the particular circumstances of each family.However, in addition to the division of property, there are other agreements regarding the division of inheritance. For example, an agreement on quasi-partition upon adoption (quasi-adoption), an agreement on the division of residential property by the owner between its future beneficiaries.The need to conclude such agreements arises when an agreement on the division of property is required, which differs from such concepts as sale, donation, exchange, etc.Domestic scientists consider the agreement on the distribution of joint property very broadly and include other types of agreements in the list of such agreements, establishing that the agreement on changing the succession of the right to inheritance by law is atypical. It was determined that the contract under investigation belongs to contracts on the distribution of inheritance. Agreements on the distribution of inheritance are concluded in the field of inheritance, which indicates that they belong to inheritance agreements. It is proposed to supplement the existing classifications of civil law contracts by distinguishing a new type of civil law contracts – contracts in the law of inheritance on the level with the selection of a new type of inheritance contracts – contracts on the distribution of inheritance.» This is a bold hypothesis, but it is difficult to agree with it for various reasons, not least because the distribution of inheritance has been known since ancient times.The factor that the term «distribution» of inheritance and giving it a broad legal meaning is analyzed is an interesting author’s hypothesis. At the same time, according to our position, the term «distribution of inheritance» is more balanced, since in Art. 1278 of the Civil Code does not quite successfully use the term «division», when in the content of this norm it is about the equality of shares in the inheritance and the allocation of a share in kind, and not about division. However, in Part 1 of Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the term «distribution» is used with a direct meaning and «redistribution» as an opportunity to review the results of the distribution under new circumstances – in the case of acceptance of the inheritance by other heirs. In essence, the obvious meaning of the term «distribution» follows from this norm as the initial determination of the ownership of the share of each of the heirs. In this sense, the redistribution of the inheritance should be connected with the possible introduction of changes to the previously made distribution, that is, in this case, we do not limit the number of subsequent redistributions of the inheritance. This hypothesis is related to the fact that the number of heirs who missed the deadline for valid reasons is not limited by legislation and cannot be limited, but is determined by various legal circumstances.Therefore, it is hardly expedient and possible, to apply in Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the concept of «distribution» should be given a wider meaning than it has in the Civil Code, as this would lead to its ambiguous perception and application both in theory and in legislation and practice. Usually, theoretical terms should be distinguished by being original and should accurately reflect the legal meaning of actions, events, or conditions.But an important element of the procedure for the distribution of common inheritance property or its redistribution are the subjects who must fix the relevant agreement or carry out such distribution according to their conviction.It is indicated that the practice of concluding contracts by the living owner with his future heirs is widespread in foreign countries. At the same time, German experts equate inheritance with what they consider to be contractual inheritance.It should be noted that the practice of concluding contracts on the distribution of inheritance in the practice of the Ukrainian notary is relatively new and does not have clear boundaries in regulation, which complicates the activity of notaries in certifying such contracts. There are several difficulties in the application of relevant legal norms in practice, as there is a lack of understanding of the legal nature and essence of the conclusion of contracts, the term of conclusion, and the procedure for notarization.The opinions of individual authors are studied, about legal relations regarding the division of inheritance characterized by a weak state policy, this obliges the participants of such relations to draw up the content of agreements on the division of inheritance independently. For agreements between heirs on the distribution of inheritance to be valid regulators of the relations of its participants (heirs), conditions (clauses) must be clarified and formulated, which will be disclosed with sufficient completeness and consistency of the content of the relevant agreement and the purpose of its conclusion.We do not agree with this point of view of the scientist regarding «weak state policy», since the Central Committee of Ukraine was not created by politicians or the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but by leading scientists of Ukraine. It is also difficult to agree with the statement that the lack of clear regulation of the terms of inheritance contracts «obliges the participants of such relationships to independently draw up the content of inheritance distribution contracts.» In Ukraine, some good notaries and lawyers can draw up high-quality contracts for the distribution of inheritance. Moreover, according to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», notaries have the right to draw up relevant draft contracts. In our opinion, it is worth emphasizing here that this is a right, not a duty of a notary public. That is, the notary may not undertake the drafting of the relevant project, but this provision is positive for interested parties since the lack of experience in drafting original contracts will most likely lead to the drafting of a low-quality draft contract. Indeed, in this case, it is worth looking for an experienced notary who will be able to draw up a draft contract, but this will make it possible to prevent errors in its drafting with a high probability.Thus, the agreement on the distribution of inheritance enters into force if the parties reach an agreement in the proper form on all the essential terms of the agreement. The main essential condition for agreeing on the division of inheritance is the subject of the agreement. However, either party may consider this condition insufficient and propose to include additional conditions in the contract. In this case, these conditions become essential. In connection with the instability of the regulation of the content of contracts between heirs on the distribution of inheritance, it can be concluded that the inclusion of normal conditions in the contract is currently impossible. We believe that such a general scheme of perception of contract terms is not entirely rational, since how to perceive ordinary terms or essential terms of a contract quite often in practice depends on the judgments of the parties to the contract unless otherwise regulated by legislation. This issue can be approached more precisely if we take into account the possibility of interpreting transactions and contracts (Article 213 of the Civil Code).So, based on the essence of the process of concluding contracts, it should be taken into account that the notary who drafts the contract can edit it, therefore it is worth recognizing the right of the notary to interpret it, since according to Art. 5 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», he is obliged to clarify the legal consequences that will arise for persons after his certification. It follows from this that the notary must be given the official right to interpret the contract upon its certification, then it will be clear that after its certification, the court can interpret the content of the contract. In this regard, Art. 213 of the Civil Code is proposed to be supplemented with a corresponding provision regarding the powers of the notary, namely: his duty to interpret the content of the deed or contract before and during its certification.The Inheritance Regulation, which envisages wide acceptance of the inheritance contract, is considered. It is noted that it is worth revising Ukrainian inheritance law in advance for compliance with European standards since after Ukraine accedes to the EU it will be necessary to inform all EU countries about what types of contracts in Ukraine will be related to the issuance of the European Certificate of Succession.This is also important for inheritance by law, because, in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the lifetime maintenance (care) agreement and the inheritance agreement, they will have to be terminated or recognized as invalid or unfulfilled by the acquirer, so the property that was the subject of this agreement will be inherited by law. At the same time, if the terms of these agreements are fulfilled, the part of the property that belonged to the testator will not be inherited but will become the property of the acquirers.The process of accepting the inheritance is quite long, and the inheritance law allows for several agreements between the heirs, which can significantly affect the size of the inheritance shares and the real things in each share in the inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of agreements between the heirs at different stages of accepting or not accepting the inheritance. From communication with one of the clients, the author learned that the notary unofficially advised the heirs to agree on the distribution of the inheritance, as well as for certain heirs to waive the right to inheritance, but to receive a proper share of the inheritance in household items. When the author was informed of all the circumstances of the inheritance case, it became clear that the notary could not solve the complex inheritance problem, since the inheritance took place based on a will and some heirs had the right to a mandatory share, as well as part of the property remained. So, in such a situation, it was necessary to solve an arithmetical and at the same time legal problem, the complexity of which was determined by the complex subject composition of numerous heirs. Therefore, the notary tried to simplify its solution by artificially «transforming» the heirs who have the right to a mandatory share into ordinary heirs who claim property that is not subject to recording in the certificate of the right to inheritance.A natural will was considered, when the testator bequeathed the specific property to each of the heirs, namely: a house to a daughter, a factory to one son, and a yacht to another let’s say. In such a case, the will of the testator is formulated in the Shodo of the objects of inheritance, so it is difficult to perceive the consequences of the refusal of one of the heirs to inherit, when the yacht will be divided into equal shares between the son and the daughter, because: firstly, the value of the factory and the house will be different, so someone from the testator gave the children a larger inheritance than the other. Secondly, in the case of the existence of a part of the inheritance not covered by the will, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the will of the testator was formulated about a certain property and nothing more. Therefore, in case of refusal of one of the heirs to inherit under the will, the property bequeathed to him should be considered as not covered by the will and should be inherited according to the law. That is, if the will of the testator regarding the entire property is revealed, it can be assumed that he thus intended to deprive one of the heirs of the right to inheritance.At the same time, the will must be interpreted not only by the heirs under the will but also by the heirs under the law, when its content concerns the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance, which belongs to the heirs under the law of the first rank, who due to incapacity have the right to claim it, as well as the recipients of the response. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the inheritance, which consists of household items, will be divided even without a written agreement. However, the interpretation of a will, which concerns a substantial inheritance between a significant number of heirs, requires not only a written form of recording of agreements – a contract, but also, in our opinion, a notarial form that will allow recording the agreement more reliably, to explain to the parties to the contract the consequences of its conclusion. If all interested parties sign the agreement, and the notary recognizes it as legal, then it will be difficult to recognize it as illegal or invalid in the next one. Therefore, the agreement on the interpretation of the will, which will establish the specific rights of the heirs and their obligations regarding the coverage of the testator’s debts, is a rational form of specification of the terms of the inheritance, which will allow establishing the executor of the will, if he was not determined by the testator.We can assume with a high degree of probability that similar «simplified calculations» are made by other notaries, as well as directly by the heirs, and certain agreements are not necessary here.

This chapter deals with the funding of competition litigation and the rules and principles that govern the recoverability of costs in competition cases. It first considers the different types of funding a competition case, namely ‘after the event insurance’ (ATE), conditional fee arrangements (CFAs), and damages-based agreements (DBAs). It then examines funding for collective actions in the High Court and in the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), voluntary redress schemes, and how competition litigation costs are controlled and assessed in the High Court and in the CAT. Cost orders against non-parties are also discussed, before the chapter concludes with an analysis of offers to settle in the High Court and in the CAT.

Two morphologically contrary constructions in French share the idea of an event that starts in the past and goes on until present time—présent inclusif and passé composé àvaleur de présent accompli. These two constructions will be discussed and fitted into Gosselin’s temporal scheme, which is a development of Reichenbach’s and Klein’s ideas. Gosselin discusses the intervals of an action, i.e. the ingressive and egressive moments of an action on the temporal axis based on the three topic times.The constructions will also be related to corresponding temporal situations in Occitan in order to broaden the Gallo-Romance perspective.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is the process of implementing a damage identification strategy which can be utilized in several applications including aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering infrastructure. Damage is defined as changes to the material and/or geometric properties of these systems. These changes adversely affect the current or future performance of the system. In order to identify damage in a suitable and meaningful manner, the damaged state is compared with other usually undamaged states. This study focuses on a structural health monitoring (SHM) system based on detecting shifts in natural frequencies of the structure. This structural health monitoring system incorporates a low power wireless transmitter that sends a warning signal when damage is detected in a structure. The damage detection technique is implemented on composite structures which are widely used in many applications including aeronautical and aerospace. An automated damage detection system capable of providing information of damage locations based on the finite element analysis and able to compare damage events to other historical data is also proposed in this paper and initially implemented using a microcontroller chip. Moreover, a control methodology using piezoelectric fiber composites, such as active fiber composites (AFCs) and microfiber composites (MFCs), is included as part of the system for vibration suppression purposes. The advantages of using piezoelectric fiber composite actuators are their high performance, flexibility, and durability when compared with the traditional piezoceramic (PZT) actuators. The proposed system may be implemented in many structural components such as aircraft frames and bridges. This SHM technology may help replace the current time-based maintenance scheme with a condition-based one. The condition-based maintenance scheme relies on the ability to monitor the condition of the system and supply information of damage detection to allow a corrective action to be taken.

Abstract Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are closely monitored in surveillance operations because they operate in challenging environments and are subject to stressful events that, if left without intervention, may lead to unplanned shutdowns, decreased run life, or even failures. These events can occur unannounced with different magnitudes of severity due to the large range of operating conditions. Thus, a universally prescriptive response is challenging because each well may require a tailored and dynamic course of action over time. This paper proposes leveraging a powerful multidimensional state engine known as automated events detection (AED), working together with an artificial intelligence agent, to respond to these stressful events and subsequently improve actions using a reinforcement learning (RL) scheme. Motivations of this approach are to move toward more autonomous, self-protecting systems with closed-loop actions and to achieve this at scale across many wells.

The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to facilitate a workshop to explore regulators views about proposals to introduce mandatory online display of food hygiene ratings by food businesses in Wales. This report details the findings. Participants were supportive of the FSA’s proposals and welcomed the opportunity for engagement at an early stage. They were unanimous in their views that mandating the display of food hygiene ratings online by businesses would represent a natural progression of the current scheme which has evolved over time, reflecting changes in the landscape whereby online food sales have increased dramatically. A gradual approach to introducing any new requirements for food businesses was favoured with voluntary online display by pathfinder businesses initially, followed by phased implementation of a statutory scheme. The likely IT challenges associated with implementation, particularly for small food businesses was highlighted as a concern by participants who welcomed the prospect of a potential technological solution which would automatically update business websites and social media accounts with up-to-date ratings. The resource implications for already stretched local authorities associated with verifying business compliance was highlighted, but the opportunity for this surveillance to be done remotely by the FSA or others was identified, with LAs only needing to be notified in the event of a problem or non-compliance being identified for potential enforcement action. Investment in technology was identified as key to the success of this initiative as there was a general feeling that whilst the Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) has developed over time, the technology supporting it has not. Participants suggested that a mobile app should be developed to provide consumers with quick, easy to access up-to-date ratings information. A mobile app would also enable other benefits to be realised. Early engagement about proposals with aggregators and identification of pathfinder food businesses were identified as potential next steps for the FSA, together with continuation of work to explore technological fixes to reduce potential burdens on businesses and regulators associated with implementation of the Scheme.

On April 19, 2019, one male career Fire Captain, one male career Fire Engineer, and two male career Firefighters received serious injuries as a result of cascading thermal runaway within a 2.16 MWh lithium-ion battery energy storage system (ESS) that led to a deflagration event. The smoke detector in the ESS signaled an alarm condition at approximately 16:55 hours and discharged a total flooding clean agent suppressant (Novec 1230). The injured firefighters were members of a hazardous materials (HAZMAT) team that arrived on the scene at approximately 18:28 hours. The HAZMAT team noted low-lying white clouds of a gas/vapor mixture issuing from the structure and nearby components and drifting through the desert. The team defined a hot zone and made several entries into the hot zone to conduct 360-degree size-ups around the ESS using multi-gas meters, colorimetric tubes, and thermal imaging cameras (TICs). The team detected dangerously elevated levels of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide (CO) during each entry. The team continued to monitor the ESS and noted the white gas/vapor mixture stopped flowing out of the container at approximately 19:50 hours. The HAZMAT leadership developed an incident action plan with input from a group of senior fire officers and information about the ESS provided by representatives from the companies that owned, designed, and maintained the ESS. The HAZMAT team made a final entry into the hot zone and found that HCN and CO concentrations in the vicinity of the ESS were below an acceptable threshold. In following with the incident action plan, the team opened the door to the ESS at approximately 20:01 hours. A deflagration event was observed by the firefighters outside the hot zone at approximately 20:04 hours. All HAZMAT team members received serious injuries in the deflagration and were quickly transported to nearby hospitals. Note: The lithium-ion battery ESS involved in this incident was commissioned prior to release of a first draft of the current consensus standard on ESS installations, NFPA 855 [1]; the design of the ESS complied with the pertinent codes and standards active at the time of its commissioning.